英文写作词汇
英文论文写作中一些可能用到的词汇
英⽂论⽂写作中⼀些可能⽤到的词汇英⽂论⽂写作过程中总是被⾃⼰可怜的词汇量击败, 所以我打算在这⾥记录⼀些在阅读论⽂过程中见到的⼀些⾃⼰不曾见过的词句或⽤法。
这些词句查词典都很容易查到，但是只有带⼊论⽂原⽂中才能体会内涵。
毕竟原⽂和译⽂中间总是存在⼀条看不见的思想鸿沟。
形容词1. vanilla: adj. 普通的, 寻常的, 毫⽆特⾊的. ordinary; not special in any way.2. crucial: adj. ⾄关重要的, 关键性的.3. parsimonious：adj. 悭吝的, 吝啬的, ⼩⽓的.e.g. Due to the underlying hyperbolic geometry, this allows us to learn parsimonious representations of symbolic data by simultaneously capturing hierarchy and similarity.4. diverse: adj. 不同的, 相异的, 多种多样的, 形形⾊⾊的.5. intriguing: adj. ⾮常有趣的, 引⼈⼊胜的; 神秘的. *intrigue: v. 激起…的兴趣, 引发…的好奇⼼; 秘密策划(加害他⼈), 密谋.e.g. The results of this paper carry several intriguing implications.6. intimate: adj. 亲密的; 密切的. v.透露; (间接)表⽰, 暗⽰.e.g. The above problems are intimately linked to machine learning on graphs.7. akin: adj. 类似的, 同族的, 相似的.e.g. Akin to GNN, in LOCAL a graph plays a double role: ...8. abundant: adj. ⼤量的, 丰盛的, 充裕的.9. prone: adj. 有做(坏事)的倾向; 易于遭受…的; 俯卧的.e.g. It is thus prone to oversmoothing when convolutions are applied repeatedly.10.concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的; 确实的, 具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的); 有形的; 实在的.e.g. ... as a concrete example ...e.g. More concretely, HGCN applies the Euclidean non-linear activation in...11. plausible: adj. 有道理的; 可信的; 巧⾔令⾊的, 花⾔巧语的.e.g. ... this interpretation may be a plausible explanation of the success of the recently introduced methods.12. ubiquitous: adj. 似乎⽆所不在的;⼗分普遍的.e.g. While these higher-order interac- tions are ubiquitous, an evaluation of the basic properties and organizational principles in such systems is missing.13. disparate: adj. 由不同的⼈(或事物)组成的;迥然不同的;⽆法⽐较的.e.g. These seemingly disparate types of data have something in common: ...14. profound: adj. 巨⼤的; 深切的, 深远的; 知识渊博的; 理解深刻的;深邃的, 艰深的; ⽞奥的.e.g. This has profound consequences for network models of relational data — a cornerstone in the interdisciplinary study of complex systems.15. blurry: adj. 模糊不清的.e.g. When applying these estimators to solve (2), the line between the critic and the encoders $g_1, g_2$ can be blurry.16. amenable: adj. 顺从的; 顺服的; 可⽤某种⽅式处理的.e.g. Ou et al. utilize sparse generalized SVD to generate a graph embedding, HOPE, from a similarity matrix amenableto de- composition into two sparse proximity matrices.17. elaborate: adj. 复杂的;详尽的;精⼼制作的 v.详尽阐述;详细描述;详细制订;精⼼制作e.g. Topic Modeling for Graphs also requires elaborate effort, as graphs are relational while documents are indepen- dent samples.18. pivotal: adj. 关键性的；核⼼的e.g. To ensure the stabilities of complex systems is of pivotal significance toward reliable and better service providing.19. eminent: adj. 卓越的，著名的，显赫的;⾮凡的;杰出的e.g. To circumvent those defects, theoretical studies eminently represented by percolation theories appeared.20. indispensable: adj. 不可或缺的;必不可少的 n. 不可缺少的⼈或物e.g. However, little attention is paid to multipartite networks, which are an indispensable part of complex networks.21. post-hoc: adj. 事后的e.g. Post-hoc explainability typically considers the question “Why the GNN predictor made certain prediction?”.22. prevalent: adj. 流⾏的;盛⾏的;普遍存在的e.g. A prevalent solution is building an explainer model to conduct feature attribution23. salient: adj. 最重要的;显著的;突出的. n. 凸⾓;[建]突出部;<军>进攻或防卫阵地的突出部分e.g. It decomposes the prediction into the contributions of the input features, which redistributes the probability of features according to their importance and sample the salient features as an explanatory subgraph.24. rigorous: adj. 严格缜密的;严格的;谨慎的;细致的;彻底的;严厉的e.g. To inspect the OOD effect rigorously, we take a causal look at the evaluation process with a Structural Causal Model.25. substantial: adj. ⼤量的;价值巨⼤的;重⼤的;⼤⽽坚固的;结实的;牢固的. substantially: adv. ⾮常;⼤⼤地;基本上;⼤体上;总的来说26. cogent: adj. 有说服⼒的;令⼈信服的e.g. The explanatory subgraph $G_s$ emphasizes tokens like “weak” and relations like “n’t→funny”, which is cogent according to human knowledge.27. succinct: adj. 简练的;简洁的 succinctly: adv. 简⽽⾔之，简明扼要地28. concrete: adj. 混凝⼟制的;确实的，具体的(⽽⾮想象或猜测的);有形的;实在的 concretely: adv. 具体地;具体;具体的;有形地29. predominant：adj. 主要的;主导的;显著的;明显的;盛⾏的;占优势的动词1. mitigate: v. 减轻, 缓和. (反 enforce)e.g. In this work, we focus on mitigating this problem for a certain class of symbolic data.2. corroborate: v. [VN] [often passive] (formal) 证实, 确证.e.g. This is corroborated by our experiments on real-world graph.3. endeavor: n./v. 努⼒, 尽⼒, 企图, 试图.e.g. It encourages us to continue the endeavor in applying principles mathematics and theory in successful deployment of deep learning.4. augment: v. 增加, 提⾼, 扩⼤. n. 增加, 补充物.e.g. We also augment the graph with geographic information (longitude, latitude and altitude), and GDP of the country where the airport belongs to.5. constitute: v. (被认为或看做)是, 被算作; 组成, 构成; (合法或正式地)成⽴, 设⽴.6. abide: v. 接受, 遵照(规则, 决定, 劝告); 逗留, 停留.e.g. Training a graph classifier entails identifying what constitutes a class, i.e., finding properties shared by graphs in one class but not the other, and then deciding whether new graphs abide to said learned properties.7. entail: v. 牵涉; 需要; 使必要. to involve sth that cannot be avoided.e.g. Due to the recursive definition of the Chebyshev polynomials, the computation of the filter $g_α(\Delta)f$ entails applying the Laplacian $r$ times, resulting cal operator affecting only 1-hop neighbors of a vertex and in $O(rn)$ operations.8. encompass: v. 包含, 包括, 涉及(⼤量事物); 包围, 围绕, 围住.e.g. This model is chosen as it is sufficiently general to encompass several state-of-the-art networks.e.g. The k-cycle detection problem entails determining if G contains a k-cycle.9. reveal: v. 揭⽰, 显⽰, 透露, 显出, 露出, 展⽰.10. bestow: v. 将(…)给予, 授予, 献给.e.g. Aiming to bestow GCNs with theoretical guarantees, one promising research direction is to study graph scattering transforms (GSTs).11. alleviate: v. 减轻, 缓和, 缓解.12. investigate: v. 侦查(某事), 调查(某⼈), 研究, 调查.e.g. The sensitivity of pGST to random and localized noise is also investigated.13. fuse: v. (使)融合, 熔接, 结合; (使)熔化, (使保险丝熔断⽽)停⽌⼯作.e.g. We then fuse the topological embeddings with the initial node features into the initial query representations using a query network$f_q$ implemented as a two-layer feed-forward neural network.14. magnify: v. 放⼤, 扩⼤; 增强; 夸⼤(重要性或严重性); 夸张.e.g. ..., adding more layers also leads to more parameters which magnify the potential of overfitting.15. circumvent: v. 设法回避, 规避; 绕过, 绕⾏.e.g. To circumvent the issue and fulfill both goals simultaneously, we can add a negative term...16. excel: v. 擅长, 善于; 突出; 胜过平时.e.g. Nevertheless, these methods have been repeatedly shown to excel in practice.17. exploit: v. 利⽤(…为⾃⼰谋利); 剥削, 压榨; 运⽤, 利⽤; 发挥.e.g. In time series and high-dimensional modeling, approaches that use next step prediction exploit the local smoothness of the signal.18. regulate: v. (⽤规则条例)约束, 控制, 管理; 调节, 控制(速度、压⼒、温度等).e.g. ... where $b >0$ is a parameter regulating the probability of this event.19. necessitate: v. 使成为必要.e.g. Combinatorial models reproduce many-body interactions, which appear in many systems and necessitate higher-order models that capture information beyond pairwise interactions.20. portray:描绘, 描画, 描写; 将…描写成; 给⼈以某种印象; 表现; 扮演(某⾓⾊).e.g. Considering pairwise interactions, a standard network model would portray the link topology of the underlying system as shown in Fig. 2b.21. warrant: v. 使有必要; 使正当; 使恰当. n. 执⾏令; 授权令; (接受款项、服务等的)凭单, 许可证; (做某事的)正当理由, 依据.e.g. Besides statistical methods that can be used to detect correlations that warrant higher-order models, ... (除了可以⽤来检测⽀持⾼阶模型的相关性的统计⽅法外, ...)22. justify: v. 证明…正确(或正当、有理); 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护); 调整使全⾏排满; 使每⾏排齐.e.g. ..., they also come with the assumption of transitive, Markovian paths, which is not justified in many real systems.23. hinder:v. 阻碍; 妨碍; 阻挡. (反 foster: v. 促进; 助长; 培养; ⿎励; 代养, 抚育, 照料(他⼈⼦⼥⼀段时间))e.g. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of these matrix operators capture how the topology of a system influences the efficiency of diffusion and propagation processes, whether it enforces or mitigates the stability of dynamical systems, or if it hinders or fosters collective dynamics.24. instantiate:v. 例⽰；⽤具体例⼦说明.e.g. To learn the representation we instantiate (2) and split each input MNIST image into two parts ...25. favor:v. 赞同;喜爱, 偏爱; 有利于, 便于. n. 喜爱, 宠爱, 好感, 赞同; 偏袒, 偏爱; 善⾏, 恩惠.26. attenuate: v. 使减弱; 使降低效⼒.e.g. It therefore seems that the bounds we consider favor hard-to-invert encoders, which heavily attenuate part of the noise, over well conditioned encoders.27. elucidate:v. 阐明; 解释; 说明.e.g. Secondly, it elucidates the importance of appropriately choosing the negative samples, which is indeed a critical component in deep metric learning based on triplet losses.28. violate: v. 违反, 违犯, 违背(法律、协议等); 侵犯(隐私等); 使⼈不得安宁; 搅扰; 亵渎, 污损(神圣之地).e.g. Negative samples are obtained by patches from different images as well as patches from the same image, violating the independence assumption.29. compel:v. 强迫, 迫使; 使必须; 引起(反应).30. gauge: v. 判定, 判断(尤指⼈的感情或态度); (⽤仪器)测量, 估计, 估算. n. 测量仪器(或仪表);计量器;宽度;厚度;(枪管的)⼝径e.g. Yet this hyperparameter-tuned approach raises a cubic worst-case space complexity and compels the user to traverse several feature sets and gauge the one that attains the best performance in the downstream task.31. depict: v. 