英文摘要常用句型和修辞
英文摘要常见句型
英文摘要常见句型1）This paper deals with...2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3）This eassy presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ...8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up to date information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...摘要题型写作要点：① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。
摘要常用句型及其翻译
摘要常用句型及其翻译四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。
例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。
█Basic Sentence PatternsPart I To state the purpose of the experimentsIt is the purpose of this article to …The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to …The objectives of this study were to …This report is intended to …In this study, an attempt w as made to …In order to exploreevaluatecompareinvestigate…, we/the authorsanalyzedstudiedperformedsurveyedin/among…Part ⅡTo state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that …It has been reported that …Previous studies have shown that …… has/have been associated with …A few comparisons have been made between… and …Part ⅢTo state the methods of the experiments… was/were isolated…analyzedmeasuredby using…… was/were investigateddiagnosedperformedby the method of/the use of/measurement of… /with the… test/by… techniquesUsing…, we demonstrated…Using…, we found that…A recent Study by X showsindicatesdemonstratesprovesprovides information concerning…that…Part ⅣTo state the re sults of the experimentsIt was found that …… failed to show…… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with…… was/were in inverse proportion to…directly proportional to…There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…associationcorrelationThe results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…The detailsresultsof… are presented.Part V To state the discussion and conclusion We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that…We propose… to do …Our/These/The resultsfindingsobservationsdataresearchinvestigationsindicate that…demonstrate that…prove that…support that…provide information concerning…It is suggested/recommended/advised…On the basis of… we conclude that…From these results, it is concluded that…Recent research indicates that…六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。
论文英文摘要常用句型
学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。
用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。
结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。
（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。
3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。
（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。
B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。
C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
摘要的常用表达方法
摘要的常用表达方法由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达, 甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“句型库”(stock phrases), 对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的。
3.1 引言部分3.1.1 回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。
如：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.3.1.2 阐明写作或研究目常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。
另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。
如：We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.3.1.3 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。
Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.3.2 方法部分3.2.1 介绍研究或试验过程常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。
英文摘要的修辞
英文摘要的修辞(转载)(1) 摘要中的第一句话不要与文题重复,要有所变化，补充一些细节。
如文题为：Expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 则摘要第一句话不要写为To detect the expression of RACK1 in primary colon cancers. 最好改为To detect RACK1 gene over-expressed in primary colon carcinoma by in situ hybridisation.(2) 可用动词的情况应尽量避免应用动词的名词形式。
如: 应当用Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was measured. 而不用Measurement of Her-2 oncogene amplification in prostate cancer was made.(3) 正确使用冠词，包括定冠词the和不定冠词a或an；区分可数名词和不可数名词是关键。
