比利时英文介绍
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Biblioteka Baidu
MONO/BI-LINGUAL ?
• The language issue is a sensitive one, and has been since 1830 • The rules are very rigid • The reason is mainly psychological – Flemish fear being overruled by French speakers (as they once were) – French speakers fear being forced to be bilingual (as they once were)
The Language Laws
A series of laws on the use of languages (1921, 1932, 1962) lays the foundation of the
territoriality principle
“in monolingual regions, the language of that region is compulsory for all public administrative acts”
BELGIUM BELGIË BELGIQUE BELGIEN
بـلـجـيـكــــــــــــا
About Belgium
• Constitutional monarchy • Head of State : King Albert II • Capital : BRUSSELS • 10.2 million inhabitants • Official languages :
–Dutch (6 million) –French (4 million) –German (80.000)
History
• A history of wars and occupation : by Romans, Vikings, French, Spanish, Austrians, Dutch, Germans… • 1815 : Napoleon looses at Waterloo
The Language Laws
divide Belgium into 4 linguistic areas (now enshrined in the Constitution) – – – – The Dutch speaking area The French speaking area The German speaking area The bilingual area of Brussels (= 19 municipalities)
From unitary to federal
History
• 1830 : Belgian Revolution – the Catholic South led by a mainly French speaking elite secedes from the Protestant, Dutch speaking North
History
• 1831 : French speaking elite agrees on a very modern, liberal constitution that organises Belgium as a UNITARY, DECENTRALISED, MONOLINGUAL state
DECENTRALISED ?
History
• 1815 : Creation of the “United Kingdom of the Netherlands” as a buffer to prevent France from controlling North Sea ports and threatening Britain – Rule by Dutch king
in 3 levels STATE PROVINCES MUNICIPALITIES More than purely territorial subdivisions, but subordinate
MONOLINGUAL ?
• 1831 Constitution : “French is the only official language” • In reality, a majority of the population speaks Dutch (Flemish) • As the right to vote is extended, and proportional representation is introduced, the Flemish people’s political power increases and Dutch becomes an official language by the end of the 19th century • 1970 : German becomes official language
The Language Laws
• In private, the use of languages is free • In relations with the government and the judiciary, the use of the official language of the linguistic area is compulsory • In the bilingual area and in 8 mixed municipalities with “facilities” (along the linguistic border), citizens can choose which official language they use when dealing with government
MONO/BI-LINGUAL ?
• The language issue is a sensitive one, and has been since 1830 • The rules are very rigid • The reason is mainly psychological – Flemish fear being overruled by French speakers (as they once were) – French speakers fear being forced to be bilingual (as they once were)
The Language Laws
A series of laws on the use of languages (1921, 1932, 1962) lays the foundation of the
territoriality principle
“in monolingual regions, the language of that region is compulsory for all public administrative acts”
BELGIUM BELGIË BELGIQUE BELGIEN
بـلـجـيـكــــــــــــا
About Belgium
• Constitutional monarchy • Head of State : King Albert II • Capital : BRUSSELS • 10.2 million inhabitants • Official languages :
–Dutch (6 million) –French (4 million) –German (80.000)
History
• A history of wars and occupation : by Romans, Vikings, French, Spanish, Austrians, Dutch, Germans… • 1815 : Napoleon looses at Waterloo
The Language Laws
divide Belgium into 4 linguistic areas (now enshrined in the Constitution) – – – – The Dutch speaking area The French speaking area The German speaking area The bilingual area of Brussels (= 19 municipalities)
From unitary to federal
History
• 1830 : Belgian Revolution – the Catholic South led by a mainly French speaking elite secedes from the Protestant, Dutch speaking North
History
• 1831 : French speaking elite agrees on a very modern, liberal constitution that organises Belgium as a UNITARY, DECENTRALISED, MONOLINGUAL state
DECENTRALISED ?
History
• 1815 : Creation of the “United Kingdom of the Netherlands” as a buffer to prevent France from controlling North Sea ports and threatening Britain – Rule by Dutch king
in 3 levels STATE PROVINCES MUNICIPALITIES More than purely territorial subdivisions, but subordinate
MONOLINGUAL ?
• 1831 Constitution : “French is the only official language” • In reality, a majority of the population speaks Dutch (Flemish) • As the right to vote is extended, and proportional representation is introduced, the Flemish people’s political power increases and Dutch becomes an official language by the end of the 19th century • 1970 : German becomes official language
The Language Laws
• In private, the use of languages is free • In relations with the government and the judiciary, the use of the official language of the linguistic area is compulsory • In the bilingual area and in 8 mixed municipalities with “facilities” (along the linguistic border), citizens can choose which official language they use when dealing with government