描绘, 描画; 描写, 描述; 刻画.e.g. As they depict different aspects of a node, it would take elaborate designs of graph convolutions such that each set of features would act as a complement to the other.32. sketch: n. 素描;速写;草图;幽默短剧;⼩品;简报;概述 v. 画素描;画速写;概述;简述e.g. Next we sketch how to apply these insights to learning topic models.33. underscore：v. 在…下⾯划线;强调;着重说明 n.下划线e.g. Moreover, the walk-topic distributions generated by Graph Anchor LDA are indeed sharper than those by ordinary LDA, underscoring the need for selecting anchors.34. disclose: v. 揭露;透露;泄露;使显露;使暴露e.g. Another drawback lies in their unexplainable nature, i.e., they cannot disclose the sciences beneath network dynamics.35. coincide: v. 同时发⽣;相同;相符;极为类似;相接;相交;同位;位置重合;重叠e.g. The simulation results coincide quite well with the theoretical results.36. inspect: v. 检查;查看;审视;视察 to look closely at sth/sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be名词1. capacity: n. 容量, 容积, 容纳能⼒; 领悟(或理解、办事)能⼒; 职位, 职责.e.g. This paper studies theoretically the computational capacity limits of graph neural networks (GNN) falling within the message-passing framework of Gilmer et al. (2017).2. implication: n. 可能的影响(或作⽤、结果); 含意, 暗指; (被)牵连, 牵涉.e.g. Section 4 analyses the implications of restricting the depth $d$ and width $w$ of GNN that do not use a readout function.3. trade-off:(在需要⽽⼜相互对⽴的两者间的)权衡, 协调.e.g. This reveals a direct trade-off between the depth and width of a graph neural network.4. cornerstone:n. 基⽯; 最重要部分; 基础; 柱⽯.5. umbrella: n. 伞; 综合体; 总体, 整体; 保护, 庇护(体系).e.g. Community detection is an umbrella term for a large number of algorithms that group nodes into distinct modules to simplify and highlight essential structures in the network topology.6. folklore:n. 民间传统, 民俗; 民间传说.e.g. It is folklore knowledge that maximizing MI does not necessarily lead to useful representations.7. impediment:n. 妨碍,阻碍,障碍; ⼝吃.e.g. While a recent approach overcomes this impediment, it results in poor quality in prediction tasks due to its linear nature.8. obstacle:n. 障碍;阻碍; 绊脚⽯; 障碍物; 障碍栅栏.e.g. However, several major obstacles stand in our path towards leveraging topic modeling of structural patterns to enhance GCNs.9. vicinity:n. 周围地区; 邻近地区; 附近.e.g. The traits with which they engage are those that are performed in their vicinity.10. demerit: n. 过失,缺点,短处; (学校给学⽣记的)过失分e.g. However, their principal demerit is that their implementations are time-consuming when the studied network is large in size. Another介/副/连词1. notwithstanding:prep. 虽然;尽管 adv. 尽管如此.e.g. Notwithstanding this fundamental problem, the negative sampling strategy is often treated as a design choice.2. albeit: conj. 尽管;虽然e.g. Such methods rely on an implicit, albeit rigid, notion of node neighborhood; yet this one-size-fits-all approach cannot grapple with the diversity of real-world networks and applications.3. Hitherto:adv. 迄今;直到某时e.g. Hitherto, tremendous endeavors have been made by researchers to gauge the robustness of complex networks in face of perturbations.短语1.in a nutshell: 概括地说, 简⾔之, ⼀⾔以蔽之.e.g. In a nutshell, GNN are shown to be universal if four strong conditions are met: ...2. counter-intuitively: 反直觉地.3. on-the-fly:动态的(地), 运⾏中的(地).4. shed light on/into:揭⽰, 揭露; 阐明; 解释; 将…弄明⽩; 照亮.e.g. These contemporary works shed light into the stability and generalization capabilities of GCNs.e.g. Discovering roles and communities in networks can shed light on numerous graph mining tasks such as ...5. boil down to: 重点是; 将…归结为.e.g. These aforementioned works usually boil down to a general classification task, where the model is learnt on a training set and selected by checking a validation set.6. for the sake of:为了.e.g. The local structures anchored around each node as well as the attributes of nodes therein are jointly encoded with graph convolution for the sake of high-level feature extraction.7. dates back to:追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992).8. carry out:实施, 执⾏, 实⾏.e.g. We carry out extensive ablation studies and sensi- tivity analysis to show the effectiveness of the proposed functional time encoding and TGAT-layer.9. lay beyond the reach of:...能⼒达不到e.g. They provide us with information on higher-order dependencies between the components of a system, which lay beyond the reach of models that exclusively capture pairwise links.10. account for: ( 数量或⽐例上)占; 导致, 解释(某种事实或情况); 解释, 说明(某事); (某⼈)对(⾏动、政策等)负有责任; 将(钱款)列⼊(预算).e.g. Multilayer models account for the fact that many real complex systems exhibit multiple types of interactions.11. along with: 除某物以外; 随同…⼀起, 跟…⼀起.e.g. Along with giving us the ability to reason about topological features including community structures or node centralities, network science enables us to understand how the topology of a system influences dynamical processes, and thus its function.12. dates back to:可追溯到.e.g. The usual problem setup dates back at least to Becker and Hinton (1992) and can conceptually be described as follows: ...13. to this end:为此⽬的;为此计;为了达到这个⽬标.e.g. To this end, we consider a simple setup of learning a representation of the top half of MNIST handwritten digit images.14. Unless stated otherwise:除⾮另有说明.e.g. Unless stated otherwise, we use a bilinear critic $f(x, y) = x^TWy$, set the batch size to $128$ and the learning rate to $10^{−4}$.15. As a reference point:作为参照.e.g. As a reference point, the linear classification accuracy from pixels drops to about 84% due to the added noise.16. through the lens of:透过镜头. (以...视⾓)e.g. There are (at least) two immediate benefits of viewing recent representation learning methods based on MI estimators through the lens of metric learning.17. in accordance with:符合；依照；和…⼀致.e.g. The metric learning view seems hence in better accordance with the observations from Section 3.2 than the MI view.It can be shown that the anchors selected by our Graph Anchor LDA are not only indicative of “topics” but are also in accordance with the actual graph structures.18. be akin to:近似, 类似, 类似于.e.g. Thus, our learning model is akin to complex contagion dynamics.19. to name a few:仅举⼏例;举⼏个来说.e.g. Multitasking, multidisciplinary work and multi-authored works, to name a few, are ingrained in the fabric of science culture and certainly multi-multi is expected in order to succeed and move up the scientific ranks.20. a handful of:⼀把;⼀⼩撮;少数e.g. A handful of empirical work has investigated the robustness of complex networks at the community level.21. wreak havoc: 破坏;肆虐;严重破坏;造成破坏;浩劫e.g. Failures on one network could elicit failures on its coupled networks, i.e., networks with which the focal network interacts, and eventually those failures would wreak havoc on the entire network.22. apart from: 除了e.g. We further posit that apart from node $a$ node $b$ has $k$ neighboring nodes.。
英文写作常用词汇：近义词
英文写作常用词汇：近义词1．完全：absolute， unconditional， unlimited， complete，unrestricted， unmixed， perfect， entire 2．好：extraordinary， amazing， miraculous， marvelous， stupendous，excellent， good， well， wonderful， fine， nice， of high quality， pleasing， surprising， agreeable 3．小：small，diminutive， puny， little， pocket－sized， petit， minute，tiny 4．多：big ， enormous， large， gigantic， vast，tremendous， gargantuan， huge， immense， a lot of， lots of，many， much， plenty of， a great deal of， a number of， an amount of， a great many， a good many， many a， scores of，dozens of， a great quantity of 5．高兴，快乐：delighted，delightful， pleased， pleasing， charmed， pleasant，cheerful， cheering， merry， happy， gratified， glad， gay，agreeable， friendly， content， satisfied， light－hearted，joyful 6．真的：True， truthful， veracious， faithful，accurate， loyal， staunch， genuine， honest， real，trustworthy， constant．7．全，都：all， whole， entire，complete， perfect， total， the whole number of ， unbroken ，gross 常见的连接词连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类：a．表示开场to begin with ， in the first place ， in general ， generally speaking b．表示总结to summarize ， to sum up ， to conclude ， in conclusion ， finally c．表示举例a case in point ， agood illustration / example of … is …，d．表示原因because ， since ， for ， the cause of ， the reason for ，now that e．表示结果as a result ， as a consequence ，consequently f．表示比较both ， like ， likewise ，similarly ， in common ， in the same way g．表示对照onthe contrary ， on the other hand ， despite ， in spite of ，however h．表示列举first ， firstly ， in the firstplace ， first of all ， to begin with i．表示强调especially ， particularly ， certainly ， surely ， chiefly ，actually j．表示让步even though ， although ， in spiteof ， however ， but ，yet 写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结1．相关“启”的常用词语（用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句）at first 首先at present 现在；当今currently 现在；最近first 首先；第一first of all 首先firstly 首先2．相关“承”的常用词语（用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句）to start with 首先；第一after 此后after a few days 几天之后after a while 过了一会儿also 并且at any rate 无论如何at the same time 同时（用在“转”时，作“不过”解）besides（this）此外3．相关“转”的常用词语（用来表示不同或相反的语气）after all 毕竟all the same 虽然；但是anyway 无论如何at the same time 不过（表轻微转折）but 但是conversely 相反地despite 即使，虽然4．相关“合”的常用词语（用来引导结尾句或最后一个扩展句，表示段落的结束）above all 最主要accordingly 于是asa consequence 所以as a result 结果as has been noted 如前所述及。
