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资产重估或减值准备：了解占固定资产在Release 12布赖恩·刘易斯eprentise介绍显著的变化在财务报告的要求已经改变的固定资产核算框架公司。
国际财务报告准则（IFRS）要求的固定资产进行初步按成本入账，但有两种会计模式-成本模式计量的重估模式。
那么，有什么区别，当你应该考虑升值与减值？没有R12带给固定资产哪些重要变化？国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计准则报告的甲骨文®电子商务套件但很显然，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）将不会要求美国公司使用国际财务报告准则在不久的将来，大多数玩家在资本市场倾向于认为它是不可避免的，将国际财务报告准则最终成为美国的财务报告环境的更显著的部分。
这实际上是对发生的程度，超过400基于在美国以外的全球企业都被允许提交美国证券交易所（SEC）的财务报告（10K和10Q -通常被称为年度/季度财务报告）。
为海外谁也不在美国的证券交易委员会提交的公司，国际财务报告准则正在成为金融世界标准报告。
对于谁住在多个资本市场运作的公司，有可能实际上是一个双重报告要求国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计原则（公认会计原则）的财务报表。
与11i版，随后与12版时，Ora cle®电子商务套件（EBS）添加功能让用户生活在两个国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计准则的世界。
这两个报告之间的差异框架是广泛的，但对于本白皮书的目的，我们将专注于固定资产中核算EBS -特别是资产重估或减值。
根据美国公认会计准则，固定资产乃按历史成本，然后以折旧出售或剩余价值。
如果有某些迹象表明固定资产的变现价值造成负面改变，则该资产写下来，损失记录。
这被称为减值。
根据国际财务报告准则，财务报表发行人有权选择成本模式（这是大多数方面的选项类似美国公认会计原则机型）或重估模式（其中有没有下的并行报告美国公认会计原则）。
根据重估模式，固定资产可定期写入，以反映公平市场价值-这是专门美国公认会计原则和美国证券交易委员会的权威所禁止的东西。
(完整word版)英文文献及翻译：计算机程序
姓名：刘峻霖班级：通信143班学号：2014101108Computer Language and ProgrammingI. IntroductionProgramming languages, in computer science, are the artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Simi lar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility. Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—FORTRAN for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications. Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that the y may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used progra mming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems. Languages like C, PASCAL and BASIC fall into this category.II. Language TypesProgramming languages can be classified as either low-level languages or high-level languages. Low-level programming languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type of programming languages and can be understood directly by a computer. Machine languages differ depending on the manufacturer and model of computer. High-level languages are programming languages that must first be translated into a machine language before they can be understood and processed by a computer. Examples of high-levellanguages are C, C++, PASCAL, and FORTRAN. Assembly languages are intermediate languages that are very close to machine languages and do not have the level of linguistic sophistication exhibited by other high-level languages, but must still be translated into machine language.1. Machine LanguagesIn machine languages, instructions are written as sequences of 1s and 0s, called bits, that a computer can understand directly. An instruction in machine language generally tells the computer four things: (1) where to find one or two numbers or simple pieces of data in the main computer memory (Random Access Memory, or RAM), (2) a simple operation to perform, such as adding the two numbers together, (3) where in the main memory to put the result of this simple operation, and (4) where to find the next instruction to perform. While all executable programs are eventually read by the computer in machine language, they are not all programmed in machine language. It is extremely difficult to program directly in machine language because the instructions are sequences of 1s and 0s. A typical instruction in a machine language might read 10010 1100 1011 and mean add the contents of storage register A to the contents of storage register B.2. High-Level LanguagesHigh-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing word s and syntax from human language. They are more similar to normal human languages than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing complicated programs. These programming languages allow larger and more complicated programs to be developed faster. However, high-level languages must be translated into machine language by another program called a compiler before a computer can understand them. For this reason, programs written in a high-level language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language.3. Assembly LanguagesComputer programmers use assembly languages to make machine-language programs easier to write. In an assembly language, each statement corresponds roughly to one machine language instruction. An assembly language statement is composed with the aid of easy to remember commands. The command to add the contents of the storage register A to the contents of storage register B might be written ADD B, A in a typical assembl ylanguage statement. Assembly languages share certain features with machine languages. For instance, it is possible to manipulate specific bits in both assembly and machine languages. Programmers use assemblylanguages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively simple. Assembly languages are also used when some part of the computer has to be controlled directly, such as individual dots on a monitor or the flow of individual characters to a printer.III. Classification of High-Level LanguagesHigh-level languages are commonly classified as procedure-oriented, functional, object-oriented, or logic languages. The most common high-level languages today are procedure-oriented languages. In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or procedure, and given a name such as “procedure A.” If the same sequence of oper ations is needed elsewhere in the program, a simple statement can be used to refer back to the procedure. In essence, a procedure is just amini- program. A large program can be constructed by grouping together procedures that perform different tasks. Procedural languages allow programs to be shorter and easier for the computer to read, but they require the programmer to design each procedure to be general enough to be usedin different situations. Functional languages treat procedures like mathematical functions and allow them to be processed like any other data in a program. This allows a much higher and more rigorous level of program construction. Functional languages also allow variables—symbols for data that can be specified and changed by the user as the program is running—to be given values only once. This simplifies programming by reducing the need to be concerned with the exact order of statement execution, since a variable does not have to be redeclared , or restated, each time it is used in a program statement. Many of the ideas from functional languages have become key parts of many modern procedural languages. Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages. In object-oriented languages, the code used to write the program and the data processed by the program are grouped together into units called objects. Objects are further grouped into classes, which define the attributes objects must have. A simpleexample of a class is the class Book. Objects within this class might be No vel and Short Story. Objects also have certain functions associated with them, called methods. The computer accesses an object through the use of one of the object’s methods. The method performs some action to the data in the object and returns this value to the computer. Classes of objects can also be further grouped into hierarchies, in which objects of one class can inherit methods from another class. The structure provided in object-oriented languages makes them very useful for complicated programming tasks. Logic languages use logic as their mathematical base. A logic program consists of sets of facts and if-then rules, which specify how one set of facts may be deduced from others, for example: If the statement X is true, then the statement Y is false. In the execution of such a program, an input statement can be logically deduced from other statements in the program. Many artificial intelligence programs are written in such languages.IV. Language Structure and ComponentsProgramming languages use specific types of statements, or instructions, to provide functional structure to the program. A statement in a program is a basic sentence that expresses a simple