The Age Of Innocence——《纯真年代》名著介绍
《纯真年代》中自然主义元素的分析
《纯真年代》中自然主义元素的分析19世纪后半叶，工业化进程导致美国社会诸如种族歧视、性别差异以及贫困化和城市化等各种社会问题的出现。
在这种社会历史背景下，美国自然主义文学受到西方自然主义思想传播的影响，作为一种重要的文学运动生存下来，在20世纪初的美国文学中形成创作传统并得到发展。
自然主义文学反映了现代美国社会各个阶层的矛盾与问题，它排斥浪漫主义的抒情，想象和夸张，追求绝对的客观性，轻视现实主义文学对生活现象的典型概括。
自然主义作家崇尚单纯地描摹自然，对现实生活作记录式的写照，试图以自然规律特别或生物学规律解释人类社会。
他们强调外部环境的力量，认为人的命运是有外部环境，遗传及不可知的命运和偶然所决定的。
在冷漠的客观世界中，人们无力行使自己的自由意志。
伊迪斯·华顿是19世纪末20世纪初美国著名女作家，一生中创造出了大量优秀的作品。
她从自己的生长环境出发，描写她所熟知的纽约上流社会。
对于华顿，评论家们往往将其视为“风俗小说家”的代表。
出版于1920年的小说《纯真年代》是华顿最为优秀的作品之一，该小说于1921年获得了普利策奖。
在这部作品中，自然主义所关注的社会环境的制约，自由意志的压迫和不可控制的偶然对主人公命运的影响等主题都得到了体现。
虽然因其个人的生长环境和她所经历的社会变动以及受到同时代自然主义思潮的影响，华顿的作品中表达出很强的自然主义倾向，令人欣慰的是，她作品中的自然主义并不完全表现为悲观和绝望。
在《纯真年代》中，读者能够感受到华顿“积极的”自然主义思想：她着重表现人类精神力量的强大作用和其对人物内心世界的影响。
主人公虽身处冷漠现实社会，命运被外部环境所束缚，但是他们却可以通过自身的精神力量去挖掘深藏于心的道德信仰，解决自身与社会的冲突，最终获得内心的平静，走出道德的困境。
此外，在小说结尾，华顿描述由时代的变迁和社会的进步所带来的人们灵魂与观念的解放，也让读者感受到华顿不同于其他自然主义作家的“积极的”的自然主义思想。
《纯真年代》主要剧情内容简介及赏析
《纯真年代》主要剧情内容简介及赏析（最新版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如诗歌散文、原文赏析、读书笔记、经典名著、古典文学、网络文学、经典语录、童话故事、心得体会、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as poetry and prose, original text appreciation, reading notes, classic works, classical literature, online literature, classic quotations, fairy tales, experience, other sample essays, etc. if you want to know the difference Please pay attention to the format and writing of the sample essay!《纯真年代》主要剧情内容简介及赏析【导语】：《纯真年代》 1993 彩色片 130分钟美国哥伦比亚影片公司摄制导演：马丁斯科西斯编剧：简考克斯马丁斯科西斯摄影：迈克尔鲍哈斯主要演员：丹尼尔戴刘易斯(饰纽兰阿切尔) 米切尔菲佛《纯真年代》1993 彩色片 130分钟美国哥伦比亚影片公司摄制导演：马丁·斯科西斯编剧：简·考克斯马丁·斯科西斯摄影：迈克尔·鲍哈斯主要演员：丹尼尔·戴—刘易斯(饰纽兰·阿切尔) 米切尔·菲佛 (饰艾伦·沃兰斯卡) 薇诺娜·瑞德(饰梅·韦兰) 本片获1994年美国影艺学院最佳女配角、最佳改编、最佳艺术指导、最佳服装设计四项奥斯卡金像奖【剧情简介】19世纪70年代，纽约市。
伊迪丝·华顿《纯真年代》的女性主义叙事评析
yuwenjianshe001@59伊迪丝・华顿《纯真年代》的女性主义叙事评析集宁师范学院外语系 刘至美摘要：伊迪斯・华顿是一位享誉美国的女作家，她的代表作《纯真年代》主题深邃，整体结构清晰精巧、文笔流畅优雅，作品中蕴含了作者饱满的情感体验。
作品中对女性主义以及叙事艺术和象征意义作了较为突出表现，也吸引了国内外众多知名文学评论家。
大多数评论家很少涉及作品中的女性主义叙事手法以及文本的艺术表现手法。
本文就文学大家鲜少关注的领域进行探讨，以《纯真年代》的女性主义叙事手法为基础，对其进行叙事层面的深入探析，体验作品深层次的文学魅力和个性化特点。
关键词：《纯真年代》 女性主义 文学创作 叙事视角引言作为19世纪末20世纪初美国著名的作家，伊迪丝・华顿对当时所处的纽约社会进行了详细的深入观察，以其独特的角度和准确细腻的文笔对当时的社会现状进行了真实的描绘和反映。
《纯真年代》一经出版就受到了大众的广泛好评和喜爱，并于1921年获得普利策奖。
这部作品的成功为华顿今后的文坛发展奠定了不可替代的地位。
[1]除了《纯真年代》以外，华顿先后创作了40余部作品，体裁涉猎广泛，包括自传、游记、小说、随笔等，另外华顿还对室内装饰颇感兴趣，在此领域也先后创作了多部作品。
其中最具代表性的当属反映老纽约社会现状的《纯真年代》，这也是华顿文学创作过程中不可磨灭的里程碑。
梅和埃伦是小说的主人公，两人性格差异较大，形成了鲜明的对比。
梅是当时纽约上流社会“贤妻”形象的典型代表，她年轻漂亮，性格温和安静。
而埃伦与梅相比则显得格外的热情外向，成熟且不受传统规则的约束。
两个女主人公的描述定位都与18、19世纪文学作品中对传统女性的设定有着颠覆性的差异。
[2]传统作品中的女性角色往往是对立的，一方代表正义、一方代表邪恶。
作品出版以后立即受到了世界文学评论家的广泛关注，但是更多的评论家偏向对作品的主题以及创作风格和人物描述的评论，却较少关注小说形式结构与内容构建。
文献综述
文献综述浅析《纯真年代》中的女性意识一、前言女性意识是女性对自身价值的体验与醒悟，在拒绝接受男权社会对女性的传统定义和对男权的质疑的同时，也表现为对女性自身生存状况，女性内心世界以及情感体验的关注和表达。
女性意识在文学创作方面主要表现为：女性作家将自己独特的审美和社会生活经历，尤其是对女性的情感经历和女性内心世界的理解和感受，通过文学作品表现出来，即女性文学。
女性文学也是女性作家自我意识的流露和表达。
伊迪丝•华顿凭借小说《纯真年代》成为美国历史上荣获普利策文学奖的第一位女性。
作为一名风俗小说家，华顿的小说主要反映的是她所处的十九世纪六七十年代纽约上流社会的生活风貌。
其作品《纯真年代》讲述了十九世纪六七十年代纽约上流社会女性的爱情和婚姻经历，对人物情感经历及内心成长进行深入剖析，刻画出勇于反抗，争取自身自由的新女性形象，引起了人们对男权主导体制下女性命运的关注。
二、主题1. 女性意识和女性文学历史学家兼作家勒纳在她的《女性主义意识的建立》一书中，记录了一千二百多年以来，女性挣脱父权思想束缚，解放自身的过程。
同时，这也是女性意识逐步形成的历史。
书中记载叙述了从中世纪到十九世纪末，女性为争取妇女自治平等等方面所做的努力。
书中探讨追溯至一千二百多年前的女性主义圣经批评，因为基于圣经的权威，那些反对妇女的思想得以传播、教授和通过公开演讲宣扬。
在勒纳圣经批评的研究中，女性一次次回到创世纪和圣保罗的著作里，企图颠覆父权统治和建立她们与男性平等的权利和地位。
十九世纪中叶的美国经历了一系列的社会变革：资本主义高速发展，种族矛盾激化，南北战争爆发，废奴运动高潮。
随变革的深入，人们的思想观念发生了前所未有的转变。
人们开始对女性的传统定义和角色提出质疑，女性则通过对自身价值的重新定义和肯定向男权社会发起挑战。
在工业化高度发达的北方地区，妇女开始争取她们工作、教育、言论、选举等方面的平等权利。
1845年，玛格丽特•富勒的《十九世纪女性》一书出版，其中提出女性政治、经济、教育等方面的权利诉求，要求提高女性教育机会，鼓励女性进行独立思考，参与社会活动，引起当时美国社会的巨大反响。
第一大题
第一大题1《喧哗与骚动》（The Sound and the Fury ). 作者William Faulkner2.（The Autobiography）作者Benjamin Franklin3.李伯大梦（Rip Van Winkle）作者Washington Irving4.夜色温柔（Tender Is the Night）作者F. Scott Fitzgerald弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德5.纯真年代（the age of innocence）作者Edith Wharton 伊迪丝·华顿6.《带有七个尖角阁的房子》（The House of the Seven Gables）作者纳撒尼尔·霍桑Hawthorne7.《丧钟为谁而鸣》（For Whom the Bell Tolls）作者海明威Hemingway8.论自然（Nature）作者拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生ralph waldo Emerson9.野性的呼唤(The Call of the Wild) 杰克·伦敦Jake London10.The Color Purple紫色作者Alice Walker11.The Legend of Sleeping Hollow 作者Washington Irving12.Life on the Mississippi 作者Mark Twain13.《一位贵妇的画像》（the portrait of a lady）作者Henry James14.《美国悲剧》An American Tragedy 作者西奥多·德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser)15.《白鲸》moby dick作者赫尔曼麦尔维尔Herman Melville16.瓦尔登湖（Walden）作者亨利·戴维·梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）17.《汤姆叔叔的小屋》》（Uncle Tom's Cabin）作者斯托夫人Harriet Beecher Stowe18.《最后的莫西干人》The Last of Mohicans作者James Cooper19.《论自立》On self-reliance 作者Emerson20.《红色英勇勋章》》（The Red Badge of Courage）作者斯蒂芬·克莱恩Stephen Crane第二大题1.尤金奥尼尔Eugene O'Neill 美国著名剧作家，表现主义文学expressionism的代表作家。
the age of innocence简介
the age of innocence简介
《纯真年代》（the age of innocence）是一部由马丁·斯科塞斯执导，丹尼尔·戴-刘易斯、米歇尔·菲佛和薇诺娜·瑞德主演的1993年美国历史爱情电影，改编自伊迪丝·华顿的1920年同名小说。
该电影讲述了19世纪末纽约上流社会的一个爱情故事，一个年轻的律师纽兰·阿切尔在与一个端庄的女孩梅·韦兰订婚后，却爱上了她的离异表姐艾伦·奥兰斯卡，他们在传统和欲望之间挣扎，最终无法在一起。
该电影获得了普遍的好评，赢得了奥斯卡最佳服装设计奖，并获得了最佳女配角（薇诺娜·瑞德）、最佳改编剧本、最佳原创配乐和最佳艺术指导等多项提名。
推荐一些非常值得阅读的书籍,受益终生
44.The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie《春风不化雨》, Muriel Spark
45.The Good Soldier《好兵》, Ford Madox Ford
46.The Joy Luck Club《喜福会》, Amy Tan
51.Angle of Repose《休息的角落》, Wallace Stegner
52.Sophie's Choice《苏菲的选择》, William Styron
dy Chatterley's Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》, D. H. Lawrence
54.Exodus《出埃及记》, Leon Uris
98.Howards End《霍华德庄园》, E. M. Forster
99.Appointment in Samarra《相约萨马拉》, John O'Hara
100.Wide Sargasso Sea《梦回海藻》, Jean Rhys
101.Cry the Beloved Country《哭泣的大地》, Alan Paton
79.Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》, Joseph Conrad
80.The Maltese Falcon《马尔他之鹰》, Dashiell Hammett
81.Of Human Bondage《人性的枷锁》, W. Somerset Maugham
82.The Heart is a Lonely Hunter《心是孤独的猎手》, Carson McCullers
71.Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》, D. H. Lawrence
Analysis on the Grief of Rebel in The Age of Innocence
Analysis on the Grief of Rebel in The Age ofInnocence解析《纯真年代》中叛逆者的悲哀IntroductionThe World War One had ravanged the America materially and spiritually.On the one hand, the world experienced a brutal and bloody war, social development and the prevalence of a profit made more and more Americans to face the pain of disillusionment. On the other hand, with the changing times, many stereotypes have collapsed, and a new social order for individuals to provide a more relaxed space and extensive opportunities for further development. It is at that time that one of the greatest novels written by Edith Wharton The Age of Innocence came into being.The Age of Innocence tells the story of the love triangle of a New York upper class. Newland Newland, a young lawyer doubts his choice of bride after the appearance of Countess Ellen Olenska, his fiancee May Welland 's cousin, who has been living in Europe. Ellen has returned to New York after scandalously separating herself from a bad marriage to a Polish Count. For aristocratic women, divorce is considered immoral, so New York's high society is talking about Ellen’s sex scandal. Newland behaved by the customs and expectations of upper class on the surface, but in the hearts he disdains the hypocrisy of high society. At first, Newland helps Ellen as a support to the May's family. But as his love for Ellen grows, he still attempts to have Ellen to be his mistress. Newland resolves to tell May he is leaving her for Ellen, but it is interrupted by May's pregnancy and Ellen is returning to Europe. Twenty-six years later, after May's death, Newland surprisingly finds that May knew his love to Ellen. And he has a chance to meet Ellen again. But he declines and walks away. He realizes that only place for their love is in his memories.The Age of Innocence is more than a traditional love triangle, it is a portrait of the struggle between the individual and the community, because the conflicts in economic development brings personal liberation thought to the Old New Yorksociety as the representative of the Puritanism. This thesis tries, with the theory of Aristotelian tragedy, through the analysis of tragedy which two “rebels” of Old New York--- Newland Archer and Ellen Olenska, in pursuit of their own freedom and happiness, to struggle with the entire social and finally failure, to expatiate on the “grief “of that the traditional New York society does not allow any innocent ations does not conform to the traditional rules.This thesis consists of three parts. The first part introdu ces Edith Wharton’s life and her works, expounds Aristotele’s Tragedy Theory. The second part analyzes the “rebel s” of th e puritanical tradition in the Old New York. Puritanism is the most powerful force to influence all aspects of the United States. But after the nineteenth century, it gradually losses control in political forces, the upper feudal aristocracy in New York faced with the danger of being