写作文的经典词汇英文
写作文的经典词汇英文1. Dude, I gotta say, life is like a roller coaster. You never know what's coming next, and that's what makes it exciting. One moment, you're on top of the world, feeling invincible. And the next, you're plummeting down, feeling like everything is falling apart. But hey, that's just how it goes, right?2. So, picture this: you're walking down the street, minding your own business, when suddenly, you see the most breathtaking sunset. The colors are so vibrant, it's like someone painted the sky with a brush dipped in pure magic. It's moments like these that make you stop and appreciate the beauty of the world around you.3. Alright, let's talk about dreams. We all have them, right? They're like these little sparks of hope that keep us going. Whether it's becoming a famous musician,traveling the world, or starting your own business, dreams give us something to strive for. And let me tell you, whenyou finally achieve that dream, it's the most incredible feeling in the world.4. Love, man. It's a crazy thing. It can make you feel like you're floating on cloud nine, or it can tear your heart to shreds. But you know what? It's worth it. The ups and downs, the laughter and tears, they all make up this beautiful, messy thing called love. And when you find that person who makes your heart skip a beat, it's like finding your missing puzzle piece.5. Failure. It's a word that scares the hell out of most people. But let me tell you something, failure is not the end. It's just a stepping stone on the path to success. Thomas Edison failed a thousand times before he invented the light bulb. So, don't be afraid to fail, my friend. Embrace it, learn from it, and keep pushing forward. Because in the end, failure is just a detour on the road to greatness.6. Ah, the power of friendship. It's like having your own personal cheerleading squad. They're there for youthrough thick and thin, celebrating your victories and lending a shoulder to cry on during the tough times. Friends are the family we choose, and they make life a whole lot more fun. So, cherish those friendships, my friend. They're the ones that will stick by your side no matter what.7. Time, my friend, is a tricky thing. It slips through our fingers like sand, and before we know it, years have gone by. That's why it's so important to make the most of every moment. Don't wait for the perfect time to chase your dreams or tell someone you love them. Carpe diem, seize the day, and live life to the fullest. Because in the end, it's the memories we create that truly matter.8. Change. It's inevitable, my friend. Life is constantly evolving, and we have to adapt with it. Sometimes change can be scary, like stepping into the unknown. But it's also an opportunity for growth and new experiences. So, embrace change, embrace the unknown, and see where life takes you. Who knows, it might just lead you to something amazing.9. Happiness. It's this elusive little thing that we all strive for. We chase after it, thinking that it's this destination we'll reach one day. But the truth is, happiness is not a destination. It's a state of mind. It's finding joy in the little things, appreciating what you have, and being grateful for the present moment. So, my friend, choose happiness every day, and let it light up your life.10. Finally, let's talk about passion. It's that fire that burns inside you, fueling your dreams and pushing you to reach for the stars. Passion is what gives life meaning and purpose. So, find what sets your soul on fire, and pursue it with everything you've got. Because when you're passionate about something, there's no limit to what you can achieve.。
最新高级英语作文(高级词汇写作)
高级英语作文高级英语作文篇11.提高：Promote、Advance、Enhance 代替Improve2.改变：Transform 代替Change3.强调：Highlight、Stress、Address 代替Emphasize4.培养：Agriculture、Cultivate、Nurture 代替Develop5.破坏：Impair、Undermine[这两个词指抽象意义上的破坏]、Jeopardize、Devastate 代替Break6.保存Preserve、Conserve[保护资源用的就是这个词]，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西代替Keep7.解决Tackle、Address、Resolve 代替Deal with8.需要Require、Necessitate、Call for 代替Need9.黏贴、附着Adhere、Cling 代替Stick10.忽略Ignore、Difference 代替Neglect11.避开Shun 代替Avoid12.普遍的Widespread、Prevalent、Overflow、Rampant、Universal、Ubiquitous 代替Everywhere13.好的Beneficial、Advantageous 代替Good14.有害的Inhumane、Detrimental、Baneful 代替Harmful15.富有的Wealthy、Affluent 代替Rich16.贫穷的Impoverished 代替Poor17.严重的Severe 代替Serious18.明显的Manifest、Apparent、Evident 代替Obvious19.便宜的Economical、Inexpensive 代替Cheap20.重要的Crucial 、Extremely important、Significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 代替Important21.大量的、充足的Ample、Plentiful 代替Abundant高级英语作文篇21、at the same time 同时for instance 例如2、Besides/what,s more 而且；此外from now on 从此3、but 但是by this time 此时4、after a few days 几天以后certainly 无疑地；当然地5、beside 此外for this purpose 为了这个目的6、of course当然truly 事实上；真实地7、by and large 一般说来thus 因此8、all the same 依然；照样however 然而；无论如何9、to begin with 首先；第一一方面…（另一方面）10、meanwhile 与此同时thirdly 第三11、as a result结果in sum 总之，简而言之12、in the first place 首先；第一on the whole 总起来说13、above all 最重要的是accordingly 于是14、after all 毕竟fortunately 幸运地15、no doubt 无疑地such as 正如16、by doing so 如此to sum up 总而言之17、all in all 总之18、at first 最初for one thing…（for another）19、certainly 当然地；无疑地obviously 显然20、currently 目前；最后recently 最近21、in addition 此外second 第二；第二点22、in fact 事实上unlike 不像……；和……不同23、obviously 明显地later 后来24、as a matter of fact 事实上yet仍；然而；但是25、moreover 而且，此外for another 其次26、in short 简而言之truly 的确27、in fact 事实上similarly 同样地28、still 仍然unfortunately 不幸地29、also/too 并且；又for example 例如30、in addition to…除…之外secondly 第二31、in conclusion 总之，最后undoubtedly 无疑32、at the same time同时；然而luckily 幸运地33、indeed 的确third 第三；第三点34、in brief 简言之no doubt 毫无疑问35、particularly特别地unlike …不像……；和……不同36、anyway 无论如何in spite of 尽管……；虽然……37、though/although 尽管no doubt 无疑地38、at present 现在；当今首先…（其次）…39、finally 最后to conclude 总而言之40、in particular 特别（地）soon 不久41、briefly 简单扼要地to speak frankly 坦白地说42、eventually 最后surely 无疑43、what is more 而且；此外44、in the same way 同样地still 仍然45、at last 最后therefore 因此46、as I have said 如我所述on the whole 总体来说；整个看来47、in a word 总之so 所以48、presently 现在；此刻now 现在49、first（ly）第一in general 一般说来50、even though即使otherwise 否则51、in/by contrast 对比之下on the contrary 相反地52、in the beginning 起初one the one hand…（on the other hand）53、in other words 换句话说so 所以54、after/after that/afterwards此后by this time 此时55、first of all 首先；第一generally speaking 一般地说56、lately 最近to start with 首先；第一57、as has been noted 如前所述in summary 简要地说58、after a while过了一会儿therefore 因此；结果59、by the way 顺便提一句then 然后高级英语作文篇3一、引出开头1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……）==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …（就我所知…）2：Recently the problem of……has been broughtinto focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……（最近……问题引起了关注）3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题）4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题）5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……（随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……）6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……（人们一般认为……）7：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……）8：It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道...）二、表达不同观点1：People's views on……vary from person to person. Some hold that……However, others believethat……（人们对……的观点因人而异，有些人认为……然而其他人却认为……）2：People may have different opinions on……（人们对……可能会持有不同见解）3：Attitudes towards （drugs）vary from person to person.==Different people hold different attitudes towards（failure）（人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异）4：There are different opinions among people as to……（对于……人们的观点大不相同）三、表示结尾1：In short, it can be said that……（总之，他的意思是……）2：From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that……（从上面提到的.，我们可以得出结论……）3：Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally/reasonably come to the conclusion that……（把所有的这些因素加以考虑，我们自然可以得出结论……）4：Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that……（因此，我们最好的出这样的结论……）5：There is no doubt that (jo有优点也有缺点）6：All in all, we cannot live without……,but at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.（总之，我们没有……无法生活，但同时我们必须寻求新的解决办法来面对可能出现的新问题）四、提出建议1：It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）2：There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of……（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足够重视）3：Obviously ,if we want to do something …it is essential that……（显然，如果我们想要做么事，很重要的是……）4：Only in this way can we ……（只有这样，我们才能……）5：Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）五、预示后果1：Obviously，if we don't control the problem, the chances are that……will lead us in danger.（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）2：No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that ……（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）3：It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）六、表示论证1：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the firstopinion rather than the second.(在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理)2：I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……（我无法完全同意这一观点）3：As far as I am concerned/In my opinion,……（就我来说……）4：I sincerely believe that……==I am greatly convinced (that)子句.（我真诚地相信……）5：Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……（最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……）七、给出原因1：The reason why + 句子~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）2：This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons .First,…….Second,…….Third，……。