idea—its purpose is to give the computer a basic instruction. Statements define the types of data allowed, how data are to be manipulated, and the ways that procedures and functions work. Programmers use statements to manipulate common components of programming languages, such as variables and macros (mini-programs within a program). Statements known as data declarations give names and properties to elements of a program called variables. Variables can be assigned different values within the program. The properties variables can have are called types, and they include such things as what possible values might be saved in the variables, how much numerical accuracy is to be used in the values, and how one variable may represent a collection of simpler values in an organized fashion, such as a table or array. In many programming languages, a key data type is a pointer. Variables that are pointers do not themselves have values; instead, they have information that the computer can use to locate some other variable—that is, they point to another variable. An expression is a piece of a statement that describe s a series of computations to be performed on some of the program’s variables, such as X+Y/Z, in which the variables are X, Y, and Z and the computations are addition and division. An assignment statement assigns a variable a value derived fromsome expression, while conditional statements specify expressions to be tested and then used to select which other statements should be executed next.Procedure and function statements define certain blocks of code as procedures or functions that can then be returned to later in the program. These statements also define the kinds of variables and parameters the programmer can choose and the type of value that the code will return when an expression accesses the procedure or function. Many programming languages also permit mini translation programs called macros. Macros translate segments of code that have been written in a language structure defined by the programmer into statements that the programming language understands.V. HistoryProgramming languages date back almost to the invention of the digital computer in the 1940s. The first assembly languages emerged in the late 1950s with the introduction of commercial computers. The first procedural languages were developed in the late 1950s to early 1960s: FORTRAN, created by John Backus, and then COBOL, created by Grace Hopper The first functional language was LISP, written by John McCarthy4 in the late 1950s. Although heavily updated, all three languages are still widely used today. In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as SIMULA, emerged. Logic languages became well known in the mid 1970swith the introduction of PROLOG6, a language used to program artificial intelligence software. During the 1970s, procedural languages continued to develop with ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, and A d a SMALLTALK was a highly influential object-oriented language that led to the merging ofobject- oriented and procedural languages in C++ and more recently in JAVA10. Although pure logic languages have declined in popularity, variations have become vitally important in the form of relational languages for modern databases, such as SQL.计算机程序一、引言计算机程序是指导计算机执行某个功能或功能组合的一套指令。
(完整word版)光学外文文献及翻译
学号2013211033 昆明理工大学专业英语专业光学姓名辜苏导师李重光教授分数导师签字日期2015年5月6日研究生部专业英语考核In digital holography, the recording CCD is placed on the ξ-ηplane in order to register the hologramx ',y 'when the object lies inthe x-y plane. Forthe reconstruction ofthe information ofthe object wave,phase-shifting digital holography includes two steps:(1) getting objectwave on hologram plane, and (2) reconstructing original object wave.2.1 Getting information of object wave on hologram plateDoing phase shifting N-1 times and capturing N holograms. Supposing the interferogram after k- 1 times phase-shifting is]),(cos[),(),(),,(k k b a I δηξφηξηξδηξ-⋅+= （1） Phase detection can apply two kinds of algorithms:synchronous phase detection algorithms [9]and the least squares iterative algorithm [10]. The four-step algorithm in synchronous phase detection algorithm is in common use. The calculation equation is)2/3,,(),,()]2/,,()0,,([2/1),(πηξπηξπηξηξηξiI I iI I E --+=2.2 Reconstructing original object wave by reverse-transform algorithmObject wave from the original object spreads front.The processing has exact and clear description and expression in physics and mathematics. By phase-shifting technique, we have obtained information of the object wave spreading to a certain distance from the original object. Therefore, in order to get the information of the object wave at its initial spreading position, what we need to do is a reverse work.Fig.1 Geometric coordinate of digital holographyexact registering distance.The focusing functions normally applied can be divided into four types: gray and gradient function, frequency-domain function, informatics function and statistics function. Gray evaluation function is easy to calculate and also robust. It can satisfy the demand of common focusing precision. We apply the intensity sum of reconstruction image as the evaluation function:min ),(11==∑∑==M k Nl l k SThe calculation is described in Fig.2. The position occurring the turning point correspondes to the best registration distanced, also equals to the reconstructing distance d '.It should be indicated that if we only need to reconstruct the phase map of the object wave, the registration distance substituted into the calculation equation is permitted having a departure from its true value.4 Spatial resolution of digital holography4.1 Affecting factors of the spatial resolution of digital holographyIt should be considered in three respects: (1) sizes of the object and the registering material, and the direction of the reference beam, (2) resolution of the registering material, and (3) diffraction limitation.For pointx2on the object shown in Fig.3, the limits of spatial frequency are λξθλθθ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-'-=-=-0211maxmax tan sin sin sin sin z x f R R Fig.2 Determining reconstructing distanceλξθλθθ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-'-=-=-211minmintansinsinsinsin zxfRRFrequency range isλξξ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-'-⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=∆--211211tansintansinzxzxfso the range is unrelated to the reference beam.Considering the resolution of registering material in order to satisfy the sampling theory, phase difference between adjacent points on the recording plate should be less than π, namely resolution of the registration material.cfff=∆η21)(minmaxπ4.2 Expanding the spatial resolution of reconstruction imageExpanding the spatial resolution can be realized at least in three ways: (1) Reducing the registration distance z0 can improve the reconstruction resolution, but it goes with reduction of the reconstruction area at the same ratio.Therefore, this method has its limitation. (2) Increasing the resolution and the imaging size of CCD with expensive price. (3) Applying image-synthesizing technique[11]CCD captures a few of images between which there is small displacement (usually a fraction of the pixel size) vertical to the CCD plane, shown in Fig.4(Schematic of vertical moving is the same).This method has two disadvantages. First, it is unsuitable for dynamic testing and can only be applied in the static image reconstruction. Second, because the pixel size is small (usually 5μm to 10μm) and the displacement should a fraction of this size (for example 2μm), it needs a moving table with high resolution and precision. Also it needs high stability in whole testing.In general, improvement of the spatial resolution of digital reconstruction is Fig.3 Relationship between object and CCDstill a big problem for the application of digital holography.5 Testing resultsFig.5 is the photo of the testing system. The paper does testing on two coins. The pixel size of the CCD is 4.65μm