如expression做（基因）表达用时为不可数名词，不能加“s”. 对可数名词尽可能使用其复数形式。
(4) 应当用预置短语分开或用连字符断开名词词组，避免使用连续多个形容词或名词来修饰名词。
如用sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, 而不用formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections。
(5) 注意平行结构：在表述各相同的并列成分时，不论是词类、词组、从句或分句，每个成分都必须对等。
如The purpose of this study was to analyze the new proposed classification and determining which classification was clinically useful. 其中第二个表语是动名词短语，与第一个表语不定式短语不一致，不符合平行结构原则。
英文摘要常见句型
Sentence patterns of abstract1.general situation(1)something has a long history, and now it has become…(2)in the past years, something …(3)recently, …2.focus(1)In this paper【example】The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对对(2)(3)【example】The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。
(4)(5)【example】The present study has been carried out with a view to determine the feasibility of a recently suggested scheme for the economical detection and analysis of ultra-high energy cosmic shower.研究旨在确定最近推荐的一种对超高能量宇宙射线簇进行经济探测分析可行性的方案。
英文摘要常用句型集
It is known that…我们、大家知道……
It is well known that…众所周之……
It is said that…人们说,据说……
It is reported that …据报道……
It is believed that …据信……
It can be seen that …可以看出……
the graph/plot of the dependence of A on B
the graph/plot of the variation of A with B
4、这个理论来源于……
The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from …
The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from …
2、已知……,我们就能求出……
Given …, we can find out …
Knowing …, we can find out …
3、现有的数据
the data available
the data we have/possess
the existing data
the current data
A comparison of A with/and B shows that…
4、我们必须……
It is necessary for us to do …
We must do …
5、我们能够……
It is possible for us to do …
We can do …
We are able to do …
These data enable us/lead us to conclude that …
英语22种修辞手法以及例句归纳总结
英语22种修辞手法以及例句归纳总结常见英语修辞手法总共有22种，分别为明喻、转喻、提喻、隐喻、拟人、拟声、夸张、双关、讽刺、联觉、头韵、委婉、修辞反问、隽语、对照、渐进法、渐降法、引用、叠言、仿拟、排比、寓言。
一、明喻（Simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though,seem,similar to, such as等，Eg：1. This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
2. He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看起来好像刚从我的童话书中走出来，像一个幽灵一样从我身边走过。
3. It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
二、隐喻（Metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
Eg：1、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
2. He is a pig.他简直是头猪。
（比喻：他是一个像猪一般的人，指肮脏，贪吃的人。
）3. She is a woman with a stony heart.她是一个铁石心肠的女人。
（比喻：这个女人冷酷无情。
）4.Mark Twain is a mirror of America.马克•吐温是美国的一面镜子。
论文摘要中的英语句型
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem anda detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the followingsections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
英文摘要写作技巧四种固定句型
4、检测句
在A样本中对B参数的检测，可套用： “Detection of B parameter in A sample”。 例如，在抽动障碍儿童中对A蔟溶血性链球菌抗 体的测定，可译作： “Detection of group A streptococcal antibody in childre n with tic disorders”。
3、相关句
在C组中A参数与B参数之间有显著正相关、负相关或无 相关，可套用：“There was a significantly positive or negative correlation between parameter A and parameter B in group C”。
例如，在38例精神分裂症病人中脑脊液多巴胺水平与5 羟色胺水平之间有显著正相关，译作There was a significantly positive correlation between CSF Dopamine level and CSF 5-hydroxytryptamine level in 38 patients with schizophrenia”。
分析: ① 词语搭配不当：effect 应与on 连用; ② 选词不当：轻病区用mild 一词。
修改为: Effects of different iodine content in salt on the children in severe and mild iodine deficiency areas in Guizhou , China
二、英文摘要
1、目的（Objective)
在目的中，因为是反映将要做什么，故用不定式。格式为 “探索（调查或研究）+文题”
英语摘要的写法
……We refer to the lamellar thickening process as a type of secondary crystallization. ……
概括起来：
·作者告诉读者论述怎样的主题，可用现在时
·用过去时及其被动语态叙述实验方法与过程,；表示实验前业已完成的动作（过去的过去），用过去完成时。例如：
Objective
动词不定式开头
To investigate …
To study …
To explore …
To examine …
To determine …
To report …
To review …
使用第一人称时，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。
说法三
论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将耒都是如此。故常用现在时表达。
过去时“表达一件过去发生过的事，而且现在已经完结了。”如文中指出发生的日期和时间是写文章之前，必须用过去时，例：This was first known in 1930.