英文写作语料
1.事实上，【人们普遍认同】团队精神是每个想要成功的人所要拥有的最重要的品质。
In fact, 【it has been universally acknowledged that】the spirit of teamwork is the most essential qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess.2.【越来越多的人们】意识到了打击毒品的重要性。
【People in mounting numbers 】have become aware of the significance of fighting against the drugs.3.【随着现代社会的发展】，竞争在各个领域都越来越激烈。
【With the development of modern society】, competition is becoming increasingly fierce in every field.4.国际经济组织为经济全球化的大趋势【打下了坚实的基础】。
International economic organizations 【have laid a solid foundation for】the general trend of economic globalization.5.【那些持反对观点的人认为】，学生不该这么花费他们宝贵的时间。
【Those who object to it argue that】students should not spend their precious time this way.6.幽默感帮助我们【减轻负担】，【缓解压力】，【战胜挫折】。
A sense of humor helps us 【bear the burdens】, 【lessen the tension】,【overcome the frustration】.7.【我们绝对不能】忽略知识的价值。
常用英文写作词汇
常用写作词汇提出议题a debatable issue 一个有争议的问题a debatable claim 一个有争议的主张as regards 至于，关于with regard to 至于，关于as far as …be concerned 就。
而言as to 至于，关于express the wishes of 表达。
的愿望form a low opinion of 对。
反感it is debatable whether…would actually work 。
是否可行是有争议的one of the most hotly debated issues 人们辩论最激烈的问题之一stand for 代表，表示表示赞同或赞赏某种观点或某事heartily approve of sth 完全赞同某事agree fully with sb. That （完全）同意某人的观点，即。
agree to do sth 同意做某事assent to 赞成，同意be all for 赞成be in favor of 赞同gain public favor of 得到广泛拥护have the general consent of sb. 受到某人的一致赞扬there is no denying that 不可否认表达反对意见hold a negative attitude to 对。
持反对意见hold a conservative view to 对。
持保守态度it may seem that…,however…看起来。
，然而。
however,in truth （引出不同意见）然而，实际上in reality,however （引出不同意见）然而，实际上can not stand the idea that 不同意。
的观点disagree with 不同意I can not see any advantage in 看不出。
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇
英文写作中常用的逻辑词汇1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of 5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的句子:As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its disadvantages.Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In a word, it is true that … bring abo ut both positive and negative results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent.Obviously, in every aspect, …This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.英文作文中常用套句下文中出现的A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.开头:When it comes to ..., some think ...There is a public debate today that ...A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.提出观点:Now there is a growing awareness that...It is time we explore the truth of ...Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.进一步提出观点:... but that is only part of the history.Another equally important aspect is ...A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...Besides, other reasons are...提出假想例子的方式:Suppose that...Just imagine what would be like if...It is reasonable to expect...It is not surprising that...举普通例子:For example(instance),...... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)A good case in point is...A particular example for this is...引用:One of the greatest early writers said ..."Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ..."......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...)."......". How often we hear such words like there.讲故事(先说故事主体),this story is not rare...., such delimma we often meet in daily life...., the story still has a realistic significance.提出原因:There are many reasons for ...Why .... , for one thing,...The answer to this problem involves many factors.Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...The first reason can be obiviously seen.Most people would agree that...Some people may neglect that in fact ...Others suggest that...Part of the explanation is ...进行对比:The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...承上启下:To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...A study of ... will make this point clear让步:Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...I do not deny that A has its own merits.结尾:>From what has been discussed above, we may safely drawthe conclusion that ...In summary, it is wiser ...In short...在作文中引用合适的名言警句,会给你的文章增色许多。
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语汇总
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语汇总时间：2010-01-03 17:19:46 来源：作者：-广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte，perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differencem7qMed999网No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.m7qMed999网Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.m7qMed999网存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, presentm7qMed999网多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handfulm7qMed999网方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, toolsm7qMed999网发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalencem7qMed999网In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.m7qMed999网发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolationm7qMed999网改变change, alteration, m7qMed999网高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forcedm7qMed999网各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumorsm7qMed999网关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,m7qMed999网角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functionsm7qMed999网可能性feasibilitym7qMed999网密切地intimatelym7qMed999网难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)m7qMed999网潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,m7qMed999网缩写abbreviationsm7qMed999网识别，辨别discernment m7qMed999网事件m7qMed999网Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.m7qMed999网a putative tumor initiating eventm7qMed999网a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial, m7qMed999网a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesm7qMed999网a common event associated with the mechanisms ofm7qMed999网a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapym7qMed999网a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsm7qMed999网a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……m7qMed999网a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysm7qMed999网a common event through whichm7qMed999网a common event in vivom7qMed999网a rather common event of unknown biological significancem7qMed999网a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsm7qMed999网a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancem7qMed999网a common event contributing tom7qMed999网a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent eventm7qMed999网提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist inm7qMed999网调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation, m7qMed999网推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)m7qMed999网无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitouslym7qMed999网显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,m7qMed999网相关性m7qMed999网related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofm7qMed999网no intergroup difference，irrespective ofm7qMed999网There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.m7qMed999网Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.m7qMed999网No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.m7qMed999网we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).m7qMed999网相同，同等并列m7qMed999网The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfm7qMed999网with a similar pattern tom7qMed999网协同，加强m7qMed999网synergize withm7qMed999网研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment,inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,m7qMed999网一致m7qMed999网which is in accord with the resultsm7qMed999网which corroborated the resultsm7qMed999网which supported the resultsm7qMed999网优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimentalm7qMed999网异常aberration, abnormalitym7qMed999网重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance m7qMed999网相反m7qMed999网On the contrary, m7qMed999网In contrary,m7qMed999网but quite on the contrarym7qMed999网in sharp contrast,m7qMed999网contrary to what would be expectedm7qMed999网Contrary to the expectation thatm7qMed999网Contrary to previous beliefs,m7qMed999网Contrary to the hypothesis,m7qMed999网Contrary to current popular truismsm7qMed999网Contrary to current cognitive theories,m7qMed999网However, contrary to expectation,…….m7qMed999网Contrary to predictions,…m7qMed999网in contrast to previous observations…m7qMed999网Contrary to prediction,……m7qMed999网Contrary to most previous claims,m7qMed999网与一起in combination with, coupled withm7qMed999网由于、鉴于m7qMed999网In light ofm7qMed999网In view that英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis ofa computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. T echnological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. T wo major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
(完整版)英文写作术语大全
表达有力的变化（思维）平等化 进一步详尽阐述
electronic news media电子新闻媒体
cross-cultural writing culture curriculum vitae