and there are 1 392×1 040 pixels. The firstis one Yuan coin of RMB (525 mm) used for image reconstruction by phase-shifting digital holography. The second is one Jiao coin of RMB (520 mm) for the testing of deformation measurement also by phase-shifting digital holography.5.1 Result of image reconstructionThe dimension of the one Yuancoin is 25 mm. The registrationdistance measured by ruler isabout 385mm. We capture ourphase-shifting holograms andreconstruct the image byphase-shifting digital holography.Fig.6 is the reconstructed image.Fig.7 is the curve of the auto-focusFig.4 Image capturing by moving CCD along horizontal directionFig.5 Photo of the testing systemfunction, from which we determine the real registration distance 370 mm. We can also change the controlling precision, for example 5mm, 0.1 mm,etc., to get more course or precision reconstruction position.5.2 Deformation measurementIn digital holography, the method of measuring deformation measurement differs from the traditional holography. It gets object wave before and after deformation and then subtract their phases to obtain the deformation. The study tested effect of heating deformation on the coin of one Jiao. The results are shown in Fig.8, Where (a) is the interferential signal of the object waves before and after deformation, and (b) is the wrapped phase difference.5.3 Improving the spatial resolutionFor the tested coin, we applied four sub-low-resolution holograms to reconstruct the high-resolution by the image-synthesizing technique. Fig.9 (a) is the reconstructed image by one low-resolution hologram, and (b) is the high-resolution image reconstructed from four low-resolution holograms.Fig.6 Reconstructed image Fig.7 Auto-focus functionFig.8 Heating deformation resultsFig.9 Comparing between the low and high resolution reconstructed image6 SummaryDigital holography can obtain phase and amplitude of the object wave at the same time. Compared to other techniques is a big advantage. Phase-shifting digital holography can realize image reconstruction and deformation with less noise. But it is unsuitable for dynamic testing. Applying the intensity sum of the reconstruction image as the auto-focusing function to evaluate the registering distance is easy, and computation is fast. Its precision is also sufficient. The image-synthesizing technique can improve spatial resolution of digital holography, but its static characteristic reduces its practicability. The limited dimension and too big pixel size are still the main obstacles for widely application of digital holography.外文文献译文：标题：图像重建中的相移数字全息摘要：相移数字全息术被用来研究研究艺术品的内部缺陷。
【2018最新】英文文献快速中文翻译-优秀word范文 (10页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==英文文献快速中文翻译篇一：英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenicfrom soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980p.p.m.). We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site (18.8–1,603 p.p.m. As) and from an uncontaminated site (0.47–7.56 p.p.m. As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growingin the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526p.p.m. Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained11.8–64.0 p.p.m. These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m. of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m. arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fernfronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m. Arsenic increasedfrom 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m. in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m. arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m. Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold eichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m. Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almostall arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, withlittle detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots (8.3%), indicating that As(V) was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, upto 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 p.p.m.) at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulationby an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential toremediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distributionand detoxification in plants. *Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail: lqma@?Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA?Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (201X).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。
中英文外文文献翻译中小企业财务风险管理研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Bernard G期刊：International Journal of Information Business and Management 第5卷，第3期，pp：41-51.原文The research of financial Risk Management in SMESBernard GINTRUDUCTIONSmall and medium sized enterprises (SME) differ from large corporations among other aspects first of all in their size. Theirimportance in the economy however is large . SME sector of India is considered as the backbone of economy contributing to 45% of the industrial output, 40% of India’s exports, employing 60 million people, create 1.3 million jobs every year and produce more than 8000 quality products for the Indian and international markets. With approximately 30 million SMEs in India, 12 million people expected to join the workforce in next 3 years and the sector growing at a rate of 8% per year, Government of India is taking different measures so as to increase their competitiveness in the international market. There are several factors that have contributed towards the growth of Indian SMEs. Few of these include; funding of SMEs by local and foreign investors, the new technology that is used in the market is assisting SMEs add considerable value to their business, various trade directories and trade portals help facilitate trade between buyer and supplier and thus reducing the barrier to trade With this huge potential, backed up by strong government support; Indian SMEs continue to post their growth stories. Despite of this strong growth, there is huge potential amongst Indian SMEs that still remains untapped. Once this untapped potential becomes the source for growth of these units, there would be no stopping to India posting a GDP higher than that of US and China and becoming the world’s economic powerhouse. RESEARCH QUESTIONRisk and economic activity are inseparable. Every business decisionand entrepreneurial act is connected with risk. This applies also to business of small and medium sized enterprises as they are also facing several and often the same risks as bigger companies. In a real business environment with market imperfections they need to manage those risks in order to secure their business continuity and add additional value by avoiding or reducing transaction costs and cost of financial distress or bankruptcy. However, risk management is a challenge for most SME. In contrast to larger companies they often lack the necessary resources, with regard to manpower, databases and specialty of knowledge to perform a standardized and structured risk management. The result is that many smaller companies do not perform sufficient analysis to identify their risk. This aspect is exacerbated due to a lack in literature about methods for risk management in SME, as stated by Henschel: The two challenging aspects with regard to risk management in SME are therefore: 1. SME differ from large corporations in many characteristics 2. The existing research lacks a focus on risk management in SME The following research question will be central to this work: 1.how can SME manage their internal financial risk? 2.Which aspects, based on their characteristics, have to be taken into account for this? 3.Which mean fulfils the requirements and can be applied to SME? LITERA TURE REVIEWIn contrast to larger corporations, in SME one of the owners is oftenpart of the management team. His intuition and experience are important for managing the company. Therefore, in small companies, the (owner-) manager is often responsible for many