美国文学殖民主义时期puritan
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学介绍(殖民主义时期)
Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607
❖ Many of the people who settled in the New World came
to escape religious persecution.
Two Important New England Settlements
1948: T. S. Eliot 艾略特(USA/UK)
❖ 1980: Czeslaw Milosz
米沃什
(Poland/USA)
❖ 1987: Joseph Brodsky
布罗德斯基
(USSR/USA)
❖ Basic common qualities of American Writers: Independent，独立精神 Individualistic，个性意识 Critical，批判精神 Innovative，革新意识 Humorous，幽默风格
How to use the textbook？
❖ 1. the authors ❖ 2. the works ❖ 3. the new words ❖ 4. the related questions
The relationship between English & American Literatures?
❖ Within such a short period, American literature
swiftly developed well matured began to receive international recognition has exercised an impactful effect upon world
AmericanPuritanism美国文学史
AmericanPuritanism美国文学史第一篇：American Puritanism 美国文学史American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.6.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.8American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terroras from the romantic literature of Europe.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe.They stressed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual was the most important element of society.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic ofthe Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.Black humor, in literature, drama, and film, grotesque or morbid humor used to express the absurdity, insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world.Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony.Black humor uses devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with tragic farce.For example, Stanley Kubrick's film Dr.Strangelove;or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb(1963)is a terrifying comic treatment of the circumstances surrounding the dropping of an atom bomb, while Jules Feiffer's comedy Little Murders(1965)is a delineation of the horrors of modern urban life, focusing particularly on random assassinations.The novels of such writers as Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, and Philip Roth contain elements of black humor.6.The Lost Gene ration: It’s used to describe the people of the postwar years.Itdescribes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.After World War I, the young disappointed American writers, such as Hemingway, Pound, Cummings Fitzgerald, chose Paris as their place ofexile.They came from the East or the Middle West of the U.S.A, and most of them had been shocked or wounded in the war.An American woman writer named Gertrude Stein, who had lived in Paris since 1903, welcomed these young writers to her apartment which was already famous as a literary salon.She called them “the lost generation”, because they had cut themselves off from their past in American in order to create new types of writing which had never been tried before.“The Lost Generation” is also painted in the writers’ writings.The young English and American expatriates, men and women, were caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad.They wandered pointlessly and restlessly, enjoying things like fishing, swimming, bullfight and beauties of nature, but they were aware all the while that the world is crazy and meaningless and futile.Their whole life is undercut and defeated.Characteristics of Romanticism:a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reasonand common sense.c.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, againstauthority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express hisown inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problemnovel, historical novel , gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:• New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;HenryWadsworth Longfellow;• Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of GeoffreyGrayon”9.Naturalism 自然主义1.Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in thesecond half of the 19th century.2.Naturalism theory: literature must be “true to life” and exactly reproduce real life, includingall its details without any selection.3.Naturist writers usu.write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life贫民窟生活”, but by giving all the details without discrimination, they can only represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life.4.Naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism.5.Emile Zola(1840-1902), the French novelist and the master of modern naturalism.George Gissing(1857-1903)-the most significant figure in the period of transition from the Victorian to the modern novel.Representative: George Gissing(1857-1903)1.His novels were mainly a description of the appalling可怜的 conditions of the poor and areflection of his own painful experiences and impressions.2.His most outstanding novel is New Grub Street(1891)– a minor classic which depicts theliterary life of his time.3.Other works:a)Charles Dickens: A critical Study(1898)–which shows his sound appreciation of Dickens’sachievements in character portrayal and language art.b)ThePrivate Papers of Henry Ryecroft(1903)– the most popular of his work written in theform of part diary, part essays and part confessions.4.Gossing is a chronicler年代史编者 of the seamy堕落的 side of later Victorian England.17.American naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features: Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such AmericanCrane’s is the first American naturalism work.Norris’s McTeague is the manifesto of American natura lism.Dreiser’sis the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at betteringthe world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.第二篇：美国文学史梗概美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。
美国文学The Puritan Period
The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Paine
The American Crisis
The Literature of Colonial America
Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing Two important poets 1) Anne Bradstreet 2) Edward Taylor
Prominent figures in colonial America