许多论文，虽然是作者过去做的工作和得到的结论，然而这些工作和结论并不是达到“完结了”的阶段，而是还会有人，也可能是作者本人，继续研究下去，从而产生进一步的改进和完善。从这一角度出发，可以用现在完成时来描述已做过的工作，以表达这种延续性。例：Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.（人类至今尚未发现一种有效治疗感冒的方法。）句中隐含着估计一段时间后也不会发现，但是将耒能否会有，尚有待事实来说明。（参见：周春晖编著. 科技英语写作. 北京：化学工业出版社，2003）
写英文摘要常用句型
1.句型归纳扩展1.1 总述文章的论点及研究内容1）This paper is mainly devoted to an automatic frequency tuning system which is one of the most important parts of the buncher.本文主要研究频率自动调谐系统，这是聚束器最重要的组成部分之一。
2）This study investigates/ discusses/ examines/ reviews/ outlines/ presents/ reports/ surveys/ measures the fitting of a class of generalized proportional hazards models, termed linear transformation models, to interval-censored data.本研究调查（探讨、审查、复查、简述、呈现、报道、观察、测量）了一种广义比例风险模型，线性变换模型和区间截断数据的关系。
3）In this paper we focus on the classification of colour texture images.本文中我们着眼于彩色纹理图像的分类。
4）This paper deals with the history of the use of hydrogen as a combustible or shielding gas in welding. 本文研究焊接中使用的氢气作为易燃保护气体的历史。
5）In this paper，mathematical models for calculation and prediction of melting rate in arc welding witha triple-wire electrode are described.本文描述了计算和预测三丝电极弧焊接融化率的数学模型。
英文摘要写作技巧-四种固定句型共40页
ENDLeabharlann •29、在一切能够接受法律支配的人类 的状态 中，哪 里没有 法律， 那里就 没有自 由。— —洛克
•
30、风俗可以造就法律，也可以废除 法律。 ——塞·约翰逊
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃
英文摘要写作技巧-四种固定句型
•
26、我们像鹰一样，生来就是自由的 ，但是 为了生 存，我 们不得 不为自 己编织 一个笼 子，然 后把自 己关在 里面。 ——博 莱索
•
27、法律如果不讲道理，即使延续时 间再长 ，也还 是没有 制约力 的。— —爱·科 克
•
28、好法律是由坏风俗创造出来的。 ——马 克罗维 乌斯
(完整word版)英文摘要句型总结
研究报告的英文摘要写作句型第一句话研究目的1.1The purpose/aim of this study was to explore/investigate the association between【VA】and 【VB 】(of 【Subjects】).1.2This study mainly explored【VA】and 【VB 】.And this study also aimed at examining the relationship between 【VA】and 【VB 】.1.3 This study examined 【VA】in【Subjects】and 【VB 】.1.4 This paper presents a 【method】study on【VA】.1.5 The research/this study /the study examined/explored the relationship among 【VA】as well as 【VB】and 【VC】in order to understand【】.1.6 This study investigated the relationship between【VA】and 【VB】1.8 To promote research on【VA】,a study 【about item】.1.7 This study focused on examining how 【VA】influences【VB】(【AREA】) .1.10 1+2+3 To analyze the relationships between【VA】and 【VB】, 【number】【subjects】were asked/ choosed at random /by convenient to complete 【test1】and 【test2】.1.11 1+2+3 To explore characteristics and relationships of 【VA】and 【VB】of 【Subjects in AREA】,【number】【subjects】were investigated by【test1】and 【test2】.1.12 1+2 To investigate the situation of 【VA】and 【VB】,a questionnaire was administered to【number】【subjects】【Subjects in AREA】.1.13 2+3 Based on a sample of 【number】【subjects】, 【test1】and 【test2】were administered.1.14 1+2+3 A survey using a cluster sample of 【number】【subjects】was conducted to examine the relationship between 【VA】and 【VB】.1.15 1+2+3 This study investigated 【number】【subjects】to explore【VA】and 【VB】.1.16 1+2 【number】【subjects】(【from AREA】)participated in current study.1.17 1+2+3 Questionnaires were used to explore the characteristics/ the situation /characters of 【subjects】’【VA】and 【VB】.1.18 1+2+3【number】【subjects】were assessed in order to examine the characters of【subjects】’【VA】and 【VB】.第二句话被试情况(1.1-1.7+2)2.1 【number】【subjects】participated in the study. 2.2 Participants were 【number】【subjects】.2.3 2+3 【number】【subjects】were tested by【method】.2.4 2+3 【number】【subjects】were asked to respond to the scale along with【method】.2.52+3【number】【subjects】were tested/examined on【VA】and【VB】.2.6 2+3 By convenient/ramdom sampling, 【number】【subjects】completed 【test1】and 【test2】.第三句话研究过程3.1【test1】and 【test2】were used. 3.2 The measure used to assess 【VA】was 【method /test】. 第四句研究结果及结论结果显示/研究表明(The/Research )Results showed /demonstrated /indicated/suggested (that/as followed/): (1) ; (2) ; (3) .(The)Results based on 【number】【subjects】The findings /FindingsIt was found that : (1) ; (2) ; (3) .The results are as follows: (1) ; (2) ; (3) .1.有显著关系【VA】as well as 【VB】were related to【VC】.(As hypothesized/ As predicted,)【VA】was positively/negatively related to【VB】.there was/were a strong/significant/negatively/positively relations/relationship/correlation/association between/among【VA】and 【VB】(/and 【VC】).there were significant differences between【VA】and 【VB】in 【VC】.2.显著的多、少【VA level1】tend to be less 【VB】and are more 【VC】.【Subjects’ VB】in【VA level1】had advantage over【VA level2】.Results showed that 【Subjects’ VB】in【VA level1】significant higher than 【VA level2】/decreased/increased significantly with【VA level2】.Compared with/to 【VA level1】, 【VA level2】showed distinctions in【VB】.3.没有显著差异【Subjects】in【VA】didn't differ as a function of 【VB】/didn't differ in【VB】。