different tasks and important decisions. Most SME do not have the necessary resources to employ specialists on every position in the company. They focus on their core business and have generalists for the administrative functions. Behr and Guttler find that SME on average have equity ratios lower than 20%. The different characteristics of management, position on procurement and capital markets and the legal framework need to be taken into account when applying management instruments like risk management. Therefore the risk management techniques of larger corporations cannot easily be applied to SME. In practice it can therefore be observed that although SME are not facing less risks and uncertainties than large companies, their risk management differs from the practices in larger companies. The latter have the resources to employ a risk manager and a professional, structured and standardized risk management system. In contrast to that, risk management in SME differs in the degree of implementation and the techniques applied. Jonen & Simgen-Weber With regard to firm size and the use of risk management. Beyer, Hachmeister & Lampenius observe in a study from 2010 that increasing firm size among SME enhances the use of risk management. This observation matches with the opinion of nearly 10% of SME, which are of the opinion, that risk management is onlyreasonable in larger corporations. Beyer, Hachmeister & Lampenius find that most of the surveyed SME identify risks with help of statistics, checklists, creativity and scenario analyses. reveals similar findings and state that most companies rely on key figure systems for identifying and evaluating the urgency of business risks. That small firms face higher costs of hedging than larger corporations. This fact is reducing the benefits from hedging and therefore he advises to evaluate the usage of hedging for each firm individually. The lacking expertise to decide about hedges in SME is also identified by Eckbo, According to his findings, smaller companies often lack the understanding and management capacities needed to use those instruments. METHODOLOGY USE OF FINANCIAL ANAL YSIS IN SME RISK MANAGEMENT How financial analysis can be used in SME risk management? Development of financial risk overview for SME The following sections show the development of the financial risk overview. After presenting the framework, the different ratios will be discussed to finally present a selection of suitable ratios and choose appropriate comparison data. Framework for financial risk overviewThe idea is to use a set of ratios in an overview as the basis for the financial risk management.This provides even more information than the analysis of historicaldata and allows reacting fast on critical developments and managing the identified risks. However not only the internal data can be used for the risk management. In addition to that also the information available in the papers can be used. Some of them state average values for the defaulted or bankrupt companies one year prior bankruptcy -and few papers also for a longer time horizon. Those values can be used as a comparison value to evaluate the risk situation of the company. For this an appropriate set of ratios has to be chosen. The ratios, which will be included in the overview and analysis sheet, should fulfill two main requirements. First of all they should match the main financial risks of the company in order to deliver significant information and not miss an important risk factor. Secondly the ratios need to be relevant in two different ways. On the one hand they should be applicable independently of other ratios. This means that they also deliver useful information when not used in a regression, as it is applied in many of the papers. On the other hand to be appropriate to use them, the ratios need to show a different development for healthy companies than for those under financial distress. The difference between the values of the two groups should be large enough to see into which the observed company belongs. Evaluation of ratios for financial risk overview When choosing ratios from the different categories, it needs to be evaluated which ones are the most appropriate ones. For this some comparison values are needed inorder to see whether the ratios show different values and developments for the two groups of companies. The most convenient source for the comparison values are the research papers as their values are based on large samples of annual reports and by providing average values outweigh outliers in the data. Altman shows a table with the values for 8 different ratios for the five years prior bankruptcy of which he uses 5, while Porporato & Sandin use 13 ratios in their model and Ohlson bases his evaluation on 9 figures and ratios [10]. Khong, Ong & Y ap and Cerovac & Ivicic also show the difference in ratios between the two groups, however only directly before bankruptcy and not as a development over time [9]. Therefore this information is not as valuable as the others ([4][15]).In summary, the main internal financial risks in a SME should be covered by financial structure, liquidity and profitability ratios, which are the main categories of ratios applied in the research papers.Financial structureA ratio used in many of the papers is the total debt to total assets ratio, analyzing the financial structure of the company. Next to the papers of Altman, Ohlson and Porporato & Sandin also Khong, Ong & Y ap and Cerovac & Ivicic show comparison values for this ratio. Those demonstrate a huge difference in size between the bankrupt andnon-bankrupt groups.Therefore the information of total debt/total assets is more reliable and should rather be used for the overview. The other ratios analyzing the financial structure are only used in one of the papers and except for one the reference data only covers the last year before bankruptcy. Therefore a time trend cannot be detected and their relevance cannot be approved.译文中小企业财务风险管理研究博纳德引言除了其他方面，中小型企业(SME)与大型企业的不同之处首先在于他们的规模不同，但是，他们在国民经济中同样具有重要的作用。
论文翻译 Word 文档
pH对CuO吸附和解析SeO32-和SeO42-的影响。
如图1所示为pH与CuO对SeO32-的吸附于解析的函数变化。
pH=9.5时，CuO粉末对SeO32-在其水溶液中的吸收率韦100%。
随着pH的增加，CuO粉末对SeO32-的吸收率下降，当pH=12.5时SeO32-大部分存在在其溶液中，即吸附量很少。
增加的氧化物阴离子的吸附随pH 值降低是阴离子的吸附过程的一个典型特征。
在图1中表明CuO对SeO32-吸收是一个可逆过程。
这个结论同样可以运用于针铁矿(a-FeOOH）对的吸收随pH变化的函数关系中。
如图1所示为pH与CuO对SeO42-的吸附于解析的函数变化。
结果表明在pH=6.0是CuO对SeO42完全吸收。
随着pH的增加，CuO粉末对SeO42-的吸收率下降，当pH=11.0时，几乎不吸收。
表明CuO对SeO42-吸收也是一个可逆过程。
本杰明对无定型氢氧化铁对SeO42-的吸收随pH变化函数的研究表明，在pH=4.5时，只有85%被吸收。
他也表明，溶液中的二价阳离子，如Cu2+对Fe2O3.H2O对SeO42-的吸收有积极影响。
Balistrieri和Chao表明pH=6时，体系中存在300mg/L(a-FeOOH）时对的吸收很少量(<20%)。
然而，这个研究表明，当PH=6.0时，较少含量的CuO能将从其水溶液中将近100%吸收。
一中可能性是，CuO比(a-FeOOH）需要较高的pH（9.5），(a-FeOOH）需要较低的pH，在6-7之间。
吸收和解析的结果表明，与SeO32-相比,CuO粒子对SeO42-的吸收更容易。
例如，在pH=11.0时，只有50%SeO32-被吸收在CuO表面（图1），而SeO42-是100%（图2）。
一种可能是SeO32-结构较复杂，形成较强的内力，SeO42-内力较弱。
图3和图4表明CuO粒子的浓度对SeO42-和SeO32-的吸收的影响与pH的变化函数关系。
水轮机和水力发电文献翻译(Word最新版)
