2020届上海高三英语二模汇编：六选四

As 2019 draws to a close, it can be helpful to think about finishing what you have started. With that in mind, here are some thoughts on finishing projects and seasons well.Finishing projectsOne step to finishing a project comes near the beginning: define what it means for the project to be finished. This could mean getting an article published, submitting a report to your boss or teacher, or creating designs for a product.67 .In order to finish projects, you must also plan out the steps you will take. Break your big task into smaller ones, and give yourself a short-term deadline for each of them. 68 .Then when you do finish - celebrate! Take some time to enjoy your accomplishment and reward yourself for all your hard work. Also take some time to consider how the project went what you did well, and what needs improvement.69 .Finishing the yearAs we come to the end of 2019, it's good to take some time to pause and reflect on the past year. What goals did you reach or what have you learned? What would you like to do differently next year?While you're thinking, consider things you're thankful for from the year. You could make a list of 12, one for each month, or 52, one for each week. Or just write down as many things as you can think of. This will help you end the year with a positive attitude.70 . If you made mistakes, recognize them and then move on. No one can change the past, but you can learn from it and create a new future.By finishing projects and years well, you can move toward your long-term goals and set yourself up for future triumphs. 答案：67-70 CEAFWarm Waters Caused Many Sea Creatures to Move Far NorthA study has found that warmer waters off North America’s West Coast caused many kinds of sea life to move farther north than ever before. The study was a project of scientists from the University of California, Davis.67 They identified a total of 67 species between 2014 and 2016, during what was described as a “marine heatwave”. The researchers reported that 37 of the 67 species they studied had never before been observed so far north as California. These creatures are native to an area hundreds of kilometers to the south.Some species were discovered outside a marine laboratory belonging to the University of California, Davis. A few were even found north of California. 68 The scientists involved in the study believe the findings can provide valuable information for predicting future sea life reactions to warming oceans.There is also evidence suggesting that warming waters in the Atlantic Ocean have caused some sea creatures to move northward. A 2017 report in Yale University’s online magazine Environment 360 explores this subject. The report notes that for many years, the ocean has served as our best defense against climate change. 69 This has led to warmer oceans, with experts predicting continuing rising temperatures.Warmer waters along the U.S. East Coast have affected a black sea fish. Researchers from Rutgers University reported the fish once was mainly found off the coast of North Carolina. But they discovered the species had traveled more than 700 kilometers northward, to waters off the coast of New Jersey.70 Using climate models, researchers predicted that some species along the U.S. and Canadian Pacific coasts will move as far as 1,400 kilometers north from their current habitats. Such movement is expected to cause major difficulties for fisheries both in the U.S. and Canada, the study found.答案：67. C 68. D 69. A 70. FPeople like to post their selfies (自拍照) on social media. To know more about it, scientists at Syracuse University in New York recently did a research and came up with some surprising findings.People who post selfies and use editing software to make themselves look better show behaviors connected to narcissism, the researchers said. (67) _______ Makana Chock, a professor from Syracuse University, said because social media is mostly used by people to share unimportant information about their lives, it is a good place for people to “work towards satisfying their own vanity.” Those “likes” under their Facebook selfies make them feel good.(68) ________ Some people feel “peer pressure” to post selfies and some follow the popular belief that if there is no picture of an event or experience, it did not reall y happen. “Anyway, it shouldn’t be seen as negative. People get sense of satisfaction especially when they get likes. And it does no harm,” Chock said.Other findings from the study include: There are no major differences on how often men and women post selfies and how often they use editing software. (69) ________Chock said posting selfies on social media is not all that different from what people have done for many years. On trips and special events, our parents and grandparents used cameras instead of phones to take photos. They would bring back photos to show friends and family. You had no choice but to look at them. You probably commented about how nice everyone in the photos looked, especially children and the person showing the photos. They were happy to hear your comments. (70) _______ On social media, however, people can decide not to look at photos --even if they click “like”.