John Winthrop A visionary utopian A social reactionary “Massachusetts colonists in covenant with God”, “A Modell of Christian Charity” Massachusetts as a social experiment, urged his fellow colonists to adopt the group discipline and individual responsibility Being convinced that God favored his community above all others
Characteristics of “Colonial Literature”
Most of the writers were born in Britain Modern English was under development and taking shape Principal ideological trend: Puritanism
John Cotton
吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》配套题库【章节题库(含考研真题)】-第一~二章【圣才出品】
第一章殖民地时期的美国文学填空题1. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。
其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。
2. The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was ______.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。
美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。
3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ______ values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。
这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。
4. Many Puritans wrote verse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and______, rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward T aylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒。
5. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by ______.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学I.知识结构：见笔记II. 知识点精讲1.时代背景1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in 1620. (In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨诸塞湾）Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden.)5)The puritan migration began. (The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.)6)The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began toappear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).2. 名词解释1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant. They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regardedthemselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin. They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favored a disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudes toward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved further and further westward, they became more practical, as indeed they had to be. "A doctrinaire opportunist" came perhaps closest to the American Puritan ideal for man.2) American Puritanism(美国清教主义): It is a religious and political movement.Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature. American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.3) American Dream(美国梦):The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. (These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.)4) Great Awakening(宗教大觉醒): Great Awakening is a series of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started (1734) by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.3.作家作品1）Captain John Smith(1580-1631)（约翰·史密斯）---first American writer Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. Anotherthing he wrote about that became historically important is his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England. His narrative reveals the early settlers' vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.His contributions: There was the famous John Smith's description of New England as a promising virgin land, which came to the attention of many people in England and Europe and drew many of them over to the New World.His description of American was filled with themes, myths, images,scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a new land.2) William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉·布拉德福德）---- the first governor of the PlymouthWilliam Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation that he established with his group of Pilgrim Fathers. His Of Plymouth Plantation（《普利茅斯殖民史》）records, along with other things of a historic nature, the deliberations that the first settlers of North America had regarding their colonizing undertaking. In chapter IV, "Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal," Bradford states the fourth reason for their departure for the new world when he saysthat his people had "a great hope and inward zeal" to do the spadework for disseminating "the gospel of the kingdom of Christ" in the new world and they were even willing to be stepping-stones for others in doing this great work. The religious and idealistic nature of their adventure into the unknown world is self-evident.The characteristics of the Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）are simplicity, full of earnestness, direct reporting. It is readable and moving.3) John Winthrop 温斯罗普(1588-1649) ---- The first governor of theMassachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states in this speech of his that there was the cause between God and his people who entered into a covenant with God for this work of building a new garden of Eden in the new worldJohn Wi nthrop’s works are A Model of Christian Charity（《基督教仁爱的典范》）, which is a speech, and The History of New England（《新英格兰的历史》）.4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安妮·布雷兹特里特）----- a Puritan poet The American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style ofestablished European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was one such poet.The argument of most of Anne Bradstreet’s poems is essentially about the justice of God’s ways with His Puritan floc k. Her works search for a sense of man’s nature and destiny and his mission in the new world. One more thing to note about Anne Bradstreet is her description of the early settlers’ life in the new world. For example, “As Weary Pilgrim,”（《疲倦的朝圣者》）one devoted to God as much as any of her other poems, offers some hints of the hardships that they suffered in their first days there.