水轮机和水力发电文献翻译通过整理的水轮机和水力发电文献翻译相关文档，渴望对大家有所扶植，感谢观看！中文3840字外文文献：hydraulicturbines and hydro-electric power Abstract Power may be developed from water by three fundamental processes : by action of its weight, of its pressure, or of its velocity, or by a combination of any or all three. In modern practice the Pelton or impulse wheel is the only type which obtains power by a single process the action of one or more high-velocity jets. This type of wheel is usually found in high-head developments. Faraday had shown that when a coil is rotated in a magnetic field electricity is generated. Thus, in order to produce electrical energy, it is necessary that we should produce mechanical energy, which can be used to rotate the ‘coil’. The mechanical energy is produced by running a prime mover (known as turbine ) by the energy of fuels or flowing water. This mechanical power is converted into electrical power by electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of turbine and is thus run by turbine. The electrical power, which is consequently obtained at the terminals of the generator, is then transited to the area where it is to be used for doing work.he plant ormachinery which is required to produce electricity (i.e. prime mover +electric generator) is collectively known as power plant. The building, in which the entire machinery along with other auxiliary units is installed, is known as power house. Keywords hydraulic turbines hydro-electric power classification of hydel plants head scheme There has been practically no increase in the efficiency of hydraulic turbines since about 1925, when maximum efficiencies reached 93% or more. As far as maximum efficiency is concerned, the hydraulic turbine has about reached the practicable limit of development. Nevertheless, in recent years, there has been a rapid and marked increase in the physical size and horsepower capacity of individual units. In addition, there has been considerable research into the cause and prevention of cavitation, which allows the advantages of higher specific speeds to be obtained at higher heads than formerly were considered advisable. The net effect of this progress with larger units, higher specific speed, and simplification and improvements in design has been to retain for the hydraulic turbine the important place which it has long held at one of the most important prime movers. 1. types of hydraulic turbines Hydraulic turbines may be grouped in two general classes: the impulse type which utilizes the kinetic energy of a high-velocity jet which acts upon only a small partof the circumference at any instant, and the reaction type which develops power from the combined action of pressure and velocity of the water that completely fills the runner and water passages. The reaction group is divided into two general types: the Francis, sometimes called the reaction type, and the propeller type. The propeller class is also further subdivided into the fixed-blade propeller type, and the adjustable-blade type of which the Kaplan is representative. 1.1 impulse wheels With the impulse wheel the potential energy of the water in the penstock is transformed into kinetic energy in a jet issuing from the orifice of a nozzle. This jet discharge freely into the atmosphere inside the wheel housing and strikes against the bowl-shaped buckets of the runner. At each revolution the bucket enters, passes through, and passes out of the jet, during which time it receives the full impact force of the jet. This produces a rapid hammer blow upon the bucket. At the same time the bucket is subjected to the centrifugal force tending to separate the bucket from its disk. On account of the stresses so produced and also the scouring effects of the water flowing over the working surface of the bowl, material of high quality of resistance against hydraulic wear and fatigue is required. Only for very low heads can cast iron be employed. Bronze and annealed cast steel are normallyused. 1.2 Francis runners With the Francis type the water enters from a casing or flume with a relatively low velocity, passes through guide vanes or gates located around the circumstance, and flows through the runner, from which it discharges into a draft tube sealed below the tail-water level. All the runner passages are completely filled with water, which acts upon the whole circumference of the runner. Only a portion of the power is derived from the dynamic action due to the velocity of the water, a large part of the power being obtained from the difference in pressure acting on the front and back of the runner buckets. The draft tube allows maximum utilization of the available head, both because of the suction created below the runner by the vertical column of water and because the outlet of he draft tube is larger than the throat just below the runner, thus utilizing a part of the kinetic energy of the water leaving the runner blades. 1.3 propeller runners nherently suitable for low-head developments, the propeller-type unit has effected marked economics within the range of head to which it is adapted. The higher speed of this type of turbine results in a lower-cost generator and somewhat smaller powerhouse substructure and superstructure. Propeller-type runners for low heads and small outputs are sometimes constructed of cast iron. For heads above 20 ft, they are made of cast steel, a much morereliable material. Large-diameter propellers may have individual blades fastened to the hub. 1.4 adjustable-blade runners The adjustable-blade propeller type is a development from the fixed-blade propeller wheel. One of the best-known units of this type is the Kaplan unit, in which the blades may be rotated to the most efficient angle by a hydraulic servomotor. A cam on the governor is used to cause the blade angle to change with the gate position so that high efficiency is always obtained at almost any percentage of full load. By reason of its high efficiency at all gate openings, the adjustable-blade propeller-type unit is particularly applicable to low-head developments where conditions are such that the units must be operated at varying load and varying head. Capital cost and maintenance for such units are necessarily higher than for fixed-blade propeller-type units operated at the point of maximum efficiency. 2. thermal and hydropower As stated earlier, the turbine blades can be made to run by the energy of fuels or flowing water. When fuel is used to produce steam for running the steam turbine, then the power generated is known as thermal power. The fuel which is to be used for generating steam may either be an ordinary fuel such as coal, fuel oil, etc., or atomic fuel or nuclear fuel. Coal is simply burnt to produce steam from water and is the simplest and oldesttype of fuel. Diesel oil, etc. may also be used as fuels for producing steam. Atomic fuels such as uranium or thorium may also be used to produce steam. When conventional type of fuels such s coal, oil, etc. (called fossils ) is used to produce steam for running the turbines, the power house is generally called an Ordinary thermal power station or Thermal power station. But when atomic fuel is used to produce steam, the power station, which is essentially a thermal power station, is called an atomic power station or nuclear power station. In an ordinary thermal power station, steam is produced in a water boiler, while in the atomic power station; the boiler is replaced y a nuclear reactor and steam generator for raising steam. The electric power generated in both these cases is known as thermal power and the scheme is called thermal power scheme. But, when the energy of the flowing water is used to run the turbines, then the electricity generated is called hydroelectric power. This scheme is known as hydro scheme, and the power house is known as hydel power station or hydroelectric power station. In a hydro scheme, a certain quantity of water at a certain potential head is essentially made to flow through the turbines. The head causing flow runs the turbine blades, and thus producing electricity from the generator coupled to turbine. In this chapter, we are concerned with hydel scheme only.3.classification of hydel plants Hydro-plants may be classified on the basis of hydraulic characteristics as follow: ① run-off river plants .②storage plants.③pumped storage plants.