expelled. Therefore, they try their best to control people’s thoughts with Pu ritan Traditional values. Ellen grew up in Europe, she has her own independent thinking and a different way of life from the old New York traditional girls. Furthermore, Ellen adheres to divorce with her husband, her unconventional behavior was identified as the” rebel” in Old New York. Newland Archer, whose life has been shaped by the customs and expectations of upper class on the surface, but in the hearts he disdains the hypocrisy of high society. When he fell in love with Ellen, despite all opposition, he wanted to leave his fiancee May and together with Ellen. He became another “rebel” in old New York. The third part mainly delves into “grief” of the “rebels” in Old New York society. Newland and Ellen's love in the Old New York society under the control of Puritanism will certainly be a tragedy. The thesis referring to Aristotel’s theory in an attempt to explore the “grief” of the tragedy in the novel and to prove that the society is the condition for a person’s existence and development, every person lives in the society must comply with the rules of society, his behavior must be consistent with the rules of society. Newland and Ellen rebel the rules of old New York, their love will certanly be “grief”.Chapter 1 Overview of Edith Wharton and Her Works1.1 The Life of WhartonEdith Wharton was born Edith Newbold Jones in 1862 to a wealthy New York family. Her mother was Lucretia Rhinelander Jones and her father was George Frederic Jones. Her family was part of a closely knit social circle that included all the oldest and wealthiest families of New York. Edith was raised like all girls of her class to get married.In late 1870s, Wharton dated with Harry Leyden Stevens, a twenty-three-year-old son of a widowed socialite. In October 1882, their wedding plan was announced. But after three months, the plan was canceled. “It is said that Edith's literary ambitions had affected the relationship.”[1] She had her formal "coming out" in 1885 and soon after she was married but unhappy. Her husband was Edward Wharton, an older man from a wealthy Boston family. In 1913, she divorced husband. She was living on the very fashionable rue de Varenne in Paris, France when World War I began, and, using her many high level connections within the French government, she was allowed to travel extensively by motorcar to the front lines. In Paris, she worked for the Red Cross and with refugees, for which she was awarded the French Legion of Honor. Following the War, she returned to the United States only one more time in her life.1.2 Literary Caree and Major WorksEdith Wharton gradually began to write short fiction when she was still young. She published her first short story in 1889. Her first book was a popular treatise on interior decoration. Then she came out with a collection of short stories and later, a novel, The Greater Inclination (1889). She wrote about her novel’s success years later in her autobiography, it "broke the chains that had held me so long in a kind of torpor." She wrote two more novels and published another collection of short stories before The House of Mirth came out in 1905.In 1913,she published another novel that was highly praised, The Custom of the Country. In 1920, however, she produced, The Age of Innocence. Many critics think this is herbest novel. In it she deals with the lack of honesty that lies behind the apparent innocence of the New Y ork social world. A man and woman see their lives ruined because they have duties they cannot escape. Edith Wharton received America's top writing award, the Pulitzer Prize, for The Age of Innocence, the first female recipient to be so honored.1.3 The “Poetics" And “Aristotle’s Tragedy Theory”The thesis referring to Aristotel’s theory in an attempt to explore the “grief” of the tragedy in the novel. About the origins of the theory of tragedy, all historians would undoubtedly recommend Aristotle's "Poetics", Aristotle's "Poetics" is the only relatively systematic theoretical writings of ancient Greece. The main content of"Poetics" is the tragedy learning, and Aristotle's theory of tragedy is systematically reflected in the "Poetics", and in which he put forward the famous definition of tragedy. Definition of Tragedy:Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions. . . .[2]Aristotle considered that the protagonist should be renowned and prosperous, so his change of fortune can be from good to bad. This change “should come about as the result, not of vice, but of some great error or frailty in a character.” Such a plot is most likely to gene rate pity and fear in the audience, for “pity is aroused by unmerited misfortune, fear by the misfortune of a man like ourselves.”[3] Aristotle also believed that "the best tragedy originated from a few family stories", and the family should be prominent "big family", the art theme not only stimulate the creative passion of the creators but also arouse the reader's thinking and resonance. As happens in the large family or family members in the tragedy can let a person produce a feeling of"mercy" and "fear",highlight the tragic essence, and the theme reflected in the tragedy can be more profound and purify the human mind.Chapter 2 The “Rebel s” of the Puritanical TraditionEllen grew up in Europe, she is not restricted by puritanical tradition, she has her own independent thinking and a different way of life from the Old New York traditional girls. Furthermore, Ellen adheres to divorce with her husband, her unconventional behav ior was identified as the “rebel” in Old New York. Newland Archer, whose life has been shaped by the customs and expectations of upper class on the surface, but in the hearts he disdains the hypocrisy of high society. When he fell in love with Ellen, despite all opposition, he wanted to leave his fiancee May and together with Ellen. He became another “rebel” in Old New York.2.1 Values of the Old New York--- Puritanical TraditionThe background of Wharton’s The Age of Innocence which is mentioned in the beginning of the story is in 1870s Old New York society. After the Civil War, the United States has experienced great changes in society, the abolition of slavery and the unification of the country to promote the national economy to a great degree. However, this cruel war expanded, and also attracted many problems such as immigration, labor, and urbanization, which infiltrated the consciousness of the old New York , or to change in any way its everlasting ritual.The old New York society “was a small and slippery pyramid”:At its base was a firm foundation of "plain people"; an honourable but obscure majority of respectable families who (as in the case of the Spicers or the Leffertses or the Jacksons) had been raised above their level by marriage with one of the ruling clans.[4]Firmly narrowing upward from this wealthy but inconspicuous substratum was the compact and dominant group which the Mingotts, Newlands, Chiverses and Mansons so actively represented. Most peopleimagined them to be the very apex of the pyramid; but they themselves (at least those of Mrs. Archer's generation) were aware that, in the eyes of the professional genealogist, only a still smaller number of families could lay claim to that eminence.[5]The conflict and fusion between the decline of aristocratic and emerging dignitaries, the competition and penetration between the door concepts and business trends, reflect the rapid disintegration and re-combination of the social class structure and economic structure, also bring on behalf of the era after the Civil War the American society's most notable characteristics of the times. Puritanism mainly consists of piety, humility, solemnity, honesty, assiduousness and austerity. Therefore, Puritans believe that working hard and living a moral life were their ethics, they establish laws to restrict one of moral principles and public behavior. In order to eliminate outsiders, Old New York society emphasizes family purity and form.The O ld New York regard Puritanical traditions as their only truth, and new ideas as invading enemies. They see " grace " as the supreme principle, "fear of scandal than the disease" This social structure is a highly vigilant and perful working system, with "countless silenty observing eyes and patiently listening ears".