复合
相关性
迂腐英语
跨文化写作
文化
简历
dangling modifier悬垂修饰语dash破折号dateline写信日期栏
emphatic structure强调性结构
内涵意义
逻辑意识
致性
选词一致性
辅音
商谈体
内容
语境
省略
对比法
主要思想， 词性转换表达法 共现
复合句连词
domestication归化法
drably draft
表达干巴
草稿
effect-cause development由果到因发展法effective paragraph表述有力的段落
effective sentence effective variety egalitarian elaboration
directions题义指令
discourse pattern篇章模式distance from tone语调产生距离，偏离计划主题division分析分类法
documenting the paper论文引证domesticating strategy归化战略
connotative meaning conscious logic consistency consistent diction consonant
英文写作术语大全（中英文对照）
abstract words
抽象词
acknowledgement
英文作文总结词语
英文作文总结词语作文总结是英语写作中的重要环节，通过合适的总结词语，可以使作文更加完整、有条理，并且给读者留下深刻的印象。
下面是一些常用的英文作文总结词语，希望对你的写作有所帮助。
1. 总结句•In conclusion, 从以上所述的观点来看，……•To sum up, 总结来说，……•In summary, 简而言之，……•Taking everything into consideration, 综上所述，……•All in all, 总而言之，……•Ultimately, 最终，……•To conclude, 总而言之，……•In a nutshell, 简而言之，……2. 表达结果•As a result, 作为结果，……•Therefore, 因此，……•Thus, 因此，……•Hence, 因此，……•Consequently, 因此，……•Accordingly, 相应地，……•In consequence, 结果，……•So, 因此，……3. 引出建议•Consequently, it is recommended that, 因此，建议……•As a result, it would be advisable to, 因此，建议……•Therefore, it is suggested that, 因此，建议……•In conclusion, it is worth considering, 总结来说，值得考虑……•In summary, it is important to, 简而言之，重要的是……•All in all, it would be beneficial to, 总而言之，对于……将是有益的4. 引出原因•As a result of, 由于……的结果•Due to, 由于……•Owing to, 由于……•Thanks to, 多亏了……•Because of, 因为……•On account of, 由于……5. 引出对比•On the one hand, on the other hand, 一方面，另一方面•However, 然而•Nevertheless, 然而，尽管如此•On the contrary, 相反地•In contrast, 对比起来•Conversely, 相反地6. 表达观点•It is believed that, 人们相信……•It is obvious that, 很明显，……•It is evident that, 显而易见，……•It can be concluded that, 可以得出结论，……•It is widely accepted that, 人们普遍认为，……•Many people argue that, 很多人认为，……7. 表示时间•At first, 首先•In the beginning, 开始时•After a while, 过了一会儿•Eventually, 最终•In the end, 最后•Meanwhile, 与此同时•Lastly, 最后•Finally, 最后8. 表示解释•In other words, 换句话说•That is to say, 也就是说•To put it simply, 简而言之•To clarify, 为了澄清……9. 表示递进关系•Moreover, 此外•Furthermore, 此外•Additionally, 另外•Besides, 此外•What’s more, 更重要的是•Not only…, but also…, 不仅……而且……10. 表示确认•Undoubtedly, 无疑地•Certainly, 确实地•Indeed, 的确•Sure, 当然•Absolutely, 绝对地•Obviously, 显然地•Clearly, 显然地以上是一些常用于英语作文总结的词语，它们能够帮助你更好地结束你的作文，并给读者留下深刻的印象。
英语写作常用词汇
一、近义词汇：1．完全：absolute, unconditional, unlimited, complete, unrestricted, unmixed, perfect, entire2．好：extraordinary, amazing, miraculous, marvelous, stupendous, excellent, good, well, wonderful, fine, nice, of high quality, pleasing, surprising, agreeable3．小：small, diminutive, puny, little, pocket-sized, petit, minute, tiny 4．多：big , enormous, large, gigantic, vast, tremendous, gargantuan, huge, immense, a lot of, lots of, many, much, plenty of, a great deal of, a number of, an amount of, a great many, a good many, many a, scores of, dozens of, a great quantity of5．高兴，快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased, pleasing, charmed, pleasant, cheerful, cheering, merry, happy, gratified, glad, gay, agreeable, friendly, content, satisfied, light-hearted, joyful6．真的：True, truthful, veracious, faithful, accurate, loyal, staunch, genuine, honest, real, trustworthy, constant.7．全，都：all, whole, entire, complete, perfect, total, the whole number of , unbroken , gross二、常见的连接词连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类：a.表示开场to begin with , in the first place , in general , generally speakingb.表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to conclude , in conclusion , finallyc.表示举例a case in point , a good illustration / example of ... is ...,d.表示原因because , since , for , the cause of , the reason for , now thate.表示结果as a result , as a consequence , consequentlyf.表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in common , in the same wayg.表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , howeverh.表示列举first , firstly , in the first place , first of all , to begin withi.表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actually j.表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but , yet三、写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结1.有关"启"的常用词语（用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句）at first 首先at present 现在；当今currently 现在；最近first 首先；第一first of all 首先firstly 首先2．有关"承"的常用词语（用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句）to start with 首先；第一after 此后after a few days 几天之后after a while 过了一会儿also 并且at any rate 无论如何at the same time 同时（用在"转"时，作"可是"解）besides(this) 此外3.有关"转"的常用词语（用来表示不同或相反的语气）after all 毕竟all the same 虽然；但是anyway 无论如何at the same time 可是（表轻微转折）but 但是conversely 相反地despite 尽管，虽然4.有关"合"的常用词语（用来引导结尾句或最后一个扩展句，表示段落的结束）above all 最重要accordingly 于是as a consequence 因此as a result 结果as has been noted 如前所述及表举例for example for instanceto illustrate as an illustration after all表解释as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namelyin other words表总结in summary in a wordin brief in conclusionto conclude in factindeed in shortin other words of courseit is true speciallynamely in allthat is to summarizethus as has been saidaltogether in other wordsfinally in simpler termsin particular that ison the whole to put it differentlytherefore表强调of course indeedabove all most important转自环 球 网 校 emphasis certainly in fact表让步still neverthelessin spite of all the sameeven so after allconcession granted naturallyof course表比较in comparison likewisesimilarly equallyhowever likewisein the same way表转折by contrast althoughat the same time butin contrast nevertheless notwithstanding on the contrary on the other hand otherwise regardless stillthough yetdespite the fact that even so even though for all that however in spite ofinstead表时间after a while afterwardagain alsoand then as long asat last at lengthat that time beforebesides earliereventually finallyformerly furtherfurthermore in additionin the first place in the pastlast latelymeanwhile moreovernext nowpresently secondshortly simultaneouslysince so farsoon stillsubsequently thenthereafter toountil until nowwhen一、近义词汇：1．完全：absolute, unconditional, unlimited, complete, unrestricted, unmixed, perfect, entire2．好：extraordinary, amazing, miraculous, marvelous, stupendous, excellent, good, well, wonderful, fine, nice, of high quality, pleasing, surprising, agreeable3．小：small, diminutive, puny, little, pocket-sized, petit, minute, tiny 4．多：big , enormous, large, gigantic, vast, tremendous, gargantuan, huge, immense, a lot of, lots of, many, much, plenty of, a great deal of, a number of, an amount of, a great many, a good many, many a, scores of, dozensof, a great quantity of5．高兴，快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased, pleasing, charmed, pleasant, cheerful, cheering, merry, happy, gratified, glad, gay, agreeable, friendly, content, satisfied, light-hearted, joyful6．真的：True, truthful, veracious, faithful, accurate, loyal, staunch, genuine, honest, real, trustworthy, constant.7．全，都：all, whole, entire, complete, perfect, total, the whole number of , unbroken , gross二、常见的连接词连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类：a.表示开场to begin with , in the first place , in general , generally speakingb.表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to conclude , in conclusion , finallyc.表示举例a case in point , a good illustration / example of ... is ...,d.表示原因because , since , for , the cause of , the reason for , now thate.表示结果as a result , as a consequence , consequentlyf.表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in common , in the same wayg.表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , howeverh.表示列举first , firstly , in the first place , first of all , to begin withi.表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actuallyj.表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but , yet三、写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结1.有关"启"的常用词语（用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句）at first 首先at present 现在；当今currently 现在；最近first 首先；第一first of all 首先firstly 首先2．有关"承"的常用词语（用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句）to start with 首先；第一after 此后after a few days 几天之后after a while 过了一会儿also 并且at any rate 无论如何at the same time 同时（用在"转"时，作"可是"解）besides(this) 此外3.有关"转"的常用词语（用来表示不同或相反的语气）after all 毕竟all the same 虽然；但是anyway 无论如何at the same time 可是（表轻微转折）but 但是conversely 相反地despite 尽管，虽然4.有关"合"的常用词语（用来引导结尾句或最后一个扩展句，表示段落的结束）above all 最重要accordingly 于是as a consequence 因此as a result 结果as has been noted 如前所述及1意外事件，事故、achievement n. 3活跃，活动性，行动，行为，、adopt vt. 5优势，有利条件，利益、Afford vt.[，could连用] 抽得出（时间）、ambition n. 8接近，逼近，走进，方法，步骤，途径，通路 vt.靠近、attract vt.有吸引力，引起注意、bribe n.贿赂，向……行贿、chance n. 12欺骗，骗子 v. 13顾客，客户，委托人、Communication n.、compare v.比较16比赛，竞争、Concentrate v. 18从而，因此、contribution n. 20便利的，方便的、decline vi.拒绝，衰落、decrease n.减少、demand n.要求，需要，要求知道，查询、Depict vt. 25二元性、Economy n. 27教育，训导，训练，培养，教育学、effect n. 29效率，功效30强调，重点31享受……的乐趣，欣赏，喜爱、Enrich vt. 33保证，担保，使安全，保证得到 v. 34娱乐，招待，接受，怀抱 vi.。
英文写作术语大全
