英语阅读100篇翻译钱丽英PDF文本
小学英语阅读100篇翻译(67-100)钱丽英分析
67 三个花园格林先生在他的房子面前有一个小花园。
有很多的花。
但是他只有几棵树。
他的邻居布莱克先生也有一个花园。
布莱克先生的花园比格林先生的花园小。
他的花少于格林先生但他有更多的树。
布朗先生是格林先生的另一个邻居。
布朗先生的花园是三个花园中最小的。
他的花是他们中最少的,但是他的花园里的杂草是最长的。
总是有很多工作在花园里,但布朗没有足够的时间在他的花园里工作。
所以他的花园是最坏的。
68 一个法国学生一个法国学生去伦敦度假。
他会一点英语,但他说的不是很好。
有一天,他去一家餐馆。
他想要一些鸡蛋,但他不记得“鸡蛋”的英语单词了。
他四周看了看,看到一只母鸡的图片。
他让侍者看那张图片。
“你叫她的孩子叫什么?”他问道。
“小鸡,先生。
”“你叫小鸡出生之前叫什么?”“鸡蛋,先生。
”“很好,”,法国学生说。
“给我两个鸡蛋和一杯茶,谢谢。
”69 在地下地上有许多事情。
我们可以看到鲜花、树木、动物、鸟类和山脉。
也有很多东西在地下。
我们把煤和石油从地下取出来。
我们在很多方面使用煤和石油。
我们可以用煤炭和石油加热房屋和运行列车和机器。
在一些地方,在地下有一些美丽的石头。
它们是珠宝。
在一些地方地下有铁、金、银。
我们也可以在地下发现动物。
一些动物在地下建造自己的家。
70一个人在船上钓鱼是我最喜欢的运动。
我经常一钓数小时却一无所获。
但我从不为此烦恼。
有些垂钓者就是不开心。
他们往往鱼钓不到,却钓上来些旧靴子和垃圾。
我的运气甚至还不及他们。
我什么东西也未钓到过,就连旧靴子也没有。
在河上呆上整整一上午,我总是空着袋子回家。
“你必须放弃钓鱼!“我的朋友们说。
“这是在浪费时间。
“但是他们没有认识到一件重要的事情。
我只是喜欢坐在船上和什么都不干的!71 一条狗还是两条?有一天,一只狗有了一块很好的肉做晚餐。
他叼着肉高兴地回家了。
在他回家的路上,有一条小溪。
溪水平静而清澈。
他停下来看一看。
他看到什么?有一只和自己一样大的狗在它嘴里也有一些肉。
精选全国职称英语英汉对照上百例（第十三篇）
13. The Delight of Books. 13、书之乐趣. 1. Books are to mankind what memory is to the individual. They contain the history of our race, the discoveries we have made, the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages; they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature, help us in our difficulties, comfort us in sorrow and in suffering, change hours of weariness into moments of delight, store our minds with ideas, fill them with good and happy thoughts, and lift us out of and above ourselves. 1、书籍之于全⼈类，犹如记忆⼒之于个⼈。
书籍记录了我们⼈类的历史，记录了我们的新发现，也记录了我们世世代代积累的知识和经验：书籍为我们描绘了⾃然界的奇观和美景；书籍帮助我们摆脱困境，在我们悲哀困苦的时候，给我们以安慰，在我们烦闷的时刻带来欢乐，给我们的头脑装进各种观念，使我们的脑海充满了美妙⾼尚的思想，从⽽使我们超越⾃我，⾼于⾃我。
2. There is an oriental story of two men: one was a king, who every night dreamt he was a beggar; the other was a beggar, who every night dreamt he was a prince and lived in a palace. I am not sure that the king had very much the best of it. Imagination is sometimes more vivid than reality. But, however this may be, when we read we may not only (if we wish it) be kings and live in palaces, but, what is far better, we may transport ourselves to the mountains or the seashore, and visit the most beautiful parts of the earth, without fatigue, inconvenience, or expense. 2、有⼀个东⽅的故事，谈到了两个⼈：其中⼀个是国王，他每晚梦见⾃⼰成为⼀个乞丐；另⼀个是乞丐，他每晚梦见⾃⼰成了⼀个王⼦，住进了王宫。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit78
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit78Unit 78There was a time when big-league university presidents really mattered. The New York Times covered their every move. Presidents, the real ones, sought their counsel. For Woodrow Wilson and Dwight Eisenhower, being head of Princeton and Columbia, respectively, was a stepping-stone to the White House. Today, though, the job of college president is less and less removed from that of the Avon lady （except the house calls are made to the doorsteps of wealthy alums）.Ruth Simmons, the newly installed president of Brown University and the first African American to lead an Ivy League school, is a throwback to the crusading campus leaders of old. She doesn't merely marshal funds; she invests them in the great educational causes of our day. With the more than $300 million she raised as president of Smith College from 1995 to 2001, Simmons established an engineering program （the first at any women's school）and added seminars focused on public speaking to purge the ubiquitous "likes" and "ums" from the campus idiom. At a meeting to discuss the future of Smith's math department, one professor timidly requested two more discussion sections for his course. Her response: "Dream bigger."Her own dream was born in a sharecropper's shack in East Texas where there was no money for books or toys——she and her 11 siblings each got an apple, an orange and 10 nuts for Christmas. Though she was called n_____ on her walk to school, entering the classroom, she says, "was like waking up." When Simmons won a scholarship to Dillard University, her high school teachers took up a collection so she'd have a coat. She went onto Harvard to earn a Ph.D. in Romance languages.Simmons has made diversity her No. 1 campus crusade. She nearly doubled the enrollment of black freshmen at Smith, largely by traveling to high schools in the nation's poorest ZIP codes to recruit. Concerned with the lives of minority students once they arrive at school, she has fought to ease the racial standoffs that plague so many campuses. At Smith she turned down a request by students to have race-specific dorms. In 1993, while vice provost at Princeton, she wrote a now famous report recommending that the university establish an office of conflict resolution to defuse racial misunderstandings before they boiled over.Her first task at Brown will be to heal one such rupture last spring after the student paper published an incendiary ad by conservative polemicist David Horowitz arguing that blacks economically benefited from slavery. "There's no safe ground for anybody in race relations, but campuses, unlike any other institution in our society, provide the opportunity to cross racial lines," says Simmons. "And even if you're hurt, you can't walk away. You have to walk over that line."注（1）：本文选自Time; 9/17/2001, Vol. 158 Issue 12, p70, 1p, 1c注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 2.1. What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of Woodrow Wilson and Dwight Eisenhower?[A]The president of the first-class university was really very important.[B]The presidents gave them some good advice.[C]The presidents of the university could easily go to the white house.[D]The presidents had more power and authority than Avon ladies.2.What can we infer from the second paragraph?[A]Simmons was an old crusading campus leader.[B]Simmons wanted to expand her university.[C]Simmons knew well about how to invest the money.[D]Simmons was a competent and ambitious president.3.The 4th paragraph mainly talks about _________.[A]Simmons greatly sympathized the black people.[B]Simmons wanted to diversify her university.[C]Simmons made a great effort to solve the racial problems.[D]Simmons never neglect the racial problems.4.What does the author mean by “the job of college president is less and less removed from that of the Avon lady”（Line 4, Paragraph 1）?[A]College president can get their position with the help of Avon lady.[B]The jobs of college president and Avon lady are quite similar.[C]College presidents got inspiration from the job of the Avon lady.[D]The jobs of college presidents and the Avon lady should be separated.5.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Simmons had successfully solved the racial problems.[B]Simmons owed her success to her high school teachers.[C]Simmons didn't like “likes” and “ums” in campus idioms.[D]Simmons asked her professor to be more ambitious and aggressive.答案：ADCBD篇章剖析本文可以说是一篇记叙文，主要记述大学校长鲁思·西蒙斯作为校园改革派的一些逸事。
六级阅读理解100篇文本(编辑版)
六级阅读理解100篇文本（完成版）Can the Computer Learn from Experience计算机会总结经验吗Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory itcould be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Otherproblems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine —can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notescheck:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using 12 piecesecology:the relationship between organisms and their environment 生态关系，生态学Reading comprehensionThe purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________A to win the world chess championB to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time3 For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to ________A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is____A criticalB unconcernedC positiveD negative5 In the author’s opinion,______A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a gameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computers1 b2 c3 b4 c5 dYou Call This a Good Economy这能称之为上佳经验You have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rule—rather than the exception—that an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself decently on the income of a single breadwinner（养家糊口的人）. In 1955, when I was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassion; my father, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did this good economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today.There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be moved into higher tax groups, thus reducing after-tax purchasing power. That is, my father’s bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.To ordinary people, the economy doesn’t look very good at all. After-tax incomes continue to decrease in purchasing power. The jobs offered in the employment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth today’s $7.50 before and after taxes.Notes1 Brooklyn: a district of New York city2 inflate:通货膨胀3 proxy: the authority to act for another4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due to eachReading ComprehensionIn the author’s opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people canbe expressed in terms of ______the amount of wageafter-tax incomethe actual purchasing powerthe minimum wage per hourIn the period between 1950 and 1970,_______there was not much difference in the living standards between people of higher and lower educationan ordinary family of five without exception could live on one person incomethe income of an ordinary family was more than enough for buying foodfor an average family the income was sufficient to support allthe membersToday a bookbinder’s wage is ten times that of the 1950’s but its income tax rate has increased ______a.50 timesb.60timesc. 70 timesd. 80 times4 The worsening of a bookbinder’s livelihood results from _____a. his low education and the amount of wageb. the high-taxation and the income deductionsc. the high taxation and cost of livingd. thelow wage and higher prices5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher______a. the value of labor actually is shrinkingb. the minimum wage level is increasing likewisec. the income tax rate is rising alongd. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage6 The author’s tone in writing the article is_____a. ironicalb. subjectivec. high-soundingd. convincing7 the article aims to _________.a. help control the rapidly increasing pricesb. give some advice to the policy-makersc.impress the younger generation with some basic factsd.call upon the societys attention against inflation1 c2 b3 d4 c5 a6 d7 cAre Experts Always Right专家总是对的吗The world has become so complicated that we’ve lost confidence in our ability to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgement.It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “It’s nothing —just one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know something’s different.”“If you won’t take my word for it,I’ll take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. ”It’s a good thing you’re so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of these tumors because we don’t know they’re there until it is too late.”I’m really not so smart. And I’m too docile in the face of authority.I should have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. It’s hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here…”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When it’s an area we really know about—our bodies, our families, our houses—let’s listen to what the experts say, then make up our own minds.Notescardboard carton:a box or container made of a stiff pasteboard of paperscalp: the skin covering the headtumor:肿瘤eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fitsdocile: easily managed or taughtreading comprehension“It” in “…deal with it”(para.1) refers to ______a. confidenceb. the worldc. abilityd. complication2. “Expertise” in para.1 means______a. common senseb. expert skill or knowledgec. unusual ability to appreciated. personal experience3. We have to trust our own judgement since ____a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseb. experts often lose their common sensec. experts may sometimes fail to give good adviced. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise4 “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn that”(para.2) refers to______a. I can learn to trust my judgementb. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myselfc. common sense is not as useful as knowedged. expertise may not be reliable5 While reading one day, the author______a. found a hole at the back of his headb. heard a scratching sound from a cartonc. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratchingd. noticed a sound coming out from his head6 “tease” in paragraph 3 means______a. to make fun ofb. to comfortc. to replyd. to disbelieve7 “if you won’t take my word for it”in para.5 may be paraphrased_____a. if you don’t think my word is worth anythingb. if you don’t listen to my advicec. if you don’t believe my judgementd. if you prefer actions to words8 “Skull” in para.6 most probably means____a. the bony framework of the headb. the surface skin of the headc. the nerve system inside the headd. the top part of the head9 The author didn’t think he was smart(para.7)because____a. he had already suffered for two yearsb. he had not been able to put up with the painc. he had believed too much in expertised. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself10 It happens that the examples given by the author_____a. all concern with warsb. are taken from modern American historyc. have become popular themes in moviesd. have American Civil War as the background11 In the last paragraph, the work ”intimidate” may mean_____a. deceiveb. frightenc. make timidd. encourage1 b2 b3 c4 d5 c6 a7 c8 a9 c 10 a 11 cJust Call Me Mister1 On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to PlaySpace, an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing and sliding contraptions. There’s just one irritating detail: when you pay your money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.“Frum,” I say.“No, your first name.”“What do you need my first name for?”“To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call you.”“In that case, write ‘Mr. Frum.’”2 At which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaza Toro.3 In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names, PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the practice of leaving a visiting card.4 There’s hardly a secretary left who does not reply, when I givea message fro her boss, “I’ll tell him you called, David.” Or a public relations agent, whether in Bangor or Bangkok, who does not begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerful “Hello, David!”5 You don’t have to be a journalist to collect amazing first-name stories. Place a collect call, and the operator first-names you. The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first name before taking his order.6 Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by nothing worse than uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I don’t believeit. I f I asked the fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I won’t go along with his story idea. No, it’s not friendliness that drives first-namers; it’s aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would never, if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David would never first-name the bank’s chairman. Like the mock-cheery staff at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act of belittlement, an assertion of power disguised as good cheer.Notes1 contraptions:(informal)mechanical devices;gadgets2 felt-tip marker:软笔尖的颜色笔3 adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌4 Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “Bull Fighting Ring” in English5 Bangor:City of South central Maine6 Bangkok:Captical of Thailand,曼谷7 spiel(slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to be persuasive8 collect call:a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver9 press baron:Baron is the lowest male rank of nobility, but here it stands for a man with great power in press10 mock: simulated11 cheery:cheerfulReading comprehensionThe author apparently regrets____having to take his children to PlaySpacebeing first-namedbeing approached so frequently by PR agentshaving to put on an adhesive lapel tag“PR” in paragraph6 stands for____a. personal requestb. personal respectc. public relationsd. public review3 When the author, as a journalist, speaks on the phone___a. he is usually very formal and faithfulb. he does not know whether a grownup or a child is speaking at the other endc. he finds people address each other formallyd. he finds the secretary is often willing to pass a message4 He often finds secretaries _____a. irresponsible in answering phone callsb. trustworthy in passing messagesc. not only friendly but also carefuld. calling him David5 The author thinks that addressing a stranger by his first name is being____a. cheerfulb. friendlyc. disrespectfuld. light-hearted6 “As dead as” in paragraph 3 may be paraphrased as_____a. as firmly fixed asb. as useless asc. as out of fashion asd.as unmistakenly as7 Habitual first-namers’ claim amounts to saying____a. there’s nothing that can be worse than high-spirited friendlinessb. their attitude should be acceptablec. they are sometimes too high-spirited to control chemselvesd. one should control oneself while speaking to a stranger8 The so-called high-spirited friendliness(para. 6) is actually____a. cheerfulness in appearance but mockery in realityb. out and out insultc. a well-accepted skill in public relationsd. an act of outward warmth9 “In a whoosh” in paragraph 6 means______a. by all meansb. in the endc. in a secondd. in reality10 “I won’t go along with…” in paragraph 6 may be paraphrased asa. I won’t believe……b. I won’t go on listening…..c. I won’t agree with…. D. I won’t stick to…..1 b2 c3 c4 d5 c6 a7 b8 a9 c 10 bThe Dvelopment of Civilization1 The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although no body knows exactly when he acquired the use ofthe latter2 The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became suffiviently intelligent, we must suppose that he fradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered hat speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.3 Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machineage. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.4 Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.5 These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons, domestic animals, agriculture, and writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to deveop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it There was, of course, an immense extension inthe area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greater part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during this long time; there was progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely gunpowder and the mariner’s compass—but neither of these can be compared in their power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.Notes1 ape: any monkey2 narrative: a story or description of actual or fictional events; to narrate is to give an account or commentary3 prey: an animal hunted or caught for food4 pastoral: of or pertaining to shepherds, herdsmen, etc.5 nomad: one of a group of people who have no permanent home andmove about from place to place6 the Nile: the longest river in the world flowing through East Africa,尼罗河7 the Tigris: river of Southwest Asia, joining the Euphrates in South Iraq8 the Euphrates: river of Southwest Asia,幼发拉底河9 the Indus: river of South Central Asia, rising from Southwest Tibet, flowing through Pakistan to the Arabian SeaReading Comprehensionwhich one of the following, according to the author, was first discovered or invented in human civilization?a. written languageb. oral languagec. fired. domestication2 The author does not state clearly but implies that in the development of man___a. human speech developed along with other human facultiesb. picture language and writtenlanguage developed side by sidec. oral language preceded the use of fired. the ape might be taught to master speech3 According to the passage picture language was found most useful when_____a. people didn’t want to use speech in communicationb. oral language was not fully developedc. people went hunting or traveling somewhered. people were inhabiting in caves4 It is the author’s view that in human civilization agriculture______.a. is the most important step man has ever madeb. is only less important than the domestication of animalsc. had long been practiced as stated in written historyd. can be ranked in importancewith the invention of machines5 In the 3rd paragraph,”… in the regions where it could be practiced…”, here, “it” refers to ________a. increaseb. numberc. agricultured. species6 The pastoral nomads would not have yielded to the agricultural way of life____a. if it had not been for the benefits brought about by agricultureb. unless agriculture could provide them with sufficient domesticated animalsc. if agriculture had taken up too large a number of their pasturesd. if they had not found setbacks in their pastoral way of life7 Written language in its initial stage was found more advantageous in that __a. it could communicate more accurately than the oral languageb. it had developed from picture languagec. information could be recorded and transmittedd. it was easier to learn than picture language8 The following conditions except one made it possible for civilized communities to exist. The exception is _________a. writingb. agriculturec. fired. caves9 The word ”it” in “… to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it.”(paragraph 5) stands for______a. techniqueb. timec. long periodd. Industrial Revolution10 The author means to say that human civilized life originated from____a. South Europeb. North Africac. East Asiad. river areas1 c2 a3 b4 d5 c6 a7 c8 d9 a 10 d。
小学英语阅读100篇中英文对照61-62
小学英语阅读100篇中英文对照61-6261.Bill and Sue比尔和休Bill and Sue are brother and sister.比尔和休是哥哥和妹妹。
They are both middle school students and go to the same school.他们都是中学的学生，上同一所学校。
They go to Mr Zhang's shop and see some nice rabbits.他们去张先生的商店去看一些漂亮的兔子。
They love the rabbits very much,but they have no money to buy them.他们非常喜欢兔子，但他们没有钱买。
Sue has a good idea.She and Bill help their father pick apples on the farm every Saturday and Sunday.她有一个好主意。
她和比尔每个星期六和星期天帮他们的爸爸在农场摘苹果。
So their father gives them each a hundred dollars.因此他们的爸爸给了他们每人一百美元。
Sue and Bill go to Mr Zhang's shop.Each of them buys a rabbit.休和比尔去了张先生的商店。
他们每人买了一只兔子。
One is white and other is black.一只是白色的，另一只是黑色的。
They call the black rabbit Bunny and the white one Judy.他们叫那只黑色的兔子Bunny，叫白色的朱蒂。
They like them very much.他们非常喜欢他们。
62.A Crow and a Fox狐狸和乌鸦One day a crow finds a piece of meat.一天，一只乌鸦找到了一块肉。
翻译原文
figures of the stamping stress and strain possess different stress state
and deformation characteristics.