[6] Old New York thinks it helps to maintain social stability and upper class status with strictly keeping the family in the form and purity .2.2 One “R ebel” in Old New York---- EllenBeing brought up by an eccentric aunt Medora in Europ, makes Ellen different from other traditional girls in the Old New York. So Ellen is regarded as an outsider to Old New York society. She has no feminine virtues expected by people in Old New York.The Old New York society expected a married woman to try her best to become the role of “perfect wife and mother". But Ellen fled from her husband back to Old New York, in order to seek help with her divorce problem which had been a scadal in Old New York, just becauce she considered freedom moreimportant for her life than marrige.Ellen treats her maid as an equal, offering the servant her own cape before sending her out on an errand. She lost “grace” as a member of the upper-class. When the Beaufort suffered failure in business, the whole upper-class of Old New York refused to help them. Nevertheless Ellen was commiserative to them and visited the Beaufort, comforting poor Mrs. Beaufort. She rebelled the Old New York again.While during van der Luton's party, " Ellen got up and left one gentleman to another gentleman," blatantly disregard for the conventional rules of New York society. As a single woman who had divorce scandal, Ellen has an “affair” with her cousin's fiance Archer. Becauce of Archer's sincerity, and really understand her situation, she was infatuated with him. Ellen’s moves completely contrary to the highest principles of the old New York high society.2.3 Another “Rebel” of Old New York--- NewlandNewland is a rebellious youth in essence. On one hand, he is extremely satisfied with his fiancee's innocence, on the other he is terrifying the empty behind innocence, he is longing for spiritual communication and collision, but his fiancee May can not satisfy his desireplum, everything that May can express was taught by him, even if she had some of her own ideas, they are usually superficial, which makes Newland miserably. He likes beautiful and pure May, and attempted to "transform" her. He wants to implant in May the idea of freedom and independence, but his efforts finally proved to be futile. Newland seems to be an outsider of the “Pyramid” spire, he quietly watches the New York society. The observation of this society is more objective, more strongly his sense of alienation to it.Ellen's arrival makes Newland saw the promised land. She is bold, imaginative, unconventional, and beautiful but shy, compared to May who sticks to the custom, Ellen appeares to be mature, confident and infinite charm. Newland soon passionately falls in love with her, he entirely betrays the upper-classsociety's rules and prohibitions. His hearty sympathy for Ellen, made him struggle with his family and the whole society and support Ellen to divorce her debauched husband, he strongly believes that women and men have the same freedom and the right to be happy. “His own exclamation: "Women should be free--as free as we are," struck to the root of a problem that it was agreed in his world to regard as non-existent.”[7]After marriage, Newland did not assume the responsibility of marriage.When he can not get love in reality, he started to seek happiness from dream. He even wants to elope with Ellen. One time he and Ellen sat side by side in his wife's carriage, he told Ellen, " this is the only reality to me."When Ellen asked him if it is his idea that want her to be his mistress, Newland thrown into a panic and was hesitating in speaking the ground replies: "I want -----I want somehow to get away with you into a world where words like that---- categories like that ---- won't exist. where we shall be simpy two human beings who love each other , who are the whole of life to each other ; and nothing else on earth will matter."[8] From these behaviors, we can see that Newland’s love for Ellen makes him became a “rebel”of Old New York.Chapter 3. The “Grief” of “Rebels” in Old New York Society With a unique visual angle in The Age of Innocence，Wharton describes a "fresh and unique" Old New York society, and reveals the moral crisis of American high society under the impact of the commodity economy, and two “rebels” of Old New York--- Newland Archer and Ellen Olenska, in the conservative and the hypocrisy of the old New York society, in pursuit of freedom and love, in pursuit of their own freedom and happiness, to struggle w ith the entire social and finally failure, to expatiate on the “grief “of that the traditional New York society.Aristotle believed that the quality of the tragic figure is determined by their character, personality lies on the choice of action, and tragedy is to write the good person who have a similar with ordinary people suffered undeservedmisfortune. He believes that: the tragic hero is not the greater good monks and very fair, but somewhere in between perfect and ordinary people, the protagonist got into bad luck, not because of their all kinds of evil, but because they have errors or negligence.【9】The Age of Innocence，representative works of the famous American novelist Edith Wharton, mainly tells a love tragedy about two youths--- Newland Archer and Ellen Olenska in the Old New York high society .3.1 The “Grief” of NewlandAs a strong abhor and reluctant defender of the New York high society hypocritical ethics and values, Newland is doomed to a tragic character. He had to sacrifice himself in order to maintain social order. However, self-sacrifice for a hypocritical snobbish society is not the original intention of Newland. He is just another loser who fall into contradiction psychology and could not get out of it.3.1.1 Newland’s life in a “Hieroglyphic World”Growing up and living in the Old New York, Newland Archer's thoughts and behavior are moded by puritanical tradition which emphasize "form" and “family honor". Shaped by the society, he is a type representing the genteel classs rather than an independent individual. And in the society there is no space for individuality and innovation. Members of the community generally does not welcome intellectuals, artists and writers, because they may bring the community disturbing news of doom and gloom, the so-called social customs, etiquette, taboo are in accordance with the standards of the New York high society "the ruling group". Newland recognize "In reality they all lived in a kind of hieroglyphic world, where the real thing was never said or done or even thought, but only represented by a set of arbitrary signs;" [10]In order to maintain the stability of the "pyramid", the group united, strictly resist the invaders in any tower, does not allow the existence of acts contrary to the "fashion". They discriminate against writers, artists, as well as anyone beyond their regular imagination. Under their control, the New York highsociety became a cultural desert. This is the "grief" of the entire New York high society. Thus although Newland Archer has deep insight with ignorance, hypocrisy, conservative of New York society, the power of individuals can not contend with this powerful machine----the community. Therefore he was stipulated in life must play the role, he longed for freedom, happiness, desire to have a equal and harmonious life with the woman he loved . However, the reality is cruel for him, the New York social customs and traditions do not allow him to pursue Ellen who escaped from Europe, because it would lead him and his family disrepute. In order to safeguard the interests of the family and adhere to the traditional, Newland struggled in the suffering and contradictions.3.1.2 Newland’s Futility Confronted with Traditional ForcesThis deep "grief" of the contradictions and struggle, throughout the first half of the Newland love and life. He appreciated Ellen's charming charm, freedom of thought and soul, but he can not imagine his wife as Ellen. Therefore in the contradiction struggles, Newland desperately requires May advance their marriage to prevent his own impulses; he seemed to strive to break the shackles of society, but in fact, the thought was extinguished by the Old New York high society before it had burned.He would like to dissolution of marriage, but lack the courage, to resist his life only step by step to compromise. His rebellion is just so weak. This weakness and compromise shows on the divorce of Ellen, he is anxious to express his strong support, he firmly believes that women have the same freedom and right as men to choose to be happy. However, Newland immediately thought, if Ellen's behavior appears on May "conduct that, on his own wife's part, would justify him in calling down on her all the thunders of Churchand State."