英语摘要十大万能模板
英文摘要的写作注意事项：1、英文摘要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
尽量使用短句，慎用长句。
2、应采用第三人称表达方式，谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。
进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动，也可采用被动。
英语摘要十大万能模板框架一In the first paragraph of the dissertation, the author highlights that due attention has to be paid to__. Several fundamental factors have contributed to such a tendency. First and foremost, among the most convincing causes identified by people, one should be stressed, that is __. In addition, as far as the author is concerned, __ is of utmost significance to our society. The last but not the least, as is illustrated in the last paragraph of the essay, the writer also takes __into consideration. Given all the above argument, we can draw the conclusion that __ is indeed crucial. 在本段的第一段，作者强调我们必须充分重视＿（中心词）。
几个主要原因促成了这一趋势。
首先，在被人们确定的最有力的原因中，有一点原因应该得到重视，那就是＿（分论点一）。
其次，作者认为＿（分论点二）对我们的社会意义重大。
摘要--常见句型
常见的摘要句型有： 1）This paper deals with…… 2）This article focuses on the topics of （that，having，etc）…… 3）This eassy presents knowledge that…… 4）This thesis discusses…… 5）This thesis analyzes…… 6）This paper provides an overview of…… 7）This paper elaborates on …… 8）This article gives an overview of…… 9）This article compares……and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning…… 11）This paper presents up to date information on…… 12）This article covers the role of chemicals in…… 13）This paper addresses important topics including…… 14）This paper touches upon…… 15）This paper strongly emphasizes…… 16）This eassy represents the preceedings of …… 17）This article not only describes……but also suggests…… 18）This paper considers…… 19）This paper provides a method of …… 20）This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze…… 21）This paper offers the latest information regarding…… 22）This paper is devoted to examining the role of…… 23）This article explores…… 24）This paper expresses views on…… 25）This paper reflects the state of the art in…… 26）This paper explains the procedures for…… 27）This paper develops the theory of …… 28）This article reviews the techniques used in…… 29）This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to…… 30）This article is about…… 31）This eassy is related to …… 32）This paper concerns…… 33）This paper gives an account of …… 34）This article tells of…… 35）This paper tries to describe…… 36）This paper provides an analysis of …… 37）This paper reports the latest information on …… 38）The author of this article reviews…… 39）The writer of this paper discusses…… 40）The writer of this eassy tries to explore…… 41）The aim of this paper is to determine…… 42）The purpose of this article is to review…… 43）The objective of this paper is to explore…… 破题⽤语，⼀般有： ①The author of this article reviews （or： discusses，describes，summarizes，examines）something…… ②This article reviews （or：reports，tells of，is about，concerns）something……。
英文论文摘要参考词语和句型
英文论文摘要参考词语和句型常用的词汇和句型课题consider ,discuss ,investigate ,study ,etc.1. This article discusses the reasons for. . . and offers an insight into. . . .2. This paper analyzes some important characteristics of . . .3. The paper examines. . . and considers. . . .4. The author considers two specific subjects which. . . .5. A principle of constructing. . . is considered in the paper.6. The influence of . . . on. . . is investigated.7. The process is analyzed using. . . .8. The performance characteristics of . . . are studied theoretically and experimentally.目的aim ,intend ,seek ;aim ,objective ,purpose ,etc.1. One of the purpose of this study is. . . .2. This paper seeks to justify. . . in terms of . . . .3. The aim of this study is to carry out analysis for. . . .4. The test is aimed to. . . .5. The study is intended to. . . .范围be ,contain ,cover ,include ,etc.1. The article contains some practical recommendations on. . . .2. Subjects covered include. . . .3. Some of the specific topics discussed are. . . .4. The scope of the research covers. . . .