英文写作术语大全（中英文对照）abstract words抽象词acknowledgement致谢active voice主动语态affirmative sentence肯定句agent施动者alliteration头韵ambiguity歧义American English美式英语analogy类比analytic expression分析型表达anastrophe词语倒装法anticlimax order突降法anti-rhetorical反修辞antithesis对照\对偶antonomasia换称antonym反义词apostrophe撇号(即') appositive同位语archaic words古词argumentation议论文argumentative writing议论文写作article冠词ascending order递增法association联想attitude态度audience听众awkwardness拙劣balanced sentence平衡句base词根beginning开头beginning paragraph开头段落between sentences句际bibliography书目big words大词block contrast批对比法body主体bookish verbs学究式动词brainstorming头脑风暴法brevity简练British English英式英语broken sentence破碎句capitalization用大写case study案例分析casual style非正式文体causal analysis因果分析cause-effect development由因到果发展法central thought中心思想Chinese interference中文干扰Chinglish中国式英语choice of words选词choppy sentence断续句循环圆周结构circumlocutory兜圈子的clarity明晰classical rhetoric古典修辞模式classification分类发展法clear reference of pronoun代词前指明晰clear sentence意义明晰句cliché陈词滥调climax order递增顺序clipped words词省略拼法closing paragraph结尾段落coherence连贯coherent连贯的cohesion粘着性cohesive device粘着手段collective noun集体名词collocation搭配colloquial口语化的colloquial context口语语境colloquialism口语化colon冒号combination句子合并组合法comma逗号common words普通词常用语communication means交际手段comparison比较法Complete essay checklist作品核查项目单complete sentence完整句complex sentence复杂句complimentary close结尾套语compound sentence复合句复杂复合句conceptual repetition概念重复法concise简洁conclusion结论concrete illustration具体阐明concrete words实义词confusing sentence意义混乱句conjunction连词connective联系词connotation内涵connotative meaning内涵意义conscious logic逻辑意识consistency一致性consistent diction选词一致性consonant辅音consultative style商谈体content内容context语境contraction省略contrast对比法controlling idea主要思想，conversion词性转换表达法co-occurrence共现coordinating conjunction复合句连词coordination复合correlation相关性corrupt English 迂腐英语cross-cultural writing跨文化写作culture文化curriculum vitae简历dangling modifier悬垂修饰语dash破折号dateline写信日期栏declarative sentence陈述句deduction演绎法deductive演绎逻辑的deductive argumentation演绎论证definite article定冠词definition定义法denotation外延denotative meaning外延意义descending order递降顺序description描写descriptive描述性的descriptive writing描写文development发展diagram图表说明diction选词differentiation区别digressive跑题、离题的，印象法描写的直接法direct thinking pattern直接了当的思维模式directions题义指令discourse pattern篇章模式distance from tone语调产生距离，偏离计划主题division分析分类法documenting the paper论文引证domesticating strategy归化战略domestication归化法drably表达干巴draft草稿effect-cause development由果到因发展法effective paragraph表述有力的段落effective sentence表达有力的句子effective variety表达有力的变化egalitarian(思维)平等化elaboration进一步详尽阐述electronic news media电子新闻媒体embedding structure内嵌结构emotional coloring感情色彩emphasis强调emphatic phrases强调性短语emphatic structure强调性结构emphatic words强调性词语ending结尾ending paragraph结尾段落English thinking英语思维English thinking characters英语思维特征English thinking pattern英语思维模式enumeration列举法epigrammatic effect隽语效果establish context确立语境establish rapport建立沟通基础euphemism委婉语evaluating information评估材料evidence证据exclamation mark感叹号exclamatory sentence感叹句exemplification举例法expected functions（信件的）期望交际功能expletive虚词\填充词explicit language明示的语言explicitness明示性exposition阐述文\议论文expository writing议论文写作expounding解释详细说明expressionism表现主义fallacy in argumentation论证谬误familiar熟悉的faulty parallelism错误平行feedback反馈fiery language情绪激动的语言figure of speech修辞filler words填充词first draft第一稿first-person point of view第一人称flashback倒叙focus中心foreignization外化法foreignizing strategy外化战略formal 正式的formal letter正式信函formal repetition形式重复法formal style正式文体formal words正式体词语formulating thesis statement写作主题句four-character expression(汉语)四字成语fragmental sentence破碎句free choice自由选择frequency of usage使用频率frozen expressions极正式用语frozen style极正式文体full spelling完全拼法full stop句号fullness(段落发展)充分性general connotation普遍内涵意义general pattern常见形式general words一般词汇generalization概括法general-specific pattern由概括到具体发展模式genres风格、体裁gobbledygook官样文章、冗长费解的语言grammatical devices语法技巧grammaticality符合语法性heading信头historical association历史联想hyperbole夸张法hyphen分号hyphenated words用连字号连接的词hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词ideographic synonym相对近义词idiom成语idiomatic usage习惯用法illustration佐证imperative sentence祈使句impersonal非个性化的、客观的implicit language含蓄语言implicitness含蓄implied meaning隐含意义impressionistic description印象描写法indefinite article不定冠词indent行缩进in-depth analysis深度分析individual words独立个体词individualistic个性化induction归纳法inductive归纳法的inductive argumentation归纳法论证法inductive reasoning归纳法论证infinitive mark不定式标记inflexible and explicit logic刚性显性逻辑informal非正式的informal letter非正式信函information focus信息中心information missing信息遗漏informative提供信息的、提供知识的innuendo讽刺、暗指inside address信内地址interpretation of examples对例子的诠释interpretative reporting诠释性报告interrogative sentence疑问句interrupting expressions插入短语intimate亲密intimate style亲密体inverted pyramid form倒金字塔形式inverted word order词序颠倒法involved modifiers复杂修饰语involved sentence意义复杂句irony反语jargon行话journalese新闻体journalistic writing新闻写作justify the significance论证意义keep to the point紧扣主题key words关键词lack of inflection缺少词形变化language problem语言问题learned words学术用词lengthy passage过长段落letter信函levels of usage用法层次lexical reference句法前指法lexical stylistic devices句法风格技巧line shifting换行linear thinking pattern线形思维模式listing列举literal meaning字面意义literary context文学性语境literary works文学作品literature review文献回顾litotes反语法、间接肯定法、曲言法locating information搜索定位材料logical paragraphing逻辑分段法logical thinking modes逻辑思维模式，逻辑词逻辑短语logicalness逻辑性long sentence长句loose sentence松散句loss of style偏离一贯的风格main body主体main idea主要思想main point要点manuscript手稿、原稿margin页边距materials collecting材料搜集materials sorting材料析选maxim of manner方式次则maxim of quality质量次则maxim of quantity数量次则maxim of relevance相关次则meaning意义means手段mechanical English缺乏灵活的英语message信息messy混乱metaphor隐喻metonymy借代midget words小词、常用词militant tone态度强硬的语调misplaced modifier错位修饰语modifier修饰语monotony单调mood语态mood shifting语态转换mouth-filler口头禅narration叙述体narrative叙述体的narrative writing叙述体写作nature of English language英语语言本质neat整洁negative meaning负面意义negative sentence否定句newly coined words新撰词news report新闻报道news report top-heavy新闻报道的头重模式nominalization名词化non-literature works非文学作品nonrestrictive clause非限制性从句nonrestrictive phrase非限制性短语nonverbal language非言语语言（手势、表情等）noun-oriented sentence倾向名词化的句子novel小说number数number shifting数的转换objective description客观描写obscurity意义不明on equal footing（写作风格）平等化one-sentence paragraph一句段落onomatopoeia拟声词opening paragraph开头段落organization组织outline提纲oxymoron矛盾修饰法padded expression兜圈子的表达parady仿拟paragraph段落独立实体的段落paragraph development段落发展法paragraphing分段法parallel structure平行结构parallelism平行结构parentheses插入语\圆括弧parenthetical expressions插入语passive sentence被动句period句号periodic sentence圆周句person人称person shifting人称转换personal个体化的personal connotation对个体而言的内涵意义personal letter个人信函personification拟人化persuasive writing劝服性写作、以劝说为目的的写作phonetic stylistic device语音风格技巧phrasal verbs短语动词plain sentence相对修辞句的平白句plantification拟物point意义点point of view观点point-by-point contrast逐点对比polite礼貌体的poor English英语表达力贫乏的positional relation位置相关positivist-empirical经验实证性power of communication沟通力practical writing应用文写作precise word表达精确的词汇precision精确prefix前缀preparatory reading写作预备阅读preposition介词presenting ideas阐述观点prewriting写作前printed name of the sender印刷体写信人姓名printed news media印刷体新闻媒体problem-solution提出问题-解决问题的模式process程序法pronoun代词pronoun shifting代词转换proofread校对proper names专有名词public（语篇系统特征）公开性pun双关语punctuation标点punctuation mark标点符号purposefulness目的性Queen's English标准英语question mark问号quotation引用quotation mark引号quoted speech引语reader读者readers-oriented读者为中心的reader-responsible读者文责的reasoning论证redundant collocation多余搭配reference line参考行register语域句际关系relative noun关系名词relative synonym相对近义词repetition重复repetition of structure结构重复法report writing报告写作research paper writing研究报告写作restatement重申法resume 个人简历return address回信地址returning to the beginning照应开头法revise修改rhetoric修辞rhetoric of sentence句子修辞rhetorical analogy修辞类比rhetorical question反问句rhetorical words华丽用语round character性格充分体现的人物roundabout style迂回风格run-on sentence“连环”句salutation称呼语sample样本sarcasm讽刺semicolon分号sentencing组句setting场景shades of meaning隐含义short preposition短介词short sentence短句short story短篇故事signature签名simile明喻simple English简明英语simple sentence简单句simple words简单词sincerity真诚性singleness of purpose目的唯一性situation情景situationally appropriate于情景贴切的slang俚语social association社会联想special terms特殊术语specific words具体词汇speech口头言语spelling拼写stage步骤法statistics数据法strength of meaning意义力度strength of word词语力度stringy sentence“连环”句structural behavior结构行为style风格、文体style is the man风格即人style makes sense风格即成意义stylistic coloring文体色彩stylistic label文体标记stylistic reference文体照应stylistic synonym风格近义词stylistically appropriate于文体贴切的sub-ideas次思想subject主题subject line主题行subject-oriented以主题为中心的subject-verb agreement主谓一致subordination句子从属组合法subsidiary points副观点substantial verb实义动词substitution替代法sub-topics副主题suffix后缀summary摘要superordinate上义词，高级词suspense悬念syllable音节syllogism三段论、演绎推理symbolic符号的synaesthesia通感，同感synecdoche提喻synonym近义词syntactical stylistic device句法风格技巧synthetic expression综合型表达systematic系统性tense shifting时的转换terse passage简练的行文test writing应试写作textual distribution文稿布局the right style合适的风格theme主题third-person point of view第三人称timed writing限时作文title writing标题写作to preach训导式、说教式to reason讲道理、逻辑论证tone语调tones of voice语气topic 话题topic sentence主题句transferred epithet/ hypallage移就transition过渡transitional mark过渡标记transitional techniques过渡技巧truthfulness真实性types of characters人物性格类别ungrammaticality不符合语法性unity统一性unnatural shifting不自然转换usage用法variation趋势分析variety多样化verbal language言语语言verbalization动词化verb-oriented sentence倾向动词化的句子vigor力度vividness生动vocabulary词汇vogue slang流行俚语vowel元音vulgar words平民词语word class词类word division断词法word order词序word power单词表达力wordiness多话、罗嗦wordy罗嗦的writer-responsible作者文责的writer's purpose作者目的writing写作writing attitudes写作态度writing process写作过程writing purpose写作目的zero affix零缀\词性转换法zero derivation零缀\词性转换法。