(1)When the deformation zone of the stamping blank is subjected
the maximum absolute value is σγ, the principal strain in this direction
must be positive, that is, the deformation belongs to tensile forming.
In addition, because σγ>σθ>0，therefore -（σt+σθ）<0 and εt<0.
This kind of deformation is in the region AON of the diagram of the stamping strain (see Fig.1.1), and in the region GOH of the diagram of
γ，σθand σtare the principal stresses of the radial, tangential and
thickness directions of the axial symmetrical stamping forming;σm is the
average stress,σm=（σγ+σθ+σt）/3; k is a constant.
analyzed respectively as follows.
初一英语阅读理解100篇翻译
初一英语阅读理解100篇翻译67 三个花园格林先生在他的房子面前有一个小花园。
有很多的花。
但是他只有几棵树。
他的邻居布莱克先生也有一个花园。
布莱克先生的花园比格林先生的花园小。
他的花少于格林先生但他有更多的树。
布朗先生是格林先生的另一个邻居。
布朗先生的花园是三个花园中最小的。
他的花是他们中最少的,但是他的花园里的杂草是最长的。
总是有很多工作在花园里,但布朗没有足够的时间在他的花园里工作。
所以他的花园是最坏的。
68 一个法国学生一个法国学生去伦敦度假。
他会一点英语,但他说的不是很好。
有一天,他去一家餐馆。
他想要一些鸡蛋,但他不记得“鸡蛋”的英语单词了。
他四周看了看,看到一只母鸡的图片。
他让侍者看那张图片。
“你叫她的孩子叫什么?”他问道。
“小鸡,先生。
”“你叫小鸡出生之前叫什么?”“鸡蛋,先生。
”“很好,”,法国学生说。
“给我两个鸡蛋和一杯茶,谢谢。
” 69 在地下地上有许多事情。
我们可以看到鲜花、树木、动物、鸟类和山脉。
也有很多东西在地下。
我们把煤和石油从地下取出来。
我们在很多方面使用煤和石油。
我们可以用煤炭和石油加热房屋和运行列车和机器。
在一些地方,在地下有一些美丽的石头。
它们是珠宝。
在一些地方地下有铁、金、银。
我们也可以在地下发现动物。
一些动物在地下建造自己的家。
70 一个人在船上钓鱼是我最喜欢的运动。
我经常一钓数小时却一无所获。
但我从不为此烦恼。
有些垂钓者就是不开心。
他们往往鱼钓不到 ,却钓上来些旧靴子和垃圾。
我的运气甚至还不及他们。
我什么东西也未钓到过, 就连旧靴子也没有。
在河上呆上整整一上午 ,我总是空着袋子回家。
“你必须放弃钓鱼!“我的朋友们说。
“这是在浪费时间。
“但是他们没有认识到一件重要的事情。
我只是喜欢坐在船上和什么都不干的 !71 一条狗还是两条? 有一天 ,一只狗有了一块很好的肉做晚餐。
他叼着肉高兴地回家了。
在他回家的路上,有一条小溪。
溪水平静而清澈。
他停下来看一看。
他看到什么?有一只和自己一样大的狗在它嘴里也有一些肉。
英语文章
Sports in Our SchoolEveryone in our school goes in for sports. Every morning after we get up we do morning exercises and we do exercises again during the long break. We only have one P.E. class a week, but we do physical training every afternoon. The most popular sport seems to be basketball. Another popular game is football. The girls like playing badminton. And volleyball is also liked by many of us when the weather is warm.Besides ball games, many of us are keen on track and field events. Every term we hold a sport meeting. We have school teams of basketball, volleyball and football. We often have friendly matches with teams from other schools. Whenever there is an important match , you ‟ re sure to find many of our schoolmates and teachers among the spectators. In short, we all love sports.How to keep healthyWhat is the most important thing in the world? I think it is health. Everyone wants to keep in good health. How to keep healthy? Let me tell you. You should have a healthy lifestyle. You should take exercise and drink milk every day. Eating lots of vegetablesand fresh fruit is good for you. Go to bed and get up early is also good for you .You must try to eat less meat and junk food, because they are bad for your health.I wish everyone is healthy.My Favourite TV Programme"Animal World" is my favorite program. First of all, I like animals,especially small animals. Secondly, the host has the ability to make the program lively and interesting. Thirdly, through this program I know a lot of things that I haven't known before. I gain some knowledge about animallife such as different lives of different animals, the relationship between people and nature, people and animal, and the meaning of animal protection.Now I understand animals are part of nature as we are. They can not be separated from the humans. We must keep nature in balance so that we will have a good life in the future. Let's love animals. Never do any harm to them.Internet shoppingInternet shopping is a new way of shopping. It offers a lot of advantages. The most important one is convenience. You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a day. And you don‟t have to queue with others. And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking for.There are some disadvantages, too. You can not see the products or check their qualities. Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your friends.Saving WaterAs we all know, water is essential in our daily life. We drink water every day, we use water to wash things and cook food, we also use water to make machines. People can't live without water.Though about 75% of the earth is covered with water, only 3% of it is fresh water. So we must save water by having a shower instead of a bath. We can save water by fixing dripping taps immediately and we can also save water by not washing under a running tap.The Spring FestivalSpring Festival is the most important festival in China .It‟s to celebrate the lunar calendar …s new year .In the evening before the Spring Festival ,families get together and have a big meal .In many places people like to set off firecrackers .Dumplings are the most traditional food .Children like the festival very much ,because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to children for good luck . People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune .The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ”. People enjoy the Spring Festival ,during this time they can have a good rest .An AccidentLast Thursday afternoon, four students were on their way back home.Suddenly they saw a truck coming round the corner at a high speed and some watermelons fell off. At the same time, a middle-aged man on a bicycle fell to the ground. Blood came from his body. One of them called the policeman, one dailed 120. And the others were taking care of the cyclist. Soon the police came and they reported what they had seen and an ambulance took the cyclist to the hospital soon.It's Our Duty To Protect Our EnvironmentIt's our duty to protect our environment. Where do we live? The earth. The earth is the only one place we live in. So you know how important the environment is.But now, some people are harming the environment, like cutting down trees, drawing pictures on public walls, littering onto the ground. It's terrible if we still do it.Now, it's time for all the people in the society to protect the environment. It's our duty. It needs each of us to make a contribution to improving the environment. We should make our environment more and more beautifulA survey about smokers in a middle school tells that although 90% of all students never smoke, 3% of them often smoke and 7% sometimes do. In other words, 10% of the students smoke. That‟s terrible.As we know, smoking is harmful to our health. Every year, thousands of people lose their lives because of it. Smoking not only does harm to your health, but also wastes money. Because, a fire may be caused by cigarette ends. It‟s a pity to learn that one ends in death by smoking.In all, smoking is so dangerous that we should keep away from it.Should students make friends on line? Some people say yes. The internet helps make many friends. Chatting on line, students can more freely express their feelings and opinions, and even get help with their foreign language studies.Others, however, think students should not. They say making friends on line is a waste of time, which should be spent more meaningfully on study. Besides, some students get cheated on line.It is my opinion that students should place their study, health and safety before other things. As for friendship, we can readily find it in our classmates and other people around us.What Can We Do for the EnvironmentHello, everyone. I‟m。
精选全国职称英语英汉对照上百例（第四十六篇）2
7. Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact and unblemished a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of a painting or a statue. 7、你可能要问，将⼀本印刷精美、装帧雅致的书保存完好，难道也是不恰当的吗?当然不是。
我绝不会在⼀本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写，就像我不会把⼀幅伦勃朗的原作连同⼀盒蜡笔交给我的孩⼦任意涂抹⼀样!我决不会在⼀幅绘画或者⼀座雕像上做标记。
、 8. But the soul of a book can be separated from its body. A book is more like the score of a piece of music than it is like a painting. No great musician confuses a symphony with the printed sheet of music. Arturo Toscanini revered Brahms, but Toscanini's score of the C-minor Symphony was so thoroughly marked up that no one but the maestro himself could read it. The reason why a great conductor makes notations on his musical scores—marks them up again and again each time he returns to study them—is the reason why you should mark your books. If your respect for magnificent binding or typography gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author. 8、但是，⼀本书的灵魂能够从它的躯体⾥分离出来。
您输入的字符我们暂不支持
IAEA-TECDOC-1182Quality assurance standards: comparison between IAEA 50-C/SG-Qand ISO 9001:1994November 2000The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was:Nuclear Power Engineering SectionInternational Atomic Energy AgencyWagramer Strasse 5P.O. Box 100A-1400 Vienna, AustriaQUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS: COMPARISON BETWEEN IAEA 50-C/SG-Q AND ISO 9001:1994IAEA, VIENNA, 2000IAEA-TECDOC-1182ISSN 1011–4289© IAEA, 2000Printed by the IAEA in AustriaNovember 2000FOREWORDThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) agreement regarding the scope and coverage of documents published by both organizations points out that the standards of safety developed by the IAEA are recommendations for use by its Member States in the framework of national regulations for the safe utilization of nuclear energy. Such standards should be considered as nuclear safety regulatory documents. The standards developed by the ISO are complementary technical documents emphasizing industrial application and contractual aspects. Regarding the quality assurance topic, the IAEA standards 50-C/SG-Q are mostly used directly or indirectly to establish the nuclear safety requirements at the utility–regulatory interface. The industrial ISO 9001 standards have progressively been used to implement the quality assurance requirements at the interface utility–supplier.The relationship between both standards is growing in significance owing to the impact upon the owners/operators of nuclear facilities and their contractors/suppliers. The relationship between the IAEA and ISO standards is considered critical, in particular regarding suppliers with a small range of nuclear supplies. These organizations are not always willing to prepare special quality assurance programmes based on nuclear safety standards. On the other hand, these organizations may be qualified on the basis of the ISO quality assurance standards. In any case, for delivering nuclear items and services the quality assurance programme must comply with the requirements established in the nuclear safety regulatory standards. This implies that the utility–supplier will have to demonstrate that the acceptable degree of quality assurance in relation to nuclear safety is accomplished. This may be achieved by imposing additional requirements on the supplier over and above those contained within the ISO.In order to provide a description of the differences between the IAEA and ISO standards when applied in nuclear installations, and to support the practical way of fulfilling nuclear safety, the IAEA established a project for producing a guidance report. Valuable contributions from the European Atomic Forum (FORATOM) were committed and contractual arrangements made, with the target of finalizing the report in the shortest feasible timeframe commensurable with available resources.The issue as to which ISO 9001 standard should be used for the comparison, i.e. the current version 1994 or future version 2000, was discussed quite extensively by the members of the initial consultants meeting held in Vienna in January 1999. The consultants recommended proceeding with the use of ISO 9001 version 1994 on the grounds that some time would still be needed before the next version 2000 is adopted and effectively implemented. In the meantime guidance based upon the ISO 9001 version 1994 was considered to be applicable and the efforts expended in the preparation of the guidance report worthwhile. The report will subsequently be updated to include the new ISO 9001 version 2000 standard.In thanking the contributors to this report, the IAEA wishes to acknowledge the efforts and assistance provided by FORATOM and by the participants at the preparatory and review meetings, who are listed at the end of the report. Special acknowledgement is due to K.-P. Kleinert (Germany), E. Glauser (Switzerland), M. Hille (Germany) and N. Redman (United Kingdom) for their contributions. The IAEA officer responsible for this work was N. Pieroni of the Division of Nuclear Power.EDITORIAL NOTEThe use of particul ar designations of countries or territories does not impl y any judgement by the publ isher, the IAEA, as to the l egal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION (1)1.1. Background (1)1.2. Objective (1)1.3. Scope (1)2. STANDARDS USED IN THE COMPARISON (1)2.1. IAEA Code and Safety Guides on Quality Assurance 50-C/SG-Q (1)2.2. Quality System Standard ISO 9001:1994 (3)3. MAJOR DIFFERENCES AND LINKAGES (4)3.1. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and IAEA Safety Guides50-SG-Q1 to Q14 (4)3.2. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and clauses of ISO 9001:1994 (4)3.2.1. Underlying approaches (4)3.2.2. Identification of the customer (4)3.2.3. Additional requirements (5)3.3. Linkages between the IAEA Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 andclauses of ISO 9001:1994 (7)4. GUIDANCE WHEN USING ISO 9001:1994 (8)4.1. Additional requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q (8)4.2. Additional guidance of the IAEA Safety Guides (11)APPENDIX: CORRELATION MATRICES (21)Matrix 1: IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements coverage in the IAEASafety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 (21)Matrix 2: Correlation between the clauses of ISO 9001:1994 and the IAEA Code50-C-Q basic requirements (22)Matrix 3: Correlation between the clauses of ISO 9001:1994 and the IAEA SafetyGuides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 (23)REFERENCES (24)CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW (25)IAEA PUBLICATIONS ON QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY MANAGEMENT (27).1. INTRO DUCTIO N1.1. BackgroundThe International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Code and Safety Guides contained in the Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q [1] define basic quality assurance requirements, which must be considered to ensure safety, and provides recommendations on how to fulfil these basic requirements. The IAEA 50-C/SG-Q standard reflects the performance based approach to quality assurance covering all aspects of plant safety, economics and efficiency. The IAEA requirements and recommendations are generally used at the nuclear utility–regulator interface.The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Standard ISO 9001:1994 [2] specifies quality system requirements for use where any supplier’s capability to design and supply a conforming product needs to be demonstrated. The requirements specified are aimed primarily at achieving customer satisfaction by preventing non-conformity at all stages from design through to servicing. The ISO 9001:1994 standard is sometimes used at the nuclear utility–supplier interface.1.2. O bjectiveThe objective of this report is to compare the requirements of IAEA 50-C/SG-Q (1996) [1] with ISO 9001:1994 [2] in order to identify the main differences and additional requirements contained within [1]. The report also provides information and guidance, which may be considered when ISO 9001:1994 is utilized by the nuclear industry.1.3. ScopeThe comparison is made with the following publications:IAEA Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q (1996), Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and other Nuclear Installations, Code and Safety Guides Q1–Q14 [1].ISO 9001:1994, Quality Systems — Model for Quality Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installation and Servicing [2].ISO 9002:1994, Quality Systems — Model for Quality Assurance in Production, Installation and Servicing [3].ISO 9003:1994, Quality Systems — Model for Quality Assurance in Final Inspection and Test [4].Throughout this report, the comparison discussed is the comparison against ISO 9001:1994 only, as it contains all the requirements contained in ISO 9002:1994 and ISO 9003:1994. Suppliers, utilities, regulatory bodies, as well as research and development organizations could use this report when considering using ISO 9001:1994 to procure items and services for use in the nuclear industry.2. STANDARDS USED IN THE COMPARISON2.1. IAEA Code and Safety Guides on Quality Assurance 50-C/SG-QThe IAEA Safety Series includes one Code 50-C-Q on quality assurance and 14 related Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 [1].The quality assurance Code 50-C-Q establishes the basic requirements that must be met to ensure adequate safety of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations.The Code consists of 10 basic requirements (BR) to be adopted by the responsible organization as the foundation for establishing and implementing a comprehensive quality assurance programme related to the safety of nuclear power plants. The basic requirements are presented in three functional categories:I. ManagementBR 1: Quality Assurance ProgrammeBR 2: Training and QualificationBR 3: Non-Conformance Control and Corrective ActionsBR 4: Document Control and RecordsII. PerformanceBR 5: WorkBR 6: DesignBR 7: ProcurementBR 8: Inspection and Testing for AcceptanceIII. AssessmentBR 9: Management Self-AssessmentBR 10: Independent AssessmentThe Code includes an annex, which provides guidance to aid the understanding and implementation of the basic requirements. The content of this annex is included in this comparison.The Safety Guides describe acceptable methods of implementing particular parts of the Code. The Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 are one of two types:· Basic requirement related Safety GuidesThese Safety Guides provide recommendations and guidance on how to fulfil the basic requirements of the Code that are relevant in all of the life-cycle stages of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations.The BR related guides are:Safety Guide Q1: Establishing and Implementing a Quality Assurance ProgrammeSafety Guide Q2: Non-conformance Control and Corrective ActionsSafety Guide Q3: Document Control and RecordsSafety Guide Q4: Inspection and Testing for AcceptanceSafety Guide Q5: Assessment of the Implementation of the Quality Assurance Programme Safety Guide Q6: Quality Assurance in Procurement of Items and ServicesSafety Guide Q7: Quality Assurance in Manufacturing· Stage related Safety GuidesThese Safety Guides provide specific recommendations and guidance on how to implement the Code during the different life-cycle stages of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations.The Stage related guides are:Safety Guide Q8: Quality Assurance in Research and DevelopmentSafety Guide Q9: Quality Assurance in SitingSafety Guide Q10: Quality Assurance in Design (this specific guide may also be used as a BR related Guide when the design activities are carried out in any stage). Safety Guide Q11: Quality Assurance in ConstructionSafety Guide Q12: Quality Assurance in CommissioningSafety Guide Q13: Quality Assurance in OperationSafety Guide Q14: Quality Assurance in Decommissioning2.2. Quality System Standard ISO 9001:1994The ISO 9001:1994 standard defines the requirements for a quality management system in clauses 4.1 to 4.20. The clauses are sequentially numbered to reflect the sequence of events and activities supporting production, from developing the quality policy to the after sales service.The clauses of ISO 9001:1994 are:4.1 Management Responsibility4.2 Quality System4.3 Contract Review4.4 Design Control4.5 Document and Data Control4.6 Purchasing4.7 Control of Customer-Supplied Product4.8 Product Identification and Traceability4.9 Process Control4.10 Inspection and Testing4.11 Control of Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment4.12 Inspection and Test Status4.13 Control of Nonconforming Product4.14 Corrective and Preventive Action4.15 Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation and Delivery4.16 Control of Quality Records4.17 Internal Quality Audits4.18 Training4.19 Servicing4.20 Statistical TechniquesThese 20 clauses have a relationship with and are comparable to the 10 basic requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q. The ISO 9001:1994 standard, however, does not give any guidance or recommendations on how the defined requirements can be implemented.3. MAJOR DIFFERENCES AND LINKAGES3.1. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and IAEA Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14While the IAEA Code 50-C-Q specifies the ten basic requirements for quality assurance in nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations, the Safety Guides provide recommendations relative to the fulfilment of these basic requirements for different topics and life-cycle stages. An overview showing how each Safety Guide addresses the basic requirements is given in the Appendix: Matrix 1.3.2. IAEA Code 50-C-Q basic requirements and clauses of ISO 9001:1994The linkages between the ten basic requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q and the 20 clauses of ISO 9001:1994 are provided in the Appendix: Matrix 2. In general the basic requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q are addressed by one or more clauses of ISO 9001:1994. However the IAEA Safety Guides provide more detailed and comprehensive guidance and recommendations on how to implement the basic requirements of the IAEA Code.Each basic requirement of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q addresses one or more of the clauses of ISO 9001:1994. However there are some significant differences in the approaches, identification of the customer and additional requirements.3.2.1. Underlying approachesThe IAEA Code 50-C-Q provides the basic requirements to be adopted for establishing and implementing quality assurance programmes related to the safety of nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations. These basic requirements apply to the overall quality assurance programme of the responsible organization, i.e. the organization having overall responsibility for the nuclear power plant, as well as to any other separate quality assurance programmes in each stage of the life of a nuclear power plant.The objective of the IAEA Code is to establish basic requirements for quality assurance in order to enhance nuclear safety by continuously improving the methods employed to achieve quality. The Code recognizes that all work is a process that can be planned, performed, assessed and improved.The quality assurance model set out in ISO 9001:1994 provides the framework for the quality assurance programme of a supplier, which enables the supplier to demonstrate the capability to produce a quality product and provides a vehicle for assessment by external parties. The requirements specified are aimed primarily at achieving customer satisfaction by preventing non-conformity at all stages from design to servicing. They are generic and independent of any specific industry sector.The comparison suggests that the IAEA Code 50-C-Q is a top-down approach focused on meeting the overall safety requirements for the plant, personnel and the society in general whilst ISO 9001:1994 is a bottom-up approach focusing on satisfying the specific requirements of the immediate customer.3.2.2. Identification of the customerThe nuclear utility in meeting national regulatory requirements satisfies the safety requirements of its customer: society at large. The regulator, representing the customer in thiscase, utilizes the IAEA Code 50-C-Q to define the requirements for the quality assurance programme of its supplier, the nuclear utility. The nuclear utility also fulfils the role of the customer utilizing, where appropriate, ISO 9001:1994 plus any additional requirements to define the quality assurance programme of its suppliers of items and services. The supplier satisfies the nuclear utility (the customer) by supplying a quality product. (See Figure 1)_______ Requirement path............... Satisfaction pathFig. 1: Application of IAEA Code 50-C-Q and ISO 9001:1994.3.2.3. Additional requirements 3.2.3.1. Management self-assessmentThe IAEA Code 50-C-Q defines specific requirements for “Management self-assessment”, an activity not required by ISO 9001:1994.“Manag ement at all levels shall reg ularly assess the processes for which it is responsible. Manag ement shall determine its effectiveness in establishing , promoting and achieving nuclear safety objectives. Management process weaknesses and barriers that hinder the achievement of the nuclear safety objectives shall be identified and corrected.” (Section 401)Regulator (Customer) Supplier (Items or Services)This statement in the Code is further clarified in the Annex:“The thrust of manag ement self-assessment is to identify, correct and prevent management problems that hinder the achievement of the organization's objectives. This Code establishes the requirement for a routine and continuing assessment of the management system by the organization's managers.This self-assessment methodology is in addition to the traditional audit/appraisal that determines the adequacy and extent of the QA programme development, documentation and implementation in accordance with specified requirements. This basic requirement improves on the standard stipulation in many QA prog rammes, which requires that management regularly assess the adequacy of the portion of the programme for which it is responsible and ensure its effective implementation. This standard requirement is typically achieved, on an annual basis, by an independent consultant or g roup of consultants on behalf of management, and it addresses compliance issues rather than broad categ ories of manag ement issues. Manag ement self-assessment g oes beyond such matters as conformance to regulations, item standards or established procedures.An effective management self-assessment evaluates issues such as:— mission of the organization— whether employees understand the mission— what is expected of the organization— whether the expectations are being met— opportunities for improving quality and enhancement safety— how to make better use of human resources.The results of the management self-assessment are documented. Decisions and related actions resulting from the recommendations are promptly followed up to evaluate their effectiveness.The assessment process involves all levels of manag ement, but senior manag ement retains the overall responsibility for manag ement self-assessments. It is essential that senior management directly participate in this process.”3.2.3.2. GradingThe IAEA QA Code 50-C-Q recommends a graded approach for the application of quality assurance during the various stages of a nuclear power plant life cycle.All items, services and processes have various controls built in to ensure they perform correctly. The grading process is a means of determining what types and extent of controls are applied to specific items, services and processes.Applying controls costs money, therefore they should be applied and focused where necessary and not applied or applied to a lesser degree for less important activities. Errors in more significant activities can potentially cost huge amounts of money, could shut down a plant or production line and could cause a threat to the staff and the environment. Additional controls that may reduce or eliminate such errors are therefore a good investment.“Nuclear safety shall be the fundamental consideration in the identification of the items, services and processes to which the quality assurance prog ramme applies. A g raded approach based on the relative importance to nuclear safety of each item, service orprocess shall be used. The g raded approach shall reflect a planned and recog nized difference in the applications of specific quality assurance requirements.In g eneral, the hig hest g rade should require the most string ent application of the quality assurance requirements; the lowest grade the least stringent.The following are examples of topic areas where grading should be applied:— Type and content of training— Amount of detail and degree of review and approval of instructions— Need for and detail of inspection plans,— Degree of in-process reviews and controls,— Requirements for material traceability— Type of assessment,— Records to be generated and retained. (Section 210).When items, processes or services are modified, the assigned grade of quality assurance requirements could become more string ent or less string ent depending on whether a change in nuclear safety significance has occurred.” (Section 211)Safety Guide 50-SG-Q1 explains what the “graded approach” in relation to nuclear safety means:“Whilst the quality assurance principles remain the same, the extent to which the quality assurance requirements are to be applied shall be consistent with the importance to nuclear safety of the item, service or process. A graded approach which can satisfy the necessary requirements and ensure the required quality and safety shall be used.” (Section 209)ISO 9001:1994 does not specify or define a graded approach for applying the controls specified in the quality system.3.2.3.3. Independence of inspection and testing personnelThe IAEA Code 50-C-Q requires that inspection and testing of specified items, services and processes shall be conducted using established acceptance and performance criteria. The level of inspection and testing and the degree of independence of personnel shall be established.ISO 9001:1994 does not specifically cover the independence of inspection and testing personnel.3.3. Linkages between the IAEA Safety Guides 50-SG-Q1 to Q14 and clauses of ISO9001:1994The linkages between the content of the IAEA Safety Guides and the ISO clauses are presented in the Appendix: Matrix 3.Matrix 3 supports the following observations:· The IAEA Safety Guides do not directly consider the customer-related requirements of ISO 9001 defined in Clauses 4.3 Contract Review, 4.7 Control of Customer-Supplied Product and 4.19 Servicing.· Similar requirements defined under the clauses ‘management responsibility’ and ‘quality system’ in ISO 9001 can be found in all of the Safety Guides.· Stage related Safety Guides in general address the majority of subjects in the ISO clauses.4. GUIDANCE WHEN USING ISO 9001:1994A detailed comparison of the IAEA Code 50-C-Q and BR related Safety Guides with ISO 9001:1994 to identify all additional requirements and guidance was carried out. In this comparison the annexes of the IAEA publications 50-C/SG-Q have not been considered as they contain examples illustrative of how the guidance could be implemented. The stage related Safety Guides, with exception of the Safety Guide “Quality Assurance in Design” (50-SG-Q10), were not included in this comparison as they provide specific recommendations for the content of the quality systems at each of the life-cycle stages. The Safety Guide 50-SG-Q10 was included as it provides guidance that may be relevant to the design activity of all stages.The detailed results of the comparison are included in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. These sections identify additional requirements or guidance found in the IAEA publications 50-C/SG-Q that are not found in ISO 9001:1994. Where the additional requirement or guidance is not self-explanatory some additional notes on application to suppliers are provided.The application of additional requirements or guidance from the IAEA Code and Safety Guides 50-C/SG-Q should be considered by the nuclear utility from two points of view:— Should the nuclear power plant/utility address this difference within its own quality assurance programme?— Should the nuclear power plant/utility require its suppliers to address the difference as an additional requirement in the procurement documents?The consideration should also take into account the regulatory requirements of each Member State.4.1. Additional requirements of the IAEA Code 50-C-QThe following table identifies additional or more detailed requirements in the IAEA Code 50-C-Q that are not contained within ISO 9001:1994.Section Additional Requirement Notes to aid application101 to 108 Introduction104 The responsible organization has to demonstrate the effective fulfilment of the quality assurancerequirements to the satisfaction of the regulatorybody… The utility should demonstrate that its quality programme takes account of and incorporates any requirements from the regulatory body. The utility should require its suppliers to apply any of these specific requirements where necessary.201 to 205 BR 1: Quality Assurance Programme204 Nuclear safety shall be the fundamentalconsideration in the identification of the items,services and processes to which the qualityassurance programme applies. A gradedapproach based on the relative importance tonuclear safety of each item, service or processshall be used. The graded approach shall reflecta planned and recognized difference in theapplications of specific quality assurancerequirements. The graded approach for activities and items, including procurement, should be described within the utility quality programme. The application of grading to supplier activities should be clarified. The utility should consider whether its supplier should adopt complimentary grading and provide guidance.Section Additional Requirement Notes to aid application 206 BR 2: Training and Qualification206 Personnel shall be trained and qualified so thatthey are competent to perform their assignedwork and understand the safety consequences oftheir activities. The utility should identify personnel involved with safety matters and provide the related training and qualification programme. The utility should notify its suppliers when their personnel are involved with safety matters and ensure they are trained appropriately.206 to 208 BR 3: Non-Conformance Control andCorrective Actions Non-conformance (as per IAEA Code 50-C-Q) covers non-conforming product, system and process non-conformity as per the ISO standard.304 to 305 BR 6: Design305 The adequacy of design, including design tools and design inputs and outputs shall be verifiedor validated by individuals or groups other thanthose who originally performed the work.Verification, validation and approval shall becompleted before implementation of the design. The utility quality programme addressing design should specify that persons in charge of safety related design verification and validation should be different from those performing the work. The utility should notify the relevant requirements to suppliers when they perform safety related design activities. Any design verification and approval should be performed before implementation of design. Generally design validation is performed through commissioning under defined operating conditions and specific dispositions should be applied for accidental conditions.Annex …Design inputs include all requirements for thedesign, such as the technical bases for thedesign (design basis), performancerequirements, reliability requirements, andsafety and security requirements. …... Computer programs used in design arevalidated through testing or simulation prior touse if not proven through previous use.—306 to 308 BR 7: Procurement Suppliers in IAEA terms are equivalent tosubcontractors.308 Requirements for reporting deviations fromprocurement requirements shall be specified inthe procurement documents. The option contained within ISO 9001:1994 for reporting deviations (non-conforming product) should be identified as being necessary.309 to 310 BR 8: Inspection and Testing for Acceptance309 Inspection and testing of specified items,services and processes shall be conducted usingestablished acceptance and performance criteria.The level of inspection and testing and thedegree of independence of personnel shall beestablished. It is recommended that utilities request suppliers to include this requirement in their quality programme, when appropriate.401 BR 9: Management Self-Assessment Management Self-Assessment is more complexand detailed than the ISO Management-Review.Management Self-Assessment focuses on theachievement of the nuclear safety objectives.Although ISO 9001:1994 covers themanagement review and internal audit processesit does not cover management self-assessment.(It is therefore recommended that suppliersproviding items and services to ISO Standardalso include management self-assessment intheir quality assurance programme.)。