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet who wrote “ponderous Verses ofinterminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America. Most of other verses (have fallen into the obscurity of time, but her gentle “Contemplations”（《沉思》）are still read today.The ninth offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritans pioneering in a new world. When the poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw somethingmetaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singularly Puritan.Her other poems such as “To My Dear and Loving Husband” （《致我亲爱的丈夫》）and “In Reference to Her Children,” however, denote the human side of her being clearly. Take “To My Dear and Loving Husband” for instance:Coming from a devout Puritan, these lines are surprising because they reveal the inner “soul-scape” of the “Puritans” so graphically. Read Anne Bradstreet’s poems on her children and grandchildren, and it will be clear that the love, the care, and the happiness that comes from family life are all the important to her indeed.“The Flesh and the Spirit”（《灵魂和肉体》）: The struggle between the two impulses (spiritual and material) is perennial and constitutes the basic texture of the Puritan mind. Her poem, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” depicting as it does two sisters arguing about their values, is a good illustration. The Flesh, one of the twin sisters, is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the Kingdom of God. The Spirit seems to be winning as she has a much longer and more final argument to offer. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.5）Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）Edward Taylor (1642-1729) was a meditative poet. In his splendid, exotic images, Taylor came nearest to the English baroque poets. For all his indulgence in his “un-Puritan” imagery, however, he was, first and last, a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.A good example is his poem, “Huswifery,” (《家务》)which indicates that he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning：The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.In his interesting poem “Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”（《蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想》）, Taylor sees the spider as a symbol of Hell with its traps.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or possibly sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.6) Roger Williams (1603-1683) （罗杰·威廉斯）Roger Williams was one of the greatest Puritan dissenters in the early days of Puritan theocracy in New England. He came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty and against the Puritanoligarchy of Boston. His call for democratic government and his opposition to the eviction of the Indians from their ancestral properties incurred the wrath and hatred of such “orthodox” Puritans as John Cotton (1584-1652), who banished him from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635. He lived for a while with the Indians before immigrating to Rhode Island, where he established the “Rhode Island Way” to encourage religious toleration, and protect Indian rights.Williams published his “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause o f Conscience”（《血腥的迫害教义》）(1644), furiously attacking the “soul-killing” requirement of religious conformity and vigorously upholding the spiritual freedom of the individual.7) John Woolman (1720-1772)（约翰·伍尔曼）Born into a pious Quaker family in New Jersey, John Woolman was early convinced that true religion consisted in an inward life in which the heart loved and respected God and learned to exercise true justice and goodness toward men and brutes alike.His Journal (1774) veritably notes down his experience and feeling during witnessing the slave trade, revealing the cruel truth of black slave selling. Besides he has the courage to criticize himself and pursue self-perfection, which is consequently consideration as a “Quaker classic of the inner Light,”and countless non-Quaker readers have been touched by its “exquisite purity and grace.”His essays are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" and "A Plea for the Poor," in which he tried to plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system. He also kept a Journal for the most part of his life, recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with God.8) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(托马斯·潘恩)The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a propagandist and a major influence in the American Revolution. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.His main works were a series of pamphlets. His Common Sense（《常识》）, declaring as it did that "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; In its worst state an intolerable one," attacked British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossusof its colonial rule down in flames. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as anencouragement to the painfully fighting people. Paine became a major influence in the American Revolution.His American Crisis （《美国危机》）series of pamphlets came out at one of the darkest moments of the revolution when Washington's troops had just suffered one of the worst defeats in the war and were in the process of retreating. "These are the times that try men's souls," it declared. "The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." Here the word “try” was in a sense of “test to the limit” and “subject to great hardships”.Later he participated in the French Revolution, and wrote The Rights of Man（《人权》）and The Age of Reason《(理性的时代》), spreading the ideals of the French Revolution among the people.9) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)（托马斯·杰弗逊）Thomas Jefferson was a resourceful and intelligent man. He played different roles in his life. He was an enlightener, an aristocrat, a lawyer, scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and a writer.He was one of the men who drafted The Declaration of Independence （《独立宣言》）. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation and a philosophy of human freedom. It was a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of thequarrel with Britain. In The Declaration of Independence, people instilled a sense of their ownimportance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.10) Philip Freneau (1752-1832) （菲利普·弗瑞诺）---- “poet of the revolution” and “Father of American Poetry”Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways.a.He used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries.b. He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.c. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life around directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.His main works were "The Rising Glory of America," (《美国荣誉的崛起》1772)"The Wild Honey Suckle,"（《野忍冬花》1786）"The Indian Burying Ground"（《印第安墓地》1788）and "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi". Take "The Wild Honey Suckle," for instance.Stanza 1: the flowers hidden in the retreat;SStanza 3&4: reinforce the message.The lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that, the sight described can awaken in the bosoms of the readers —all these are simply amazing. Through the poetic image, the poet describes the beauty of nature."The Indian Burying Ground"In this poem, Philip Freneau gave recognition to the Native American culture as a potential indigenous subject for American writers---- another potential subject for them; he revealed not only his tolerance of a different way of life, but also his admiration for it.11) Charles Brockden Brown（查尔斯·布洛克登·布朗）Charles Brockden Brown is one of the most prominent among these writers.a. His first novel, Wieland(《威兰》); or, The Transformation: An American Tale (1798) has been regarded as the first American novel.b. Basically, Brown was an imitator. The Gothic features of his works are a good illustration.c. He awared that his inspiration was rooted in his own land, its new life and energy which, he felt, offered the writers with areas of exploration different from European subjects. Brown believed that his novels were all about his country and histanza 2: Nature makes their beauty;people and that he employed new narrative techniques hitherto unheeded by his predecessors.d. Another thing of historic significance that Brown did was his description of his characters' inner world.e. His four major novels—Edgar huntly (1799), Ormond (1799), Arthur Mervyn (1800), as well as Weland—are all solid evidence of his literary beliefs put into practice.f. Brown began to explore the emotional world of his characters and found that man is not always controlled by reason and that sensual experiences, passion and illusion could all impact human thinking and emotional responses. He became aware that the subconscious is mystic and unfathomable and that art is a necessary medium to externalize the deeper impulses of the human psyche. In a manner of speaking, Brown's works can be read as psychological novels. His protagonists—Wieland or Huntly or Ormond—all exhibit the essential characteristics of a neurotic.12）Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）Edwards was born into a very religious New England family. He preached with horrific vividness in order to make religious ideas felt along the senses. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man's need to communicate with the Holy Spirit to receive God's grace. What he was trying to do was to reinstate these Calvinist ideas in ways acceptable to an audience already becoming susceptible to the ideas of Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was probably the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.His greatest works that have made people remember him even today. These include The Freedom of the Will (1754)（《论意志自由》）, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)（《论原罪》）, and The Nature of True Virtue (1765)（《论真实德行的本源》）；His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"（《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》）.He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. In his works, he represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed torevitalize. He discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. Edwards believes in the regeneration of man. He urges his people toenjoy the sweetness of "conversion," the change of heart with the help of the grace of God. When Edwards saw the sun rise out of darkness and from under the earth, raising the whole world with it, raising mankind out of their beds and brightening up everything, he thought of Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness, life and light to the world of man. His Images or Shadows of Divine Things （《圣灵的影像》）contains a great many instances of this kind which were part of the Puritan typological tradition and, in the way that Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, the work anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. In his doctrines of inward communication of God and man, and of the immanence of God in nature, and in his literary expression of all these ideas, Edwards was, in the words of F. I. Carpenter, a good deal of a transcendentalist.13）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(本杰明·富兰克林)Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Born in 1706 into a candle-maker's family—"poor and obscure" as he says of himself in his Autobiography（《自传》）, he had very little formal education. When still very young he was apprenticed to his olderhalf-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston. At 17 he ran away toPhiladelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance into the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, founded the Junto Club (a society meeting regularly for informal discussions of good books, business ethics etc.) and a subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard's Almanac（《穷理查年鉴》）and retired around forty-two years of age, soon after he became financially independent. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. Among the things which he started and for which he is still remembered today were volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, and efficient heating devices. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line, the experiment that won Immanuel Kant's admiration when the German philosopher called him "the new Prometheus who had stolen fire[electricity in this case] from heaven," his lightning-rod, the recognition he won from the Royal Society of London—all these made him one of the preeminent scientists of his day.His major works: Poor Richard's Almanac and Autobiography.In Poor Richard's Almanac, sayings like "Lost time is never found again,""A penny saved is a penny earned,""God help them that helpthemselves,""Fish and visitors stink in three days" and "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise"—these and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.AutobiographyThe book consists of four parts, written at different times. Franklin was 65 when he first wrote it.It is an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement. It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman. He narrated how he owned the constant felicity of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.The whole book is an impressive record of a man trying to be of value to mankind: Franklin spent his whole life doing all kinds of things for the welfare of the world, as indeed we have noted a moment earlier. Creating as it does the image of a boy's rise from rags to riches, the book demonstrates Franklin's confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work andwisemanagement, and that "one man of tolerable abilities will work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind." Thus through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.（14）Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (克雷福科)Crevecoeur was a French settler. He wrote letters back to Europe, explaining the meaning of America to the outside world. The first eight of Crevecoeur's twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American, the "new man," planted in a new world, who left behind him the old world with its oppression and servility, working and getting "rewards of his industry" and acquiring the dignity and self-confidence of a true human being in what he called "the most perfect society now existing in the world." In his letters we hear the note of pride in democratic equality and abundance of opportunity, a note we are to hear over and again in the writings of later American authors.The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer (1775)（《美国农民的来信》）. In his lifetime, Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. In fact, starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of evilthat hethought the American had left behind with his migration to this side of the Atlantic.4. 重点难点Puritanism’s influence on American literature 清教主义对美国的影响（1）American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest.(2) The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. To the pious Puritan the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God's plan, possessed a delegated meaning. The world was, in a word, one of multiple significance.(3) Style: With regard to technique one naturally thinks of the simplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the structure is tight and logic; it adopts a lot of homely imagery; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(4) A dominant factor in American life, American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing. Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans. General features of Colonial American literature殖民时期美国文学特征(1) American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.(2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. Most of them were practical matter-of-fact accounts of life in the new world; there were highly theoretical discussions of religious questions.(3) In form, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.(4) The purpose of these writings was pragmatic.。
美国文学中的几个主义
美国文学中的几个主义清教主义： Puritanism 代表人物： Anna Bradstreet ，Benjamin Franklin ，Thomas Paine ，Thomas Jefferson浪漫主义： Romanticism 代表人物：Washington Irving ，Edgar Allan PoeA超验主义：Transcendentalism ；代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson ，Emily Dickinson ，Walt Whitman自然主义：Naturalism ；代表人物：Henry D. Thoreau意向主义：Imagism ；代表人物：Ezra Pound心理现实主义：psychological realism ；代表人物：Henry James一清教主义对美国文学的影响清教徒文学传统形成于17世纪，清教主义与其它宗教相比,包含三个层面的价值体系,并对不同时期的美国文学产生了不同的影响,表现出不同时代特征,以清教主义作为参照系,可以说17世纪美国文学是“信仰时代的文学”,18世纪美国文学是“世俗时代的文学”,19世纪美国文学则可称为“宗教批判与宗教道德时代的文学”。
发端于英国的清教主义对美国社会有着更大的影响,“英格兰有过清教革命,却没有创建清教社会;美国没有经历清教革命,却创建了清教社会”①。
并且这种影响以其持久深厚而铸就了美利坚民族的灵魂。
正如朱世达先生所言:“清教传统像一条红线规范了从殖民时代到如今的美国的政治文化与社会文化”②。
作为美国文化一个独特的源头,清教主义在美国经历了由表及里、由明转暗的曲折发展,最终形成有美国特色的清教价值体系,从某种意义上说,文学是这一发展历程的最好见证。
一般而言,宗教都包含信仰与道德两个层面的价值体系。
清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。
作为一种教义 ,清教主义不再具有原有的意义 ,但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响 ,却在美国形成了一种特殊的文化氛围 ,不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系 ,对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。
美国古代文学史名词解释、简答、论述题
美国古代文学史名词解释、简答、论述题本文旨在阐述美国古代文学发展史中的重要名词、简述相关内容及针对论述题展开适当讨论。
一、名词解释1. Puritanism（清教主义）：是17世纪时在英格兰和美洲流行的宗教改革运动。
清教徒最初移民纽英格兰是为了逃避英王的压迫。
清教徒的中包括坚信的意志对人的一切事宜具有决定性作用，反对世俗和欲望，鼓励个人的努力，强调个人的责任以及间接地强调了民主的概念。
2. Transcendentalism（超验主义）：是19世纪30年代美国文化中一股对启蒙运动的反动，反对理性主义和经验主义。
超验主义者认为人们应该依靠个人直觉和灵感开启心灵深处的真实，超越感官经验。
超验主义者强调个人的自由发展，自然的神秘和美好。
3. Regionalism（地方主义）：是19世纪晚期至20世纪初美国文学的一种流派。
运动的核心思想是反对现代工业化和全球化，提倡重视地方风景、文化和民俗，关注本土的人、事、物，并以此为原材料创作文学。
二、简答题1. Nathaniel Hawthorne的小说《红字》反映了哪些思想和文化特征？《红字》十分典型地表现了清教徒文化对美国文学的影响，其中包括对罪恶的强烈谴责和对个人自由的崇尚。
小说中的同情感是从人性中萃取出来的，同时还揭示了社会伦理和人性的冲突。
2. 简要说明Mark Twain的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的重要主题。
《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中最为重要的主题之一是反对奴隶制度和种族歧视。
小说通过边缘化非洲裔角色吉姆和他与哈克贝利的冒险来表达这一主题。
通过小说中的观点发表间接批判制奴政策和对黑人的压迫。
三、论述题威廉·福克纳的小说《荒野上的救世主》中如何体现了超验主义思想？《荒野上的救世主》小说通过多个角色的人生经历，呈现出一种东西方的宗教信仰和精神世界上的共性。
超验主义的思想在小说中得到了体现，例如鲍姆对科学和机械世界的愤恨，以及詹妮·霍查神秘的形象等等。
殖民主义时期的美国文学 英文版
American Puritanism
Features of American Puritan
idealist dream
▪they would build
the new land to
more practical,
an Eden on earth.
tougher
the severe conditions struggle for survival preoccupied with business and profits
Without understanding of Puritanism, there can be no good understanding of American culture and literature.
II. Literature in the early periods: 1. main features
3) Literature in the early periods were barren and bleak, but they represent a process in which American literature evolved towards a higher phrase.
2. Early American Puritan Writers
• John Smith, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown: His descriptions about the new world became the source of information for the later settlers.