答案：67-70 CBFDInstructor-centered or Learner-centered?Whether in the East or West, the chief business of traditional education is to pass to the next generation the skills, facts, and standards of moral and social conduct that adults consider to be necessary for the next generation’s material and social success.__67__ The students work individually on assignments, and cooperation is discouraged. The result of this emphasis on what instructors do is that students may become passive learners and do not take responsibility for their own learning. Educators call this traditional method “instructor-centered teaching”.In contrast, “learner-centered teaching” occurs when instructors focus on student learning. It is an approach to teaching that is increasingly being encouraged in higher education. __68__ These methods include active learning, in which students solve problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss, explain, debate, or brainstorm during class; cooperative learning, in which students work in teams on problems and projects under conditions that assure both positive interdependence and individual account ability; and inductive (归纳法) teaching and learning, in which students are first presented with challenges and learn the course material in the context of addressing the challenges.Although learner-centered methods have repeatedly been shown to be superior to the traditional teacher-centered approach to instruction, the best teaching, according to Parker Palmer, the author of The Courage to Teach, is not one or the other, but a combination of both. __69__Learner-centered teachers still need to lecture because teachers are the definitive content experts in the classroom and the knowledge and experiences of teachers can be extremely helpful to students. __70__ They must recognize that students can learn from each other and that the deepest learning happens when students have the opportunity to practice and obtain feedback.答案：67-70: CDFB05.黄浦区Framing risk, reducing panicFor four decades, psychologists have studied how people see risk and what causes them to overreact to terrorist attacks and other extreme events. Those misplaced reactions can lead to the shame of people and prevention of daily activities, causing a new set of problems on top of a current crisis. ___67___Timely, honest communication from a source an audience considers credible is essential to containing fear, but governments have the tough job of explaining risk and telling people how to act without also seeding alarm. ___68___ Messages may be more helpful when delivered in creative formats. Visuals are very powerful. We can’t just tell people things; we have to show them. When people are using the more primary part of their brain, visuals are more powerful than our higher order tools, including language.___69___ People can understand just about anything if you do your job right as a communicator. That includes keeping it simple and communicating what people need to know, versus what is nice to know; expressing risk in numbers —“there’s a 30 percent chance of rain” — and reminding people of the opportunity cost of waiting for more evidence.Psychologists working in the field of risk communication assume we have too much control through our messaging. ___70___答案：67-70: DEBFEcotourism can put wild animals at riskEcotourism has become increasingly popular in recent years. ______67_____There travelers visit natural environments to fund conservation efforts or promote local economies.Now, scientists have analyzed more than 100 research studies on how ecotourism affects wild animals. They find the presence of humans changes the way animals behave, and those changes may put them at risk. Therefore, they concluded that such trips can be harmful to the animals.When animals interact in seemingly kind ways with humans, they may let down their guard. ______68_____ If this transfers to their interactions with predators(捕食者), they are more likely to be injured or killed.The presence of humans can also discourage natural predators. It creates a kind of safe place for smaller animals that may make them bolder. For example, in Grand Teton National Park, elk and pronghorns in areas with more tourists are less alert and spend more time eating.______69_____ “If animals become accustomed to tourists and if tourism practices enhance this taming, we might create unintended consequences—affecting the behavior or population of a species and influencing the species' function in its community,” the researchers write.Ecotourism has effects similar to those of animal domestication and urbanization. Research has shown that domesticated silver foxes become more obedient and less fearful. Fox squirrels and birds that live in urbanized areas are slower to flee from danger. ______70_____Scientists hope the new analysis will encourage more research into the interactions between people and wildlife. It is essential to develop further understanding of how various species in various situations respond to human interaction and under what conditions human exposure may place them at risk.