介绍北爱尔兰和平进程(英语PPT)

• On Friday 16 May 1997, Tony Blair, the new British Prime Minister, endorsed the Framework Documents, the Mitchell Report on decommissioning, and the criteria for inclusion in all-party talks. He stated that he valued Northern Ireland's place in the United Kingdom, and suggested that the Republic of Ireland should amend of its constitution, and indicated that officials would meet Sinn Féin to clarify certain issues.
2、Towards a ceasefire
Through the actions of a constitutional Nationalist politician, John Hume, leader of the SDLP, and the leader of Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams, on Wednesday 31 August 1994, the Provisional IRA announced a ceasefire. Protestant paramilitary groups did the same. Everyone breathed a sigh of relief, but the problem was not solved.
• The Good Friday Agreement(GFA) or Belfast Agreement was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. Northern Ireland's present devolved system of government is based on the Agreement. The Agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom.Issues relating to civil and cultural rights, decommissioning（退役） of weapons, justice and policing were central to the Agreement.
the Downing Street Declaration 唐宁街宣言
On Wednesday 15 December 1993,John Major, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ,and the Irish Prime Minister Taoiseach jointly to produce the Downing Street Declaration. It affirmed both the right of the people of Ireland to self-determination, and that Northern Ireland would be transferred to the Republic of Ireland from the United Kingdom only if a majority of its population was in favor of such a move.
3、Towards negotiations
• On Tuesday 28 November 1995, a joint communiqué by the British and Irish Governments outlined a" 'twin-track' to make progress in parallel on the decommissioning issue and on all-party negotiations". Preparatory talks were to lead to all-party negotiations beginning by the end of February 1996.
The votes
• In the Republic of Ireland, the results of the vote to change the constitution in line with the agreement were:
Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum [7] Choice Yes No Votes 1,442,583 85,748 % 94.39 5.61
Topic: The Peace Building Process in Northern Ireland
The Northern Ireland peace process is often considered to cover the events leading up to the 1994 Provisional Irish Republican Army(IRA) ceasefire, the end of most of the violence of the Troubles, the Good Friday (or Belfast) Agreement, and subsequent political developments. There are three saparate atttampts made to draft an agreement between the British and Irish governments that would lead to a resolution of the Northern Ireland conflict.
Valid votes
1,528,331
98.90
Invalid or blank votes Total votes Registered voters and turnout
17,064 1,545,395 2,747,088
1.10 Baidu Nhomakorabea00.00 56.26
• In Northern Ireland, the results of the vote on the agreement were:
The referendum campaign
On 22 May 1998, The referenda were held. The pro-agreement was promoted to the nationalist community as delivering civil rights, inclusive government, recognition of their Irishness, and a peaceful route to Irish reunification. To the unionist community, it was presented as bringing an end to the troubles, a guaranteed end to paramilitaries and their weapons, and a guarantee of the Union for the foreseeable future.
a power-sharing executive
In January 1974, the British Prime Minister Edward Heath set up a power-sharing executive which involved representatives from both the Republic and the North of Ireland as well as Great Britain in the governance of the North. However, this was brought down by the concerted efforts of the Protestant loyalists.
The pro-agreement result was greeted at the time with relief by supporters of the agreement. However, the scale of sceptical and anti-agreement sentiment in the unionist community, their continued misgivings over aspects of the agreement, and differing expectations from the Agreement on the part of the two communities were to cause difficulties in the following years.
the Anglo-Irish Agreement 英爱协议
The next attempt at an allgovernment solution was known as the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985. This agreement gave the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters and guaranteed the loyalist Protestant community their right to decide their future. Despite this provision, the loyalist politicians once again rejected this agreement.
Towards another ceasefire
• On Wednesday 25 June 1997, The British and Irish governments gave the IRA 5 weeks to call an unequivocal（明确的） ceasefire. 6 weeks later Sinn Féin would be allowed into the talks. • On Saturday 19 July 1997, The IRA announced the renewal（更新） of its 1994 ceasefire as of 12.00pm on 20 July 1997.
• Towards agreement • On April 10 1998, the Good Friday Agreement, known also as the Belfast Agreement emerged. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland “remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so without the consent（同意） of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland.”