④tidal plants. th ey are described below. (1) Run-off river plants. These plants are those which utilize the minimum flow in a river having no appreciable pondage on its upstream side. A weir or a barrage is sometimes constructed across a river simply to raise and maintain the water level at a pre-determined level within narrow limits of fluctuations, either solely for the power plants or for some other purpose where the power plant may be incidental. Such a scheme is essentially a low head scheme and may be suitable only on a perennial river having sufficient dry weather flow of such a magnitude as to make the development worthwhile. Run-off river plants generally have a very limited storage capacity, and can use water only when it comes. This small storage capacity is provided for meeting the hourly fluctuations of load. When the available discharge at site is more than the demand (during off-peak hours ) the excess water is temporarily stored in the pond on the upstream side of the barrage, which is then utilized during the peak hours. he various examples of run-off the river pant are: Ganguwal and Kolta power houses located on Nangal Hydel Channel, Mohammad Pur and Pathri power houses on GangaCanal and Sarda power house on Sarda Canal. The various stations constructed on irrigation channels at the sites of falls, also fall under this category of plants. (2) Storage plants A storage plant is essentially having an upstream storage reservoir of sufficient size so as to permit, sufficient carryover storage from the monsoon season to the dry summer season, and thus to develop a firm flow substantially more than minimum natural flow. In this scheme, a dam is constructed across the river and the power house may be located at the foot of the dam such as in Bhakra, Hirakud, Rihand projects etc. the power house may sometimes be located much away from the dam (on the downstream side). In such a case, the power house is located at the end of tunnels which carry water from the reservoir. The tunnels are connected to the power house machines by means of pressure pen-stocks which may either be underground (as in Mainthon and Koyna projects) or may be kept exposed (as in Kundah project). When the power house is located near the dam, as is generally done in the low head installations ; it is known as concentrated fall hydroelectric development. But when the water is carried to the power house at a considerable distance from the dam through a canal, tunnel, or pen-stock; it is known as a divided fall development. (3) Pumped storage plants. A pumped storage plantgenerates power during peak hours, but during the off-peak hours, water is pumped back from the tail water pool to the headwater pool for future use. The pumps are run by some secondary power from some other plant in the system. The plant is thus primarily meant for assisting an existing thermal plant or some other hydel plant. During peak hours, the water flows from the reservoir to the turbine and electricity is generated. During off-peak hours, the excess power is available from some other plant, and is utilized for pumping water from the tail pool to the head pool, this minor plant thus supplements the power of another major plant. In such a scheme, the same water is utilized again and again and no water is wasted. For heads varying between 15m to 90m, reservoir pump turbines have been devised, which can function both as a turbine as well as a pump. Such reversible turbines can work at relatively high efficiencies and can help in reducing the cost of such a plant. Similarly, the same electrical machine can be used both as a generator as well as a motor by reversing the poles. The provision of such a scheme helps considerably in improving the load factor of the power system. (4) Tidal plants Tidal plants for generation of electric power are the recent and modern advancements, and essentially work on the principle that there is a rise in seawater during high tide period and afall during the low ebb period. The water rises and falls twice a day; each fall cycle occupying about 12 hours and 25 minutes. The advantage of this rise and fall of water is taken in a tidal plant. In other words, the tidal range, i.e. the difference between high and low tide levels is utilized to generate power. This is accomplished by constructing a basin separated from the ocean by a partition wall and installing turbines in opening through this wall. Water passes from the ocean to the basin during high tides, and thus running the turbines and generating electric power. During low tide，the water from the basin runs back to ocean, which can also be utilized to generate electric power, provided special turbines which can generate power for either direction of flow are installed. Such plants are useful at places where tidal range is high. Rance power station in France is an example of this type of power station. The tidal range at this place is of the order of 11 meters. This power house contains 9 units of 38,000 kW. 4.Hydro-plants or hydroelectric schemes may be classified on the basis of operating head on turbines as f ollows: ① low head scheme (head<15m),②medium head scheme (head varies between 15m to 60 m) ,③high head scheme (head>60m). They are described below: (1) Low head scheme. A low head scheme is one which uses water head of less than 15 meters or so. A run offriver plant is essentially a low head scheme, a weir or a barrage is constructed to raise the water level, and the power house is constructed either in continuation with the barrage or at some distance downstream of the barrage, where water is taken to the power house through an intake canal. (2) Medium head scheme A medium head scheme is one which used water head varying between 15 to 60 meters or so. This scheme is thus essentially a dam reservoir scheme, although the dam height is mediocre. This scheme is having features somewhere between low had scheme and high head scheme.(3) High head scheme. A high head scheme is one which uses water head of more than 60m or so. A dam of sufficient height is, therefore, required to be constructed, so as to store water on the upstream side and to utilize this water throughout the year. High head schemes up to heights of 1,800 meters have been developed. The common examples of such a scheme are: Bhakra dam in (Punjab), Rihand dam in (U.P.), and Hoover dam in (U.S.A), etc. The naturally available high falls can also be developed for generating electric power. The common examples of such power developments are: Jog Falls in India, and Niagara Falls in U.S.A. 水轮机和水力发电摘要水的能量可以通过三种基本方法来获得：利用水的重力作用、水的压力作用或水的流速作用，或者其中随意两种或全部三种作用的组合。
SCI文献翻译DOC
The locust genome provides insight into swarmformation and long-distance flight蝗虫的基因组对集群和长途飞行提供了见解Locusts are one of the world’s most destructive agricultur al pests and represent a useful model system in entomology. Here we present a draft 6.5 Gb genome sequence of Locusta migratoria, which is the largest animal genome sequenced so far. Our findings indicate that the large genome size of L. migratoriais likely to be because of transposable element proliferation combined with slow rates of loss for these elements. Methylome and transcriptome analyses reveal complex regulatory mechanisms involved in microtubule dynamic-mediated synapse plasticity during phase change. We find significant expansion of gene families associated with energy consumption and detoxification, consistent with long-distance flight capacity and phytophagy. We report hundreds of potential insecticide target genes, including cys-loop ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors and lethal genes. The L. migratoria genome sequence offers new insights into the biology and sustainable management of this pest species, and will promote its wide use as a model system.蝗虫是一个世界上最具破坏性的农业害虫,并且在昆虫学中代表一个有用的模式系统。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
4文献翻译模板
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（如果有的话）
表6-1■2000—2010年世界聚氨酯产量
CASE
3484940
4792195
5877100
476000
592370
669700
3672125
4944500
5942000
2290215
3423500
4418800
9923280
13752565
16907600
■■数据来源：2008年(企业快报[J].聚氨酯)
（正文部分字数应在3000字以上，具体应按各系(部)的具体要求执行）
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参考文献
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[1] Miller JA, Lin SB, Huang KKS, Cooper SL. Macromolecules ,1985;18:32.
[2] Boyarchuk YM, Rapport LY, Apukhtine NP. Polym Sci, USSR ,1965;7:859.
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1.1■□□□□□□
1.1.1■□□□□□□
1.1.1.1■□□□□□□
聚氨酯弹性体有许多特性，使用范围非常广泛。它们的合成是以聚醚或聚酯二醇和二异氰酸酯为基础，然后扩链形成大分子。其基本化学结构是氨基甲酸酯基团（R - NHCOO - R1）。由于氮原子具有很强吸引电子的能力，氢原子可以与氧原子形成氢键。结果产生物理交联[ 1,2 ]，这种链结构可以用硬段和软段来描述。软段部分主要来自二醇低聚物。随着二醇链的长度增加，玻璃化转变温度（Tg）变低，从而导致更多的相分离[ 3,4 ]。
[3] Petrovic ZS, Simendic B. Rubber Chem and Technol ,1985; Rubber Chem and Technol,1985;58:701.