答案：67—70: EAFCA. Between August and April, they sought food in low elevations (海拔) on China’s Qinling Mountains.B. Scientists think the research shows that pandas are very clever.C. Pandas eat bamboo all day long except when they are sleeping or playing.D. The gene for their “umami taste receptors” became inactive.E. They fed on them until they went back down the mountain and started eating Bashania fargesii leaves again.F. Scientists have conducted many studies on pandas’ eating habits.Are Bamboo-Eating Pandas Really Herbivores?On the outside, giant pandas look like herbivores (食草动物). They spend nearlyall of their waking hours eating bamboo. But on the inside, they’re built likecarnivores(食肉动物). About half of the calories they eat come from protein,according to a new study.The ancestor of giant pandas were omnivorous (杂食的). They ate both animals and plants, and had the digestive system and gut bacteria to metabolize (使发生新陈代谢) them. They had “umami taste receptors,” to appreciate the flavors of meat.However, about 2.4 million years ago, things began to change. 67 Their jaw and teeth evolved to help them crush bamboo, and their wrist bone became capable of grasping the stalks(秆) of their favorite plant. Scientists think pandas switched to eating bamboo partly because they didn’t have to fight with other animals to get it. Bamboo is high in fiber but has a low concentration of nutrients, so pandas have to eat 20 to 40 pounds of the plant every day just to get by.David Raubenheimer, a nutritional ecologist at the University of Sydney, and his colleagues put GPS trackers on two giant pandas and followed their movements throughout the year. They discovered that the pandas followed the protein. 68 At the start of the cycle, they ate Bashania fargesii leaves until they got the chance to feast on young shoots, which contained more protein.The more the shoots grew, the more their protein was diluted (冲淡) by fiber. That caused the pandas to move to higher ground, where Fargesia qinlingensis grew. First, they ate the shoots, but these, too, went from being protein-rich to fiber-rich as they grew. The pandas responded by switching to the leaves. 69 The researchers found that about half of the calories the pandas ate were in the form of protein.70 “They can know exactly wh ere to go, and when to go, so they can get the most of the nutrients that their ecosystem can provide,” said Silvia Pineda-Munoz, who was not involved in the study.The work also shows that classifying an animal as herbivore or carnivore is more complex th an one might assume. “It’s not whether you’re eating plants but what part of the plants you’re eating,” said Pineda-Munoz.答案：67-70: DAEBBoxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot of money, and successful boxers are treated as big heroes.It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. 67However, there is a negative side to boxing. 68 Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. 69 Sometimes even if a boxer has never been knocked out, he might have suffered severe brain damage without knowing it.70 I think it would be better if less time were given to aggressive sports on TV, and we welcomed more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as a sport.答案：67.A 68. F 69. E 70. BHow the British and American Tell Children’s StoriesIf Harry Potter and Huckleberry Finn were each to represent British versus American children’s literature, a curious situation would emerge: In a literary competition for the hearts and minds of children, one is a wizard（巫师) in-training at a boarding school in the Scottish Highlands, while the other is a barefoot boy drifting down the Mississippi, bothered by cheats, slave hunters, and thieves. One defeats evil with a magic stick, the other takes to a raft（筏）to right a social wrong. _____67_____The small island of Great Britain is an unquestionably powerhouse of children’s bestsellers: Alice in Wonderland, Harry Potter, and The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Significantly, all are fantasies. _____68_____ Stories like The Call of the Wild. Charlotte’s Web, Little Women, and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer are more notable for their realistic portraits of day-to-day life in the towns and farmlands on the growing frontier. If British children gathered in the dim light of the kitchen fireplace to hear stories about magic swords and talking bears, American children sat at their mother’s knee listening tales with moral messages about a world where life was hard, obedience emphasized, and Christian morality valued. Each style has its virtues, but the British approach undoubtedly creates the kinds of stories that appeal to the furthest reaches of children’s imagination._____69_____ For one, the British have always been in touch with their pagan（异教徒的）folk traditions and stories, says Maria Tatar, a Harvard professor of children’s literature. After all, the country’s very origin story is about a young king tutored by a wizard. Legends have always been accepted as history, from Merlin to Macbeth. “Even as the British were digging into these magical worlds, Americans, much more realistic, always viewed their soil as something to exploit,” says Tatar.American write fantasies too, but nothing like the British, says Jerry Griswold, a San Diego State University pro fessor of children’s literature. He said, “_____70_____” To prove it, he mentioned Dorothy, the heroine of Wizard of Oz（绿野仙踪）who unmasks the great and powerful Wizard as a cheat. Meanwhile, American fantasies differ in another way: They usually end with a moral lesson learned —for example, in Oz, Dorothy’s journey ends with the realization: “There’s no place like home.”