道家与儒家的比较

Differences in principles and beliefs
• Principles of Taoism Tao, De (te), Wu wei and Pu. • Principles of Confucianism Ritual, Relationships, Filial Piety, Loyalty, Humanity, The Gentleman and Rectification of Names.
Principles of Taoism
• Tao: In English, Tao means road, pathway, channel or doctrine. There are different opinions on Tao given by various experts. But it is mainly believed to be undefinable. It is also thought to be the source of existence and non-existence. De (Te): It is an active expression of Tao. It is related to a complicated concept of 'De'- power, virtue and integrity. De is the nurturing of the 'Tao'- or the path. De is inculcating the habit or imbibing the 'Tao'. Wu Wei: Wu wei literally means without action. It is the central concept in Taoism. Taoism does not consider man's will to be the basic problem. In fact, it emphasizes that a human being's will must be in harmony with the universe. Pu: Pu relates to simplicity and is symbolic of the state of Wu Wei. It epitomizes the state of pure perception sans prejudice.
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Principles of Confucianism
• Ritual: In Confucianism, the everyday chores or activities are considered as ritual. The rituals should be molded in such a way that they promote and lead to a healthy society. Development of a healthy society through ritual is one of the main objectives of Confucianism. Relationships: Confucianism believes that an individual's duties arise in relation to one another. Social harmony is attained when everyone performs his or her duty well, in accordance with his or her social order. Social harmony is a major goal of Confucianism. Filial Piety: Filial piety refers to the respect and rituals to be followed for your ancestors, elders and the dead. Loyalty: It simply means performing your duties towards your friends, family,and spouse. It is considered to be one of the greatest human virtues in Confucianism.
Principles of Confucianism
• Humanity: Confucianism holds that all men are born similar, it is the practice and study which influences a man's nature. Humanity in Confucianism propose that filial piety and ritual is the basic way to act towards others. The Gentleman: According to Confucianism men should strive to become the ideal man or the perfect man by inculcating moral values, act with filial piety and loyalty where necessary, and nurture humanity and kindness in themselves. Rectification of Names: Social disorder according to Confucianism was believed to have emanated from the failure of understanding and perceiving reality. Calling names incorrectly invariably is the lack of perceiving the reality. Correct perception of reality would avoid social disorder.
Taoism
• It emphasizes control but not dominance, fluidity but not ambivalence, and mystery but not confusion. It’s full of helpful nuggets, like “Those with simple needs will find them fulfilled,” and “To glorify wealth, power, and beauty is to inspire theft, jealousy, and shame.”
Confucianism
Confucianism is a philosophical system developed around the teachings of Confucius. This 'way of life' address the complexities and idealism behind human morality, and the value of righteous action. Confucianism comprises social, moral, political, and quasi-religious ideals that have had tremendous influence over the cultures of the Orient.
Taoism vs. Confucianism
Differences and Similarities
Differences in general
• Confucianism is a system of ethics • Tao is a path of behavior
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Taoism
• based on one of several philosophical constructs of right and wrong, light and dark, knowledge and truth called the Tao (meaning “The Way”). • based on the Tao Te Ching (“The Doctrine of the Way and its Virtue,”) attributed to Lao-tzu. Akin to Buddhism, Taoism seeks to describe the harmonious way to relate to oneself, others, nature, and the universe.
Similarities
• Both are two of China’s oldest and most pervasive philosophies. • They arose during roughly the same period in Chinese history, called the Hundred Schools of Thought, a time often marred by unrest and feudal strife. • Both philosophies, as their overarching goals, seek order and harmony in one’s life, relationship with society, and the universe.