英语文献翻译文档
The literature review (domestic and foreign research and development trend of the current situation)1. Domestic wastewater treatment technology1.1 AB Applied Technology for Wastewater Biological TreatmentWastewater Treatment Technology AB (the AB process) is the adsorption - process referred to as biodegradable. AB Technology have developed rapidly in recent years, and applied to much urban sewage treatment plants. Proved through practice, AB conventional activated sludge process and f method compared to the efficiency, operation stability, project investment and operation cost, etc. all have distinctive features.AB two activated sludge process is divided into segments A and B section, a section of the adsorption section, B section for the biological oxidation section. AB A process has a major section of the aeration tank structure, intermediate sedimentation tank, B section of the aeration tank and secondary sedimentation tank, usually without a settling tank, the A section as well as processing system. A segment and the segment has a separate sludge return system, so has its own unique microbial populations, is conducive to the stability of system functions.The basic principles of AB Process: A section of continuous inoculation from the sewer system in the pipe network system has survived the number of bacteria, which can be viewed as the drainage system in the middle of a huge reactor, in which a large number of bacteria surviving , continue to proliferate but also to adapt to, out of the process of optimization, etc., thus able to develop adaptive and active microbial communities are strong. This process does not set a settling tank, so that all microorganisms in raw wastewater into the system, so that A section of a biological dynamics of open systems.A section of high load, is conducive to the proliferation of fast growth andreproduction of microorganisms, and can only survive here is strong resistance to impact load the prokaryotic bacteria and other microorganisms can not survive. A section of the treated waste water, BOD removal of 40 to 70 percent, also improved biodegradability, is conducive to the work of B segments.A section of the sludge production rate was higher adsorption capacity, heavy metals, refractory material and nitrogen, phosphorus and other plant nutrients such as to pass through the sludge adsorption, and have been removed.A section on organic removal, mainly by the flock adsorption, biological degradation accounts for only about 1 / 3, due to the dominant role of physical and chemical effects, therefore, a paragraph of toxic substances in wastewater, pH, organic loading and temperature have certain adaptability.Section B Section A of the reaction is based on the normal work, including a section of the adsorption of organic compounds is very important. B section of the biological system is mainly composed of long generations of eukaryotic microbial composition, and according to specific process conditions change. Section B accepted the basic stability of water quality and quantities are, almost without regard to the impact load, to give full play to purification. A section of the function with the addition of nitrogen, BOD / N value decreased, therefore, B segment with the nitrification process conditions.1.2 SBR Biological Treatment for Wastewater ApplicationsSequencing batch (intermittent) activated sludge process (Sequencing Batch Reactor), referred to as the SBR in recent years widespread attention at home and abroad is the growing number of nuclear research of a wastewater treatment process, and a number of production units are already in operation, with a range of better than conventional activated sludge characteristics.At present, SBR process is mainly used in urban sewage and industrial waste water (mainly MSG, beer, pharmaceuticals, coke, food, paper, printing and dyeing, washing, dressing, etc.) processing.SBR process is a certain order by the intermittent operation of the SBR reactor operation composed. SBR process a complete operation, that each SBR reactoroperation when the waste water treatment, including five phases: fill, reaction, sedimentation, water, idle. SBR's methods to intermittent operation of the operating condition as the main feature.SBR process operation and convenient operation, the reactor is in descending order in space, intermittent; in time is arranged in sequence, and intermittent.1.3 Applications for Wastewater Biological TreatmentSince the 70s of the 20th century, people in the anaerobic / aerobic phosphorus removal system and the anoxic / aerobic nitrogen removal system based on the principle, also proposed sewage treatment system, will combine the two systems, the sewage through anaerobic ( Anaerobic), anoxic and aerobic (Anoxic) and aerobic (Oxen) three biological treatment processes (referred to as 2A/ O), to achieve simultaneous removal of BOD, nitrogen, phosphorus purposes. The primary functions of anaerobic phosphorus release, while part of the organic matter ammonification. The primary function of anoxic denitrification, nitrate is through the inner loop sent by the aerobic reactor, a mixture of a large amount of circulating , usually 2Q (Q-raw sewage flow). Aerobic stage is multifunctional, remove organic matter, phosphorus digestion and absorption of other items are reflected in this paragraph. These three reactions are important, the mixture containing NO3-N, the sludge containing excess phosphorus, The water in the BOD (or COD) removal were obtained. 2Q mixture flow back from the anoxic reactor here1.4 The conventional activated sludge biological wastewater treatment Conventional activated sludge, also known as habit or known traditional aeration activated sludge, was the first use of a sludge method.In the normal operation of the conventional activated sludge aeration tank, the aeration tank Qiduan, return activated sludge with boiling water once fully mixed, activated sludge from wastewater in a large number of organic matter. Since then F / M is relatively high, so the growth rate of microbial growth generally increased in the late stages of decline or growth rate of stage. As the organic matter in the aeration tank mixed liquor continuously along the length of the oxidation pond and the continuous synthesis of microbial cells, continue to lower the concentration of organicmatter in water, F / M become smaller and smaller, to the end of the pond, the growth of microorganisms have entered the endogenous metabolism period. Because the conventional activated sludge aeration time longer, you can more organic adsorption and purification, and the aeration tank effluent species of microorganisms have entered the endogenous metabolism of, their activities had diminished capacity, easy to precipitate in the sedimentation tank. After the waste water into the sedimentation tank, where almost all organic matter is "eaten" by the storage of microbial cells become depleted of material, which is hungry activated sludge activity has been fully restored, back to the aeration tank After a good adsorption capacity and oxidation of organic matter. So the conventional activated sludge process of biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids removal efficiency was very high, about 90 to 95 percent. Achieve this high removal efficiency, commonly known as "full treatment." If you do not need such high processing requirements, to reduce the amount of return sludge and shorten the aeration time, the so-called "part of the deal."1.5 Application of oxidation ditch technology biological wastewater treatment Activated sludge oxidation ditch is a variant, the aeration tank ditches that were closed type, the mixture of sewage and activated sludge in which the cycle of continuous flow, therefore, also known as the "ring aeration Pool "," No end of the aeration system. " Crushed out of wood is widely used in the oxidation ditch types include: Pascal Weil (Passover) oxidation ditch and Carrousel (Carrousel) oxidation ditch, Auber (Orbal) oxidation ditch, T-type oxidation ditch (c oxidation ditch), DE-type oxidation ditch oxidation ditch and integration.1.5.1 Carrousel oxidation ditchCarrousel oxidation ditch is the DHV from the Netherlands in 1967, the company developed. Carrousel oxidation ditch in the original basis, DHV Company and the United States patent licensing company has invented a Carrousel2000 EIMCO system to achieve a higher demand for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal capabilities.Carrousel oxidation ditch aeration and agitation devices using directional, relative to the level of the mixture speed of delivery, so that the mixture was stirred in theoxidation ditch circulating within the closed channels. Therefore, oxidation ditch has a special hydraulic flow pattern, both completely mixed reactor characteristics; there are plug-flow reactors, the characteristics of trench obvious dissolved oxygen concentration gradient. Oxidation ditch with rectangular or trapezoidal cross section, flat shape of the oval, the trench depth is generally 2.5 to 4.5 meters, width