[10] When Mr. Letterblair asks him to take charge of Ellen's divorce suit, he put Ellen's individual happiness aside and becomes the spokesman for the society. He knows that "theoretically, the idea of divorce was almost as distasteful to him as to his mother"【11】. He went to Ellen's house and persuades her not to divorce tomaintain family honor. He proposes that those individuals are obliged to succumb to the collective society in accordance with what Mr. Letterblair says to him previously. He says to Ellen, "He [Ellen's husband] can say things-things that might be pl-might be disagreeable to you: say them publicly, so that they would get about, and harm you even if-I mean: no matter how unfounded they were"'【12】(p.108). He lets Ellen understand both his and his family's anxiety so that she would, hopefully, give up her pursuit for freedom and contribute to the seeming family integrity. With Newland's persuasion, Ellen finally gives up her decision to divorce. The contradictions between Newland's thinking and behavior reveal that he has the Puritanical characteristic of easily surrendering to superior authorities.Newland dares to say but does not dare to do . He lacks the courage to put forward dissolution of marriage to May, his each step is a compromise. Therefore, after Ellen left, he also completely compromises to the "Old New York", follows the crowd and becomes a "Good Citizen" and "good husband". Years later, when he stood in the streets of Paris, looking back on his life, his mind full of the "grief", he knew he lost the life of flowers, so he can only live in tragrdy. His "grief" is belonging to himself, caused by his hesitation and the inconsistent characters.Newland's irresolute and hesitant character makes his tragic inability to choose another lifestyle harmonious with their social, cultural environment. But in real life he lack this ability, or unwilling to make a choice. He is a idealist who bends to the vulgar needs. He wants to get the ideal love, but he is not willing to fight to social system limit this love. He wants to get love affair, and he is willing to be faithful in the performance of her husband's duties.This worry about personal gains and losses, timid and hesitant ambivalence is sure to make him lose everything.3.2 The “Grief” of EllenEllen is different from the Old New York society in that she believes in truth and individual freedom. She decisively leaves her blackguard husband andreturns to New York to pursue a free life. Her bebaviors deviates from the values of Old New York high class. They refuse to accept her into their circle. In order to be admitted into the society, Ellen has to sacrifice her individual desire. However, she is banished from Old New York society at last, because they believe that she and Newland have an affair.3.2.1 Sacrifice of Individual DesireEllen is a sentimentalist, who is frank and straightforward, without affectation. On the surface, The Old New York “regards everyone as equal”,but Ellen almost grind to pieces by a huge power of the machine. In order to be accepted by the Old New York society, Ellen has to sacrifice her desire of longing for freedom and happiness. The reason for her returning is that she wants to obtain safety among her New York relatives. And she is willing to adhere to their values in order to become one member of them. When she talks with Newland in her house, she tells him that she wants to be accepted and loved by his world. "`But I suppose I've lived too independently; at any rate, I want to do what you all do- I want to feel cared for and safe"'.【13】Her eagerness to be approved of by the society is so strong that the difference between her and Old New York makes her uneasy. She intends to leave her unhappy past in Europe far behind and begin a happy new life among the New Yorkers.Before she comes back to New York, she thinks that her family and the society will support her to divorce her dissolute husband. After she stays in New York for a while, she finds out that no one would ever give her a hand, because divorce will undoubtedly bring her family scandals. Persuaded by Newland, if she is to get along in New York, and to retain family reputation, she must behave to please others, Ellen finally decides to give up divorce.Ellen finds herself attracted to Newland after they chat in her little house, because they have something in common.In order to repress her passion for Newland, Ellen tries to avoid seeing him. She always runs away from her desire of being together with Newland. She does attend Newland's wedding. One reasonfor her absence is her reluctance to see beloved marrying someone else. The other reason is that she wants to escape from Newland so that they will not be able to have an affair. She leaves New York so that she does not disrupt Newland's and May's marriage. Her way of pursuing for happiness is blocked by her own escampism.3.2.2 Ellen’s Banishment from the Old New YorkShe fled to New York from Europe to get rid of the bad character of her husband, fancying the sympathy and suppor of her family to her divorce because of her misfortune, unexpectedly the plan has obstacles. People (including her aunt and other relatives) do not want to hear her fleeing forced marriages of such unpleasant things.“The whole family are against a divorce.” When Ellen decides to divorce her husband, the whole Mingotts oppose it. “They have (dealt with the problem of divorce). The matter has been gone into by the family. They are opposed to the Countess’s idea; but she is firm, a nd insists on a legal opinion.”And her appearance becomes a potential threat to the tribe's social and ethical stability. She is experienced after staying in Europe for so long. Her scandalous reputation of unhappy marriage and the rumorous elopement with a secretary is undoubtedly unpleasant to the genteel class. When the Mingotts has sent out cards for a formal dinner to meet the Countess Olenska, the bolt falls. Everyone refuses the Mingotts’ invitation. They make cruelly clear their determination not to meet the Countess Olenska. As is described:Forty-eight hours later the unbelievable had happened; every one had refused the Mingotts' invitation except the Beauforts and old Mr. Jackson and his sister. The intended slight was emphasised by the fact that even the Reggie Chiverses, who were of the Mingott clan, were among those inflicting it; and by the uniform wording of the notes, in all of which the writers "regretted that they were unable to accept," without the mitigating plea of a"previous engagement" that ordinary courtesy prescribed.【14】Although Ellen only has an "affair" spiritually with Newland, Old New York society secretly assumes that they are lovers. May’s family sends Ellen back to Europe in what Wharton describes as a rite in which the tribe devours its scapegoat. May ironically uses the announcement of her pregnancy to keep Newland from following Ellen to Europe. She is finally expelled from Old New York society by the hypocritical society. Although Ellen lives a comfortable life in Europe after being banished from Old New York, her dream to live a happy life in America is broken. Moreover, she is not able to begin a new life with Newland whom she is deeply in love with. Her misfortune is caused by Old New York's blind conformity to Puritanical traditions.Though she has changed much to conform to the customs and rules, she has to get away from the society and choose escapism, because she will not be Archer’s lover and gain a sense of freedom in such a society. In fact, wherever she arrives, she cannot gain an absolute freedom. She prefers returning to Europe where she is “very poor, very lonely, but she has a real life” to staying in New York where she loses herself. Ellen’s desire to individual freedom and happiness in Old New York and her escapism , gives rise to her “grief”. As Aristotle said, the quality of the characters is determined by their own "personality". The tragic figure's happiness or"grief" depends on their actions.ConclusionMaking a comprehensive surveyof the novel, Wharton by means of a rich and profound writing style shape the distinctive characters, with a unique perspective she explores the era of her life, the fate and social status of the hero in that class. And through profound description of the protagonist's plight in the social status and the institution of marriage crevices, to further reveals the repression, bound and apathy of the upper classes in Old New York, and with the relationship of love and marriage, passion and responsibility, freedom and tradition to epitomize the complexity of human nature. Through the hero。
纯真年代观后感英文
