托福阅读TPO27句子简化题分析——题1
托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Crafts in the Ancient Near East Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia,in what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E.In the second half ofthe millennium,in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements.A largepart of that increase took place in Uruk itself,which became a real urban center surrounded bya set of secondary settlements.While population estimates are notoriously unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city,which could be reached with a daily commute.ButUruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicatesthat it was a regional center and a true city.Indeed,it was the first city in human history. 一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
托福阅读句子简化题型及答案
托福阅读句子简化题型及答案托福阅读中词汇题是重要题型之一。
根据托福阅读题型不同来进行专项练习，是短期提高托福阅读能力的有效方法。
那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来一系列的托福简化题内容汇总希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
托福阅读句子简化题：Early Cinema【Paragraph 2】These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. (Early Cinema) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence from the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.○Edison did not want to develop projection technologybecause it limited the number of machines he could sell.○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.托福阅读句子简化题答案：3托福阅读句子简化题：Desert Formation【Paragraph 10】The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas whereconsiderable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. (Desert Formation)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.托福阅读句子简化题答案：1托福阅读句子简化题：The Origins of Cetaceans【Paragraph 5】An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs.The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales bymoving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.(The Origins of Cetaceans)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structureshows that it swam like modern whales.○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up a nd down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.托福阅读句子简化题答案：3托福阅读句子简化题：highlighted sentence【Paragraph 1】Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision,have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm.However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ( Applied Arts and Fine Arts)○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.托福阅读词汇题答案：1。
长难句之状语从句
长难句之状语从句地点状语从句1.This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up fromthe channel and poured into molds in the holes. (TPO27-1）分析：这句话的主干是This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop，后面是由where引导的状语从句，修饰workshop.译文:这被认定是工厂的遗址。
在这里熔化的金属从水渠中要出来，然后倒入洞中的模具中.interpret 解释；说明v. remain遗迹；残骸 n. scoop 舀取v。
channel 水渠n.时间状语从句2. 。
The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae （the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids， such as wine and oil). (TPO29-1）分析:这句话是由when引导的时间状语从句，主句是the high quality of Roman pottery is.。
.，when 从句省略了主语,括号的内容是对amphorae的解释说明.译文:当把玩古罗马陶制餐具或厨房用具和双耳陶罐（一种大型陶罐，遍及整个地中海地区，用来运输或储存酒或油之类的液体）时,人们对其良好的质量赞不绝口。
handle 触摸v. amphorae 双耳陶罐n。
托福阅读句子简化题的解题方法
托福阅读句子简化题的解题方法
句子简化题主要考察我们的paraphrase（在此可以简单理解为用比原文简单的语言来替换原文）的能力。
因此原文句式结构往往比较复杂，词汇相对比较高级，而且需要我们有比较强的逻辑分析能力。
正确选项往往会在句子结构，语法以及词汇上做改动，比如主动变被动，复合句变成简单句，同义词改写。
但是我们也不要被它吓到，只要我们有一定词汇基础（四级就可以），并掌握其解题技巧，正确解答此题还是不难的。
句子简化题的主要解题步骤是：
1.分析原句的逻辑关系，比如：转折，让步，递进，对比，等等。
2.扫描选项是否有对应的逻辑关系，如果不一样，立即排除该选项。
3.划出原句的核心词汇及概念，这些词往往是动作的发出者：主语，动作：谓语，以及动作的接受者：宾语。
4.把剩下的选项和原文进行快速比对，作出正确选择。
例1：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.。
tpo27托福范文
托福TPO27指的是什么呢？1。
原句讲了两个重点，一是人口估计不准，二是U这个地方的居民能自给自足。
A选项的前半正确，但后半句说不依靠农业明显是错的，不选；B说不确定是否能feed，跟原文相反，不选；C选项不但因果关系有问题，而且原因说不能feed他们自己，也与原文相反，不选；正确答案D，重点说的是能support他们自己，尽管没有说人口估计不准，但原文的转折重点体现在后半句，所以正确答案是D 2。
surpass超过，不懂的可以拆分，至少有pass，应该与超过有关，而选项中与超过有关的只有B，就算不认识也可以通过前缀ex-表明XX之外，说明与“过”有关。
A在XXX之前，C挑战D比XX持久都不沾边儿 3。
EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的permanent settlement做关键词定位至第二句，A正确，不选；B的self-sufficient自给自足作为形容词很难在原文中找到，但第一题简化句子题的那个句子中有这个信息，所以这个选项正确，不选；C的other larger settlement没讲，错，选；D选项同样出现在句子简化题的句子当中，正确，不选4。
intact未受破坏的，完整的，所以正确答案是C的undamaged。
原词in前缀表示否定，tact表示接触，碰。