内容address ,concern ,conjecture , deal with , describe ,illustrate , involve in , look at , present , relate to ,support ,etc.1. The paper addresses the problem of . . . .2. The paper deals with. . . .3. The paper describes the principles and techniques of . . . .4. The paper presents the data in terms of . . . .5. This paper is devoted to assessment of . . . .6. This paper is concerned with the analysis of . . . .7. This article looks at . . . .8. This paper presents a mathematical model of a circuit breaker with random variation of parameters.9. The author describes a configuration of . . . .10. The authors present a. . . principle that predicts. . . .11. The brief history of . . . is presented.12. Performance goals and various approaches to. . . are briefly described.重点be ,concentrate ,give ,pay ,place.1. Attention is concentrated on. . . .2. Particular attention is/ was paid to. . . .3. There has been a focus on. . . and attention is being paid to. . . .4. This report concentrates on. . . .5. The greatest emphasis has been on. . . .6. The primary emphasis in this article is on. . . .方法1. The formula is derived from. . . .2. The test is demonstrated by using. . . .3. The analysis was made with. . . .概括与综述review ,summarize ,etc.This paper reviews/ summarizes the theory from. . .viewpoint ,discusses. . . and presents. . .计量与运算calculate ,determine ,estimate ,measure ,etc.1. This paper determines the energetically rational range of . . . .2. As part of . . . the authors have measured the minimum velocities of . . . .比较与评估agree with ,assess ,compare ,evaluate ,etc.1. The present work evaluates the low- temperature properties of . . . .2. The role of . . . has been critically assessed by. . . .3. The calculated results agree with experimental results.试验与实验experiment, test, etc.1. The experiments on. . . have been carried out using. . . .2. The tests were carried out on. . . .观察与证明demonstrate, find, indicate, observe ,show ,etc.1. It is shown that . . . .2. Studies have shown that . . . .3. New evidence indicates that . . . .4. In this paper, the authors show how. . . .5. In this paper it is demonstrated that . . . .论证与依据be based on ,take as reference ,etc.1. Constitutive equation of . . . is formulated based on. . . .2. The method is based on.应用与用途apply ,use ,etc.1. Such a statistical method has been applied to. . . .2. Two basic technologies are used to lay down. . . .结果find, result in, etc.1. It is founded/ indicated that . . . .2. It was found/ observed between/ in. . . .3. The results of statistically elaborated computations are tabulated. 结论arrive at, conclude ,draw, etc.1. It is concluded that . . . .2. The paper concludes that . . . .建议propose, recommend to, suggest, etc.1. It is suggested that . . . .2. The data/ results/ solutions obtained suggest that . . . .3. Recommendations are made regarding. . . .4. Suggestions were made for further study of . . . .5. The author proposes an approach to. . . .。
英文摘要写作技巧-四种固定句型40页文档
60、生活的道路一旦选定，就要勇敢地 走到底 ，决不 回头。 ——左
56、书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过 去和未 来文化 生活的 源泉。 ——库 法耶夫 57、生命不可能有两次，但许多人连一 次也不 善于度 过。— —吕凯 特 58、问渠哪得清如许，为有源头活水来 。—— 朱熹 59、我的努力求学没有得到别的好处， 只不过 是愈来 愈发觉 自己的 无知。 ——笛 卡儿
英文摘要写作技巧-四种固 定句型
26、机遇对于有准备的头脑有特别的 亲和力 。 27、自信是人格的核心。
28、目标的坚定是性格中最必要的力 量泉源 之一， 也是成 功的利 器之一 。没有 它，天 才也会 在矛盾 无定的 迷径中 ，徒劳 无功。- -查士 德斐尔 爵士。 29、困难就是机遇。--温斯顿．丘吉 尔。 30、我奋斗，所以我快乐。--格林斯 潘。
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《电子设计工程》英文摘要常见句型和修辞 1英文摘要常用句型和修辞1. 缩短文摘方法1）取消不必要的字句：如"It is reported…","Extensive investigations show that …", "The author disusses…", "This paper concerned with…"。
2）对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化。
3）取消或减少背景情况(Background Information)。
4）只介绍新情况、新内容，过去的研究细节可以取消。
5）不说废话，如"本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进"切不可进入文摘。
6）作者在文摘中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘。
7）尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：不用at a temperature of 250℃to 300℃而用at 250-300 ℃at a high pressure of 200 MPa at 200 MPaat a high temperature of 1500 ℃at 1500 ℃2. 常用句型和词汇2.1 “目的”部分2.1.1 时态背景：现在时（一般现在时、完成时和进行时）目的：一般现在时／现在完成时，或一般过去时举例：（1）To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients.（2）The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance.2.1.2 介绍目的常用句型主要用动词不定式to表达。