英语议论文写作重点单词
英语议论文写作重点单词，短语，句型1: in brief （总之）2：for one thing …，for another （从两方面阐述某个问题） 3：exert a dramatic impact on （产生很大影响）4：broaden one ’s horizons （开阔眼界）5：behave oneself （检点自己的行为）6：raise public awareness （提高公共意识）7：what ’s more impotant （更重要的是）8：account for9： 10：admittedly （应当承认的是…）11：attach more importance to （重视…）12：thinktwice （三思）14：TV commercials （电视广告）15：in a word (简而言之)16：to sum up / in summary (总结词)17：in conclusion /on the whole /in all /altogether (总之)18：lie in （在于）分析原因13：在我看来19：bring about （使发生）21：be confront with （面对（一般只不好的））22：faced with （面对问题（一般用于一句话的开头））24：go through (熬过)25：not …an inch (一点也不…)=not …at all26: throw a party (请客吃饭)经典句型：1：when it comes to …，people ’s opinion differ , some peoplebelieve … , while others claim that …(当谈到…时，人们的观点往往不同，有的人认为…，而其他人则认为…)2：it is no doubt that …(毋庸置疑)3：there is a general discussion today about the problem/ issueof …,those who criticize …argue that …they believe that …But people who adovate …on the other hand, argue that …(如今有个关于…问题的很普遍的讨论，那些持批判意见的人…，他们认为…，但是那些支持的人…，另外一方面又声称…)4：most people are of the opinion that …,but I personally believe that …与…对比In/by in comparison with As compare with Contrast with Striking contrast(鲜明对比)23：有关对比词（大多数人认为…，但是我认为…）5：the number is6:It accounts for /takes up …percent of the total7:the number was …less than /more than a 8:In 1990,it increased/ decreased from …to …(在1990年，数据由…增长/下降到…)9：By comparison with 1998 ,it decreased /increased by …10:A number of factors can account for the change in …is alsoresponsible for the rise/decrease in …11:It is widely accepted that (被广泛接受的是…)12：It is no use doing sth (做某事没用)13：It is often the case that (事实是这样的)14:There is/are reasons for us to believe/accept/resist/reject that …15:Where there is a will , there is a way (有志者事竟成)16:God help those who help themselfs17:It is the … that …(强调句)强调句的用法：eg: It is the A that B强调句即为把“It is that ”去掉，这个句子还能说的通，没有任何错误，此为强调句。
英文写作必备词汇库
英文写作必备词汇库一）生态环境：environmental(air/water/noise)pollution环境（空气／水／噪音）污染；sand storms沙尘暴；overfish . v.过度捕捞；overgraze .v.过度放牧；soil erosion土壤侵蚀；water and soil conservation水土保持；desertification沙漠化；fight against the danger of the desertification.抵制沙漠化；disruption of ecological balance生态失衡；ecological balance of the planet地球生态平衡；shortage of water resources水资源短缺；harmful chemicals有害化合物；poisonous gas有毒气体；industrial waste工业废料；waste gas sent off from automobiles汽车排放的废气；car emission standard汽车排放标准；throw-away lunchbox一次性盒饭；recyclable product可循环产品；renewable resources可更新资源；conserve natural resources保护自然资源；plastic bags塑料袋；greenhouse effect温室效应；global warming全球变暖；acid rain酸雨；energy crisis能源危机；environmental awareness环保意识；ecosystem生态系统；garbage disposal垃圾处理；artificial precipitation人工降雨；arbor day植树节；shortage of fresh water淡水短缺；water and soil conservation水土保持；reforestation of the land 重新植树造林；suffer a great destruction遭受严重破坏；vigorously热情高涨地；soil erosion土壤侵蚀；stump树桩；chop down砍伐；the destruction of the environment环境的破坏；wake-up call警钟;for the whole of the human race；the plundering of the Earth’s natural resources.掠夺地球的自然资源；（二）网络词汇：cyber bars网络；on-line love affair网恋；web addiction沉溺于上网；computer games电脑游戏；computer virus电脑病毒；pirated products盗版产品；mouse鼠标；monitor显示器；keyboard键盘；surf on-line上网；website网站；web page网页；on-line shopping网上购物；（三）教育词汇：examination-oriented education应试教育；quality-oriented education素质教育；major专业；standardized test标准化考试；poverty-stricken area贫困山区；remote and mountain areas边远山区；shake off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity脱贫致富；（四）经济词汇：economic/financial crisis经济/金融危机；demand exceeds supply/ be in short supply供不应求；purchasing power购买力；state-owned enterprise国有企业；private enterprise私人企业；tax evasion偷税漏税；integration with the global economy全球经济一体化； China’s access to/entry into WTO中国加入WTO；franchised store专卖店；（五）科技词汇：high-tech products高科技产品；digital communication数字通讯；artificial intelligence人工智能；（六）自我发展self-confidence自信;people in many walks of life各行各业的人；urge sb to do sth力劝某人做某事;allow sb/sth to do/be done; start with a campaign发起一场运动；be eager to do sth渴望;know about了解；cross-cultural contact跨文化交流；open-door polity; mutual cultural exchange相互文化交流；self-esteem自尊；the direct correlation between self-esteem and success also applies to one’s ability to achieve; social consciousness社会觉悟；honesty; integrity诚实；sincerity 诚恳；sense of responsibility责任感；cooperation合作；enthusiasm 热诚；conscientiousness自觉性；ethical and moral standards伦理与道德标准；reliability; dependability可靠性；concern for others关怀他人；patience 耐心；perseverance 恒心；seriousness of purpose求学认真；initiative主动性。
英文写作高级词汇及词组
英文写作高级词汇及词组1 essential/vital/significant (重要得)2、show great interest in /take interest in(对感兴趣)3、develop a sense of(养成得意思)4、challenging (困难)5、be of great help(importance,use,value)对有帮助(重要,用,价值)6、eventually (最后)7、hurry home (急急忙忙回家)9、thanks to/ owing to/ (由于)10、it happens that (碰巧,正好)11、on condition that (如果)12、turn out to (证明就是,结果就是)13、for the purpose of (为了)14、On hearing the news (当听到)15、have trouble in doing sth (不能做)16、result in (导致)17、endless homework(许多作业)18、care nothing for(不喜欢)19、be under construction (在建造中)20、be annoyed with (对生气)21、on schedule (按时)22、be occupied with/bury oneself in、(忙于)23、show great interest in: be fascinated by (对感兴趣)24、threaten people’lives、(威胁人们得生命)25、personally (speaking); based on one’s personal idea;(依我瞧)26、make an apology to sb (向某人道歉)27、be involved in/ participate in (参加)28、be faced with (面对)29、offer/ organize (组织)30、an increasing number of people (越来越多得人)31、activities of many different kinds (很多不同种类得活动)32、enjoy the performance given by the students from (观瞧由演出得表演)33、live a happy life (过着幸福生活)34、catch sight of (突然瞧见)35、all of a sudden ( 突然)36、have a strong appetite for knowledge (对知识得渴望)37、in a hurry (急急忙忙)38、do what one can to do/ spare no effort to do(尽力做某事)39、without hesitation/ delay (立刻)40、for the reason that (因为)41、exhausted ( 很累,精疲力竭)42、be astonished at (对感到吃惊、意外)43、in no time (立刻,马上)44、swiftly (快得,迅速得)45、be accustomed with (习惯于)46、like; love; prefer; enjoy; be interested in; be fond of、(喜欢)47、hate; dislike; be tired of; lose interest in、(不喜欢)48、happy; excited; pleased; satisfied、(高兴)49、angry; sad; worried, disappointed, terrified, mad; frightened (生气)50、be determined to do (决定做某事)51、outstanding,distinguished (优秀得,杰出得)52、be addicted to, be crazy about, be absorbed in(对迷恋,沉积于)53、make use of(使用)54、pay a visit to(参观)55、be supposed to(应该)56、be located in(位于)57、be expected to(希望,期待)58、be scared(害怕)60、as well as(与)61、deliver (送)62、share the time with(与一起度过得时光)63、be in great need of(急需)记叙文高级词汇1.On one’s way to (再去)2.Do a good deed (做好事)3.Be thankful to sb for sth (对感谢、感激)4.throw off one’s clothes (迅速脱掉衣服)5.be too frightened to move (害怕得不敢动)6.struggle for (为奋斗、努力)7.pay a visit to (参观)8.be about to do sth, when (正要突然)9.learn a lesson from (从中得到教训)10.teach sb a lesson (给某人一个教训)11.keep the lesson in mind (牢记教训)12、make up one’s mind (下决心)13、cause a loss of (造成损失)14、with the sun setting down (随着太阳得下山)15、say goodbye to (向告别)16、forget the passing of the time (忘记了时间得过去)17、be in lost in (沉寂在之中)18、just at the time (正在这个时候)19、before long (不久)20、return to normal (恢复正常) 议论文高级词汇1、do good to (对有益)2、do harm to (对有害)3、hold a view (持得观点)4、a waste of (浪费)5、have an effect on (对有影响)6、advantage and disadvantage (优点与缺点)7、be crazy about (对着迷)8、be lost in (沉寂于)9、to one’s surprise (使某人吃惊得就是)10、result in (造成)说明文高级词汇1、be high/ rich in (在方面富有)2、have an advantage over (在方面有优势)3、be similar to (与相似)4、be popular among (在中流行)5、contain (包含,包括)6、differ from (与不同)7、tasty (可口得)8、delicious (美味得)9、be made from (由制成)10、be made of 由制成)11、convenient (方便,便利)12、attractive (有吸引力得)13、fascinating (着迷得) 14、remend (推荐)15、of great value (很有益)16、be worth doing (值得做)17、of high quality (高质量)18、not onlybut also (不但—而且)19、do good to (对有好)20、is good for (对有益)人物介绍高级词汇1、be ready to do (准备做)2、fashionable (时髦得,流行得,时尚得)3、humorous (幽默得,风趣得)4、gentle (温柔得)5、such as 这就就是)6、be elected a model (被选为模范)7、be deeply respected and loved (深受尊敬与爱戴)8、win great honor for (以感到荣幸)9、break/ keep the record of (打破、保持记录)10、set a new record (创造一个新得记录)词组1、develop a good eating habit(养成好得饮食习惯)2、keep healthy/keep fit(保持健康)3、build up body(增强体质)4、gain knowledge(获得知识)5、serve country(服务国家)6、treasure/ value time(珍惜时间)7、increase one’s knowledge, broaden one’s horizon (增长知识,拓宽视野)8、increase dramatically(迅猛整涨)9、attract more attention(引人注目)10、be heavily burdened with(负担过重)11、have easy access to(很容易做/进入)12、develop a sense of independence(养成独立得意识)13、shoulder the responsibility(肩负/肩负责任)14、be monly acknowledged as(公认就是)15、do what one can to do(尽力去做)16、e up with an idea(想出主意)17、offer one’s help to (帮助某人)18、as is previously stated(如前所述)19、lighten one’s burden(减轻负担)20、stimulate the development of industry(刺激工业得发展)21、make China better known to the world(使世界更加了解中国)22、be addicted to/ be absorbed in(沉溺于)23、Great changes have taken place in(发生了巨大变化)24、pared with(与相比)25、get the support from(得到资助)26、prefer to rather than(想做—而不想做—)27、have a population of(有多少人口)have a history of28、have an area of/ with an area of(有多少面积)29、be far from(远非,远达不到)30、take effective measure to do (采取有效措施)31、achieve the goal(达到目标)32、above all/ most importantly(首先,重要得就是)33、have a good knowledge (mand ) of (掌握)34、As a result(所以)35actually/ as a matter of fact(实际上、其实)36、take good advantage of(利用,使用)37、find it difficult to do sth(发现做很难)38、fail to do sth (不能做)39、tend to do sth(喜欢做)40、keep +宾语+宾补(形,副,分词,不定式,介词短语)(使保持)41、vary from person to person (个人各不相同)42、make it a rule to do( that) (做某事养成了习惯)43、no soonerthan/hardlywhen(一就)44、have no idea (不知道)45、dash for (向急跑去)46、turn up(来到)47、turn to sb、for help(向某人求助)48、a boy of sixteen(一个16岁得男孩)49、appriciate(感谢)50、be suspended(暂停)51、cause a lot of loss to(给带来很大得损失)52、be aware(意识到)53、contribute to(贡献)54、share with(与人分享)55、judge sb by his appearance(根据某人得表象判断)56、talk it over to your friends(把这件事说给朋友听)57、my experience of working as (哪方面得体验)58、with the development of our living standard(随着我们生活水平得提高)59、cultivate the habit of(养成得习惯)60、go in for(从事)62、with one’s great effort(经过自己得努力)63、show one’s great talent in(有哪方面得天赋)64、draw the world’s attention by(通过引起世人关注)65、be presented to(呈现)66、get to know(知道)67、experience(体验)67、drop out of school(辍学)68、last 10 days(持续了十天)69、supprot the family(养家)70、form a wasteful habit(养成了两飞得习惯)71、give sb a warm wele(欢迎某人)72、have a heated discussion(进行激烈得讨论)73、e to sp for a visit(去某地方参观)74、be for/ be against(赞成)、(反对)75、encourage sb to do(鼓励某人做某事)76、as well(也)77、it was not until that(知道—才)78、devote—to—(专心—与)79、be greatly inspired by(被所感染)80、with its highlydeveloped economy(随着经济得高速发展)81、those who—(那些得人)82、do a lot of walking(散步)83、it is a great honor for sb to do(某人做很荣幸)84、rank first in(跻身于)85、gain a lot of knowledge(获得许多知识)86、in every aspect(在各方面)87、pared with(与相比)88、enable sb to do(使某人能做)89、in advance(提前,预先)90、keep a balanced diet(保持饮食平衡)91、stick to(坚持)92、on behalf of(代表)93、presented by(由表演)94、surely(肯定)95、offer sb a good opportunity to do(为某人提供做某事得好机会)96、obtain a clearer picture of(得到一幅清晰得图片)97、cheerful(高兴得)98、benefit sb a great deal(给某人很大得好处)99、be developed steadily(平稳发展)100、to better serve(更好得服务与)101、enjoy oneself by(通过—来消遣)102、free of charge (免费)103、no wonder(难怪)104、make sth convenient (使方便)105、far away from(远离)106、short the distance(缩短距离)107、keep in touch with(保持联系)108、be admitted to(被录取)109、accelerate the social and economic development(加速社会经济得发展)110、in case of(万一,以免)111、take outdoor exercise(进行户外活动)112、would be grateful to sb if—(如不胜感激)113、as usual (象往常一样)114、be punctual(准时)115、free people from the dull housework(从枯燥得工作解脱出来)116、highintelligence(高智商)117、a waste of time(浪费时间)118、apply for a position(应聘某一职位)119、be wearing (穿,戴)120、start off(出发)121、be about 60 kilometers northwest to(得东南约60公里处) 122、in the following hours(接下来几个小时)123、double that of(两倍于)。
英文写作80个TOP词汇
1.随着经济的繁荣with the booming of the economy2.随着人民生活水平的显著提高with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology4.为我们日常生活增添了情趣add much spice / flavor to our daily life5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed that…6.我同意前者(后者)观点I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了广泛的公众关注Sth. has aroused wide public concern. / Sth has drawn great public attention.8.不可否认It is undeniable that…9.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion / debate10.有争议性的问题a controversial issue11.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,12.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons13.双方的论点argument on both sides14.发挥日益重要作用play an increasingly important role in…15.对…必不可少be indispensable to…16.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:17.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive / negative effects on…18.利远远大于弊The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.19.导致，引起lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in20.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon21.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility / achievement22.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation23.开阔眼界widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision24.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills25.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden26.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into consideration27.从另一个角度from another perspective28.做出共同努力make joint efforts29.对…有益be beneficial to / be conducive to…30.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society31.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…32.综合素质comprehensive quality33.致力于/投身于be committed / devoted to…34.应当承认Admittedly,35.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty36.满足需求satisfy / meet the needs of...37.可靠的信息源a reliable source of information38.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources39.因特网the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I大写)40.方便快捷convenient and efficient41.在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life42.环保的材料environmentally friendly materials43.社会进步的体现a symbol of society progress44.大大方便了人们的生活Sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.45.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issue46.在一定程度上to some extent47.理论和实践相结合integrate theory with practice48.…必然趋势an irresistible trend of…49.日益激烈的社会竞争the increasingly keen social competition50.眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest51.长远利益long-tem interest52.…有其自身的优缺点… has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons53.对…有害do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to54.交流思想/情感/信息exchange ideas / emotions / information55.跟上…的最新发展keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of…56.…的健康发展the healthy development of…57.重视attach great importance to…58.社会地位social status59.把时间和精力放在…上focus one's time and energy on…60.扩大知识面expand one's scope of knowledge61.身心两方面both physically and mentally62.有直接/间接关系be directly / indirectly related to…63.导致很多问题give rise to / lead to / spell various problems64.可以替代think的词believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that65.缓解压力/减轻负担relieve stress / burden66.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.67.与…比较compared with…/ in comparison with68.可降解的/可分解的材料degradable / decomposable material69.代替replace / substitute / take the place of70.提供就业机会offer job opportunities71.反映了社会进步的mirror the social progress/advance72.增进相互了解enhance / promote mutual understanding73.充分利用make full use of / take advantage of74.承受更大的工作压力suffer from heavier work pressure75.保障社会稳定和繁荣guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society76.更多地强调put more emphasis on…77.适应社会发展adapt oneself to the social development78.实现梦想realize one's dream79.主要理由列举如下The main / leading reasons are listed as follows:80.我们还有很长的路要走We still have a long way to go.。
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英文论文写作常用词汇整理差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failedto achieve statistical significance.存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence ofmutations at A:T base pairs.发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identificationof ，screening ，isolation改变change, alteration,高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,广泛的in an extensive survey进行conducte，perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable,no expression was found,角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functions可能性feasibility密切地intimately难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,缩写abbreviations识别，辨别discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicantsa common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectlyinvolves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathwaysa common event through whicha common event in vivoa rather common event of unknown biological significancea common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancea common event contributing toa rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary,independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream,irreversible, very frequent event提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression,down-expression, down-regulation,推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously显著,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,相关性related, more relevant with ，the relevance ofno intergroup difference，irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage,or tumor location.Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM statusof the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBRgrading or steroid receptors.we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age,TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研究analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine,test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常aberration, abnormality重要crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expectedContrary to the expectation thatContrary to previous beliefs,Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popular truismsContrary to current cognitive theories,However, contrary to expectation,…….Contrary to predictions,…in contrast to previous observations…Contrary to prediction,……Contrary to most previous claims,与一起in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于In light ofIn view that以上内容来自：学客行论文查重，文章由学客行论文查重搜集整理攻略。