代入原文，原文讲由于一些不明的原因，很多bowl被抛弃了，仍然是XXX状态，在整个近东地区发现了若干只，A没卖出去D没画上都不沾边，B没使用代入是说得通的，但原词没有unused的意思，不能选 5。
以beveled-rim bowls和专有名词做关键词定位至第五句，原句讲早期的一个考古学遗址上发现了这个style，特别具有这一过程的特点，被称为beveled-rim bowl，但仅凭此句无法选出答案，于是向下，下一句说由于是用mold做的，因此只有数目不多的standard size，所以正确答案是D。
B说形状和装饰变化很大，C说各具特色，这都不是mold能够完成的，因此与D相反，都错；A的discard原文有讲到，但原文也明确说不知道什么原因，所以unpopular错 6。
TPO-27 Reading 1解析
正确答案：D解析：高亮句的主干是scholars assume that后边的部分，即“学者们认为Uruk 城的居民能够通过城市周边的农业生产自给自足”，对应D项的表述。
Q2正确答案：B解析：surpassing，超过、越过；近义词是exceeding。
根据词汇所在句意可知Uruk城的大小远远超过其它的定居地，所以曾是地区的中心，是真正的城市。
Q3正确答案：C解析：在第一段中，A项对应第2句后半句an enormous escalation in the area；B项对应倒数第2句中的were able to support themselves from the agricultural production；D项对应倒数第2句中的of the filed surrounding the city; 排除法选C，Uruk 是当时最大的settlement (far surpassing that of other settlements)，而不是“更大的之一”。
Q4正确答案：C解析：intact，完整的，完好无损的，未受损的；近义词是undamaged。
Q5正确答案：D解析：第二段中介绍beveled-rim时说“It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes”，后半句说明这种碗是按照较少的几个型号生产的。
Q6正确答案：B解析：在第二段中，B项对应第2句的内容，but a small segment…started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks，正确；该段并没有提及从事非农业的专业人士有更高的社会地位，A错误；该段第4句说这种碗是“这种碗是alized ，utilitarian ，C错误。
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-1(上)
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-1（上）托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。
本文带来的是TPO26-1的事实信息题(上)，一起来看看吧。
TPO26-1 Energy and the Industrial RevolutionParagraph 1:For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine.2: What was “the problem of energy" that had to be solved to make the Industrial Revo lution of the eighteenth century possible?○ Water and wind could not be used efficiently.○ There was no efficient way to power machinery.○ Steam engines required large amounts of coal, which was in short supply.○ Neither humans nor animals were strong enough to provide the power required for industrial application.解题：以the problem of energy做关键词定位至第二句，但这句话没有内容，于是往后看，下一句讲依靠动植物和人作为能量的来源，看完这句话最大的可能是选D，但原文没说动植物和人的能源不够，所以D不对。
托福TPO口语27文本+范文+解析
小编给考生们带来了托福TPO27口语文本，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。
托福口语TPO27 Task1(题目+解析+范文):A popular actor, musician, or artist托福TPO27口语task1题目 Question:Talk about a popular actor, musician, or artistwhose work you do notadmire.Explain why you donot like this person’s work. Use specific detailsandreasons in your response.托福TPO27口语task1范文：I’d like to talk about a Taiwanese pop singer. Thereare lots of rap partsin his songs, and this is one ofthe main reasons why I don’t like him—that I’mnot abig fan of rap music. For most of the time I don’tunderstand what he istrying to say in his songs.They simply don’t make sense to me. The other thingis that he likes to show off a lot. I mean,he boasts a lot and he is tootalkative for me to appreciate his personality. There's this onetime that Iwatched a ceremony he hosted, he almost talked the whole time, which wasevenkind of embarrassing for his partner.托福口语TPO27 Task2(题目+解析+范文):Choose a university托福口语task2题目Question:Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Parents should beinvolved in theprocess of helping their children to choose auniversity. Usespecific reasons and details in yourresponse.托福口语task2范文:As for me, I think though parents should be involved when kids are choosinga university, they should not decide which university their kid attends.Firstly, kids have their own preference and interests. I mean, by the time when they're about to attend college, they've grown into an adult, and they know how to make choices. So parents can't decide whether they attend a small college or a big one, or whether they attend college near their hometown or in a city far away from home. Secondly, kids are more likely to enjoy the life in the college they selected on their own, which is actually a good thing for their future.托福口语TPO27 Task3(听力+解析+范文):Switch to Electronic TextbooksReading Part:Switch to Electronic TextbooksThe university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early nextyear. University students will be able to download thecontent of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from thedevice’sscreen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-timeexpense.Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run sincepurchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regulartextbooks.Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aidbecause it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of textandnote-taking.听力原文：Now listen to two students discussing the article.(woman) Oh, no, did you see this?(man) Yeah, why? You don’t like the idea?。