1）直接用to do短语表达举例：To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury 2）The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of present study is)was to举例：The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastric mucosal injury 《电子设计工程》英文摘要常见句型和修辞23）The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to举例：The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome4）This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to举例：An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate …5）We aimed/sought to/attempted to举例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.2.1.3 介绍目的常用动词1）研究：study, investigate, examine, observe, explore举例：Our objective in this report is to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.2）评价：evaluate, validate举例：To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patients with abdominal trauma.3）确定：determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize4）证实：prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify5）阐明、搞清：explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to the knowledge of6）介绍：describe, present, report7）建立：establish, develop, set out8）寻找：search for, look for, seek, find9）识别、区分：identify, differentiate, discriminate10）优选：optimize11）比较：compare12）回顾：review13）相关：correlate A with B14）回顾：review, summarize, present, outline, describe15）目的：purpose, attempt, aim16）重点：focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention2.1.4 例句1）We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. [Brain Research Reviews, 1993, 18(3): 247-291]2）This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. [Annals of Statistics, 1994, 22(4): 1701-1728] 3）We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. [Physical Review D, 1996, 54(1): 1] 4）We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of 《电子设计工程》英文摘要常见句型和修辞 3inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. [Molecular Ecology, 1994, 3(2): 91-99] 5）We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. [Archives of General Psychiatry, 1993, 50(12): 975-990]6）We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1995, 90(432): 1200-1224]7）To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2’s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. [Cell, 1993, 74(4): 609-619]8）For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. [Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 1992, 79(2): 507-568]9）With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs. [Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1993, 275(1): 101-152]10）In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible. [Reviews of Modern Physics, 1992, 64(4): 1045-1097]11）Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. [Nature, 1993, 362(6423): 849-852]12）This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. [Computer Physics Communications, 1992,67(3): 465-508]13）This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. [Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1994,69(3-4): 153-203]14）This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics. [Statistical Science, 1995, 10(1): 3-41]15）This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modeling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. [Automatica, 1992, 28(6): 1083-1112]16）The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24 000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. [Radiocarbon, 1998, 40(3): 1041-1083] 17）We emphasize the following points: …. *Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1995, 90(430): 773-795]18）This paper synthesizes, using a common framework, these recent developments together with new ones, with an emphasis on flexibility in modeling, model《电子设计工程》英文摘要常见句型和修辞 4selection, and the analysis of multiple data sets. [Ecological Monographs, 1992, 62(1): 67-118]19）The iterative scheme is …. The main emphasis of this paper is on the derivation and analysis of this scheme. [SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 1992, 13(1): 357-385]20）The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling. [Statistical Science, 1995, 10(1): 3-41] 21）We draw attention to two problems associated with the use of instrumental variables (IV), the importance of which for empirical work has not been fully appreciated. [Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1995, 90(430):443-450]2.2 “方法/过程”部分2.2.1 常用词汇1）介绍研究或试验过程, 常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。