答案：67-70 FDABNew sense discovered in dog noses: the ability to detect heatDogs’ noses are amazing. Not only are they up to 100 million times more sensitive than ours, they can sense weak thermal radiation— the body heat of mammalian (哺乳动物的) prey, a new study reveals. The find helps explain how dogs with damaged sight, hearing, or smell can still hunt successfully.“It’s a fascinating discovery,” says Marc Bekoff, an expert on dog sniffing (嗅探). “It provides yet another window into the sensory worlds of dogs’ highly evolved cold noses.” The ability to sense weak, radia ting heat is known in only some animals: black fire beetles, certain snakes, and one species of mammal, the common vampire bat, all of which use it to hunt prey. __67__. But the tips of dogs’ noses are moist, colder than the surrounding temperature, and ri chly endowed with nerves—all of which suggests an ability to detect not just smell, but heat.To test the idea, researchers at Lund University trained three pet dogs to choose between a warm (31°C) and a surrounding-temperature object, each placed 1.6 meters away. __68__. (Scientists could only detect the difference by touching the surfaces.) After training, the dogs were tested on their skill in double-blind experiments; all three successfully detected the objects emitting weak thermal radiation.Next, the researchers scanned the brains of 13 pet dogs of various breeds while presenting the dogs with objects emitting neutral or weak thermal radiation. The left somatosensory cortex in dogs’ brains, was more responsive to the warm thermal stimulus than to the neutral one. The scientists identified a group of 14 voxels (体素) in this region of the dogs’ left brains , but didn’t find any in the right, and none in any part of the dogs’ brains in response to the neutral stimulus.__69__. Also, a specific region of their brains is activated by this infrared (relating to a type of light) radiation, the scientists say. They suspect dogs inherited the ability from their ancestor, the gray wolf, who may use it to sniff out warm bodies during a hunt.“The study is consisten t with other research that describes the combined dog nose and brain as a highly complicated platform for processing a broad range of signals,” says Gary Settles, a professor of mechanical engineering at Pennsylvania State University. “The dog nose can distinguish patterns of hot and cold objects at a distance,” he said. “__70__. That needs further study.”答案：67-70 DBFCA period of important agricultural development began in the early 1700s in Great Britain and the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, which lie below sea level).(67) ____________________ One of the most important of these developments was an improved horse-drawn seed drill invented by Jethro Tull in England. Until that time, farmers sowed seeds by hand. Tull’s drill made rows of holes for the seeds. By the end of the 18th century, seed drilling was widely practiced in Europe. Many other machines were developed in the United States.(68) ____________________ At about the same time, John and Hiram Pitts introduced a horse-powered thresher (脱粒机)that shortened the process of separating grain a nd seed from straw. John Deere’s steel plow (犁), introduced in 1837, made it possible to work the tough soil with much less horsepower.Along with new machines, there were several important advances in selective farming. By selectively breeding animals (breeding those with desirable traits), farmers increased the size and productivity of their livestock. Plants could also be selectively br ed for certain qualities. In 1866, Gregor Mendel’s studies in heredity (遗传) were published in Austria. (69) ____________________ His work paved the way for improving crops through genetics.New crop planting methods also evolved during this time. Many of these were adopted over the next century or so throughout Europe. For example, the Norfolk four-field system, developed in England, proved quite successful. It involved the yearly rotation(轮作) of several crops, including wheat, turnips, barley, clover, and ryegrass. (70) ____________________ Moreover, this method enabled farmers to grow enough to sell some of their harvest without having to leave any land unplanted.Not all parts of the world benefited from these developments instantly, however. Farmers in other parts such as Australia and Africa continued to use old ways of agriculture for a long time.答案：67— 70 FDCA12.徐汇区The Podcast (播客) BoomDo you prefer to watch TV or listen to the radio? There was a time when some people thought moving pictures would spell the end of tuning in to the radio for entertainment and information. But radio survived and boomed. (67) ____________________Perhaps the growth in podcasting is not surprising—it offers a digital audio file that can be downloaded and stored for listening at any time. It can also be streamed from the internet and played on a computer or MP3 player. And it’s not just broadcasters, like the BBC, who are producing podcasts: now commercial broadcasters, individuals and companies with no connection to broadcasting are making them. In fact, anyone with something to say, and a few pounds to spend on the equipment, can get involved.The digital audio files are cheap to produce and, thanks to the internet, easy to distribute. (68) ____________________ Journalist Ben Hammersley told the BBC that “two changes transformed the market—one cultural and one technical.” A technical breakthrough came in 2012 when Apple produced the iPhon e podcast app, which proved a popular library system for listeners. This was followed by a dramatic improvement in inexpensive recording production and editing equipment. Finally, the development of 4G mobile phone connections and widespread wi-fi meant listeners could browse, download or stream shows whenever they wanted.