小学英语阅读100篇翻译(67-100)钱丽英
67 三个花园格林先生在他的房子面前有一个小花园。
有很多的花。
但是他只有几棵树。
他的邻居布莱克先生也有一个花园。
布莱克先生的花园比格林先生的花园小。
他的花少于格林先生但他有更多的树。
布朗先生是格林先生的另一个邻居。
布朗先生的花园是三个花园中最小的。
他的花是他们中最少的,但是他的花园里的杂草是最长的。
总是有很多工作在花园里,但布朗没有足够的时间在他的花园里工作。
所以他的花园是最坏的。
68 一个法国学生一个法国学生去伦敦度假。
他会一点英语,但他说的不是很好。
有一天,他去一家餐馆。
他想要一些鸡蛋,但他不记得“鸡蛋”的英语单词了。
他四周看了看,看到一只母鸡的图片。
他让侍者看那张图片。
“你叫她的孩子叫什么?”他问道。
“小鸡,先生。
”“你叫小鸡出生之前叫什么?”“鸡蛋,先生。
”“很好,”,法国学生说。
“给我两个鸡蛋和一杯茶,谢谢。
”69 在地下地上有许多事情。
我们可以看到鲜花、树木、动物、鸟类和山脉。
也有很多东西在地下。
我们把煤和石油从地下取出来。
我们在很多方面使用煤和石油。
我们可以用煤炭和石油加热房屋和运行列车和机器。
在一些地方,在地下有一些美丽的石头。
它们是珠宝。
在一些地方地下有铁、金、银。
我们也可以在地下发现动物。
一些动物在地下建造自己的家。
70一个人在船上钓鱼是我最喜欢的运动。
我经常一钓数小时却一无所获。
但我从不为此烦恼。
有些垂钓者就是不开心。
他们往往鱼钓不到,却钓上来些旧靴子和垃圾。
我的运气甚至还不及他们。
我什么东西也未钓到过,就连旧靴子也没有。
在河上呆上整整一上午,我总是空着袋子回家。
“你必须放弃钓鱼!“我的朋友们说。
“这是在浪费时间。
“但是他们没有认识到一件重要的事情。
我只是喜欢坐在船上和什么都不干的!71 一条狗还是两条?有一天,一只狗有了一块很好的肉做晚餐。
他叼着肉高兴地回家了。
在他回家的路上,有一条小溪。
溪水平静而清澈。
他停下来看一看。
他看到什么?有一只和自己一样大的狗在它嘴里也有一些肉。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L10)
第十课 A我和松鼠妈妈谈条件玛尔格特戴弗林（1）我和我的丈夫最近从郊区搬到了城里。
（2）两周前我正在书房读书的时候，听到了一阵骚乱声。
为了保护我们新婚的家不受入侵者的骚扰，我拿起了致命的防卫武器——一把扫帚，小心地下了楼。
（3）我走到外面想看看入侵者是从什么地方来的。
正当我四处寻找的时候，看见了这个坏家伙从门廊的屋顶上出现了。
根据它弄出的声音我原以为是一只 50 磅重的浣熊，但是我错了，它只是一只半磅重的灰色的毛茸茸的松鼠。
我拿起扫把嘘声将它赶走，但是第二天我听见它又来了。
（4）我上网搜索了有关松鼠的信息，我发现因为松鼠是啮齿类动物，它们的牙齿会不断地长长，因此它们就必须经常啃食东西来把牙齿磨短。
我了解到它们经常会啃电线，这样房子就有失火的危险。
这倒是挺烦人的。
因此我让我们家的副总裁——也就是我的丈夫——打电话给野生动物管理人员。
星期六的时候，他给第一家公司打电话，他们安排下星期四来处理。
然后他又给另一家公司打电话，他们说可以在星期一上午派人来看看。
（5）星期一上午来了两个抽烟的人。
他们抽完了烟，就大摇大摆地走进了前门廊。
“喂，小夫人！”他们其中的一位摆着一付约翰威恩式样子问到：“捣蛋鬼在什么地方？”（6）我很不自然地指了指门廊的顶部，现在那儿放了一小块写着“欢迎来访”的脚垫。
我看见了洞里的育儿室，而这两个家伙把小松鼠掏出来扔到了雪地上。
我再一次强调让他们不要伤害她。
（7）他们怒气冲冲地说：“我们是慈善学会推荐的”，但是我注意到了他们把电棍放回了卡车，取而代之，拿出了一种有春天香味的除臭剂，在松鼠的窝里喷了几下。
他们告诉我松鼠不喜欢这种味道，因此会逃走。
对此我有点怀疑，因为这种味道挺好闻的。
（8）没有看到松鼠妈妈，所以他们就把洞给堵上了，然后跟我要了一张 250美元的支票，一溜烟地跑了。
他们还给了我一张保修卡。
我是比较容易受骗的那种人，因此我想跟我打交道的这家公司还算是挺有诚信的。
（9）他们走了不一会儿松鼠妈妈大老远的购物回来了。
六级阅读理解100篇文本(完整版)复习过程
六级阅读理解100篇文本（完成版）Can the Computer Learn from Experience计算机会总结经验吗Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory itcould be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Otherproblems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine —can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notescheck:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using 12 piecesecology:the relationship between organisms and their environment 生态关系，生态学Reading comprehensionThe purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________A to win the world chess championB to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time3 For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to ________A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is____A criticalB unconcernedC positiveD negative5 In the author’s opinion,______A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a gameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computers1 b2 c3 b4 c5 dYou Call This a Good Economy这能称之为上佳经验You have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rule—rather than the exception—that an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself decently on the income of a single breadwinner（养家糊口的人）. In 1955, when I was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassion; my father, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did this good economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today.There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be moved into higher tax groups, thus reducing after-tax purchasing power. That is, my father’s bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.To ordinary people, the economy doesn’t look very good at all. After-tax incomes continue to decrease in purchasing power. The jobs offered in the employment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth today’s $7.50 before and after taxes.Notes1 Brooklyn: a district of New York city2 inflate:通货膨胀3 proxy: the authority to act for another4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due to eachReading ComprehensionIn the author’s opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people canbe expressed in terms of ______the amount of wageafter-tax incomethe actual purchasing powerthe minimum wage per hourIn the period between 1950 and 1970,_______there was not much difference in the living standards between people of higher and lower educationan ordinary family of five without exception could live on one person incomethe income of an ordinary family was more than enough for buying foodfor an average family the income was sufficient to support allthe membersToday a bookbinder’s wage is ten times that of the 1950’s but its income tax rate has increased ______a.50 timesb.60timesc. 70 timesd. 80 times4 The worsening of a bookbinder’s livelihood results from _____a. his low education and the amount of wageb. the high-taxation and the income deductionsc. the high taxation and cost of livingd. thelow wage and higher prices5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher______a. the value of labor actually is shrinkingb. the minimum wage level is increasing likewisec. the income tax rate is rising alongd. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage6 The author’s tone in writing the article is_____a. ironicalb. subjectivec. high-soundingd. convincing7 the article aims to _________.a. help control the rapidly increasing pricesb. give some advice to the policy-makersc.impress the younger generation with some basic factsd.call upon the societys attention against inflation1 c2 b3 d4 c5 a6 d7 cAre Experts Always Right专家总是对的吗The world has become so complicated that we’ve lost confidence in our ability to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgement.It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “It’s nothing —just one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know something’s different.”“If you won’t take my word for it,I’ll take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. ”It’s a good thing you’re so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of these tumors because we don’t know they’re there until it is too late.”I’m really not so smart. And I’m too docile in the face of authority.I should have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. It’s hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here…”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When it’s an area we really know about—our bodies, our families, our houses—let’s listen to what the experts say, then make up our own minds.Notescardboard carton:a box or container made of a stiff pasteboard of paperscalp: the skin covering the headtumor:肿瘤eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fitsdocile: easily managed or taughtreading comprehension“It” in “…deal with it”(para.1) refers to ______a. confidenceb. the worldc. abilityd. complication2. “Expertise” in para.1 means______a. common senseb. expert skill or knowledgec. unusual ability to appreciated. personal experience3. We have to trust our own judgement since ____a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseb. experts often lose their common sensec. experts may sometimes fail to give good adviced. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise4 “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn that”(para.2) refers to______a. I can learn to trust my judgementb. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myselfc. common sense is not as useful as knowedged. expertise may not be reliable5 While reading one day, the author______a. found a hole at the back of his headb. heard a scratching sound from a cartonc. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratchingd. noticed a sound coming out from his head6 “tease” in paragraph 3 means______a. to make fun ofb. to comfortc. to replyd. to disbelieve7 “if you won’t take my word for it”in para.5 may be paraphrased_____a. if you don’t think my word is worth anythingb. if you don’t listen to my advicec. if you don’t believe my judgementd. if you prefer actions to words8 “Skull” in para.6 most probably means____a. the bony framework of the headb. the surface skin of the headc. the nerve system inside the headd. the top part of the head9 The author didn’t think he was smart(para.7)because____a. he had already suffered for two yearsb. he had not been able to put up with the painc. he had believed too much in expertised. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself10 It happens that the examples given by the author_____a. all concern with warsb. are taken from modern American historyc. have become popular themes in moviesd. have American Civil War as the background11 In the last paragraph, the work ”intimidate” may mean_____a. deceiveb. frightenc. make timidd. encourage1 b2 b3 c4 d5 c6 a7 c8 a9 c 10 a 11 cJust Call Me Mister1 On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to PlaySpace, an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing and sliding contraptions. There’s just one irritating detail: when you pay your money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.“Frum,” I say.“No, your first name.”“What do you need my first name for?”“To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call you.”“In that case, write ‘Mr. Frum.’”2 At which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaza Toro.3 In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names, PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the practice of leaving a visiting card.4 There’s hardly a secretary left who does not reply, when I givea message fro her boss, “I’ll tell him you called, David.” Or a public relations agent, whether in Bangor or Bangkok, who does not begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerful “Hello, David!”5 You don’t have to be a journalist to collect amazing first-name stories. Place a collect call, and the operator first-names you. The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first name before taking his order.6 Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by nothing worsethan uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I don’t believe it. I f I asked the fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I won’t go along with his story idea. No, it’s not friendliness that drives first-namers; it’s aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would never, if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David would never first-name the bank’s chairman. Like the mock-cheery staff at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act of belittlement, an assertion of power disguised as good cheer.Notes1 contraptions:(informal)mechanical devices;gadgets2 felt-tip marker:软笔尖的颜色笔3 adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌4 Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish,something like “Bull Fighting Ring” in English5 Bangor:City of South central Maine6 Bangkok:Captical of Thailand,曼谷7 spiel(slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to be persuasive8 collect call:a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver9 press baron:Baron is the lowest male rank of nobility, but here it stands for a man with great power in press10 mock: simulated11 cheery:cheerfulReading comprehensionThe author apparently regrets____having to take his children to PlaySpacebeing first-namedbeing approached so frequently by PR agentshaving to put on an adhesive lapel tag“PR” in paragraph6 stands for____a. personal requestb. personal respectc. public relationsd. public review3 When the author, as a journalist, speaks on the phone___a. he is usually very formal and faithfulb. he does not know whether a grownup or a child is speaking atthe other endc. he finds people address each other formallyd. he finds the secretary is often willing to pass a message4 He often finds secretaries _____a. irresponsible in answering phone callsb. trustworthy in passing messagesc. not only friendly but also carefuld. calling him David5 The author thinks that addressing a stranger by his first name is being____a. cheerfulb. friendlyc. disrespectfuld. light-hearted6 “As dead as” in paragraph 3 may be paraphrased as_____a. as firmly fixed asb. as useless asc. as out of fashion asd.as unmistakenly as7 Habitual first-namers’ claim amounts to saying____a. there’s nothing that can be worse than high-spirited friendlinessb. their attitude should be acceptablec. they are sometimes too high-spirited to control chemselvesd. one should control oneself while speaking to a stranger8 The so-called high-spirited friendliness(para. 6) is actually____a. cheerfulness in appearance but mockery in realityb. out and out insultc. a well-accepted skill in public relationsd. an act of outward warmth9 “In a whoosh” in paragraph 6 means______a. by all meansb. in the endc. in a secondd. in reality10 “I won’t go along with…” in paragraph 6 may be paraphrased asa. I won’t believe……b. I won’t go on listening…..c. I won’t agree with…. D. I won’t stick to…..1 b2 c3 c4 d5 c6 a7 b8 a9 c 10 bThe Dvelopment of Civilization1 The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery offire, although no body knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter2 The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became suffiviently intelligent, we must suppose that he fradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered hat speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.3 Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture was a step in human progress to whichsubsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.4 Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.5 These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons, domestic animals, agriculture, and writing—made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to deveop the beliefs and political organizationsappropriate to it There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greater part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during this long time; there was progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely gunpowder and the mariner’s compass—but neither of these can be compared in their power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.Notes1 ape: any monkey2 narrative: a story or description of actual or fictional events; to narrate is to give an account or commentary3 prey: an animal hunted or caught for food4 pastoral: of or pertaining to shepherds, herdsmen, etc.5 nomad: one of a group of people who have no permanent home and move about from place to place6 the Nile: the longest river in the world flowing through East Africa,尼罗河7 the Tigris: river of Southwest Asia, joining the Euphrates in South Iraq8 the Euphrates: river of Southwest Asia,幼发拉底河9 the Indus: river of South Central Asia, rising from Southwest Tibet, flowing through Pakistan to the Arabian SeaReading Comprehensionwhich one of the following, according to the author, was first discovered or invented in human civilization?a. written languageb. oral languagec. fired. domestication2 The author does not state clearly but implies that in thedevelopment of man___a. human speech developed along with other human facultiesb. picture language and writtenlanguage developed side by sidec. oral language preceded the use of fired. the ape might be taught to master speech3 According to the passage picture language was found most useful when_____a. people didn’t want to use speech in communicationb. oral language was not fully developedc. people went hunting or traveling somewhered. people were inhabiting in caves4 It is the author’s view that in human civilizationagriculture______.a. is the most important step man has ever madeb. is only less important than the domestication of animalsc. had long been practiced as stated in written historyd. can be ranked in importancewith the invention of machines5 In the 3rd paragraph,”… in the regions where it could be practiced…”, here, “it” refers to ________a. increaseb. numberc. agricultured. species6 The pastoral nomads would not have yielded to the agricultural way of life____a. if it had not been for the benefits brought about by agricultureb. unless agriculture could provide them with sufficient domesticated animalsc. if agriculture had taken up too large a number of their pasturesd. if they had not found setbacks in their pastoral way of life7 Written language in its initial stage was found more advantageous in that __a. it could communicate more accurately than the oral languageb. it had developed from picture languagec. information could be recorded and transmittedd. it was easier to learn than picture language8 The following conditions except one made it possible for civilized communities to exist. The exception is _________a. writingb. agriculturec. fired. caves9 The word ”it” in “… to develop the beliefs and politicalorganizations appropriate to it.”(paragraph 5) stands for______a. techniqueb. timec. long periodd. Industrial Revolution10 The author means to say that human civilized life originated from____a. South Europeb. North Africac. East Asiad. river areas1 c2 a3 b4 d5 c6 a7 c8 d9 a 10 d金色摇篮幼儿园安全应急预案安全事故应急工作领导小组组长：李春芳副组长：杨利平成员：各班班主任应急工作领导小组成员职责1、组长：负责综合协调指挥全面应急救援工作；2、副组长：负责迅速查明事故的性质、类别、影响范围等基本情况，制定救援方案；并实施防止事故扩大的安全防范措施；统一组织施救队伍开展具体工作。