托福阅读 27-1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East
TPO-27Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.Paragraph 1: Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.1.which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.O scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.O Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.O Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.2.The word “surpassing” in the passage is closest in meaning toO proceedingO exceedingO challengingO outlasting3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPT:O It was a permanent settlement.O It was self-sufficient.O It was one of a group of other larger settlements.O It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.Paragraph 2: The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.4. The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toO unsoldO unusedO undamagedO unpainted5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.O They were discarded because they became unpopular.O They varied greatly in shape and decoration.O They were each individually styled.O They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft production in theUruk period?O Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.O People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.O Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.O Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.Paragraph 3: A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?O It had an important commercial value.O It existed but was not well organized.O It is not documented in the archaeological record.O It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8. The word “interpreted” in the passage is closest in meaning toO documentedO debatedO displayedO understood9. What is the purpose of paragraph 3?O To contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millenniaO To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workersO To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before UrukO To contrast the development of weaving and pottery in UrukParagraph 4: Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.10. The word “legible” in the passage is closest in meaning toO printableO enjoyableO recognizableO available11. Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?O They were designed more for home than for legal use.O They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.O They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.O They were the first example of carved seals.12. According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture wasO Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carvingO Its architecturally complex monumentsO Its invention of stamp seals carved from stoneO Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.Where would the sentence best fit?14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Uruk, located in ancient Mesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first city in human history.Answer Choices●●●O A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.O The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.O The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.O Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.O Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.O The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.参考答案1.○42.○23.○34.○35.○46.○27.○18.○49.○210.○311.○212.○113.○214. A variety of evidence indicates… Archaeological evidence from across… The carved designs on cylinder…。
托福阅读-句子简化题
练习题三
要点一
总结词
识别句子中的修饰成分
要点二
详细描述
练习题三要求考生识别句子中的修饰成分，如形容词、副 词、介词短语等，并理解其在句子中的作用。通过练习， 考生可以增强对句子细节的把握能力，提高对复杂句子的 理解水平。
05备考建议与总结提高阅读速度与理解能力
大量阅读
01
通过阅读英文原著、新闻、学术论文等，提高阅读速度和理解
03
句子简化题实例解析
题目展示与解析
题目
The company has a strong commitment to environmental protection, and it has taken several measures to reduce its carbon footprint.