(69) ____________________ It was a piece of investigative journalism hosted by Sarah Koenig, telling a non-fiction story over multiple episodes (集). To date, the first and second seasons of the show have had more than 340 million downloads. Advertisers soon realized the money-making potential of this and other successful podcasts. And where the audience goes, the money follows. From 2017 to 2018 advertising spending on podcasts in the UK went from $10.6m(£8.5m) to $19.7m, an 85% increase, according to Ovum.(70) ____________________ In fact, as Ben Hammersley explains, podcasting has brought people into broadcasting who would normally never have seen the inside of a recording studio. “There are of course professional podcasters, but there are many more people who create quality content and do it for nothing,” he says. “And that is changing not just the way we listen to audio but the way the broadcasting industry works.”答案：67-70 CFADBringing Light to the Darkness with Crisco ArtMost paintings are best enjoyed in galleries with good lighting. But an Italian artist who goes by the name Crisco is changing the way we look at paintings with a new approach: glow（发光）-in-the-dark paint.Crisco’s paintings are beautiful in normal lighting, b ut it is when the lights go down that they really come alive. (67) _________________His art mostly shows landscapes. Trees, horizons, and especially starry skies come alive with the glow of his paints. At the center of most of his work, there is often a human or animal figure. The figure may be just a shadow surrounded by the glowing colors, but it often appears to be the source of the light. (68) _________________ Instead, they are all bright pictures of hope, life, wonder, and growth. They are Crisco's way of adding a little light to the world.Crisco’s full name is Cristoforo Scorpiniti. (69) ___________________ Instead of letting a negative experience get the best of him, he threw himself into a new pursuit: art. According to Crisco, he paints with glowing colors to inspire hope. Though his paintings often show night scenes that look good in the dark, Crisco does not focus on the darkness. Instead, he uses his paintings to express positivity by creating light in the darkness.A lot of his best work has come out of just painting what he felt at the time without any plan or structure. (70) _____________________ With over half a million followers on Instagram, Crisco is already popular on social media for his unique paintings. He’ll surely only get more famo us in the future for his inspiring paintings that beautifully mix darkness and light.答案：67-70 D B F AHow we write todayThe alphabet was born about 3800 years ago. After a slow start, it has produced dozens of offspring (后代). __________67__________ Near the beginning of this period, the Phoenician alphabet — a direct offspring of the first one — gave rise to the Greek and Aramaic alphabets. The Greek alphabet then led to a huge variety of forms, from the Cyrillic family used in south-east Europe and northern Asia to the Latin/Roman family that includes English, German and French. The Aramaic alphabet, meanwhile, developed into a group that includes the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets. It probably also gave rise to the Brahmi script, another distinct type of alphabet that is itself the parent of dozens more used across south and South-East Asia.__________68__________ In the first —of which Chinese text is the only real example still in use —signs represent full words. In the other, signs represent syllables (音节). Japanese u ses many Chinese “word” characters, but has two other writing systems based on syllable signs. The few other syllable-based systems include the Cherokee one used in the south-east US.The variety and global dominance of the alphabet isn’t necessarily a sign of its superiority to other writing systems, says Amalia Gnanadesikan, recently retired from the University of Maryland. __________69__________ For instance, they are used across north Asia, Africa and the Americas because of Russian and western European expansionism.The fact that alphabets use a smaller set of characters than other writing systems isn’t entirely beneficial either, says Gnanadesikan. __________70__________ Take the phrase “dog bites man”. Someone learning Chinese has to understand just three signs — rather than 11 letters —to read and write the sentence. “So you get a very rapid ability to translate what you’re learning into use,” she says. Moreover, children in Japan learn the hiragana (平假名) syllable-based writing system so easily that they can often start reading aged 3.答案：67-70 EDFB。