纯真年代观后感英文英文回答："The Age of Innocence" is a poignant and evocative film that masterfully captures the essence of Edith Wharton's classic novel. Set in the opulent and rigidly stratified society of 1870s New York City, the film tells the story of Newland Archer, a young man torn between his duty to his family and his heart's desire.The film's exquisite visuals and period detailtransport the viewer to this bygone era, where lavish balls and horse-drawn carriages are the norm. Michelle Pfeiffer delivers a tour-de-force performance as Countess Olenska, a free-spirited woman who challenges the social conventions of the day. Daniel Day-Lewis is equally captivating as Newland Archer, a man struggling to reconcile his obligations to his fiancé, May Welland, and his growi ng attraction to the Countess.Director Martin Scorsese skillfully weaves together themes of love, duty, and sacrifice, exploring the complexities of human relationships in a society that values decorum above all else. The film's sumptuous production design, intricate costumes, and haunting score create a rich tapestry that enhances the emotional depth of the narrative."The Age of Innocence" is a timeless masterpiece that continues to resonate with audiences today, showcasing the enduring power of love and the enduring constraints of societal expectations. Its poignant exploration of the human condition makes it a must-see for anyone interestedin history, romance, or the art of filmmaking.中文回答：《纯真年代》是一部感人肺腑且引人深思的电影，它巧妙地捕捉到了伊迪丝·沃顿经典小说的精髓。
纯真年代
《纯真年代》——卓越班李淑芬Ellen Olenska: Is New York such a labyrinth? I thought it was all straight up and down likeFifth Avenue. All the cross streets numbered and big honest labels on everything.艾伦·奥兰丝卡：纽约就是这样一座迷宫吗？我认为它的一切都像第五大道一样笔直。
所有的十字路口都标上了数字，这里的一切都贴上了让人一目了然的巨大的标签。
目录：•电影故事梗概•服装设计师简介•电影的时代背景•服装流行背景•电影服装的风格与时代关系•人物外在形象与内在性格分析•服装设计与环境•服装设计与人物性格•服装设计要素的运用一．电影服装设计师简介。
•Gabriella Pescucci 意大利著名服装设计师（1994年因《纯真年代》货奥斯卡最佳服装设计奖）•国籍：意大利•设计风格：以新颖的主题、大胆的表现手法和强烈的个人风格著称。
•作品简介：作为演员Sartoria Tirelli - Vestire il cinema (2006)•Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: Designer Chocolate (2005)•救命呐！唐吉诃德 Lost In La Mancha (2002)•The 66th Annual Academy Awards (1994)图1•作为服装设计师 Gabriella Pescucci的作品•时间之雾/阿果拉 Agora (2009)•贝奥武夫/贝奥武夫：降龙伏魔(台)/魔战王贝奥武夫(港) Beowulf (2007)•查理和巧克力工厂/查理与巧克力工厂 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) •格林兄弟 The Brothers Grimm (2005)•范海辛/狙魔人/凡-海尔辛/凡赫辛/怪物猎人 Van Helsing (2004)•Secret Passage (2004)•Perdutoamor (2003)•Ballo in maschera, Un (2001)•追忆似水年华 Temps retrouvé, Le (1999)•仲夏夜之梦 A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999)•贝蒂表妹 Cousin Bette (1998)•孤星泪 Misérables, Les (1998)•红颜祸水/绝代宠妓/宠妓/危险的美丽 Dangerous Beauty (1998)•Manon Lescaut (1998)•Per amore, solo per amore (1997)•Albergo Roma (1996)•Cavalleria rusticana (1996)•真爱一生 Scarlet Letter, The (1995)•新所罗门王 Solomon & Sheba (1995)•Slave of Dreams (1995)•纯真年代 Age of Innocence, The (1993)•La traviata (1992)•印度支那/情证今生 Indochine (1992)•Che ora è? (1989)•终极天将 Adventures of Baron Munchausen, The (1988)•Qualcosa di biondo (1988)•Haunted Summer (1988)•Splendor (1988)•Famiglia, La (1987)•魔宫传奇，玫瑰的名字 Name der Rose, Der (1986)•美国往事/四海兄弟/义薄云天 Once Upon a Time in America (1984)•Nuit de Varennes, La (1982)•Passione d'amore (1981)•Tre fratelli (1981)•女人城 Città delle donne, La (1980)•管弦乐队的彩排 Prova d'orchestra (1978)•遗产 Eredità Ferramonti, L' (1976)•Divina creatura (1975)•Identikit (1974)•Addio, fratello crudele (1971)•寸土必争 Uomini contro (1970)二．电影故事梗概这是一个消逝的年代，一个曾经华丽无比，又空洞无比的年代。
《纯真年代》的女性主义解读
鼎盛期是２ 世纪６ 年代末期。女权主义 自诞生 Ｏ ０ 之 日起就如 同一股强劲 的飓风 ， 猛烈地横扫为 男性所统治 的话语 阵地 。在文学领域 中， 它要 求 以女性视角重新 阅读经典文本 ， 以揭露男性 文学 中被歪 曲的女性形象 ： 积极探索不同于男 性传统的女 ｆ文学传统 ， 生 重新书写文学正史 ； 努 力 追 寻文学 中的女性 意识 。第 一 次世 界大 战彻 底地推翻了原有的男性 占统治地位 的西方传统 文化价值观念。战后的女性紧紧抓住这个历史
迫 的 悲惨 命 运 ， 表达 了她 对 ３ 时妇 女 的 同情 ， 时也 揭 示 了传 统 观 念 对 于人 性 的 束 缚 。这 些 作 － ＇ 同
品 在 一 定 程 度 上 反 映 出受 压 迫女 性 的反 抗 声音 和 日益 觉醒 的 女 性 意 识 。在 ２ 世 纪６ 和７ 年 代 ０ ０ ０ 妇 女 解 放 运 动 以及 女 性 主 义 文 学批 评 兴 起 的 时候 ． 迪 丝 ・ 顿 再 次 成 为 评 论 界 关 注 的 焦 点 伊 华 伊 迪 丝 ・ 顿在 她 的创 作 中关 注女 性 命 运 和 生 活 。她 突 出强 调 了女 性 受 男权 社 会 压 迫 和 束 缚 华 的 悲惨 命 运 。这 些 妇 女 永远 处 于被 控 制 、 奴 役 的 地 位 ， 被 无论 是 在 精 神 上 还 是 经 济 上 都 处 于劣
女人与女人之间也会因为各自的利益而相互竞争相互伤害纯真年代这部小说讲述了主人公纽兰?阿切尔与两位女人之问的爱情故事
《 纯真年代》 的女性主义ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ读
屈荣英 （ 辽宁师范大学 ９国语学院 ， １ 、 辽宁 大连 ｌ ６２ ） １０９
摘
要 ： 迪 丝 ・ 顿 并 不 是女 性 主 义 作 家 ， 她 在很 多作 品 中描 述 了妇 女 的低 下 身份 和 被 压 伊 华 但
英文原著书单分享丨按照难度等级分为 7 类
英文原著书单分享丨按照难度等级分为 7 类小学/初中难度《小王子》The Little Prince《彼得兔和他的朋友们》Peter Rabbit and Friends 高中难度《纳尼亚传奇：狮子、女巫和魔衣柜》The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe《纳尼亚传奇：凯斯宾王子》The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian《纳尼亚传奇：黎明踏浪号》The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader《彼得·潘》Peter Pan《小妇人》Little Women《安徒生童话》Andersen's Fairy Tales《芒果街上的小屋》The House on Mango Street《曾达的囚徒》The Prisoner of Zenda《坎特维尔幽灵》The Canterville Ghost四级难度《绿野仙踪》The Wonderful Wizard of Oz《奥兹国的格林达》Glinda of Oz《奥兹玛公主》Ozma of Oz《桃乐茜与魔法师》Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz《通向奥兹国的路》The Road to Oz《翡翠城》The Emerald City of Oz《碎布姑娘》The Patchwork Girl of Oz《滴答人》Tik-Tok of Oz《稻草人》The Scarecrow of Oz《林基廷克国王》Rinkitink in Oz《奥兹公主失踪记》The Lost Princess of Oz《铁皮人》The Tin Woodman of Oz《奥兹国的魔法》The Magic of Oz《廊桥遗梦》The Bridges of Madison County《绿山墙的安妮》Anne of Green Gables《月亮和六便士》The Moon and Sixpence《爱丽丝梦游仙境》Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 《纳尼亚传奇：能言马与男孩》The Chronicles of Narnia: The Horse And His Boy《纳尼亚传奇：魔法师的外甥》The Chronicles of Narnia: The Magician's Nephew《纳尼亚传奇：最后一战》The Chronicles of Narnia: The Last Battle《纳尼亚传奇：银椅》The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair《微软启示录：比尔·盖茨语录》Impatient Optimist: Bill Gates In His Own Words《经济学的N个笑话》Joke Book on Economics《人类的故事》The Story of Mankind《宇宙简史：起源与归宿》The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe《假如给我三天光明》Three Days to See《野性的呼唤》The Call of the Wild《小公主》A Little Princess《歌剧魅影》The Phantom of the Opera《理智与情感》Sense and Sensibility《黑骏马》Black Beauty六级难度《八十天环游地球》Around the World in 80 Days《汤姆·索亚历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《海底两万里》Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea 《月池》The Moon Pool《老人与海》The Old Man and The Sea《契诃夫短篇小说精选》Love and Other Stories by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov《四百万》The Four Million《剪亮的灯盏——欧·亨利短篇小说集》The Trimmed Lamp 《隐形人》The Invisible Man《美国佬都是骗子》All Yankees Are Liars《莫洛博士岛》The Island of Dr. Moreau《血字的研究（第一部）：华生医生的回忆》A Study in Scarlet《巴斯克维尔的猎犬》The Hound of the Baskervilles《归来记》The Return of Sherlock Holmes《悠游度过一天的24小时》How to Live on 24 Hours a Day 《嘉莉妹妹》Sister Carrie《特务》The Secret Agent《三十九级台阶》The Thirty-Nine Steps《道林·格雷的画像》The Picture of Dorian Gray《虹》The Rainbow《大街》Main Street考研难度《福尔摩斯回忆录》Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes《四签名》The Sign of Four《恐怖谷》The Valley of Fear《化身博士》Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 《动物庄园》Animal Farm《朱莱卡·多卜生》Zuleika Dobson《儿子与情人》Sons and Lovers《鲁滨逊漂流记》The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe《吉姆爷》Lord Jim《纯真年代》The Age of Innocence《青年艺术家的画像》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man雅思/托福难度《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Uncle Tom's Cabin《远大前程》Great Expectations《神秘岛》The Mysterious Island《柳林风声》The Wind In The Willows《青鸟》The Blue Bird《双城记》A Tale of Two Cities《秘密花园》The Secret Garden《格兰特船长的儿女》The Children of Captain Grant《金银岛》Treasure Island《黑暗之心》Heart of Darkness《雾都孤儿》Oliver Twist《欢乐之家》The House of MirthSAT/GRE难度《莎士比亚十四行诗》The Sonnets of William Shakespeare 《红字》The Scarlet Letter《弗兰肯斯坦》Frankenstein《罪与罚》Crime and Punishment《呼啸山庄》Wuthering Heights《傲慢与偏见》Pride and Prejudice《福尔摩斯冒险史》The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby《君主论》The Prince大家有什么喜欢的书籍，也都分享出来吧~~。
美国作家和作品
Early Fiction：Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文<History of New York> 《纽约外史》<Rip Van Winkle> 《瑞普·凡·温克尔》<The Legend of Sleepy Hollow> 《睡谷的传说》<The Alhambra> 《阿尔罕伯拉》<Tour on Prairies> 《草原漫游记》James Fenimore Cooper 菲尼莫·库珀<The Spy> 《间谍》<Leatherstocking Tales> 《皮袜子故事集》<The Pioneers> 《拓荒者》<The Prairies> 《大草原》<The Last of the Mohicans> 《最后的莫西干人》<The Pathfinder> 《探路人》<The Deerslayer> 《杀鹿者》Transcendentalists：Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生<Nature> 《论自然》Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗<Walden> 《瓦尔登湖》Power of Imagination：Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡<The Masque of Red Death> 《红色死亡假面舞会》<The Fall of the House of Usher> 《尼舍尔厦的倒塌》Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑<Twice-Told Tales> 《重述的故事》<The Scaelet Letter> 《红字》Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔<Moby Dick> 《白鲸》New Visions of America：Walt Whiteman 瓦尔特·惠特曼<Leaves of Grass> 《草叶集》<Song of Myself> 《自我之歌》Emily Dickinson 艾米丽·狄更生Reform and Liberation：Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈利特·比彻·斯托<Uncle Tom's Cabin> 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔<Atlantic magazine> 《大西洋杂志》Bret Harte 布雷特·哈特<The Luck of Roaring Camp> 《咆哮营的好运》Samuel Clemens 萨缪尔·克里曼斯/Mark Twain 马克·吐温<A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court> 《亚瑟王宫里的康涅狄格州美国人》<The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》A New Wave：Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯<The American> 《美国人》<Portrait of a Lady> 《一位女士的画像》<The Wings of the Dove> 《鸽翼》<The Ambassadors> 《专使》<The Golden Bowl> 《金碗》William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔<The Rise of Silas Lapham> 《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩<Maggie,A Girl of the Streets> 《街头女朗玛吉》<The Red Badge of Courage> 《红色英勇勋章》Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱赛<Sister Carrie> 《嘉莉妹妹》Upton Sinclair 厄普顿·辛克莱<The Jungle> 《屠场》Jack London 杰克·伦敦<Call of the Wild> 《野性的呼唤》Edith Wharton 伊迪斯·华迪<The House of Mirth> 《欢乐之家》<The Age of Innocence> 《纯真年代》Sympathetic Views:Kate Chopin 凯特·肖邦<The Awakening> 《觉醒》Willa Cather 薇拉·凯瑟<O Pioneers!