Historical Background
puritan的名词解释
puritan的名词解释在英语中，有一个名词叫做"Puritan". 很多人都对这个词感到陌生，也许只是在学校课本中见过一两次。
但是了解这个词的意思和背后的历史背景，可以帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏英语文学和文化。
Puritan这个词源自拉丁语的“pūritās”，意为“纯洁”或“纯净”。
在英语中，它被用来形容17世纪英国的一类基督教新教徒。
Puritans是一群对英国国教教堂体制不满的人，他们希望对教会进行一系列改革，将其更加符合圣经的原始教义。
他们强调个人信仰和宗教自由，并提倡寻求灵魂的“纯洁”。
这群早期的Puritans是来自各个阶层的人，包括商人、农民、服务人员等。
他们相信每个人的灵魂都应该经历一次宗教的转变，接纳上帝的救赎。
因此，Puritans的信仰被认为是个人和内心的体验，而不仅仅是一种教义的奉行。
Puritans对个人品德、社会和道德的重视也深深影响了英国的社会和文化。
他们强调勤奋、节制和廉洁。
他们反对奢华和享乐，以至于在某种程度上成为了道德纯洁主义的代名词。
在文学领域，Puritans的影响也是显而易见的。
他们对写作和阅读的态度非常严谨，注重道德教化和灵魂救赎。
Puritans的写作往往被认为是前卫的、启蒙的，他们尝试通过文学作品来传达自己的宗教信仰和思想。
其中一位最知名的Puritan作家是约翰·米尔顿（John Milton），他的诗歌作品《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
这部史诗描写了人类的起源和堕落，探讨了自由意志和命运的问题。
除了米尔顿，还有其他许多Puritan作家如托马斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）和杰克伦·欧斯特（Jack London），他们的作品都反映了Puritans的信仰和价值观。
然而，Puritans的影响并非完全正面。
他们对其他宗教和文化的抗拒和歧视，导致了一些不和谐和冲突。
美国文学知识
美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。
代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。
纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。
代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。
威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。
代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。
安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。
代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。
迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。
代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。
爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。
代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。
乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。
代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。
二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。
美国文学史概论之二殖民地时期文学
美国文学史概论之二殖民地时期文学殖民地时期文学是美国文学史中的第一个阶段，大约从17世纪初到18世纪末。
这个时期的文学主要以探索者、移民和殖民者的文字为主，所以也被称为“新英格兰文学”或“殖民地文学”。
这段时期的文学作品反映了当时殖民地社会的特点和发展。
在殖民地时期的文学中，最有代表性的作品是宗教文学。
这是因为最早来到新大陆的移民是宗教迫害的受害者，他们来到这里是为了寻求宗教自由。
《普利茅斯纪实》是最早的一部重要作品，它记录了移民者在新大陆上建立普利茅斯殖民地的经历和困难。
这个殖民地后来成为美国的第一批殖民地之一
除宗教文学外，殖民地时期还产生了一些其他类型的文学作品。
其中最重要的是旅行文学，这些文学作品描述了探险者和移民探索和开发新大陆的经历。
《新奥主义银行》是最早的一部重要作品之一，它记录了这个时期英国探险家亨利·哈德森和他的队友在北美洲的探险经历。
此外，殖民地时期的文学还包括了一些诗歌和散文作品。
这些作品主要以抒发个人情感和表达个人意见为主，其中最知名的作家是安妮·布拉德斯特里特。
她的作品《传奇》是美国第一部诗集，被认为是殖民地时期文学中最重要的作品之一
总的来说，殖民地时期文学是美国文学史中的开端，它记录了欧洲移民在新大陆上建立殖民地的经历和困难。
这些作品揭示了当时的社会和文化特点，为后来的美国文学奠定了基础。
吴定柏《美国文学大纲》(第2版)(章节题库 殖民地时期的美国文学)【圣才出品】
第1章殖民地时期的美国文学Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.The Puritan philosophy known as_____was important in New England during colonial time,and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.【答案】Puritanism【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒构成了当时北美移民的主体，在新英格兰北部更是清一色的清教徒。
清教主义奠定了美国社会的基础，塑造了美国人的性格，从各个方面影响着美国社会。
2.In his autobiography,_____creates the image of a self-made man and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of_____which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2011研）【答案】Benjamin Franklin,opportunities【解析】富兰克林是美国启蒙时期与独立战争时期的代表人物。
他的《富兰克林自传》是美国第一部成功的传记体作品，文中树立的主人公形象激励了一代又一代的美国人去追求美国梦。
3.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America is a collection of poems composed by_____.【答案】Anne Bradstreet【解析】安妮·布莱德斯特里特是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
其代表作是诗集《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America）。
美国文学考试模拟题
第一章殖民地时期的美国文学填空题1. Theterm “Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout membersof the Church of ______.【答案】England查看答案【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改革派。
其字词于16世纪60年代开始使用，源于拉丁文的Purus，意为“清洁”。
2. Themost enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was______.【答案】American Puritanism查看答案【解析】美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。
美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国文学有着根深蒂固的影响。
3. Hard work, thrift,piety and sobriety, these were the ______ values that dominated much of theearly American writing.【答案】Puritan查看答案【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒强调艰苦奋斗、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。
这些价值观也影响了早期的美国文学。
4. Many Puritans wroteverse, but the works of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and ______, rose to thelevel of real poetry.【答案】EdwardTaylor查看答案【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗人是安·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒。
5. TheTenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America is a collection of poems composed by______.【答案】AnneBradstreet查看答案【解析】安·布莱德斯特律是美国殖民时期著名的诗人。
美国文学简史
美国文学简史第1章殖民地时期的美国1.1复习笔记I.American Puritanism（美国清教主义）The British began to immigrate to North America in the first half of the 17th century. The firstpermanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.In1620,the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts.Many early American immigrants were Puritans, and they came to the United States for a variety ofreasons.The Puritanism they believed in later took root in the New World and had a profound impacton American thought and American literature.英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。
英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。
1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。
很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。
他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。
Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）The Puritans believed in the doctrine predestination put forward by the theologian John Calvin,including original sin, complete depravity, and limited redemption.清教徒信奉神学家约翰·加尔文宣扬的预设定论，原罪，彻底的堕落，有限制的救赎等神学主张。
美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释美国文学是指美国国内所产生的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、剧本等各种文学体裁。
它具有自己的特点和风格，反映了美国人的文化、价值观念和思想观念。
美国文学中有许多特殊的名词和术语，下面是其中一些常见的名词解释：1. Puritanism（清教主义）: 清教主义是美国文学发展的重要起点之一，它是在17世纪早期由清教徒带入美洲的思想和信仰体系。
清教徒强调个人责任和纯洁的生活方式，他们的文学作品通常传达着信仰、奋斗和自我批判的主题。
2. American Renaissance（美国文艺复兴）: 美国文艺复兴指的是19世纪中期到20世纪初期的一个时期，这个时期出现了一大批杰出的美国作家和作品。
其中包括威廉·福柯特、纳撒尼尔·霍桑、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔等人的文学作品。
这些作品在内容、风格上更加关注人性、自然和道德等问题。
3. Realism（现实主义）: 现实主义是19世纪末至20世纪初的一种文学流派，在美国文学发展史中具有重要的地位。
现实主义作家力求以客观、真实的方式描绘生活中的人和事，关注社会问题和个人命运。
马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯被认为是现实主义文学中最有影响力的作家。
4. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）: 哈莱姆文艺复兴是20世纪20年代至30年代期间，在纽约哈莱姆区集中发展起来的一种文化和艺术运动。
这个运动推动了非洲裔美国人在文学、音乐、舞蹈和绘画等领域的发展。
其中包括作家朗斯顿·休斯、小说家托妮·莫里森等的作品被认为是哈莱姆文艺复兴的代表作。
5. Beat Generation（垮掉的一代）: 垮掉的一代是20世纪50年代和60年代期间在美国兴起的一种文学和文化运动。
这个运动反对传统社会规范和价值观，追求自由和个性的表达。
杰克·凯鲁亚克和艾伦·金斯堡是这个运动的代表作家，他们的作品通常以自由、追求和反叛为主题。
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Part OneCOLONIAL PERIOD AND EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE(1620-1800)I. Historical background1. The native American and their culture– Indiansno written language oral literatureno discourse power话语权Hegemonism and power politics霸权主义和强权政治2. The historical background of the colonial TimeChristopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 2:00am, Friday, October 12, 1492.Amerigo Vespucci1497, John Cabot claimed it for EnglandImmigrants from European: Spanish, Dutch, French, mostly English.question: Why travel all the way across the ocean to the New World?1). Profit motive1st Group 1580-1600 led by John SmithJamestown in Virginia in 1607Plantation way of lifePlanter in the south2). Religious motive2nd Group pilgrims1610-1620 May flower.Plymouth in Massachusetts in 1620;Bradford as governorPuritans in the north; called “First Americans”selected reading:The first view of AmericaBeing thus pa ssed the vast ocean, and a sea of troubles…they had now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh their weatherbeaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair to, to seek for succour援助者…savage barbarians were readier to fill their sides with arrows than otherwise. And for the reason it was winter, and they that know the winters of that country , know them to be sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms …the whole country, full of woods and thickets, represented a wide and savage hue.--from William Bradford’s History of Plimmoth PlantationII. Puritanism1 Aims of Puritanism(Why did Puritans come to America?) :- to reform and purify the Church of England- to escape religious persecution- to build Theocracy神治国in the new world* God’s chosen people* To seek a new Garden of Eden* To build “City of God on earth”2. The Source and doctrines of PuritanismThey follow the ideas of the French reformer and theologian (神学家)John Calvin Doctrines: Calvinist=Puritan（Total depravity）彻底堕落。
“In Adam’s fall, we sinned all”（Unconditional election）无条件选择。
（Limited atonement）有限的代赎（Irresistible grace）不可抗拒的恩典（predestination）Tulip，即“郁金香”之义。