总结词
理解句子结构
VS
详细描述
通过练习题一，考生可以加深对句子结构 的理解，掌握如何识别主语、谓语、宾语 以及从句等关键成分，从而更好地理解句 子的意义。
练习题二
总结词
提炼句子主干
详细描述
练习题二要求考生提炼句子的主干，即主谓 宾结构，从而把握句子的核心信息。通过练 习，考生可以提高快速筛选关键信息的能力， 有助于在考试中快速理解文章内容。
修饰成分分析
修饰成分分析
在提取主干后，需要分析句子的修饰成分，如定语、状语等，这些成分对句子的意义和逻辑关系起到补充和修饰 的作用。
示例
原句“The scientist conducted an experiment to determine the effects of radiation on plants.” 的修饰 成分是“to determine the effects of radiation on plants”（为了确定辐射对植物的影响），补充说明了实验 的目的。
托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-1(下)-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-1（下）-智课教育旗下智课教育本文和大家分享的是托福阅读事实信息题合集之TPO26-1（下），正在准备托福阅读的学生可以一起来看看这份tpo阅读事实信息题的集合，希望能给大家的托福考试准备带来帮助。
托福阅读事实信息题是阅读考试中比较常见的一种题型，tpo则是托福阅读 备考最权威的材料，所以托福小编综合二者，为大家集中整理了tpo阅读中考察的事实信息题及其对应的解析，供大家参考使用。
本文带来的是TPO26-1的事实信息题(下)，一起来看看吧。
Paragraph 4:Steam power and iron combined to revolutionize transport, which in turn had further implications. Improvements in road construction and sailing had occurred, but shipping heavy freight over land remained expensive, even with the use of rivers and canals wherever possible. Parallel rails had long been used in mining operations to move bigger loads, but horses were still the primary source of power. However, the arrival of the steam engine initiated a complete transformation in rail transportation, entrenching and expanding the Industrial Revolution. As transportation improved, distant and larger markets within the nation could be reached, thereby encouraging the development of larger factories to keep pace with increasing sales. Greater productivity and rising demands provided entrepreneurs with profits that could be reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment opportunities. Also, the availability of jobs in railway construction attracted many rural laborers accustomed to seasonal and temporary employment. When the work was completed, many moved to other construction jobs or to factory work in cities and towns, where they became part of an expanding working class.10: The word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to○anticipated○accelerated○spread○ started解题：initiated开始，所以正确答案是D。
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析句子简化题是托福阅读中不可忽视的一类题型，它考察学生对长难句的理解和同义替换能力的掌握，而这些技能在学生未来的海外求学生涯中都极为重要。
下面我们就以真题为例，给大家深入解析一下句子简化题的应对策略，希望有助于各位的托福阅读备考。
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。
例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE27
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE27推荐文章老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE30 热度：老托福阅读100篇passage33试题及答案热度：老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2 热度：托福阅读TPO14(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:儿童与广告热度：老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE30 热度：为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 27，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 27The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders. The most abundant particles — sand, silt, and clay — are the focus of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample weight. In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of soil and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provide the basis for a general textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a plastic.Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water. Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of high quality soil(B) Particles typically found in most soils(C) How a high clay content affects the texture of soil(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil2. The author mentions "several representative handfuls" in line 4 in order to show(A) the range of soil samples(B) the process by which soil is weighed(C) the requirements for an adequate soil sample(D) how small soil particles are weighted3. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) mixed(B) replaced(C) carried(D) separated4. It can be inferred that the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect(A) the way the soil is extracted(B) the results of squeezing the soil(C) the need to check more than one handful(D) the difficulty of forming different shapes5. The word "dampened" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) damaged(B) stretched(C) moistened(D) examined6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?(A) It is not very heavy.(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.(C) Its shape is durable(D) Its texture cannot be classified7. The word "they" in line 21 refers to(A) categories(B) sieves(C) larger particles(D) clay particles8. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in determining soil texture because(A) using the sieve takes less time(B) the sieve can measure clay(C) less training is required to use the sieve(D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure9. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they(A) stick to the sides of the water container(B) take some time to sink to the bottom(C) separate into different sizes(D) dissolve quickly10. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) tiny(B) many(C) excellent(D) various11. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT(A) texture (line 3)(B) ribbon (line 10)(C) sediment sieves (line 18)(D) evaporated (line 25)正确答案：DADBC BBDBA D托福阅读怎么练?有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。
TPO27-Predator-Prey Cycles