> 《啊！拓荒者》W.E.B.Dubois W·E·杜波依斯<Souls of Black Folk> 《黑人的灵魂》Rebellious Spirit:Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德·安德森<Winesburg,Ohio> 《俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡》Sinclair Lewis 辛克莱尔·路易斯<Main Street> 《大街》<Gopher Prairie> 《格弗草原》<Babbitt> 《巴比特》<Arrowsmith> 《阿罗史密斯》The Modernists：Erza Pound 埃兹拉·庞德T.S.Eliot T·S·艾略特<The Waste Land> 《荒原》E.E.Cummings E·E·肯明思Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯William Carlos Williams 威廉姆·卡罗斯·威廉姆斯Lost Generation：F.Scott Fitzerald 弗·斯科特·菲兹杰拉德<The Great Gatsby> 《了不起的盖茨比》Ernest Hemingway 厄内斯特·海明威<The Sun Also Rises> 《太阳照常升起》<A Farewell to Arms> 《告别了，武器》<For Whom the Bell Tolls> 《丧钟为谁而鸣》William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳<The Sound and the Fury> 《喧哗与骚动》<Light in August> 《八月之光》Harlem Renaissance:Langston Hughes 蓝斯通·休斯Countee Cullen 康梯·卡伦New Drama：Eugene O'Neil 尤金·奥尼尔<Desire Under the Elms> 《榆树下的欲望》<Mourning Becomes Electra> 《悲悼》<The Iceman Cometh> 《卖冰的人来了》<Long Day's Journey into Night> 《长夜漫漫路迢迢》Depression，Realism and Escapism:John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克<The Grapes of Wrath> 《愤怒的葡萄》Margaret Mitchell 玛格丽特·米切尔<Gone with the wind> 《飘》Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒<Catch 22> 《第22条军规》Postwar Voice and the "Beat Generation": Richard Wright 理查德·赖特<Native Son> 《土生子》Ralph Ellison 拉尔夫·埃里森<Invisible Man> 《看不见的人》James Baldwin 詹姆斯·鲍德温<Go Tell It on the Mountain> 《向苍天呼吁》<The Fire Next Time> 《下一次将是烈火》Saul Bellow 索尔·贝娄Isaac Bashevis Singer 艾萨克·巴什维斯·辛格Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯<The Glass Menagerie> 《玻璃动物园》<Street Car Named Desire> 《欲望号街车》Arthur Miller 亚瑟·米勒<Death of a Salesman> 《推销员之死》Alan Ginsberg 爱伦·金斯堡<Howl> 《嚎叫》J.D.Salinger J·D·塞林格<The Catcher in the Rye> 《麦田守望者》New American Voice：Toni Morrison 托妮·莫里森<Song of Solomon> 《所罗门之歌》<Beloved> 《宠儿》Alice Walker 爱丽斯·沃克Maxine Hong Kingston 汤亭亭<The Woman Warrior> 《女勇士》<China Men> 《中国佬》Amy Tan 谭恩美<The Joy Luck Club> 《喜福会》。
以《纯真年代》为例剖析老纽约时代的美国人性特征
以《纯真年代》为例剖析老纽约时代的美国人性特征作者：曾杰来源：《考试周刊》2012年第46期摘要：伊迪丝·华顿是19世纪末20世纪初美国最重要的作家之一，《纯真年代》是其代表作，描写19世纪70年代末至20世纪初即老纽约时代中个人与纽约社会之间的矛盾与抗争，反映了在冲破旧文化束缚、创造新文化的转变时期上流社会成员面临的各种社会矛盾，揭示了老纽约时期上流社会的偏执，通过对人物的心理状态变化过程的描写，深刻而透彻地剖析了当时美国人的人性特征。
关键词：伊迪丝·华顿小说《纯真年代》老纽约时代美国人性特征一、伊迪丝·华顿简介伊迪丝·华顿是一位美国女作家，也是法国印象派的拥护者，她称自己为“狂热的印象派人”。
华顿和亨利·詹姆斯的关系很密切。
他们有着相似的生活经历，其小说中主题也很相似(两人都对富人的生活方式和生活在异域的美国人感兴趣)。
但也有所不同，詹姆斯的写作方法是将人物从社会力量的影响中移开，将故事置于人物的心灵之中；而华顿的写作方法则是描写社会与道德力量对主要人物的影响。
詹姆斯小说中的冲突通常是内在的，而华顿小说中的冲突几乎总是外在的，一个优秀的个人总是卷入到与上流社会的争斗中，个人总是显得与那些代表人物的意见、观点格格不入。
伊迪丝·华顿和英国女作家简·奥斯丁同属“风俗小说家”。
所谓“风俗小说”，就是指那种如实反映特定的时代、特定的地点、特定的社会阶层的社会风俗、习惯礼仪的小说。
伊迪丝·华顿的小说大多数描写她所熟知的纽约上流社会，也就是十九世纪四十年代到七十年代的老纽约旧事。
“老纽约”是华顿出生的地方，在那里她度过了青少年时代和最初几年的婚姻时光。
那是华顿最熟悉也最擅长刻画的老纽约。
这时候的老纽约就是一个金字塔，塔的底部是由一些体面但不引人注目的像样的家庭，“通过与占支配地位的家庭联姻而抬高了地位。
……从这一个有钱但并不引人注目的基础上逐渐形成了金字塔的尖顶，一个坚实紧密的统治集团”。
the age of innocence
也许每一个男子全都有过这样 的两个女人，至少两个。娶了 红玫瑰，久而久之，红的变了 墙上的一抹蚊子血，白的还是 “床前明月光”；娶了白玫瑰 ，白的便是衣服上的一粒饭粘 子，红的却是心口上的一颗朱 砂痣。
阿切尔，从某种程度上来说，性 格较软弱。尽管他厌倦了世俗的 种种规则，但始终没有那个勇气 去打破它们。同时，他尽可能的 恪守传统，遵循上流社会所规定 的那些繁文缛节，以防跌落到金 字塔的底部。凡事总有两面性。 不可否认，他亦曾有过反抗的思 想，这在当时也是难能可贵的。
•
梅是上流社会的一个模范，她永远微 笑，永远知道什么时候要做什么，她像 射击一样每次都可以命中红心，但是在 她优雅的面纱下有什么呢？她爱自己的 丈夫，最后她用没有出世的孩子留住了 丈夫。她始终知道丈夫爱着其他人，但 是始终可以用微笑的姿态来应对，她的 身后是一整个上流社会，她知道自己最 后会赢得胜利。
纽兰· 阿切尔
梅· 韦兰
埃伦· 奥兰斯卡
个人感想
•
这是一个浮华的社会，人不是按照本 心而是社会规则活着。他们在意自己的餐 具是否漂亮在意自己的举止是否优雅，在 乎人们的八卦消息等等，却不在意自己的 真实感受。为了社会规则梅坚持要订婚后 2年结婚，为了社会规则，人们不容忍艾 伦离婚，虽然这些行为其实和自己没有关 系。
•
梗概
小说的主人公纽兰· 阿切尔就生活在这样一 个排外的社会阶层，即将与门当户对的梅· 韦兰完婚。 然而，在和梅的表姐埃伦· 奥兰斯卡相见后，阿切尔 才发觉其心爱的未婚妻、大家闺秀的梅的种种缺点， 并感受到这奢侈浮华、狭小闭塞世界的层层局限。 埃伦· 奥兰斯卡在与自己道貌岸然的欧洲贵族丈夫分 道扬镳后，不久迁入纽约。焕发着自由精神的埃伦 成熟迷人，很快阿切尔、埃伦两人坠入爱河。但他 们彼此很清楚，无论两人逃亡何处，他们的爱情注 定逃脱不了悲剧的结局，最终还是选择了分离。
美国文学毕业论文选题
美国文学毕业论文选题：1.从《最后的莫西干人》看殖民者对印第安人的压迫The Oppression of the Indians by the Colonists in The Last of the Mohicans2.浅析《智血》中的女性哥特色彩On Female Gothic Flavor of Wise Blood3.论《竞选州长》的写作技巧The Writing Skills of Running for Governor4.浅析《心是孤独的猎手》的孤独主题The Theme of Loneliness in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter5.论《奥吉∙马奇历险记》的反传统风格On the Unconventional Style of The Adventures of Augie March6.浅析《螺丝在拧紧》中的哥特成分An Analysis of the Gothic Elements in The Turn of the Screw7.季诺碧亚和普里西拉的原型分析Archetypes of Zenobia and Priscilla8.《推销员之死》中的“美国梦”分析American Dreams in Death of a Salesman9.论《榆树下的欲望》中《圣经》场景的投影和颠覆A Projection and Overturn of Biblical Scene in Desire Under the Elms10.浅析《夜访吸血鬼》中的吸血鬼形象Analysis of the Vampire in Interview with the Vampire11.《冷山》的主题思想分析The Themes of Cold Mountain12.浅析《野性的呼唤》中个人英雄主义On the Individualism of The Call of the Wild13.两个关于幽灵的故事——对《厄舍古屋的倒塌》和《蝴蝶梦》的比较研究Two Stories Of Specter：The Contrast Analysis of the Fall of the House of Ursher and Rebecca14.霍尔顿悲剧成因分析Analysis on the Causes of Holden’s Tragedy15.浅析《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义The Brief Analysis of Naturalism in The Call of the Wild16.从《老人与海》看海明威作品中的硬汉形象—桑提亚哥On the Image of a Tough Guy in The Old Man and the Sea—Santiago17.试析《S.》中厄普代克对女权运动的态度On Updike’s Attitude towards Feminism in S.18.《飘》中女主角斯嘉丽的性格分析An Analysis of the Characters of Scarlett in Gone with the wind19.从变态心理学的视角分析电影《沉默的羔羊》An Analysis of the Silence of the Lambs—From the Perspective of Abnormal Psychology 20.《紫颜色》中艾伯特人物分析An Character Analysis of Albert in The Color Purpl21.浅析弗罗斯特的诗歌特色On the Features of Robert Frost’s Poetry22.论海明威作品《太阳照样升起》中的女性形象On the Images of Women in Hemingway`s The Sun Also Rises23.美国自然文学在斯蒂芬•克莱恩的作品中体现American Naturalism Reflected in Stephen Crane’s Works24.浅谈海明威的作品《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘的一代”‘The Lost Generation’ in Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises25.《小妇人》中四姐妹的人物塑造On the Characterization of the Four Sisters in Little Woman26.美国黑人文化身份的困境：评托妮•莫里森的《柏油娃》The Dilemma of Black American Cultural Identity: on Toni Morrison’s Tar Boy27.《看不见的人》的爵士乐风格Jazz Style in Invisible Man28.论《一个干净明亮的地方》的写作技巧On the Techniques of A Clean,Well-Lighted Place29.托妮•莫里森笔下的微笑意象The Smile Image in Toni Morison’s Writing30.成长的艰辛—《麦田里的守望者》的主题分析Difficulties in Growing Up: A Thematic Analysis of The Catcher in the Rye31.《小镇畸人》中的怪人形象The Image of Grotesques in Winesburg, Ohio32.《赫索格》的艺术表现手法Techniques of Artistic Expression in Herzog33.浅谈纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的病态心理On Insanity in Lolita by Nabokov34.《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中女性意识力量The Female Consciousness in Uncle Tom's Cabin35.论《愤怒的葡萄》中体现的《圣经》元素On the Elements of the Bible in the Grapes of Wrath36.书信体叙述模式在《紫色》中的运用The Epistolary Narration in The Color Purple37.托尼莫里森作品中人物名字的意义The Meaning of Names in Toni Morisson's Novels38.论小说《在路上》中垮掉的一代A Survey on the Beat Generation from On the Road39.论《永别了,武器》中的悲剧策略Analysis on the Tragic Strategy of A Farewell to Arms The Tragic Spirit in Death of a Salesman40.孤独与失落的守望—析《麦田里的守望者》Waiting in Perplexity and Degradation ——Analysis of The Catcher in The Rye41.论海明威《一个干净明亮的地方》中的虚无主义The Analysis on Nihilism in Hemingway’s Short Story A Clean, Well-lighted Place42.试析《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》中的人性刻画On the Humanity Reflected in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn43.唐人街文化分析——以水仙花与朱路易作品为例Analysis of Chinatown Culture—Taking the Works of Sui Sin Far and Louis Chu as the Example44.意象派诗歌中东方审美因素的分析On the Analysis of Oriental Aesthetic Elements in the Imagist Poetry45.《这个杀手不太冷》的主人公性格分析Character Analysis of “LEON”46.论马丁•伊登和杰伊•盖茨比的比较研究A Comparative Study between Martin Eden and Jay Gatesby47.浅析《鸡蛋的胜利》中运用象征手法表现美国梦On the American Dream Expressed by Symbolism by The Triumph of the Egg48.从《教父》看两代人不同的家庭观The Discrepancy of Family Values between Two Generations in The Godfather49.《推销员之死》中的矛盾与冲突Conflict and Contradiction— On Death of a Salesman50.论霍桑作品中的象征手法----以《年轻人古德曼•布朗》为例On the Symbolism in Hawthorne's Works---taking Young Goodman Brown as a example 51.浅谈《厄舍古屋的倒塌》的叙事视角On the Narrative Point of View in The Fall of the House of Usher52.论《厄舍古屋倒塌》中的哥特元素On Gothic Elements in “The Fall of the House of Usher”53.解析《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默On the Black Humor in Catch-2254.论《所罗门之歌》的主题55.论《推销员之死》的悲剧观56.从休斯到莫里森浅析美国黑人文学的嬗变57.浅析爱伦•坡的侦探小说58.浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》主人公性格59.《嚎叫》——垮掉的一代的预言60.从愤怒的葡萄中看美国大萧条61.杰克伦敦的自然主义——通过作品《野性的呼唤》和《白牙》分析其自然主义倾向62.《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》的写作特点分析63.《愤怒的葡萄》中《圣经》的象征意义64.海勒斯与卡米拉的爱情对比分析65.浅析王熙凤与斯嘉丽的异同66.