selected reading:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God《愤怒的上帝手中的罪人》God “holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect, over the fire,…he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire.”如果你向上帝哭诉求救，他决不会理睬你可悲的境地，不会怜悯你，不会给你一丝一毫的恩惠，相反，他要把你踩在脚下。
……他会无情地将你踩碎，碾出你的鲜血，让它高高溅到他的衣服上。
他不仅会恨你，而且鄙视你，你无处可去，只有被他踩在脚下，踩在大街的泥潭之中。
Jonathan EdwardsNeed to glorify God, Need to debase man3) Creeds of Puritanism“life is a test. Failure led to eternal damnation and success to heavenly bliss”-to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure. Do with best preparation and worst expectation-Hard-working, thrifty, pious, sober, simple, practical, tougher, and optimistic. Selected reading:Puritan“He was a visionary who never forget that two plus two equals four; he was a soldier of Jehovah who never came out on the losing side of a bargain… He was a practical idealist…his beliefs were handed down on high and his conduct wasregulated by expediency 私利. He was a doctrinaire and an opportunist.”4. Influence of Puritanism(1) myth– garden of Eden, American Dream(2) Symbolism: the physical world is a symbol of God.(3) Simplicity fresh, simple and direct; plain and honest; the Bible.selected reading: Puritanism In literary works我要讴歌基督教创造的奇迹。
为逃避欧洲的腐败堕落，他们来到美洲的海滩；……感谢上帝的庇佑，把印第安人的荒芜之地变得辉煌灿烂。
---科顿·马瑟五月花”号船上的乘客登上北美大陆海岸时的情景Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and bless the God of Heaven who had brought them over the vast ocean, and delivered them from the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and stable ear th…他们双膝跪下，感激上帝带他们越过了浩瀚汹涌的大洋，把他们从危险和苦难中解救出来，使他们安全无恙地又一次踏上了坚实的大地……--William Bradford威廉·布雷德福总督，1620，11(God) will delight to dwell among us, as His own people, and will command a blessing upon us in all our ways… We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies…For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill(山巅之城). The eyes of all people are upon us---约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop “A Model of Christian Charity”(1630)The Vale (valley) of Plenty --John SmithQuestion: Why do Americans get air of superiority?加尔文教与清教的教义都强调一种精英思想Elitism，美国文化的“根”only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be savedFired with a sense of mission optimistic; elected ;sacred task“上帝的工作”(1) the foundation of the U.S.A.;(2) the expansion of American Territory;(3)the spread of American democracyIII. Literature1. General Features of the Colonial Literature1) Utilitarian in Purposes:encourage more Englishmen to the New World, colonial expansionspread their Puritan ideas, to prove they are the God select, haven’t let down theholy mission.2) Humble in origins:personal writings like diaries, histories, journals, letters, biographies, travel books experience of Indians help etc.3) Imitating in form:imitating and transplanting English literary tradition faithfullyselected reading:A Wealth of Natural ResourcesHe is a bad fisher who cannot kill on one day with his hook and line, one, two, or three hundred Cods.--John Smith, A Description of New EnglandA sup of New England’s air is better than a whole draft of old England’s ale淡色啤酒.--Francis Higginson, New-England’s Planatation2. Captain John Smith1) introduction-first American writer-Adventurer, captain, officer, exploration and travels, a foundation for the nation’s literature; narratives about Indians, promoter of colonization, urgency to move westward.-Remembered now for the image Pocahontas波卡洪塔in his book The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚，新英格兰及夏日群岛通史》2) Summary of the selected readingOn the way of exploring the land, John Smith is confronted and captured by Indians. With his intelligence, he diverts them from surprising fort by giving them his compass and knowledge about the universe. the Indians were amazed by his talent and knowledge of civilization. But he is still brought to death. At last moment, he is saved by the Indian Princess Pocohontas. Later the Indians make friends with him and send him back to Jamestown; in return, he give them 2 guns, millstone, and presents.3) QuestionsJohn Smith always encouraged other to settle in New England. Can you find which part in the selected reading can lure people to the new world?Smith’s former works are written in the first person point of view, but The Generall Historie changes into third person point of view. Why?Pocahontas in reality is a 10-year old handsome, strong and smart boy who really help the communication between Indians and settlers. Why he had such a change?。