Predator-Prey CyclesHow do predators affect populations of the prey animals? The answer is not as simple as might be thought. Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease, and other factors rather than by wolves.When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its prey and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low levels but not to extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey populations may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snow shoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Its numbers fall tenfold to thirty in a typical cycle, and a hundredfold change can occur. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are willow and birch twigs. As hare density increases, the quantity of these twigs decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality, high-fiber food. Lower birth rates, low juvenile survivorship, and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare abundance. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three year for the quantity of twigs to recover.A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply depleted.What causes the predator-prey oscillations? Do increasing numbers of hares lead to overharvesting of plats, which in turn results in reduced hare populations, or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting of hares? Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provide an answer. Krebs investigated experimental plots in Canada’s Yukon territory that contained hare populations. When food was added to these plots (no food effect) and predators were excluded (no predator effect) from an experimental area, hare numbers increased tenfold and stayed there—the cycle was lost. However, the cycle was retained if either of the factors was allowed to operate alone: if predators were excluded but food was not added (food effect alone), or if food was added in the presence of predators (predator effect alone). Thus, both factors can affect the cycle, which, in practice, seems to be generated by the conjunction of the two factors.Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenom enon is known as “competitor exclusion.” However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor iscontrolled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. For example, sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens up space for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, species diversity falls sharply. Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.****************************************************************************** Paragraph 1: How do predators affect populations of the prey animals? The answer is not as simple as might be thought. Moose reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and multiplied freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease, and other factors rather than by wolves.1. In paragraph 1, why does the author discuss the moose and wolves on Isle Royale○ To provide an example of predators moving to new habitats by following migrating prey○ To show that the interactions between predator populations and prey populations are not always what might be expected○ To suggest that prey populations are more influenced by predation than food availability and disease○ To argue that studies of geographically isolated populations tend not to be useful to naturalistsParagraph 2: When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its prey and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low levels but not to extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey populations may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.2. The word "rebound" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ escape○ recover○ survive○ resist3. Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about experimental environments in which predators become extinct?○ They may yield results that do not accurately predict changes of populations in the wild○ In these environments, the prey species is better adapted than the predator species○ These environments are appropriate only for studying small populations of predators and prey○ They are unrealistic because some predators are also the prey of other predatorsParagraph 2: When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often exterminates its prey and then becomes extinct itself, having nothing left to eat. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low levels but not to extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey populations may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.Paragraph 3: Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snow shoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Its numbers fall tenfold to thirty in a typical cycle, and a hundredfold change can occur. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the small mammals that experience population cycles?○ Their population cycles are not affected by predators○Their predators’ populations periodically disappear○ They typically undergo ten-year cycles○ They have access to places safe from predators5. The word "roughly" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ usually○ repeating○ approximately○ observable6. The word "generating" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ producing○ changing○ speeding up○ smoothing outParagraph 4: The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are willow and birch twigs. As hare density increases, the quantity of these twigs decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality, high-fiber food. Lower birth rates, low juvenile survivorship, and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare abundance. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three year for the quantity of twigs to recover.7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of the food of snowshoe hares EXCEPT: ○ The preferred food for hares consists of willow and birch twigs○ High fiber food is the most nutritious for hares○ Depletion of the supply of willow and birch twigs causes low birth and growth rates○ The food supply takes two or three years to recover after a peak in hare population densityParagraph 5: A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply depleted.8. According to paragraph 5, which of the following statements best characterized the abundance cycle of the Canada lynx?