从生态女权主义角度来解读托妮•莫里森的《宠儿》67.《最蓝的眼睛》中非裔美国人的自我憎恨68.“心之罪”与“魂之恶”——比较研究《红字》与《厄榭尔府的倒塌》69.杰克•伦敦的《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义元素70.论简爱中的女性意识71.汤姆.索亚，哈克.贝丽芬和马克吐温的时代观72.海明威的女性意识73.论嘉莉妹妹成功的原因74.从《喧哗与骚动》中凯莉的悲剧看女性的社会地位75.透视《宠儿》中美国黑人女性的悲剧与成长76.浅析《心是孤独的猎手》中人物异化的生存状态77.论小男孩在《老人与海》中的作用78.浅析《论自助》中人生自主的源泉79.浅析马克•吐温小说的地方色彩主义特点On the Characteristics of Dickinson’s Poems80.哈克贝利•费恩的性格分析An Analysis of the Characteristics of Huckleberry Finn81.浅析《欲望号街车》的主题An Analysis of the Theme of A Streetcar Named Desire82.狄金森诗歌的特点之浅析On the Characteristics of Dickinson’s Poems83.浅析狄金森诗歌中的死亡主题On the Death Theme of Dickinson’s Poems84.从凯蒂的悲剧中看20世纪初女性的社会地位From Caddy’s Tragedy to View Women’s Social Status in the Early 20th Century 85.《乱世佳人》对21世纪女性的启示An Analysis of the Inspiration of Gone with the Wind to the 21st Century Women 86.解读《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰》中的悲剧元素On Tragic Elements in A Rose for Emily87.浅析《麦田里的守望者》中霍顿的性格特点An Analysis of Holden’s Characteristics in The Catcher in the Rye88.斯嘉丽：“旧”时代的“新”女性Scarlett O’Hara, A “New” Woman In “Old” Period89.“无形”困境——对《看不见的人》的主题分析“Invisible Plight” ---- An Analysis of the theme of Invisible Man90.情感与理智——浅析《飘》中的婚姻观Emotion and Intellect---- An Analysis of View of Marriage in Gone with the Wind 91.浅析《欲望号街车》中布兰奇的悲剧根源On the Origin of Blanche’s Tragedy in A Streetcar Named Desire92.论对《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》的种族主义误读On Racist Misperception of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn93.从《喜福会》透视中美文化冲突与融合On the Cultural Conflicts and Blending Embodied in The Joy Luck Club94.浅析惠特曼的写作技巧A Brief Analysis of the Writing Techniques of Whitman95.对《宠儿》中叙事方法的分析An Analysis of the Narrative Tactics in Beloved96.浅析《赫索格》中的犹太情结A Brief Analysis of the Jewish Complex in Herzog97.抗争与守望：论《小镇畸人》中的畸形人物Struggle and Watch: A Study of the Grotesques in Winesburg, Ohio98.浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义特征A Brief Analysis of Naturalistic Features in Sister Carrie99.浅析《看不见的人》中黑人的被漠视境遇An Analysis of Blacks’ Invisible Situation in Invisible Man100.浅析欧•亨利短篇小说的结尾艺术与人文关怀A Brief Analysis of the Twist Ending and the Humanity Cares in O. Henry’s Short Stories 101.浅析《看不见的人》中的布鲁斯神韵An Analysis on the Spirit of the Blues in Invisible Man102.哈克贝利•费恩的性格分析An Analysis of the Characteristics of Huckleberry Finn103.伊迪斯•华顿《纯真年代》中的女性意识Feminine Consciousness in Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence104.《嘉莉妹妹》中的早期自然主义Dreiser’s Early Naturalism in Sister Carrie105.论《夜色温柔》中美国梦的破灭On the Collapse of American Dream in Tender is the Night106.艾米莉•狄更森诗歌之主题研究On the Themes of Emily Dickinson’s Poems107.对《推销员之死》对话的语用分析A Pragmatic Analysis of the Dialogues in Death of a Salesman108.《红字》中的象征意义The Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter109.浅析《美国悲剧》中罗贝塔的悲剧性On the Tragedy of Roberta in An American Tragedy110.论《洛丽塔》中的彼岸世界On the “Otherworld” of Lolita111.通过《飘》看女人的觉醒Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women112.浅析托尼•莫里森《宠儿》中的魔幻现实主义的应用Magic Realism in Tony Morrison’s Beloved113.《看不见的人》中的社会问题分析Analysis of Social Problems in Invisible Man114.论《秀拉》中女性的自我寻找Self-realization of the Females in Sula115.浅析《了不起的盖茨比》比中颜色的象征意义The Symbolic Meaning of Color Words in The Great Gatsby116.从《嘉莉妹妹》看女性价值观变迁Changes of Female’s Values in Sister Carrie117.浅析多斯• 帕索斯在“美国”三部曲中的写作手法Techniques Employed in U.S.A by John Dos Passos118.爱伦•坡小说中的恐怖因素Horror Elements in Edgar Allen Poe’s Fiction119.浅析《我有一个梦想》的修辞手法与主题表现An Analysis of Rhetoric Method and Theme of I Have a Dream120.浅析《芒果街上的小屋》中的女性形象Analysis on the Female Images in The House on Mango Street121.浅析欧•亨利的黑色幽默On O. Henry’s Black Humor122.欧•亨利短篇小说中的反衬艺术The Art of Making Contrasts in O• Henry's Short Stories123.论《了不起的盖茨比》中的美国梦On the American Dream in The Great Gatsby124.圣经对美国小说的影响The Influence of Bible in American Novel125.《白鲸》的生态解读Ecological Analysis of Moby-Dick126.论《汤姆•索亚历险记》的魅力所在The Charms of the Adventures of Tom Sawyer127.《老人与海》的象征主义Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea128.《汤姆叔叔的小屋》主要人物性格分析Analysis of the Protagonists’ Character in Uncle Tom’s Cabin129.基督教在《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的体现Christianity in Uncle Tom's Cabin130.论T.S.艾略特《荒原》中的宗教思想A Discussion of the Religious Ideas in The Waste Land of T. S. Eliot131.论《推销员之死》的悲剧精神The Tragic Spirit in Death of a Salesman132.《秘密花园》现代主义主题分析On the Modernist Themes in The Secret Garden133.简析艾伦•金斯堡《嚎叫》中的“垮掉的一代”Brief Analysis of the Beat Generation in Allen Ginsberg’s Howl134.“嘉莉妹妹”—西方女性的缩影Sister Carrie—the Miniature of Western Women135.伊迪丝•华顿的《纯真年代》中的女性意识Feminine Consciousness in Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence136.解析《红字》中A的象征意义On the Symbolic Meaning of A in The Scarlet Letter137.《小妇人》—一曲新女性的赞歌Little Women, a Celebration of New Women138.梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》中蕴含的深层生态学思想Deep Ecological Thoughts Contained in Thoreau’s Walden139.从《喧哗与骚动》中浅析20世纪初女性的社会地位Analysis of Women’s Social Position in Early 20th Century from The Sound and the Fury 140.浅析海明威的《一个干净明亮的地方》A Brief Discussion of Hemingway’s A Clean and Well-lighted Place141.论《美国悲剧》中萝贝塔的悲剧性The Tragedy of Roberta in American Tragedy142.马克•吐温短篇小说的幽默与讽刺Humor and Irony in Mark Twain’s Short Story143.论马克•吐温小说的讽刺144.浅析马克吐温的《败坏了哈得莱堡的人》中的讽刺艺术145.论《觉醒》的主题和特点146.透过《嘉莉妹妹》看世纪之交的美国消费文化147.从女性主义视角解读《紫色》148.论《麦田里的守望者》中读者对艺术真实的认同与重建149.《宠儿》中黑人女性的社会地位150.浅析艾米莉•狄金森的爱情诗151.《白鲸》所反映出的生活态度152.浅析《嘉莉妹妹》中的新女性形象153.论《土生子》中的种族主义154.《喜福会》中母爱主题的阐释155.从庞德的作品品读意象派风格156.从超验主义重新解读《小妇人》157.评莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的艺术特色158.论《老人与海》的悲剧色彩159.小男孩在《老人与海》中的作用160.浅谈尼采思想对杰克•伦敦及其小说《马丁• 伊登》的影响161.论《白象似的群山》中海明威独特的写作风格162.对海明威短篇小说艺术特色的研究163.从《嘉莉妹妹》看美国梦的幻灭。
The Age of Innocence
The Age of Innocence（纯真年代）第一幕（人物：未婚妻MAY，男主ARCHER，舞蹈演员）旁白：男主与未婚妻举办了一场盛大的订婚宴会，而人尽皆知，男主有一个自己真正喜欢的第三者，但迫于世俗的压力，男主不得不选择与未婚妻完成一场不远完成的婚姻藤椅舞厅MAYYou see, I told all my friends.ARCHERYes, I couldn't wait.MAYI see. But after all, even here we're alone together aren't we?ARCHERAlways. The worst of it is...ARCHER...that I want to kiss you and I can't.MAYDid you tell Ellen?ARCHERNo. I didn't have the chance after all.MAYShe's my cousin, if others know before she does...It's just that she's been away forso long that she's rather sensitive.ARCHEROf course I'll tell her,dearling. But I haven't seen her yet.第二幕（人物：第三者ELLEN，男主ARCHER，第三者丈夫BEAUFORT，旁白）旁白：交代第三者因要离婚而躲避丈夫，并留信给男主让其到Patroon House找她两人房间ARCHERWhen you wrote me, you were unhappy.ELLENYes. But I can't feel unhappy when you're here.ARCHERI can't be here long.ELLENI know. But I'm a little impulsive. I live in the moment when I'm happy.ARCHEREllen. if I'm really to help you...you must tellme what you're running from.ARCHERAh!ARCHERIs he what you were running from? Or what you expected?ELLENI didn't know he was here.ARCHERHello, Beaufort! This way! Madame Olenska was expecting you.BEAUFORTWell, you certainly led me a bit of a chase, making me come all this was just totell you I'd found the perfect little house. It's not on the market yet, so youmust take it at once.BEAUFORTWell, Archer. Rusticating?第三幕（人物：未婚妻MAY，男主ARCHER，旁白）旁白：男主为了减轻第三者的压力，来到家中的花园找未婚妻谈提早婚期的事情长廊MAYNewland! Has anything happened?ARCHERYes. I found I had to see you.ARCHERTell me what you do all day.MAY(brightening)Well, there are a few pleasant people from Philadelphia and Baltimore who werepicnicking at the inn.ARCHERBut I thought...I came here because I thought I could persuade you to break awayfrom all that. To advance our engagement.[He reached for her hand]ARCHERDon't you understand how much I want to marry you? Why should we dream away another year?MAYI'm not sure I do understand. Is it because you're not certain of still feeling thesame way about me?MAYIs there someone else?ARCHERSomeone else? Between you and me?MAYLet's talk frankly, Newland. Sometimes I've felt a difference in you, especiallysince our engagement.ARCHERSince our engagement?MAYIf it's untrue then it won't hurt to talk about it. And if it's true...whyshouldn't we talk about it now? You might have made a mistake.ARCHERIf I'd made some sort of mistake, would I be down here asking you to hurry ourmarriage?MAYI don't know. It would be one way to settle the question. At Newport,two years ago, before we were...promised...everyone said there was...someone elsefor you.ARCHERIs that what you've been concerned about?MAYThen is there something else?ARCHEROf course not.MAYWhatever it may have been, Newland, I couldn't have my happiness made out of a wrong to somebody else.ARCHERThere are no pledges. There are no promises that matter.ARCHERThat is all I've been trying to say. There is no one between us, May. There isnothing between us. That is precisely my argument for marrying quickly.