2021年中考英语阅读理解强化100篇(含答案)
【001】欧阳光明（2021.03.07）Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Seep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them.Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk.We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is?""It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry.""Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back.""We can't ".said my sistter."Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!"1.The writer and Mary didn't know______.A. what Zip's first present wasB. how Zip carried its first present homeC. who owned Zip's first presentD. what Zip's first present was made of2.Tom calls Zip "the keep dog" because ______.A. the dog likes keeping thingsB. the dog likes playing with shoesC. he doesn't know the dog's nameD. he can't pronounce the word " sheep" well3.What made the shoe strange was ______.A. its colourB. its smellC. its sizeD. that it was a silk one4.The word "keep"in the last sentence means "_____"A. keeping things for itselfB. bringing things for other to keepC. not letting it run aboutD. taking care of a small child5.We can know from the reading that the dog _____.A. likes to give presents to peopleB. has been kept in at the writer's homeC. has brought some troubleD. likes to be called "the keep dog"【002】An old lady in a plane had a blanket（毯子）over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her, but the old lady said, “I have never been in a plane before , and I am frightened. I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”Then the captain came. He said, “Madam, I am the captain of this plane. The weather is fine, there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well. ”But she continued to hide.So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry, young man, but I don’t like planes and I am never going to fly again. But I’ll say one thing, ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife ke ep your plane very clean!”1. An old lady had _________ .A. glassesB. a blanket over her headC. a coatD. a basket2. A. She didn’t want to ________ .A. take it offB. turn it offC. get onD. talk about it3. _________ spoke to her .A. The air hostessB. The man next to herC. her husbandD. one of her friends4. The old lady had never been _________ before .A. abroadB. homeC. in a planeD. in hospital5. The woman didn’t like plan es and she was never going ________ .A. to fly againB. to travelC. to go abroadD. to go home 【003】Dick lived in England. One day in January he said to his wife, "I'm going to fly to New York next week because I've got some work there." "Where are you going to stay there?" his wife asked. "I don't know yet." Dick answered. "Please send me your address from there in a telegram (电报)," his wife said. "All right," Dick answered.He flew to New York on January 31st and found a nice hotel in the center of the city. He put his things in his room and then he sent his wife a telegram. He put the address of his hotel in it.In the evening he didn't have any work, so he went to a cinema. He came out at nine o'clock and said, "Now I'm going back to my hotel and have a nice dinner."He found a taxi (出租车) and the driver said, "Where do you want to go?" But Dick didn't remember the name and address of his hotel. "Which hotel are my things in?" he said, "And what am I going to do tonight?" But the driver of the taxi did not know. So Dick got out and went into a post office. There he sent his wife another telegram, and in it he wrote, "Please send me my address at this post office."Choose the right answer1. Dick flew to New York because ___.A. he went there for a holidayB. he had work thereC. he went there for sightseeing (观光)D. his home was there2. Why did his wife want a telegram from him?A. Because she didn't know his address yetB. Because she wanted to go to New York, tooC. Because she might send him another telegramD. Because she couldn't leave her husband by himself in New York3. Where did Dick stay in New York?A. In the center of the city.B. In a hotel.C. In a restaurant.D. At his friend's house.4. Who would send him the name and address of his hotel?A. The manager (经理) of his hotel.B. The police office.C. The taxi driver.D. His wife.5. Which of the following is not true?A. Dick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city.B. Dick didn't work on the first night of his arrival.C. Dick forgot to send his wife a telegram.D. Dick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi.【004】Bob and Jim once worked in the same factory. One day, Bob lent Jim ten dollars, but then Jim left his work and went to work in another town without paying back the money.Bob didn't see Jim for a year, and then he knew from another friend that Jim was in another town and staying at a hotel. So he went there to see him late in the evening.When he got to Jim's room, he saw his shoes near the door. "Well, he must be in," he thought, and knocked again, and said, "I know you are in, Jim. Your shoes are out here.""I've gone out in my boots," answered Jim.True or False1. Bob and Jim once worked in different factories.2. One day Jim borrowed ten dollars from Bob.3. Jim paid back the money to Bob and went to work in another town later.4. Bob hadn't seen Jim for a year when he learned that Jim was in another town.【005】I think the most terrible thing in life for my little brother is getting up in the morning. He is almost sick when my mother calls, "Herbert! It's seven o'clock! Get up!"Herbert answers, "I'm coming!" and goes right back to sleep. I'm not at all like my brother. I don't like to go to bed at night but I don't mind getting up in the morning. I usually wake up before my mother calls me.I jump out of bed and go into the bathroom to take a shower. I get dressed, brush my teeth, comb my hair, and get ready to go downstairs for breakfast as soon as my mother calls.But not Herbert. He just sleeps. A military band (军乐队) in our bedroom could not wake him up. I call him and say, "Get up! Mum will be up here to pull you out of bed if you don't get up immediately!"But he just sleeps. After calling a few more times my mother has to come upstairs and pull Herbert out of bed. It's that way every day with my little brother. Perhaps some day he'll learn to get up on time, but I really don't think so.True or False1. The most terrible thing in life for my little brother is going to school.2. I'm not like my brother because I like to go to bed early at night and get up early in the morning.3. I usually jump out of bed and go into the bathroom for a shower before my mother calls.4. When mother calls, Herbert doesn't answer and remains in bed.5. My mother often has to go upstairs and pull Herbert out of bed as he refuses to get up.6. Sometimes we have to send for a military band to wake Herbert up.7. The writer thinks some day Herbert will learn to get up on time.Key1: 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.CKey2: 1－5 BAACAKey3: 1-5 B A B D CKey4: 1-4 F T F TKey5: 1-7. F T T F T F F【006】In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience (经历) four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella (伞)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret (后悔) later in the day.1. Why do people in England often talk about the weather?A. Because they may have four seasons in one dayB. Because they often have very good weatherC. Because the weather is warm just like in springD. Because the sky is sunny all day2. From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A. sunshine and snowB. black cloudsC. summer and winterD. spring and autumn3. "People can also have summer in winter." Means "it is sometimes too ______in winter."A. warmB. coolC. coldD. rainy4. In the sunny morning some English people usually take a raincoat or an umbrella with them because ________.A. their friends ask them to do soB. it often rains in EnglandC. they are going to sell themD. they are their favourite things5. The best title (标题)for this passage is ________.A. Bad SeasonsB. Summer or WinterC. The Weather in EnglandD. Strange English PeopleKEY: ABABC【007】Mr Brown was going away for a week. Before he left, he said to his son, "if anyone asks for me, you can tell him that your father has been out for doing something, and will be back in a week, then be sure to ask him to sit down for a cup of tea.""OK, Dad," said his son. But he was afraid his son couldn't remember this, he wrote these words down on a piece of paper and gave it to him. His son put it into his small pocket, took it out and looked at it every now and then.Four days passed, but no one came to see his father. The boy thought that there was no man to come and that the piece of paper was of no more use for him, so he burnt it that evening.The next afternoon, someone knocked at the door. The boy opened it. A man was standing at the door and said, "Where is your father?" The boy put his hand into his pocket at once and looked for the piece of paper. He could not find it. He suddenly remembered he had burnt it, so he shouted, "No more."The man was very surprised. He asked, "No more? I met your father last week. When did it happen?""Burnt yesterday evening."1. Mr Brown told his son that _____.A. he would be away from home for four daysB. he would be back in seven daysC. he would be back in a monthD. he liked a cup of tea2. Mr Brown wrote the words down on ________.A. the wallB. the doorC. a piece of paperD. his son's pocket3. A man came to visit the boy's father on ________.A. the second dayB. the third dayC. the fourth dayD. the fifth day4. The man was very surprised because _________.A. he thought the child's father was deadB. the child didn't ask him to sit downC. the child gave him a cup of teaD. he couldn't find that piece of paper5. What was burnt? ___________.A. The piece of paperB. Mr SmithC. The visitorD. The boy KEY: BCDAA【008】One of the things to be learnt in a foreign language is guessing all the time what kind of thing to come when listening to someone talking. People do this all the time in their own language, so it is necessary (必要的) to do this in a foreign language, too. Here are some examples.1. "What's the matter？" "I went to a party last night, so I…"2. "I feel so tired these days."" I think you'd better…"3."Of course, she never stops talking. She is one of the most…"You can see from the above three examples that the context (上下文) helps a lot in understanding what is being talked about. So "guessing "is very important in understanding English, especially (尤其)spoken English.1.This passage tells us mainly about _________.A. the importance of "guessing " in learning a foreign languageB. how to guess what one is going to talk aboutC. some examples of right guessingD. how important it is to guess all the time2.from the context, we can see maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLEI is _________.A. "… so I didn't have a good time."B. "…so I went to bed very late."C. "…. So I felt unhappy."D. "… so I got up very early."3. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 2 is ________.A. "I think you'd better have a good rest and take good care of yourself."B. "I think you'd better have something to drink."C. "I think you'd better get some help from your friends."D. "I think you'd better be more careful."4. Maybe the finished answer in EXAMPLE 3 is ______.A. "… she is one of the most famous film stars."B. "…she is one of the most beautiful women."C. "… she is one of the most famous speakers."D. " .. she is one of the most talkative women."5. From the passage we can infer (推断) that guessing is _______in learning a foreign language.A. the only wayB. more important in spoken English than in written EnglishC. more important than any other wayD. more important in written English than in spoken EnglishKEY: ABADB【009】Uncle Li and Uncle Wang are good friends. They live next to each other and their farms are both at the foot of the mountain. So they can help each other. But neither of them likes to use his head. They're both poor though they work hard. Most villagers have built new houses, but they still live in the low and broken houses. They never find out why.Once Uncle Li went to town to buy some medicine for his wife. In the town he heard the apples in a city were expensive. He told Uncle Wang about it as soon as he went back. They decided to carry some apples to the city. They borrowed some money from their friends and bought nearly 1,000 kilograms of apples in the villages and carried them to the city on a tractor. Bad luck! A lot of apples has already been carried there when they arrived. A few days later they had to sell them at a low price (价格)。
小学英语阅读100篇中英文对照95-96
小学英语阅读100篇中英文对照95-9695.Sign Language手势语There is one common language in every country in the world.世界上每个城市都有一种共同的语言。
All the people,old and young,men and women,must use it.所有的人，无论是年轻人、男人和女人都必须用它。
It's everybody's second language.It's easy to understand,although you don't hear it.这是每个人的第二语言。
它很易懂，尽管你听不见。
It's sign language.这就是手势语。
When you wave to friend,you are using sign language.当你向你的朋友挥手时，你在使用手势语。
When you smile at someone,you mean to be friendly.当你对某人笑时，你的意思是友好。
When you raise your hand in class,you are saying,"Please ask me.I know the answer."当你在课堂上举手时，你在说，“请问我，我知道答案。
”When you put one finger in front of your mouth,you mean"quiet".当你把一根手指头放在嘴的前面时，你的意思是“安静。
”The deaf use sign language to talk with each other.耳聋的人可以用手势语彼此交谈。
There is even a university for the deaf in the United States.在美国，甚至有一所专门为耳聋的人开设的大学。
英语阅读100篇翻译钱丽英PDF文本
小学英语阅读100篇1、可怜的男人看看这个男人。
他在做什么？他在搬一个非常大的箱子。
这个箱子装满了大苹果。
他想把它（箱子）放到他的自行车后座上，并且带回家。
他能做到么？不，我不这么认为。
为什么呢？因为这个箱子太满了并且太沉了。
看！怎么回事儿？他弄掉了那个箱子。
可怜的男人！2、凯特（卡特）凯特是个新学生。
她十二岁了。
她来自美国。
她会说非常好（流利）的英语，并且她会说一点汉语。
她在南京。
她父母是医生。
凯特正在离她家很近的学校学习。
她周一到周五有课。
在周六周日，她经常和她的中国朋友们玩游戏。
她爱中国和她的中国朋友们。
3、你能找到鲍勃么？你好，贝蒂。
请在明天早上九点在车站见鲍勃。
去那个大钟表那里。
拿一个绿色的包并且戴一个白色帽子。
他不是非常高，但是很胖。
他有（留着）黑色短发和棕色眼睛。
他也戴眼镜。
他喜欢穿蓝色裤子和红色毛衣。
你能找到他么，贝蒂？4、我的房间这是我的房间。
在窗户旁边有一张桌子。
我经常在它上面做回家作业。
你能看到一些书，一些花在花瓶里，一个尺子和一支钢笔。
在桌子旁边的墙上，这里有一幅猫的画。
这里有个钟表在我的床头上面。
我经常把我的足球放到床下。
当然，这里有一个椅子在桌子前面。
我坐在那儿就能看到外面的路和树。
5、他们在做什么？怀特一家在家里。
（怀特女士）妈妈在厨房。
她在做饭。
（怀特先生）爸爸正坐在椅子里读报纸。
汤姆和他的朋友迪克在擦洗自行车。
简和她的朋友玛丽在简的卧室。
他们在听磁带。
6、我的家庭我是汤姆。
我十一岁了。
我住在学校附近。
我每天都去学校。
在我家有三个人。
我爸爸，我妈妈和我。
我爸爸是一个公车司机。
他很友好。
他有很多朋友。
我妈妈是个教师。
她在我的学校里上班。
她每天做家务。
我爱他们。
7、郊游爸爸：今天是周日。
汤姆，我想带你去公园。
露西：我也能去么?爸爸：噢，不行，你必须照看你的妹妹。
并且你妈妈在工作。
露西：我能把妹妹也带到公园。
她可以和别的小朋友玩游戏。
爸爸：好吧。
去你卧室把盒子里的新连衣裙穿上吧。
小学英语阅读100篇(整理版)之令狐文艳创作