○ It closely follows the cycle the snowshoe hare○ When the numbers of lynx fall, the numbers of snowshoe hares soon decrease○ When hare numbers decrease, lynx numbers increase○ It is not clearly related to the availability of lynx foodParagraph 6: What causes the predator-prey oscillations? Do increasing numbers of hares lead to overharvesting of plants, which in turn results in reduced hare populations, or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting of hares? Field experiments carried out by Charles Krebs and coworkers in 1992 provide an answer. Krebs investigated experimental plots in Canada’s Yukon territory that contained hare populations. When food was added to these plots (no food effect) and predators were excluded (no predator effect) from an experimental area, hare numbers increased tenfold and stayed there—the cycle was lost. However, the cycle was retained if either of the factors was allowed to operate alone: if predators were excluded but food was not added (food effect alone), or if food was added in the presence of predators (predator effect alone). Thus, both factors can affect the cycle, which, in practice, seems to be generated by the conjunction of the two factors.9. The word "conjunction" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ determination○ combination○ alternation○ transformation10. According to paragraph 6, which of the following was true of the hare population cycle in Kreb’s experiment?○ The effects of providing food while at the same time introducing predators cancelled each other, so there was no cycle○ The cycle existed when either the food supply was limited or there were predators○ There was a cycle when there were no predators and food was supplied○If the hares had places to hide from the lynx, the hare population increased tenfold and then remained at that levelParagraph 7: Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, nesting sites, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. ■ This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion.” ■ However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is cont rolled. ■ Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. ■ Forexample, sea stars prey on a variety of bivalve mollusks and prevent these bivalves from monopolizing habitats on the sea floor. This opens up space for many other organisms. When sea stars are removed, species diversity falls sharply. Therefore, from the stand point of diversity, it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.11. According to paragraph 7, which of the following statements correctly characterizes the effect of sea stars on the ecosystem in which they are predators of bivalves?○ Bivalve populations are kept low, allowing species that compete with bivalves to survive○ The numbers of most species of bivalves are greatly reduced, leaving the bivalve species that is the strongest competitor to dominate among the survivors○ Biological diversity begins to decrease because many bivalve species disappears○ Sea stars dominate at first but then die off because of the depleted food supply12. According to paragraph 7, which of the following is true of the phenomenon of competitor exclusion?○ It results in more diverse communities○ It requires the presence of predators○ It affects all competitors equally○ It happens only when there is a dominant competitor13. Look at the four squares [ ■ ]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.As a result, there are not enough of the strong competitors to monopolize the environment’s resources.14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The relationships between predators and prey are complex●●●Answer Choices○Studies of the interactions between wolves and moose on Isle Royale in Lake Superior reveal that wolf predation is not the primary factor controlling the moose population○Ecologists are interested in studying predator-prey population cycles because understanding how predators and prey interact will allow better wildlife management programs○Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excluding others○In predator-prey population cycles, predator population increase or decrease following similar population changes in the species they prey on○A species’ population tends to rise and falls in a cycle pattern if the food supply for the population is limited, or if the population has a major predator.○The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they are predators, and is therefore a bad idea。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East
托福考试 复习TPO 27—1 Crafts in the Ancient Near East原文：【1】Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.【2】The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standardsizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.【3】A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.【4】Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period (3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or claylumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.题目：1.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population, they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.B.scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agriculture areas just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population.C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding farms provided food to the people in Uruk.D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves from product grown in field surrounding the city.2.The word “surpassing” i n the passage is closest in meaning toA.proceeding.B.exceeding.C.challenging.D.outlasting.3.