旁白：Could feel her dropping back to inexpressive girlishness. Her conscience had been cased if its burden.”it was wonderful,”he thought,”how such depths of feeling could coexist with such an absence of imagination”第四幕（人物：姑妈MRS MINGOTT,第三者ELLEN，男主ARCHER，旁白）旁白：因男主着急结婚去寻求德高望重的姑妈的帮助姑妈少出镜ARCHERI'd still like to be married in April. With your help.MRS. MINGOTTOh, Now you're challenging everyone.ARCHERIs this really so difficult?MRS. MINGOTTThe entire family is difficult. And when they are different they end up like Ellen's parents. Or like dear Medora, dragging Ellen about after they died, lavishingher with an expensive but incoherent education. Out of all of them, I don't believethere's one that takes after me but my little Ellen.(smiling)You've got a quick eye. Why in the world didn't you marry her?ARCHER(laughs)For one thing, she wasn't there to be married.MRS. MINGOTTNo, to be sure. And she's still not. The Count, you know. He's sent a letter.MRS. MINGOTTMr. Letterblair says the Count wants Ellen back. On her own terms.MRS. MINGOTTThe Count certainly does not defend himself. I will say that. And Ellen would begiving up a great deal to stay here. There's her old life. Gardens at Nice withterraces of roses. Jewels, of course. Music and conversation. All that, and the remorse of a guilty husband.ARCHERI would rather see her dead.MRS. MINGOTTEllen, see who's here.ELLENI went to see your mother to ask where you'd gone. Since you never answered mynote.MRS. MINGOTTBecause he was in such a rush to get married, I'm sure. He wants me to use all my influence, just to marry his sweetheart sooner.MRS. MINGOTTI told him he should have married you.ELLENAnd what did he say?MRS. MINGOTTOh, my darling, I leave you to find that out.ARCHERI wish I didn’t have to leave,I’ll see you soo n,I hope第五幕（人物：第三者ARCHER,男主ARCHER，旁白）旁白：第三者要离开，男主去第三者家给她说了自己对于感情的顾虑两人出镜ARCHER(under pressure)May and I had a frank talk in Florida. Probably our first. She wants a longengagement to give me time...ELLENTime to give her up for another woman?ARCHERIf I want to.ELLENThat's very noble.ARCHERYes. But it's ridiculous.ELLENWhy? Because there is no other woman?ARCHERNo. Because I don't mean to marry anyone else.ELLENThis other woman...does she love you, too?ARCHERThere is no other woman. I mean, the person May was thinking of...was never...(slowly)...she guessed the truth. There is another woman. But not the one she thinks.ELLENDon't make love to me. Too many people have done that.ARCHERI've never made love to you. But you are the woman I would have married if it hadbeen possible for either of us.ELLENPossible? You can say that when you're the one who's made it impossible.ARCHERI've made it...ELLENIsn't it you who made me give up divorcing? Didn't you talk to me, here in thisroom, about sacrifice and sparing scandal because my family was going to be yourfamily?ARCHERBut there were things in your husband's letter...ELLENI had nothing to fear from that letter. You were just afraid of scandal for yourself, and for May.ARCHEREllen. No. Nothing's done that can't be undone. I'm still free. You can be, too.[He's holding her. He kisses her and she kisses him back passionately. She breaks awayand they stare at each other. Then she shakes her head]ARCHERNo! Everything is different. Do you see me marrying May now?ELLENWould you ask her that question? Would you?AHCHERI have to ask her. It's too late to do anything else.ELLENYou say that because it's easy, not because it's true.ELLENNo. The good things can't change. All that you've done for me, Newland, that Inever knew. I never understood how deadful people thought I was.ELLENI was stupid, I never thought. New York seemed so kind and glad to see me. But therewas no one as kind as you. They never knew what it meant to be tempted. But you did.You understood.ELLENNewland. If we act any other way I'll be making you act against what I love in you most.And I can't go back to that way of thinking. Don't you see? I can't love you unless I give you up.旁白（此时PPT放13秒视频）：第六幕（第三者ELLEN,男主ARCHER，旁白）旁白：第三者即将要离开了雪景ARCHERI have to see you. I didn't know when you were leaving again.ELLENI'm due at Regina Beaufort's. Granny lent me her carriage.ARCHERWith all that's happened, you're still goinig to see Regina Beaufort?ELLENI know. Granny says Julius Beaufort is a scoundrel. But so is my husband, and thefamily still wants me to go back to him.[Two figures , illuminated by the glowing street lamps but still a little indistinct inthe blowing snow, are walking down the street toward Ellen and Archer]ARCHERBut you won't go back?ELLENNo. Granny's asked me to stay and help care for her. But I think it's me she meansto help. She said I've lived too long locked up in a cage. She's even seen to myallowance.ARCHERYou won't need my help if you have Granny's.ELLENI will still need your help.ARCHERI have to see you. Somewhere we can be alone.(smiles)In New York?ARCHERAlone. Somewhere we can be alone. There's the art museum in the park. Half past two tomorrow. I'll be at the door.第七幕（男主ARCHER，妻子MAY，旁白）旁白：第三者走后，在男主的书房中书房MAYMay I come in and talk it over?ARCHERAre you tired?MAYNo. dearingARCHERFine.ARCHER(pause)Since you're not tired and want to talk, there's something I have to tell you.ARCHERAbout myself, You say you're not tired. But I am. I'm tired of everything.I want to make a break...MAYYou mean give up the law?ARCHERWell, maybe. To get away, at any rate. Right away. On a long trip. Go somewhere that's so far...MAYHow far?ARCHERI don't know. I thought of India. Or Japan.MAYAs far as that? But I'm afraid you can't, dear...(unsteady voice)...not unless you take me with you.MAYI've been sure of something since this morning and I've been longing to tell you... ARCHEROh.You didn't guess?ARCHERNo. Of course, I mean, I hoped, but...ARCHER(quietly)Have you told anyone else?MAYOnly Mama, and your mother. And Ellen. You know I told you we'd had a long talkone afternoon...and how wonderful she was to me.ARCHERAh.MAYDid you mind my telling her, Newland?ARCHERMind? Why should I? But that was two weeks ago, wasn't it? I thought you said youweren't sure till today.MAY(face flushed)No. I wasn't sure then. But I told her I was. And you see...MAYI was right.第九幕（人物：旁白，男主ARCHER）旁白：多年后，一个偶然的机会，失去了妻子的男主来到了第三者的窗户下，最终他还是没有上楼探望第三者，因为他看到了一个男人，他想，或者她已经有了属于自己的幸福吧，就不必打扰了吧。
浅析《纯真年代》中纽兰·阿切尔的双性融合
浅析《纯真年代》中纽兰·阿切尔的双性融合周芸，张弛（南京林业大学外国语学院，江苏南京210037）摘要：在以性别二元对立的父权社会为背景的《纯真年代》中，纽兰身上的男权意识无疑是根深蒂固的，他注定无法用纯女性的视角来看待女性。
随着事态的变化，纽兰的男性气质逐渐衰弱，并觉醒了女性意识，展现出弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫提出的“双性同体”思想，即男性气质和女性气质是可以相互融合的，如此便可以实现对性别二元对立的消解。
拟从“双性同体”理论角度，对纽兰的双性融合进行分析。
关键词：《纯真年代》；女性主义；双性同体；女性气质；男性气质中图分类号：I106文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5039(2019)12-0230-02《纯真年代》(The Age of Innocence)是美国作家伊迪斯·华顿(Edith Wharton)的代表作之一，为她赢得了1921年的普利策奖。
小说背景设置于19世纪70年代末80年代初的纽约上流社会，讲述了男主人公纽兰·阿切尔与梅·韦兰和埃伦·奥兰斯卡的爱情纠葛。
小说以一个男性的视角来描写纽约上流社会对女性的压迫，因此男性气质和女性气质都在纽兰身上有了体现。
首先，生活在父权社会中，纽兰的男性气质是显而易见的。
但与别的男性不同，埃伦使纽兰关注到了女性的利益，并为女性遭遇到的不公而愤愤不平，于是纽兰的女性意识也开始觉醒。
由此，纽兰展现出了一个“双性同体”的形象，这样的两性融合也体现了对性别二元对立的消解。
1“双性同体”理论在男性占据统治地位的父权社会中，女性一向被界定为“他者”，即不同于自我的他人，波伏娃（Simone de Beauvoir）认为女性作为“他者”的从属地位是被男性塑造的，“女人不是天生的，而是后天形成的。
”（Beauvoir，2001：23）在父权社会中，占据主导的男性文本中的性别二元对立认为“男主外，女主内，男人天生果敢、坚决、勇敢、暴力、独立、具有支配力与统治力等；而女人则天生温柔、顺从、体贴、优柔寡断、容易被支配与被统治等。
《纯真年代》的自然主义解读
《纯真年代》的自然主义解读伊迪丝·华顿是十九世纪末二十世纪初美国杰出的女作家。
她是第一位获得博士学位和美国图书最高奖的美国女性作家。
在她漫长的写作生涯中,给我们留下了很多宝贵的作品,特别是创作于1920年的《纯真年代》获得了普林策奖。
这部作品不仅深受广大读者的喜爱,也吸引了众多文学评论家的注意,他们对其作品进行了多角度多侧面的阐释。
在华顿生活和创作的年代,作为一种创作思潮的自然主义正影响和指引着一代的文学巨子们。
自然主义强调对事实的细致科学的观察和描述,把人看成是这个拥有强大的不可测力量的外部世界中的渺小的没有任何个人意志可言的被动的受害者。
受制于遗传因素和不利的环境因素,决定论成了自然主义的内核。
本论文从华顿的生平出发,探究了她自然主义创作的内因和外因。
无论是华顿生长的环境还是她所经历的剧烈的社会变动都从各个方面影响着她的文学创作。
《纯真年代》中的纽兰德·亚瑟,埃伦·奥兰斯卡和梅·维兰德,无不以各自的方式阐述着主人公的悲剧性命运。
自然主义所关注的环境、遗传因素和不可控制的命运巧合无不渗透到主人公的悲剧性命运中。
亚瑟对现实的不满使他经历了短暂的反抗,但也终以失败告终;埃伦的反叛精神导致了她被亲人的放逐和孤独的一生。
自由意志的努力都没有抵得过命运的捉弄,表面上得到了一切的梅也不过是个没有自己思想的纯粹的社会的产物。
以往对华顿文学作品的研究多以爱情,婚姻或纽约上流社会的矛盾和冲突为主题,本论文则选取华顿的最具代表性的作品《纯真年代》,从自然主义的角度,着手分析作品中的三个典型人物形象的悲剧性命运以及贯穿全文的自然主义写作。
鉴于有限的文章篇幅和自己能力的不足,我在论文最后则提出了一些有关进一步研究的建议。
死亡诗社--人物介绍
• Mr. Nolan------Norman Lloyd (the headmaster) • McAllister------Leon Pownall
Robin Williams
• Robin McLaurin Williams (born July 21, 1951) is an American actor, voice actor, and stand-up comedian. Rising to fame with his role as the alien Mork in the TV series Mork & Mindy, Williams went on to establish a successful career in both stand-up comedy and feature film acting.
• Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor three times, Williams went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Good Will Hunting (1997). He has also received two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globes, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and five Grammy Awards.
Charity work
• Williams and his former wife, Marsha, founded the Windfall Foundation, a philanthropic organization慈善组织 to raise money for many different charities. Williams devotes much of his energy to charity work).