小学英语阅读100篇令狐文艳1， Poor Man !Look at this man ，What is he doing ? He's carrying a very big box，The box is full of big apples ，He wants to put it on the back of his bike and take it home ，Can he do that ? No，I don't think so，Why not ? Because the box is too full and too heavy，Look ! What'swrong ? He drops the box，Poor man !New Words and ExpressionsWhy， Because， drop， poor2， KateKate is a new student，She is twelve，She is from America， She can speak English very well and she can speak a little Chinese ，She is in Nanjing， Her parents are doctors ，Kate is studying in a school near her home ，She has classes from Monday to Friday ，On Saturdays and Sundays , she often plays games with her Chinese friends ，She loves China and her Chinese friends ，New Words and ExpressionsParents， work， doctor， study， a little3， Can You Find Bob ?Hello , Betty， Please meet Bob at the station at nine o'clock tomorrow morning ， Go to the big clock， Carry a green bag and wear a white hat ，He's not very tall but quite fat ，He has short black hair and brown eyes ，He also has glasses， He likes wearing blue trousers and a red sweater ，Can you find him , Betty ?New Words and ExpressionsStation， tomorrow， wear， brown4， My RoomThis is my room ， Near the window there is a desk ， I often do my homework at it ，You can see some books , some flowers in a vase , a ruler and a pen ，On the wall near the desk there is a picture of a cat ，There is a clock above the end of my bed ，I usually put my football under my bed ，Of course here is a chair in front of thedesk ，I `sit there and I can see the trees and roads outside ，New Words and ExpressionsHomeworkvaseendof course5， What Are They Doing ?The White family is at home ，Mrs White is in the kitchen ， She is cooking ，Mr White is sitting in a chair and reading the newspaper ，Tom and his friend Dick are cleaning the bicycle ，Jane and her friend Mary are in Jane's bedroom ，They are listening to a tape ，New Words and ExpressionsKitchencookbicycletape6， My FamilyI am Tom， I'm eleven years old ，I live near the school， I go to school every day ，In my family there are three people ，My father , my mother and I， My father is a bus-driver ，He is friendly， He has a lot of friends ，My mother is a teacher， She works at my school ，She does housework every day， I love them ，New Words and ExpressionsBusdriverfriendlyhouseworka lot of7， An OutingFather : Today is Sunday， Tom , I would like to take you to thepark ，Lucy : Can I come ,too ?Father : Oh no , you must look after your sister， And your mother is at work ，Lucy : I can take my sister to the park , too ，She can play games with other children ，Father : OK， Go to your bedroom and put on your new dress in the box ，Lucy : OK ，Father : It's about nine o'clock， Let's go ，Lucy and Tom : All right， Let's go ，New Words and ExpressionsOutingbedroomdresswould like tolook afterat work8， Our ClassThis is a picture of our class ，There are fifty students in our class ，You can see twenty-five boys and twenty-five girls ，There is an American student in our class ，Her name is Mary， Her English is very good ，We all like her， She likes eating bread and cakes ，She likes drinking milk and orange juice ，We like eating rice and drinking tea， We are very happy together ，New Words and ExpressionsBreadliketogethereatdrink9， Never LateIn the morning I get up at six ，I wash my face and put on my clothes ，Then I eat my breakfast with my family at six thirty ，At six forty I go to school by bike ，I am never late , but Tom is sometimes late and Mary is alwayslate ，They often run to school，New Words and ExpressionsWashlateneversometimesalways10， In the ClassroomThis is a classroom， You can see some girls , a boy and a teacher in it ，The boy is Tom， He has golden hair and blue eyes ，He if from America， He is a new pupil ，The girls are Chinese， They can speak a little English ，They are talking with Tom in English ，Miss Li is writing something on the blackboard ，New Words and ExpressionsGoldenwritehairsomethingblackboard11， A Football MatchIt's Sunday tomorrow， We are going to watch a football match ，It's between a Japanese team and a Chinese team ，The football match is going to be at four o'clock in the afternoon ，Our teachers Mr Li and Mr Wang are going to watch the footgall match with us ，We are going there by bike， We think we can come back at about six in the evening ，New Words and ExpressionsMatchby bikecome back12， My ParentsMy parents work in a shoe factory ，They get up at five thirty， They first get breakfast ready ，Then they go to work by bus ，They work there from eight to five ，They come home at about six and prepare supper for us ，Mother washes clothes in the evening ，Father often makes toys for us ， They are busy all day ，New Words and ExpressionsPreparesuppertoybusy13， A RiddleI'm a word， I have three letters ，My first is in "snow " but not in "ice " ,my second is in "rose" and also in "rice" ,my third is not in "pencil"but in "paper" ,my whole is a place where there is a lot of water ，What am I ?New Words and ExpressionsRiddleletterfirstsecondthird whole14， Jim's BedroomThis is Jim's bedroom ，It's new and nice， A bed and a chair are in it ，A desk is on the floor， Some flowers are on it ，A bookshelf is behind the bed， Some English books are on the bookshelf ，A picture is on the wall， Some people are in the picture ，The man is his father， The woman is his mother ，Who is the boy ? Do you know ?New Words and ExpressionsBookshelffloorflower15， DaydreamIt's very nice day in October ，The students are having a maths class ，But Bob is looking out of the window and watching the clouds move across the blue sky ，"Boy , what a day to play football !" he thinks ，Just then the bell rings and wakes him from his daydream ，He closes his notebook sadly , stands up , and walks slowly to hisnext class ，New Words and ExpressionsDaydreamcloudsky bellring close notebook sadly16， A Picture of a ParkLook , this is a picture of a park ，It is not black and it is not white ，It is red , yellow , blue , and green ，Is there a lake in the park ? Yes， Are there any trees and flowers there ?Yes , there are many ，They are so beautiful， And we can see some people ,too ，They are sitting near the lake， They are looking at some goldfish ，New Word and ExpressionspictureLakebeautifulfishgoldfish17， Going to the ZooToday is Sunday ，Bob is going to the zoo with his classmates ，He puts on his new white T-shirt and yellow cap ，He says goodbye to his parents and goes to the bus stop ，The bus stop is near his home， He is going to meet his classmates there ，The zoo is very far but a No ， 57 bus will take them right there ，The children are going to see a lot of animals at the zoo and they are going to have a good time ，New Words and ExpressionsZooanimalhave a good time the bus stop18， Mike and TomMike and Tom are in the same school ，They are in the same grade , too ，Mike has English classes in the morning ,but Tom has English classes in the afternoon ，After school , they play games ，They often play basketball , play football , fly kies and ride bikes ，They can jump , swim , and sing , too ，They are good students， They love their school ，New Words and ExpressionsJumpswim play basketballplay footballfly kites ride bikes19， At LunchtimeIt is eleven thirty， Deborah and her friends are not having lunch ，They are having "morning coffee " ，They are talking about their husbands ，One of them is wearing a very strange hat ，Frank is Deborah's husband ，He is eating in the factory now ，He always eats there， A lot of men are standing in a queue ，They are waiting for their lunch ， It is raining outside ，New Words and ExpressionsCoffeehusbandstrangefactoryqueue20， Two PicturesCome here and look at these pictures ，This is a picture of a man , Mr Brown , and a boy , Richard ，Mr Brwon is the father of Richard Brown ，And Richard Brown is the son of Mr Brown ，That is a picture of a woman , Mrs Brwon , and a girl , MarryBrown ，Mrs Brown is the wife of Mr Brown and the mother of Mary Brown ，Mary Brown is Richard's sister ，New Words and ExpressionsSondaughtersisterbrotherwife21， A Nice GirlLi Ying likes English very much ，She works hard， She reads English every morning ，She likes speaking English， She often listens to the radio ，She watches TV only on Saturday evening ，Does she like dancing ? No , she doesn't ，But she likes drawing and singing ，Her parents like her， And all the teachers and her friends likeher ,too ，New Words and ExpressionsRadiowork hardwatch TV22， On SundayIt is Sunday today， The weather is fine ，Mingming and Dongdong are in the park ，It is a big park， They can see many people there ，They come here to have a rest after a week's hard work and study ，Some boys are playing football on the grass ，Some girls are singing and dancing ，An old man is reading a newspaper under a big tree ，A young woman and her little son are playing with a toy bus ，How happy they are !New Words and ExpressionsHardgrasstoyhave a rest23， Mr BlackMr Black teaches us English this term ，He is a tall man， He likes wearing a white shirt and black trousers ，He speaks English very well ，We like his lessons very much ，His home is near the school ，Sometimes Mr Black walks to his home ，He has two little sons ，They look the same ， They often wear the same clothes ，He loves to see them and play with them ，Mr Black calls the two boys Da Mao and Xiao Mao ，New Words and Expressionsteachterm shirt lesson24， A Clock and WatchWe can tell the time by a clock or by a watch ，A clock is big ; it is usually on the wall or on the table ，A watch is small ; we can put it in the pocket , or wear it on thewrist !A clock or a watch usually has a round face ，It has two hands , a long one and a short one ，Tom's colck can speak and call him to get up every day ，His watcah has a picture of a lovely dog on the face ，He likes it very much ，New Words and ExpressionsPocketwrist long short25， Meet LilyKate : Look , Mary ! A girl is over there， Can you see her ?Mary : Which girl ?Kate : The one in the red coat under the apple tree， Do you knowher ?Mary : Sorry， I don't know her， I think she is new ，Let's go and meet her ，Kate : All right， (under the apple tree )Mary : Hello ! I'm Mary， What's your name , please ?Lily : My name is Lily， Nice to meet you ，Mary : Nice to meet you , too， Lily , this is Kate , my good friend，We are in the same class ，Lily : Kate , how do you do ?Kate :How do you do ? I'm English， Are you English , too ?Lily : No , I'm American ，Kate and Mary : We're glad we have a new friend ，New Words and Expressionswhichunderover there26， A Happy FamilyMike comes from America， He is twelve ，His father Mr Brown works in a big shop in Beijing，Mike has a sister， Her name is Kate， She is only four ，It is Saturday today， Mike's family is all at home ，Mr Brown is sitting in a chair and reading today's newspaper ，Mrs Brown is out of the house ;she is watering the flowers ，Is Mike with his mother ? No , he is cleaning his new bike ，Where is Kate ? She is in her room， She is playing with her cat，What a happy family !New Words and Expressionsonlywater clean newspaper27， A Good TimeToday is Sunday， It is a fine day ，The sky is blue， Mr White is with his family ，There are four people in his family ，They are Mr White , Mrs White , May and Jim ，They are walking on the bridge ，There are some boats on the river， Mr and Mrs White are looking at them ，May is not looking at the boats ，She is looking at a big ship ，Jim is looking at the birds in the sky ，They have a good time ，New Words and Expressionsbridgeboat river ship28， Aunt Jane's BirtheayAunt Jane's birthday is coming， She will be 40 years old ，Dad and Mum are going to take me to her house ，We are going to go there by train， We are leaving on Fridayevening ，and we are coming back on Sunday afternoon ，The brithday party will be on Saturday ，I am going to give my dear Aunt Jane a card ，I am making it now， I am using my colour pencils to draw some nice flowers on the card ，I am going to draw Aunt Jane a small cat on it ,too ，Because she likes cats， The card will be very nice ，Dad says his sister will like it very much ，New Words and ExpressionsLeave party card by tain29， Mary and Her SistersMary has four sisters， They are Betty， Holly , Rose and Ann ，Mary is the oldest of the five ，Betty is thirteen years old ，She is two years younger than Mary and one year older than Holly ，Rose is nine and Ann is seven ，Mary and Betty study in a middle school ，Holly , Rose ,and Ann study in a primary school ，The primary school is near their home ，They walk there， The middle school is very far， Mary and Betty go there buy bus ，New Words Expressionsoldestyounger study primary far30， An AccidentI walk very slowly with big , heavy box in my hands ，A boy runs very fast towards me ，He is too fast， And he can't stop ，Oh , dear ! My box drops to the floor and the books areeverywhere ，What can I do ? I want to cry ，The boy says , "Sorry ， " And he helps me to pick up all the books ，He then helps me to carry the box of books to our classroom ，Who is he ? He is new classmate， His name is Jimmy and he is from England，We are good friends now ，New Words and Expressionsaccidentslowlyheavyeverywherecrypick up31， Back to SchoolIt's the first day of school ，Tom wants to go back to school ，He wants to see his friends， He wants to meet his new teacher ，Tom gets up early in the morning， He washes and eats his breakfast ，Then he rides his bike to school， He sees his friends on the playground ，He plays hide-and-seek with them ，In the classroom , Tom meets his new maths teacher ，Her name is Mrs Green， Tom likes Mrs Green ，She can speak English very well ，He thinks she is a nice teacher ，New Words and Expressionsfirstearlymathshide-and-seek32， Shirley and TinaThere are Twenty-one boys and nineteen girls in my class ，Two of them are Americans， One is Shirley ，The other is Tian， They are in the same school ，They are in the same class ,too， Where are they ?They are on the playground ，Shirley is wearing a yellow sweater and a blue skirt ，Tina is wearing a white blouse and a pair of black trousers ，Look ! Shirley and Tina are playing games with their classmates ，New Words and Expressionsplaygroundtrousersclassmatea pair of33， About GeorgeGeorge studies at the No， 3 Primary School ，There are about eight hundred students and fifty teachers in his school ，George is in Class One , Grade Five ，He likes English and music best ，His English teacher is Mr Brown ，He comes from England， He is a nice man ，He can speak a little Chinese , but he doesn't know how to write Chinese ，He likes his work in China but he doesn't like Chinese food ，Mr Wu teaches George music， He can sing very well ，He is George's big friend ，New Words and ExpressionsmusicfoodEngland34， In the ParkThere is a park near our school ，We can see many trees and flowers there ，Some flowers are red , and some are yellow ，We can see a hill behind the park ,too ，At the foot of the hill we can see a river， There are some boats on it ，Children like to go there， It is Monday today ，There are many Young Pioneers in the park ，Some are walking and singing， Some are dancing or playiong games ，Ann and her sister Kate are flying a kite ，Tom and his brother Sam are throwing a frisbee ，Their father and mother are sitting under the tree ，All the family are having a good time ，New Words and ExpressionshillchildrenYoung Pioneer35， Two Girls' ParentsLinda and Mary are good friends ，Linda is thirteen， She comes from America，Mary is twelve， She is from London，They study in the same school , but in different classes ，Linda's father teaches in a middle school ，Her mother drives a car， mary's mother works with machines ，Her father makes cars， They can speak English , French and a little Chinese ，Linda's mother likes cooking， She like eating rice ，But Linda's father doesn't ，He likes drinking mild and eating bread ，Mary's mother doesn't like cooking， But she likes making clothes ，She can make beautiful blouses and dresses ，Mary's father likes doing housework and mending things ，Now he is cleaning the room， Look ! Mary is helping her father ，New Words and ExpressionsLondonMachinemend36， A Dog for My DaughterWe buy our danghter a little dog ，There are not many children of her age and we think a dog would make her happy ，We are right， They play together happily， Our daughter smiles and laughts a lot more ，Both of them are very dirty ，But the dog is easier to look after than my daughter ，He always eats up all his food and we needn't wash his clothes ，My wife is also very happy becuase I don't smoke any more ，The dog doesn't like the smell ，New Words and Expressionsagehappilysmokesmelleat up37， An Exact ManMr Smith likes to be exact ，One day when he is walking in the street , a man comes over and asks him ,"Excuse me ,but where's the nearest bookshop ?""The nearest bookshop ? You have to cross a bridge and then turn to the right ， "" Is the bridge long ? ""Yes， It's about thirty metres ， "The man thanks him and goes towards the bridge ，Suddenly he hears someone running after him ，"Stop !" Mr Smith is shouting ，"I'm sorry， I just remember the birdge is forty metres long ，If you go thirty metres and then turn to the right ,as I told you to do , you'll fall into the river ， "New words and Expressionsexactbookshipcrossbridgerun after38， A Beautiful Sunny DayIt is a beautiful sunny day ，There isn't cloud in the sky，Greg wants to have lunch at once ，But we decide to have a swim first ，After swimming , we have a picnic lunch under the trees ，Then we lie in the sun for a while ，In the afternoon in begins to get cloutdy ，At four o'clock , we have to go back because it starts to rain ，New Wrods and Expressionsskydecidepicniclie39， Mr ZhangMr Zhang is now at his desk， He is busy writing something on a piece of paper ，On the right side of his desk he has some flowers and some books ，On his left side there is a light and a cup ，He has a phone in the middle of his desk , too ，Now Mrs Zhang is coming to him ，She has a book in her hand， She's going to give it to Mr Zhang ，On the wall there is a map of China and two pictures ，Mr Zhang likes those pictures very much ，But his wife doesn't like them at all ，New Words and Expressionsrightleftlightphonemiddle40， Make Other People HappyIn class the teacher asks a question , "Do you often make others happy ?""Yes ! " one boy answers loudly ，"How nice , Sandy !" said the teacher who is very glad ，"And Sandy , would you like to tell us that happy thing ?""All right， Every sunday I go to my grandmother's house ，I often play with my grandmother for three hours ，And when I say , "Granny , I'm going home now ， "she often says , "Well , I'm so glad ， "New World and Expressionsquestiongrandmothergrannyloudly41， The Old MouseAn old lady has a cat ，The cat is now very old ，She cannot run fast ,and she cannot bite ，When the old cat sees a mouse , she jumps to it and catches it , but the mouse still gets out of her mouth aand runs away ，Then the old lady is very angry ，She begins to beat the cat ，The cat says to her , "Don't beat me ，Please be kind to me ，When I was young , I gave you l lot of help " ，New Words and Expressionsladycatchmouseangrybeat42， Two ShoesLucy looks up from her book ，The whole class is laughing at something ，She turns around and asks Maureen what is funny ，Maureen tries to explain , but she can't stop laughing ，Everyone is looking at Lucy's feet ，Lucy looks down at her feetand sees a red shoe one foot and a green shoe on the other foot ，Lucy's face turns red ，She runs out of the classroom at once ，New Words and Expressionsfunnyexplainlaugh atturn aroundat once43， The First QuestionOne day after school the teacher says to his students , "Tomorrow morning ,if anyone of you can answer my first quesiton , he or she can go home early ， "The next day , when the teacher comes into the classroom ,he finds the blackboard very dirty ，He is very angry and asks , "Who did it ?Please stand up !" "It's me , " says Bob ，"Now , I can go home， Goodbye , sir !"New Words and Expressionsearlydirtyanswer44， The Farmer and the SnakeIt is a cold day in winder ，A farmer finds a snake on the ground ，It is nearly dead with cold， The farmer is a kind person ，He brings it carefully to his house and puts it near the fire ，Soon the snake begins to move but it raises its head and tries to bite the farmer ，"Oh " , says the farmer , "I save your life , but you thank me likethis ，You must die and the sooner the better ， "Then he kills the snake with a stick ，New World and Expressionssnakefirestickdeadnearlykill45， A Careless GrandfatherMy name is Jane， My grandfather is very careless ，He is a very clever man , but he never remembers little things ，April 27th is my birthday， My grandfather says to me ,"I'm going to your home , and give you a present ! "I'm very excited， I wait for him all day ,but he doesn't come , so I phone him and ask why ，He answers , "Sorry , I went to the other granddaughter's house ， " What a careless grandfather !New Words and ExpressionsAprilbirthdaycarelessexcitedgranddaughter46， Fish ? Milk ?Fred is in his room ， He is doing his homework ，"Homework isn't nice , " he says to Tiger ，"Tiger is my friend " , he writes ，"He is my cat， He is small and black and his eyes are green ，I give him fish and milk， " Tiger looks at Fred， "Fish ? Milk ?" Fred says , "I can't come now ，I can't give you food now， I'm working ， "He writes , "He comes to my room and looks at me ，And I give him fish and milk ， "Tiger says "Miaou， " "No , Tiger " , Fred says , " I can't come now ，I'm doing my homework " ，New Words and Expressonsworkwritegivedo one's homework47， Looking for a Pen PalMy name is Bill Smith ，I'm American and I'm a student in a middle school ，I'm 13， My hobbies are music and football ，My two sisters are students , too ，We live in Washington , D， C， now ，My mother is a teacher and my father is a manager of a small company，I'd like a pen pal from China or Japan，Please write to 101 West Street , Washington , D， C， ,921081,USA，New Words and Expressionspen panhobbyWashington ,D， Cmanagercompany48， On a Busthe bus stops at the next stop ，A mother and her child get on the bus and sit down ，the conductor comes to them for the tickets ，The mother says , "One ticket to the Children's Park ， "The conductor looks at the small child , then says to him , "How old are you , little boy ?"The mother wants to speak , but the conductor stops her ，The boy says , "Mother says I'm four years old at home and two on the bus ， "All the other people laugh ，New Words and Expressionsconductorticketlaugh49， Two HolesMr Black has two cats， One is big and the other is small ，He likes them very much， One day his friend Mr Green comes to see him ，He is very surprised， He finds there are two holes in the door , a big hole and a small one ，He says , "My dear friend , why are there two holes in your door ? " " To let them in and out ," Mr Black anwers ，"But why are there two holes ?" asks his friend ，"How can the big cat go through the small hole ?" he says ，New Words and Expressionsholesurprisedanswergo through50， Making a Telephone CallHow do you make a telephone call in English ?Do you know ? Let me tell you ，If you want to ask someone to come to the telephone ,you cannot say , "Please ask Mr，，， to answer the telephone "，You should say , "May I speak to Mr ，，， ?"If you want to ask who is answering the telephone ,you should say , "Who is this , please ?""Is this Mr，，， (speaking)?" You cannot say , "Who are you?"If you want to tell the other one who you are , yo should say ,"Thisis ，，， (speaking ) "，You cannot say , "I'm ，，， "New Words and Expressionstelephoneshouldmake a telephone call51， Cutting the CakeDick is seven years old , and his sister Mary is five ，Today their mother takes them to their grandma's house and then she goes out ，The children play for an hour ,and then at four thirty their grandma takes Dick into the kitchen ，She gives him a nice cake and a knife and says ,"Like a gentleman , give the bigger piece to the other ， "Dick thinks about this for a moment ，He says to Mary ," You cut this cake , Mary " ，New Words and Expressionsknifegentlemanbiggerpiecemomenthalf52， The Lu XunMuseumWe are at the Lu Xun Museum , boys and girls ，You know , Lu Xun was a great writer and thinker ，From the exhibits in the museum , I'm sure you will know more about Lu Xun，We will stay here for an hour and will leave at one thirty ，The bus will be waiting for you in front of the museum ，Please remember the bus number and be back on time ，Don't forget to close the windows before you leave the bus ，New Words and Expressionsmuseumwriterthinkerexhibitforgetleave53， A History Question"Who is the first president of the United States ?"a history teacher asks one of her pupils ，The pupil thinks for a long time , but he doesn't say anything ，Then the teacher gets angry and shouts , "George Washington " ，The pupil begins to walk towards his seat ，"Come back !" the teacher says， "I didn't tell you to go ， ""Oh , I'm sorry , " says the student， "I thought you called the next student "，New Words and Expressionspresidenthistoryshout。
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Perceived Urgency of Voice Alarms in Emergency EvacuationsHuiyang Li1, Xianghong Sun2, Kan Zhang2, Nadine Sarter11 University of Michigan2 Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesEffective and compelling warnings are critically needed in emergency evacuations, especially in large buildings or in facilities where occupants may be unfamiliar with the environment. Voice alarms have the potential to capture attention and direct occupants efficiently and effectively in an emergency. To inform the design of voice alarms, most previous studies have examined the perceived urgency of individual words in a warning signal. However, very few studies have been conducted on voice alarms that present entire sentences and are broadcast to a large group of people during emergency evacuations. The present study investigated how to optimize the acoustic (speech rate, noise level, SNR, gender of speaker) and semantic parameters of Chinese synthesized speech warnings to ensure that occupants react to an emergency promptly and appropriately.INTRODUCTIONEffective and compelling warnings are critically needed in emergency evacuations, especially in large buildings or in facilities where occupants may be unfamiliar with the environment. V oice alarm systems are a promising candidate for supporting this need. They have the potential to capture attention and direct occupants in an emergency efficiently and effectively. V oice alarms have been used for fire alarms and evacuation instructions since the 1970s. One of the first “vocal alarm systems” was designed by Keating and Luftus (1975) for the Seattle Federal Building. This alarm system provided three essential pieces of information: (1) tell the occupants exactly what has happened; (2) instruct the occupants what they are to do; (3) explain to the occupants why they should do it. Bryan (2001) summarized both observational and experimental data that demonstrated the effectiveness of a wide range of voice alarm systems. These data show that the alerting power and urgency are among the most important factors that the designer of a voice alarm should consider (see McCormick (1964)). For example, one of the early voice-based fire alarm systems, which was presented at the “International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings” in 1971, listed as one of its important features that it “can capture attention of the people and alert them to emergencies at hand by preconditioning”.To inform the design of voice alarms, most previous studies have examined the perceived urgency (e.g. Hellier, Edworthy, Weedon, Walters and Adams, 2002), intended carefulness (e.g. Barzegar and Wogalter, 1998) and believability, and the appropriateness and importance (e.g. Edworthy, Hellier, Walters, Clift-Matthews, and Crowther, 2003) of individual words in a warning signal. These characteristics of voice alarms is influenced by both their semantics and acoustics (e.g. their physical structure as described by Fourier analysis and other objective measurements of acoustic variables such as pitch, pitch range and level). For example, Hellier, Edworthy, Weedon, Walters and Adams (2002) tested 10 words representing warning signals which were presented in urgent and non-urgent acoustic styles. The three words ranked as most urgent were: Deadly, Danger, and Warning. An acoustic analysis showed that the words were not spoken differently; thus, the urgency ratings had to be due to intrinsic and probably semantic differences between the words. However, the impact of spoken words is determined also by acoustic properties. Barzegar and Wogalter (1998), for example, presented voice alarms in 3 different styles: emotional, monotone and whisper. Their findings show that emotional presentation produced significantly higher ratings of intended carefulness than monotone style, with ‘whisper’ falling between the two. Hellier, Edworthy, Weedon, Walters and Adams (2002) asked actors to speak a set of words in three different styles: urgent, non-urgent and monotone. Again, the results showed significant effects of presentation style on ratings of perceived urgency, with an increase in perceived urgency from monotone, through non-urgent, to urgent. Acoustic analysis of the words revealed that the urgent versions of the words were louder, higher in pitch, and had a larger pitch range than thenon-urgent version. With regard to the interaction between semantic and acoustic effects, results showed that semantic and acoustic effects interact for some words more than others. For example, for a word such as ‘no’, acoustics have a big effect on perceived urgency relative to semantics. However,for a word such as ‘deadly’, semantics have a big effect on perceived urgency relative to acoustics.Research has also been conducted on the intelligibility of voice alarms. For example, messages for fire information display system for firefighter commander in Chinese language were studied (Zhang, Sun, and Zhang, 2006). The effect of speech rate and tune on the intelligibility of fire-related information – both words and short sentences - was investigated under different noise levels. Also, synthesized voice alarms to warn operators of dangerous events in special working environments was investigated (Zhang, Zheng, Zhu, and Jin, 1997) to determine optimal speech rate.In the above studies, both synthetic and natural voice was used. The advantages of synthetic signals are the accuracy of parameter control, flexibility of selecting parameters and easeof creating signals. In the present study, all alarm signals were therefore generated using an on-line voice synthesizer. The rating methods used in previous study include magnitude estimation and rating scales (for an example employing magnitude estimation, see Li, Xu, Sun, and Zhang, 2008). In the present experiment, a rating scale was used to obtain absolute judgments of the perceived urgency of warnings and to compare these data to findings from earlier magnitude estimation studies.Overall, the above research has yielded important quantitative data on the effectiveness of alarms but still involved a number of limitations. It focused on either the perceived urgency of English words, or the intelligibility of warnings in Chinese language in a variety of domains. But no studies have been conducted on the perceived urgency of alarms in Chinese language in the forms of sentences that are broadcast to a large group of people during emergency evacuations. To fill this gap, the present study investigated how to optimize the acoustic and semantic parameters of Chinese synthesized speech warnings to ensure that occupants react to an emergency promptly and appropriately.METHODSParticipantsEleven participants (age range: 23.5 2.5 yrs; 5 male and 6 female) completed the experiment. None reported any hearing problem. Participants were paid 10 RMB for completing the experiment.±DesignThe study employed a 2 (gender of speaker) × 3 (speech rate: 4 Chinese characters per second, 5 chars/sec, and 6 chars/sec) × 3 (content: nature of emergency; same, plus required response; same, plus reason for required response) × 2 (noise level: 50dB (A) and 70dB (A)) × 3 (signal/noise ratio (SNR): 10 dB, 15dB, and 20dB) within-subjects design. Noise levelsof 50dB and 70dB were chosen to represent a quiet public place (e.g. the National Library) and a noisy environment (e.g. the subway station), respectively. The dependent variable was the participants’ rating of the perceived urgency of each signal on a 9-point scale (ranging from ‘extremely leisurely” (1) to‘neither leisurely nor urgent’ (5) to ‘extremely urgent’ (9)). Stimuli and MaterialsAll signals were generated using a KDVoice V2.0 Speech Synthesizer (on-line version), developed by Anhui USTC iFLYTEK Co., Ltd.. The voices of two young adults (one male, one female) were used to create the warnings in Mandarin. Three sentences with the same number of Chinese characters were spoken in 36 different ways, according to their acoustic chracteristics (see Design). The three sentences were: 1. “Attention please, all occupants should evacuate immediately, take the stairwell, please evacuate building #1 immediately” tells occupants what to do); 2. “Attention please, this is the control room, evacuate the office building immediately, evacuate the office building immediately” (tells the occupants what to do and source of information); 3. “Attention please, the third floor is on fire, evacuate the third floor immediately, repeat, evacuate the third floor immediately” (tells the occupants what to do and what happened).Noises were generated with Goldwave V 5.20. The underlying equation is:rand(2)-1 (1) The noises were presented simultaneously in E-prime slides with the signals when necessary. The volume of noise and signal were measured and adjusted at the ear before experiment started.ApparatusE-prime 1.1 was used to run the experimental procedure. The signals were presented to each participant in a laboratory using Dell Optiplex 745 computer connected to a pair of Shock Wave SC – 1 II speakers. Participants sat 1.2 meters from the speakers. A Lutron SL-4001 sound level meter was used to measure and calibrate the volume of the messages.ProcedureEach participant rated the urgency of each of the 108 signals once. All signals were presented in a random order. After each signal, the 9-point scale appeared on the computer screen, and the participant entered the rating using a computer keyboard. After the experiment, participants were debriefed and asked about their perception of signal urgency.RESULTSA repeated-measures ANOV A showed a main effect of speech rate, F (2, 20)=34.549, p<0.001, with significant differences between all three levels of this factor (p<0.001). As can be seen in Table 1, the faster the alarm message is spoken, the higher the participants’ sense of urgency is.Table 1. Mean urgency ratings under different speaking rates Speechrate4 chars/s5 chars/s6 chars/sM 4.25 5.82 6.78SE.436 .252 .266A main effect of signal/noise ratio (SNR) was observed, F (2,20) = 13.525, p<0.001. Table 2 indicates a positive correlation between SNR and perceived urgency. Significant differences were found between the 10dB and 15 dB conditions (p=0.049) and between the 10dB and 20dB conditions (p=0.001). This result indicates that the requirement of 15 dB for voice alarms proposed in the ‘Standard for automatic fire alarm system design’ (Standard for fire technology in buildings, 2006) should be applied.Table 2. Mean urgency ratings under different SNRsSNR10dB15dB20dBM 5.43 5.59 5.82SE.293.281.266Noise level had a significant effect on perceived urgency as well, F (1, 10) = 21.671, p =0.001. The higher the noise level, the higher the participants’ sense of urgency was (see Table 3). Table 3. Mean urgency ratings under different noise levelsNoise50dB 70dBM 5.17 6.06SE .319 .265Finally, there was a main effect of message content, F (2, 20) = 10.551, p=0.001. Table 4 shows the mean urgency ratings (plus standard error) for the three different contents. Post-hoc tests showed significant differences between contents 1 and 3 (p=0.015) and between contents 2 and 3 (p=0.003). Table 4. Mean urgency ratings under different contents (Content 1: what to do; Content 2: what to do, plus information source; Content 3: what to do and what happened)ContentContent 1 Content 2 Content 3M5.39 5.266.21SE.309 .293 .314A significant interaction was observed between gender and speech rate, F (2, 20) = 4.459, p=0.025. As shown in Table 5 and Figure 1, at the lowest rate, signals spoken by males are rated more urgent while at higher speaking rates, signals spoken by females are rated more urgent. The increase in perceived urgency was bigger for the female voice than for the male voice.Table 5. Mean urgency ratings under different speech rate by speakers with different gender.Speechrate4 chars/s5 chars/s6 chars/sGender M SE M SE M SEM 7.38 .407 5.81 .249 6.65 .254F 4.12 .469 5.83 .260 6.91 .300Figure 1. Interaction between speaker gender and speech rate.A significant interaction was also observed between speech rate and content, F (4, 40) = 6.014, p=0.001. As shown in Table 6 and Figure 2, at the speech rate of 4 chars/s, content 1 was rated more urgent than content 2; at 5 chars/s, the two types of content were rated as equally urgent; at 6 chars/s, content 2 was rated more urgent than content 1. Content 3 was rated as the most urgent under three speech rates.Table 6. Mean urgency ratings under different speech rate and content.Speechrate4 chars/s5 chars/s 6chars/sContent M SE M SE M SEContent1 4.14.411 5.54 .325 6.48.313Content2 3.59.509 5.54 .239 6.64.310Content3 5.01.466 6.39 .287 7.21.275Figure 2. Interaction between contents and speech rate.Figure 3 shows a significant interaction between noise level and content, F (2, 20) = 8.405，p=0.002. As shown in Table 7 and Figure 3, at the lower noise level, contents 1 and 2 were rated as equally or less urgent, respectively, than content 3; at the higher noise level, content 2 was perceived as the least urgent.Table 7. Mean urgency ratings at different noise levels and different contentsNoise50dB 70dBContent M SE M SE1 4.93 .343 5.84 .3172 4.93 .320 5.59 .2823 5.65 .361 6.76 .302Figure 3. Interaction between noise level and content.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSThe findings from this experiment show that speech rate, SNR, noise level and content of the signal all have a significant effect on the perceived urgency of alarm messages. The only independent variable for which no main effect was found is the gender of the speaker. The largest proportion of variance was accounted for by speech rate which showed a positive correlation with perceived urgency.These findings were confirmed by the debriefings during which participants were asked which signals they perceived as most urgent. The most frequently mentioned message acoustic characteristics were ‘loud’, ‘fast’ and ‘in a noisy environment’, which are the equivalents of the main effects of SNR, speech rate, and noise level.Results obtained in this study are consistent with findings from the authors’ previous study (Li, H., Xu, M., Sun, X. and Zhang, K., 2008) which used the method of magnitude estimation. Main effects of speech rate, SNR, and noise level were found in the previous study as well. However, the main effect of content and interactions between content and speech rate and content and noise level were not observed. This difference may be attributed to the way in which magnitude estimation was used. Although participants were trained to use a ratio-scale rather than distance-scale, the range of ratings was limited (20-500 with a reference of 100). Thus, differences between the perceived urgencies for the various signals may have been compressed and were further reduced by transforming the original ratings to a logarithmic scale.In contrast to the method of magnitude estimation, rating scales make it possible to obtain absolute judgments from participants. These ratings can indicate which signals should be avoided for alarms (i.e., when their perceived urgency is even lower than neutral). Since participants do not need to compare signals with a reference or preceding signal, rating scales also lead to higher accuracy. The disadvantage of rating scales is that the scale is defined arbitrarily by an experimenter. Too low a resolution can make it impossible to distinguish between high and extremely high perceived urgency, for example.Acoustic analyses was carried out in previous studies (e. g. Hellier, Edworthy, Weedon, Walters and Adams, 2002) to better understand why words spoken in different styles were perceived to convey different levels of urgency. Parameters such as average fundamental frequency, pitch range, speed of the word and amplitude were examined. These parameters prevail in articles dealing with the relationship between speech and emotion, they are key parameters affecting urgency innon-verbal auditory warnings, and they are easy to analyze and synthesize. The present study manipulated these parameters as well and confirmed that louder, faster spoken signals are rated more urgent. Signals at higher speech rate may be more closely associated with the notion of ‘pushing’, and those with higher SNR may be perceived as more dangerous and important. This likely contributed to the high urgency ratings. Signals presented at higher noise levels were rated more urgent also. This may be due to the fact that people have learned to associate noise with dangerous, emergency situations. Signals informing participants about what happened were rated more urgent than those telling them only what to do and, in some cases, the source of the information also. One possible explanation for this finding was mentioned my participants in the debriefing. The word ‘fire’, which is always related to danger, was mentioned in the former condition only. Although the specific word “fire” was not used in previous studies, related words such as deadly, danger, warning and hazard have also been reported to be considered more urgent than others (Hellier, Edworthy, Weedon, Walters and Adams, 2002). The interaction between speech rate and speaker gender might be attributed to the increase in pitch of the female voice with speech rate. Further acoustic analysis and manipulation of more parameters is needed to explain the difference between male and female voice, among different speech rate and different SNR and their impact on perceived urgency.The present study has some limitations. First, only synthetic speech alarms were tested. In future research, alarms using natural speech should be tested and compared with synthetic speech. Design guidelines for both cases should be derived. Also, only few levels of each factor or independent variable were employed. A wider range of values should be tested in a future experiment. In addition, the experiments were run on a desktop computer. No actual or simulated emergency was present. More research is needed to examine the perception of warnings and alarms under more realistic conditions to determine how ratings and responses may be affected. Finally, the design of voice alarms involves not only the urgency of the signals but also the intelligibility of the system. Fast speech rate may induce lower intelligibility. Thus to provide guideline for designers, interaction with other variables should be take into account.Still, in summary, the findings from this study can inform the design of effective auditory warnings that will save livesby being perceived and responded to in a proper and reliablefashion. To this end, a voice alarm should be spoken at a sufficiently fast rate (no less than 5 Chinese characters per second), and the signal-to-noise ratio should be no less than 15dB). At higher speech rates, urgent messages are better broadcast using a female voice. Finally, alarm messages should indicate what happened and the potential danger.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors gratefully acknowledge financial support for this project from Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant number: 9062004), Fund for Graduate Student in Science and Social Practice-Creative Research Project, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Emergency Manage Office of the State Council (Grant number:GYJ2007A19).REFERENCESBarzegar, R. S. & Wogalter, M. S. (1998). Effects of auditorily - presented warning signal words on intended carefulness. Contemporary ergonomics 1998. 311-315.Bruck, D & Ball, M. (2007). Optimizing Emergency Awakening to Audible Smoke Alarms: An Update. Human Factors. 49 (4), 585-601.Bryan J. L. (2001) Psychological Variables That May Affect Fire Alarm Design. Fire Protection Engineering. 11. 42-46.Edworthy, J, Hellier, E J, Walters, K, Clift-Matthews, W & Crowther, M.(2003). Acoustic, semantic and phonetic influences in spoken warningsignal words. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 915-933Grace, T., Woodger, N., & Olsson, P. (2001). On the use of voice alarms. In J.Shields (Ed.), Human behaviour in fire – Proceedings of the SecondInternational Symposium. London: Inter-science Communications. 185-196. Hellier, E., Edworthy, J., & Dennis, I. (1993). Improving Auditory Warning Design: Quantifying and Predicting the Effects of Different WarningParameters on Perceived Urgency. Human factors. 35 (4), 693-706. Hellier, E., Edworthy, J., Weedon, B., Walters, K., & Adams, A. (2002). The perceived urgency of speech warnings: semantics versus acoustics. Human Factors. V ol. 44 (1), 1-16.Keating, J. P., & Loftus, E. F. (1975) People Care in Fire Emergencies- Psychological Aspects. Boston: Society of Fire Protection Engineers,Technical Report, 75-4.Li, H., Xu, M., Sun, X. & Zhang, K. (2008). Improving voice alarm design in emergency evacuation: optimizing acoustic and semantic parameters for higher perceived emergency. Chee Weng Khong, Chui Yin Wong, & Brunao von Niman (Eds.). HFT2008: Proceedings of 21st international symposium on human factors in telecommunication, Malasia: Prentice Hall, 491-494. Lu, D., & Meng, Z. (2007). The spectrum modeling of the background noise of public venues. Audio Engineering. 31 (5), 9-12 (Chinese)Standard for fire technology in buildings (2006). Beijing: Chemical Industry Press. 448. (Chinese)Zhang, L., Sun, X., Zhang, K. (2006). A Research of Speech Signal on Fire Information Display Interface. China Safety Science Journal 16(4), 13–18 (Chinese)Zhang, T., Zheng, X., Zhu, Z., Jin, W. (1997) A Study on Speech Rate of Voice Warnings. Chinese Journal of Applied Psychology 3(1), 34–39. (Chinese)。
小学英语阅读100篇中英文对照(30页)
《小学英语阅读100篇》中英文对照Man!可怜的人！Look at this man.看那个人。
What is he doing? He's carrying a very big box.他在做什么？他在搬一个超级重的大盒子。
The box is full of big apples.那个盒子装满了大苹果。
He wants to put it on the back of his bike and take it home.他想把它放到他的自行车的后面带回家。
Can he do that? No, I don't think so.他能做到吗？不，我不如此以为。
Why not? Because the box is too full and too heavy.什么缘故不呢？因为那个盒子太满了过重了。
Look! What's wrong? He drops the box. Poor man!看！发生了什么事？他的盒子掉下来了。
可怜的人！凯特Kate is a new student. She is twelve. She is from America.凯特是个学生。
她12岁。
她来自美国。
She can speak English very well and she can speak a little Chinese.她能够讲超级好的英语，能说一点汉语。
She is in Nanjing. Her parents are doctors.她在南京，她的父母都是医生。
Kate is studying in a school near her home.凯特在她家周围一所学校学习。
She has classes from Monday to Friday.她从礼拜一到礼拜五有课。
On Saturdays and Sundays, she often plays games with her Chinese friends.在礼拜六和礼拜天，她常常和她的中国朋友玩游戏。
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小学英语阅读100篇1、可怜的男人看看这个男人。
他在做什么？他在搬一个非常大的箱子。
这个箱子装满了大苹果。
他想把它（箱子）放到他的自行车后座上，并且带回家。
他能做到么？不，我不这么认为。
为什么呢？因为这个箱子太满了并且太沉了。
看！怎么回事儿？他弄掉了那个箱子。
可怜的男人！2、凯特（卡特）凯特是个新学生。
她十二岁了。
她来自美国。
她会说非常好（流利）的英语，并且她会说一点汉语。
她在南京。
她父母是医生。
凯特正在离她家很近的学校学习。
她周一到周五有课。
在周六周日，她经常和她的中国朋友们玩游戏。
她爱中国和她的中国朋友们。
3、你能找到鲍勃么？你好，贝蒂。
请在明天早上九点在车站见鲍勃。
去那个大钟表那里。
拿一个绿色的包并且戴一个白色帽子。
他不是非常高，但是很胖。
他有（留着）黑色短发和棕色眼睛。
他也戴眼镜。
他喜欢穿蓝色裤子和红色毛衣。
你能找到他么，贝蒂？4、我的房间这是我的房间。
在窗户旁边有一张桌子。
我经常在它上面做回家作业。
你能看到一些书，一些花在花瓶里，一个尺子和一支钢笔。
在桌子旁边的墙上，这里有一幅猫的画。
这里有个钟表在我的床头上面。
我经常把我的足球放到床下。
当然，这里有一个椅子在桌子前面。
我坐在那儿就能看到外面的路和树。
5、他们在做什么？怀特一家在家里。
（怀特女士）妈妈在厨房。
她在做饭。
（怀特先生）爸爸正坐在椅子里读报纸。
汤姆和他的朋友迪克在擦洗自行车。
简和她的朋友玛丽在简的卧室。
他们在听磁带。
6、我的家庭我是汤姆。
我十一岁了。
我住在学校附近。
我每天都去学校。
在我家有三个人。
我爸爸，我妈妈和我。
我爸爸是一个公车司机。
他很友好。
他有很多朋友。
我妈妈是个教师。
她在我的学校里上班。
她每天做家务。
我爱他们。
7、郊游爸爸：今天是周日。
汤姆，我想带你去公园。
露西：我也能去么?爸爸：噢，不行，你必须照看你的妹妹。
并且你妈妈在工作。
露西：我能把妹妹也带到公园。
她可以和别的小朋友玩游戏。
爸爸：好吧。
去你卧室把盒子里的新连衣裙穿上吧。
露西：好的。
爸爸：这会儿九点了，我们出发。
露西和汤姆：好吧。
我们走。
8、我们的班级这里有我们班的一幅画。
这里有五十个学生在我们班。
你能看到25个男孩和25个女孩。
这里有个美国的学生在我们班。
她的名字是玛丽。
她的英语非常好。
我们都喜欢她。
她喜欢吃面包和蛋糕。
她喜欢喝牛奶和橘汁。
我们喜欢吃大米和喝茶。
我们在一起很快乐。
9、从不迟到在早上我六点起床。
我洗脸并且穿上我的衣服。
然后在六点半我和家人一起吃早饭。
在六点四十我骑自行车去学校。
我从不迟到，但是汤姆有时候迟到，还有玛丽总是迟到。
他们经常跑步去学校。
10、在教室里这是一个教室。
你能看到一些女孩，一个男孩和一个老师在里面。
这个男孩是汤姆。
他有金色的头发和蓝色的眼睛。
他来自美国。
他是个新小学生。
这些女孩是中国人。
他们会说一点英语。
他们和汤姆用英语说话。
李小姐正在黑板上写东西。
11、一场足球比赛这是周日早上。
我们将要去看一场足球比赛。
它是日本队和中国队之间的（比赛）。
这场足球比赛将要在下午四点开始。
我们老师李先生和王先生将要和我们一起去看这场球赛。
我们将骑自行车去哪里。
我想我们能回来在大约晚上六点。
12、我的父母我的父母在一家鞋工厂工作。
他们五点半起来。
他们首先准备好早餐。
谈后他们乘公交车去上班。
他们在那里上班从八点到五点。
他们回家大概在晚上六点，并且为我们准备晚餐。
妈妈在晚上洗衣服。
爸爸经常为我们制作玩具。
他们整天都很忙碌。
13、一个谜语我是一个单词。
我由三个字母组成。
我的第一个字母在单词“snow”里但是不在单词“ice”里，我的第二字母在单词“rose”中并且也在单词“rice”中。
我的第三个字母不在单词“paper”但在单词“paper”中。
我这个单词所表达的意思是一个有很多水的地方。
我是什么？14、吉姆的卧室这是吉姆的卧室。
它是新的而且很好。
一个床和一个椅子在里面。
一个桌子在地板上。
一些花儿再桌子上。
一个书架在床后面。
一些英语书籍在书架上。
一幅画在墙上。
一些人在画里。
这个男人是他父亲。
这个女人是他母亲。
谁是这个男孩？你知道么？15、白日梦十月份美好的某一天。
学生们正在上数学课。
但是鲍勃却在看着窗外的白云在蓝天中飞舞。
“孩子，今天踢足球该有多好啊！”他想。
然后下课铃响了把他从白日梦中唤醒回来。
他沮丧的合上自己的笔记本，站起来，然后缓慢的走向另一个班。
16、一幅公园的画瞧，这是一张公园的照片。
它不是白的也不是黑的。
它充满着红、黄、蓝、绿多种颜色。
公园里有湖吗？有的。
那有花草树木吗？是的，有许多。
它们都非常的漂亮。
并且我们也能看到一些人在那里。
他们坐在湖边。
他们正看着湖里的金鱼。
17、去动物园今天是星期天。
鲍勃准备和他的同学一起去动物园。
他穿上自己新的白色的体恤衫和黄色的帽子。
他和父母说再见后就去公共汽车站了。
车站离他家很近。
他到那儿与同学碰头。
动物园非常的远但是57路车正好能带他们到那儿。
孩子们想到动物园看许多许多的动物并且欢度快乐时光。
18、麦克和汤姆麦克和汤姆在同一所学校学习。
并且他们也在同一个年级。
麦克早上上英语课，但是汤姆却在下午才上英语课。
放学后，他们一起玩游戏。
他们常常打篮球，踢足球，放风筝和骑单车。
他们会跳会游还会唱。
他们都是好学生。
他们爱自己的学校。
19、午餐时间现在是11点30分. 黛博拉和她的朋友并没有吃午餐,她们在享受"早晨咖啡". 她们在谈论自己的丈夫. 其中一位正戴着一顶奇怪的帽子.弗兰克是黛博拉的丈夫. 他正在工厂里吃饭.他总是在那里吃. 许多男人正排着队.他们在等着自己午餐.外面正下着雨.20、两幅画过来看看这些照片。
这张是一个男人布朗先生和一个男孩理查的合照。
布朗先生是理查布朗的爸爸。
而理查布朗是布朗先生的儿子。
那张照片是一个女人---布朗太太和一个女孩玛丽布朗的合照。
布朗太太是布朗先生的妻子，同时也是玛丽布朗的妈妈。
玛丽是理查的妹妹。
21、一个好女孩李英非常喜欢英语。
她学习刻苦。
她每天早上都读英语。
她喜欢说英语。
她经常听收音机。
电视她只在星期六晚上才看。
她喜欢跳舞吗？不，她不喜欢。
但是她喜欢画画和唱歌。
她的父母喜欢她，而且所有老师和他的朋友也喜欢她。
22、周日今天是星期天。
天气晴朗。
明明和东东在公园里。
这是个大公园。
他们看见那儿有许多人。
他们经过一周辛劳的工作与学习后来到这里休憩一下。
有些男孩在草地上踢球。
有些女孩则在唱歌跳舞。
一位老人家在一棵大树下看着报纸。
一位年轻的妇女和她的儿子在玩着玩具大巴。
他们多高兴啊！23、布莱克先生布莱克先生这学期教我们英语。
他是个高个子。
她喜欢穿白色的衬衣和黑色的裤子。
他的英语说得非常的棒。
我们都非常喜欢他的课。
他的家离学校很近。
有时布莱克先生步行回家。
他有两个小巧的儿子。
他们看起来一个样。
他们常常穿相同的衣服。
他爱看到他们以及与他们一起玩。
布莱克先生叫他们大毛和小毛。
24、一个钟表和一个手表我们通过时钟或手表来知道时间。
时钟是大的，它通常挂在墙上或放在桌子上。
而手表是小的，我们可以把他放在口袋里，或者戴在手腕上！时钟或手表通常有一张圆圆的…脸蛋‟。
它有两根针，一条长的一条短的。
汤姆的钟每天都能叫他起床。
他的手表上面有一个可爱的狗狗图片。
他非常的喜欢它。
25、遇到莉莉凯特：瞧，玛丽！那儿有个女孩子。
你看到了吗？玛丽：哪个女孩啊？凯特：就是树下穿红色外套的那个呀。
你认识她吗？玛丽：抱歉。
我不认识她。
我想她是新来的吧。
凯特：好吧。
（在苹果树下）玛丽：你好！我叫玛丽。
请问您叫什么名字？莉莉：我叫莉莉。
很高兴认识你。
玛丽：幸会！莉莉，这位是凯特，我的朋友。
我们在用一个班。
莉莉：凯特，你好吗？凯特：你好。
我是英国人。
你也是英国人吗？莉莉：不，我是美国人。
凯特和玛丽：认识位新朋友我们真高兴.26、幸福的一家麦克来自美国。
他十二岁了。
他的爸爸布朗先生在北京的一家大公司上班。
麦克有个妹妹。
她的名字叫凯特。
他年仅四岁。
今天是星期六。
麦克全家都在家。
布朗先生坐在椅子上读今天的报纸。
布朗太太在房子外面；她在浇花。
迈克和他妈妈在一起吗？不，他在清洗他的自行车。
凯特在哪呢？她在自己的房间里。
她正在和她的猫咪玩呢。
多幸福的家庭啊！27、28、简阿姨的生日快到了。
她将40岁了。
爸爸妈妈要带我去她家。
我们要坐火车去那里。
我们要在星期五晚上。
我们将在星期日下午返回。
生日派对将在星期六举行。
我要给我亲爱的姑姑一张生日卡片。
我现在正在做这张卡片。
我将用彩色铅笔画一些漂亮的花在卡上。
我要画简阿姨的一只小猫在上面。
因为她喜欢猫。
这卡将是非常好的。
爸爸说他的妹妹一定会很喜欢它。
29、玛丽有四个姐妹。
他们是贝蒂，冬青，玫瑰和安。
玛丽是五人中最年长的。
贝蒂十三岁。
她比玛丽小两岁，一年以上的冬青，玫瑰是九岁，安七岁。
玛丽和贝蒂在一所中学学习。
冬青，玫瑰，和安在小学念书。
小学离她们的家很近。
他们走路去那里。
中学非常远。
玛丽和贝蒂乘公共汽车去那里。
30、我手里拿着一个很大、很重的箱子，走得很慢。
一个男孩以非常快的速度向我跑来。
他太快，而且停不住。
哎呀。
我的箱子掉到地板上，到处都是书。
我怎么办呢？我想哭。
男孩说，“对不起。
”他帮我拿起所有的书。
然后他帮我搬箱子书到教室。
他是谁？他是我的新同学。
他的名字是吉米，他是英国人。
我们现在是好朋友。
31、这是学校的第一天。
汤姆想回到学校。
他想去见他的朋友。
他想去见他的新老师。
汤姆早上早起。
他洗漱并吃了早饭。
然后他骑着自行车去学校。
他看到他的朋友在操场。
他与他们玩着捉迷藏。
在课堂上，汤姆见到了他的新数学老师。
她的名字是格林夫人。
汤姆喜欢格林夫人。
她英语说得很好。
他认为她是个好老师。
32、有二十一个男孩和十九个女孩在我的班里。
他们俩都是美国人。
一个是雪莉。
另一个是蒂娜。
他们在同一所学校，也在同一个班。
他们在什么地方？他们在操场。
雪莉穿着一件黄色的毛衣和蓝色裙子。
蒂娜穿着一件白衬衫和一条黑裤子。
看！雪莉和蒂娜在和同学们一起玩游戏。
33、乔治在第三小学上学。
大约有八百名学生和五十位老师在他的学校。
乔治五年级一班。
他喜欢英语和音乐。
他的英语老师是布朗先生。
他从英国来。
他是个很不错的人。
他会说一点中文，但是他不知道怎么写中文。
他喜欢在中国的工作但他不喜欢中国的食物。
吴先生教他音乐。
他唱得很好。
他是乔治的大伙伴。
34、我们学校附近有一个公园。
我们可以看到许多树木和花。
有些花是红的，有些是黄色的。
我们也可以看到后面的山公园。
在山脚下，我们可以看见一条河。
有一些船在河里。
孩子们喜欢去那里。
今天是星期一。
有许多少先队员在公园。
有些是边走边唱。
一些在跳舞或玩游戏。
安娜和她的妹妹凯特在放风筝。
汤姆和他的弟弟山姆在掷飞盘。
他们的父亲和母亲坐在树下。
所有的家庭都在享受这个美好时光。
35、琳达跟玛丽是好朋友。
琳达十三岁。
她来自美国。
玛丽十二岁。
她来自伦敦。