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true of the ancient settlement at Uruk EXCEPTA.It was a permanent settlement.B.It was self-sufficient.C.It was one of a group of other larger settlements.D.It had easy access to the land where its crops were grown.4.The word “intact” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.unsold.B.unused.C.undamaged.D.unpainted.5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the beveled-rim bowls from the Eanna Archaeological site at Uruk.A.They were discarded because they became unpopular.B.They varied greatly in shape and decoration.C.They were each individually styled.D.They were made in only a few sizes.6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about craft productionin the Uruk period?A.Specialists in nonagricultural tasks obtained a higher status than those engaged in agricultural production.B.People not needed for framing could perform other more specialized activities.C.Ancient crafts were beginning to be produced for both utilitarian and decorative purposes.D.Pottery making was the only known during the fourth millennium.7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of textile production after the fourth millennium?A.It had an important commercial value.B.It existed but was not well organized.C.It is not documented in the archaeological record.D.It was carried on by individuals in their own homes.8.The word “interpreted”in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.documented.B.debated.C.displayed.D.understood.9.What is the purpose of paragraph 3?A.T o contrast the productivity of crafts workers in the third and fourth millennia.B.To provide additional evidence of mass production by crafts workers.C.To suggest that an early form of urban settlement may have exist before Uruk.D.T o contrast the development of weaving and pottery in Uruk.10.The word “legible”in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.printableB.enjoyableC.recognizableD.available11.Paragraph 4 suggests which of the following about the significances of Mesopotamian cylinder seals?A.They were designed more for home than for legal use.B.They demonstrate that their creators were professionals.C.They were the first example of seals made from materials other than stone.D.They were the first example of carved seals.12.According to paragraph 4, one of the artistic achievements of the late Uruk culture wasA.Its sophisticated sculpture and relief carving.B.Its architecturally complex monuments.C.Its invention of stamp seals carved from stone.D.Its use of highly refined glassy stoneware.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder, the image looked distorted, but the carved image served only as a mold.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. ■【A】This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. ■【B】When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes,jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. ■【C】The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). ■【D】From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Uruk, located in ancientMesopotamia, flourished in the fourth millennium B.C.E. and was the first cityin human history.A.A variety of evidence indicates that Uruk, while it supported itself primarily by agriculture, also had specialized craft workers.B.The monumental sculptures of Uruk were made by the specialist stone cutters who also produced small-scale relief scenes on shell, bone and faience.C.The large number, standardized sizes, and simple molded construction of a type of pottery produced in Uruk demonstrate specialized, centrally organized mass production.D.Cylinder seals from the late Uruk period are far superior to the stamp earlier Neolithic period.E.Archaeological evidence from across the Near East indicates that Uruk was a center for the production and export of highly decorated pottery made by craft specialists in private homes.F.The carved designs on cylinder seals produced in Uruk are of such technical and artistic excellence that they could only have been produced by professional artisans.答案：1.找到句子主谓宾，主语是scholars，谓语assume，宾语是从句说“当地住民可以自给自足……”根据这些信息去对照选项，很容易得到D。
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Crafts in the Ancient Near East
Paragraph 1
Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of that millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.
Q1 Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population,
they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.
B.Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas
just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population
C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding
farms provided food for the people in Uruk
D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves
from produce grown in field surrounding the city.
确定句子核心信息
While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute.
分析：本句是由while引导的让步状语从句（注：while出现在句中引导对比对照关系的状语从句；如出现在句首则引导让步关系的状语从句，）+主句scholars assume that…the city组成一个虽然…但是…的大结构。
主句句末有一个which引导的非限定性定语从句，该从句意图在于对前面意义完整的主句进行补充说明。
所以该句最核心的意思就是句中标红的部分。
理解大意
词汇：
notoriously 臭名昭著地
unreliable 不可靠的
assume 认为
field 田地
daily commute 每天往返
中文翻译：虽然人口估计数通常是不可靠的，但学者们认为Uruk居民可以通过每日往返城市和城市周围的田地，生产农产品来自给自足，。
核对选项
A.Although scholars cannot accurately determine the size of the Uruk population,
they know the citizens were not dependent on agriculture.
A选项后半句出现与原句完全矛盾的信息：居民不是依靠农业；而原句中说到是用城市周围的田地自给自足。
B.Scholars do not have enough evidence to determine whether the agricultural areas
just outside of Uruk were large enough to feed the city’s population
B选项说学者们没有足够证据证明城外的农业地区是否足够大来供给城市人口。
这是原句完全没有谈及的信息，所以错误
C.Because city populations cannot feed themselves, scholars think the surrounding
farms provided food for the people in Uruk
C选项出现一个因果关系，这是原句完全没有的信息，该选项是最容易被排掉的。
D.Scholars believe that the inhabitants of Uruk were able to support themselves
from produce grown in field surrounding the city.
D选项说学者们认为U城的居民能够通过长在城市周围田地里的作物供养他们自己。
意思与原句主要意思一致，所以正确。
所以该题正确选项为D
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