to depth ratio of 2:1, has a water depth of 7m, the average speed of water flow in ditch 0.3 meter per second. Mixed oxidation ditch aeration equipment surface aerators, aeration the brush or wheel, jet aerator conduit and riser-type aerator and so on, there is water in recent years with the use of thrusters.1.5.2 Orbal oxidation ditchOrbal oxidation ditch are generally composed of three concentric oval channel, water channel from the outside to enter, and return sludge mixture into the middle of the channel from the outside and then into the channel within the channel, then the channel to loop up to tens of hundreds of times. Finally, the adjustable weir flows by the Center for the door out of the island, and to the settling tank. Installed in each channel have a different number of levels across the switch to disk aerator, both support a strong push for Liu stirring. Outside the channel volume of the volume of the total oxidation of 50 to 55 percent, control of dissolved oxygen concentration tends to 0, and efficient completion of the main oxidation; the middle of the channel capacity is generally 25 to 30 percent, control of dissolved oxygen concentration in the 1.0mg / L is about , as a "swing-channel", can play outside the channel or the channel of the reinforcement; the total volume of the channel's volume is about 15 to 20 percent, requiring a higher concentration of dissolved oxygen (2.0 Milligrams per liter),to ensure a higher organic matter and ammonia nitrogen removal.Orbal oxidation ditch scope: Orbal oxidation ditch generally applies to 20 ×104 Cubic meters per day's following scale municipal sewage treatment plants, especially recommended for small and medium-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant.1.5.3 Pasveer oxidation ditchPasveer oxidation ditch is a continuous oxidation ditch sewage treatment system,with points built secondary sedimentation tank. Raw sewage directly into the grid through the oxidation ditches, and ditches the sludge mixture in the mix. Oxidation ditch is a trench-shaped runway. Ditch on the installation of one or more aeration, aeration to promote the mixture circulating in the trench, the average flow rate maintained at 0.3m / s or more, the activated sludge in suspension and oxygenation. Mixture road and Sheen pool is for dewatering. Part of the secondary settling tank sludge and surface scum back into the oxidation ditch, sludge is relatively stable, the concentration can be directly after the dehydration of sludge after the storage pool to be further processed.1.5.4 Three oxidation ditchThree oxidation ditch is a Kruger company has developed a new biological nitrogen removal process. The system has set up three identical oxidation ditches to run together as a unit, both between the three oxidation ditches connected. At run time, both sides of the A, C alternately for the two pool aeration tank and settling tank. The middle of the B pool has been maintained aeration, water alternately into a pool or C pool, C pool of water or from the corresponding a pool leads. This increases the utilization rate of aeration the brush, is also beneficial to biological nitrogen removal. Three oxidation ditches with each pool are available for sewage and circulation (mixing) of the brush, the import of each pool were associated with treatment by the grid and the grit chamber and connected via the effluent. Regulating the distribution of water and effluent weir completely controlled by the biological filter unit of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment is the main purpose of the unit operation. Biological filter is a biofilm. Biological filter are generally made of reinforced concrete or masonry, horizontal cross-section mostly round, square or rectangle, which forms the specific use, depending on the type of replenishment device. Biological filter structure consists of the filter bed, drainage and water installment of three parts.1.6 Biological filter purification mechanismPlaced in a fixed biological filter media, water flow in the biological filter constantly in touch with the media, microorganisms reproduce in the filter surface toform a biofilm. Adsorption of wastewater microorganisms suspended, colloidal and dissolved substances, the sewage purification. Biofilm has a larger surface area, with strong oxidation ability. In the biofilm, microbial growth and reproduction, death loss, the cycle and maintain the good biofilm purification.When the membrane is thicker, and reach a certain thickness, the oxygen in the air quickly consume the microbial biofilm surface is difficult to penetrate the inner membrane, resulting in close to the inner layer of the biofilm formation due to lack of oxygen anaerobic state, so that weakened the adhesion of the biofilm, and produce organic acids, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide and other anaerobic decomposition products, sometimes with the smell of the water quality of water, and sometimes may even Biological filter cause the growth of biofilm filter clogging.Operating system is basically a primary sedimentation tank, biological filter, secondary sedimentation tank of three parts.1.6.1 High Load biological filterHigh load biological filter media used in a larger particle size, typically only 40 to 100 mm, high porosity, can prevent filter clogging and improve the ventilation capacity. Media generally use the gravel, quartz stone, granite; plastic filter can also be used.Commonly used high-load rotary biological filter water distributor, a water standpipe and rotating horizontal tubes, water distribution, for round and variability of the biological filter.1.6.2 Biological filter towerBiological filter tower along the height into the general construction of the tower, at the set in a hierarchical grid, the filter loading Stratification burden. Multi-media selection use light filter mostly, such as light weight, high specific surface area and porosity of the synthetic filter media.Water tower biological filter cloth rotating device to use more water distributor, a water standpipe and rotating horizontal tubes, water distribution, the available motor, the reaction can also be driven by the water. Some small tower biological filter to use more water distribution system nozzles, but also can be porous sieve tubes andsplashing water.1.6.3 Biological filter fluidized bed reactorIn recent years, biological fluidized bed technology for the digestion and increasing reports of denitrification. Biological fluidized bed technique is an in stream of water through the state and the growth of biofilm attached to the particle bed, is the matrix of waste water dispersed in the bed biofilm with contacts to get the lift. Biological fluidized bed reactor with a volume load of high mass transfer speed, strong impact, small footprint, stable operation and so on. Biological fluidized bed includes the good support and the anaerobic fluidized bed.1.6.4 RBC purifying methodRBC method is water in a semi-quiescent state, the disk of microbial growth in the dial, the dial slowly in the waste water continue to rotate to approach contact with each other. Disk body and turn waste water and air contact, micro-organisms from the air intake of the necessary oxygen, and biological pollutants in wastewater oxidation and decomposition. Biofilm thickness and the concentration of raw water treatment and the nature of substrate, about 0.1 to 0.5mm, the outer disk attached to the film, aerobic and anaerobic biofilm, and biofilm activity of recession cut the wheel rotation under the action of shear force and loss.RBC is also a group of rational use of natural microbial metabolism in the physiological function of the biological treatment of organic waste water purification method, the principle and the biological filter is similar to the oxidation of organic matter with much decomposition, nitrification and denitrification capabilities.1.6.5 Biological contact oxidationBiological contact oxidation method is a range of activated sludge and biological filter process between the biofilm. Contact oxidation tanks with filler, some form of micro-organisms to sessile biofilm growth in the filler surface, part is the growth of flocculent suspended in the water.Microbial bio-contact oxidation method often required oxygen supply by artificial aeration. Biofilm growth to a certain thickness, nearly filling the walls of microorganisms to lack of oxygen to anaerobic metabolism, resulting in the formationof the gas and the scouring action of aeration will cause the shedding of biofilm, and to promote the growth of new membrane to form a biofilm metabolism. Biofilm will flow off the tank everywhere outside. General biological contact oxidation pool to be set before the primary sedimentation tank to remove suspended solids and reduce the load of biological contact oxidation; biological contact oxidation tank is located after the secondary settling tank to remove entrained water biofilm, water quality assurance system.Now developed a number of continuous improvement of the water inlet of a continuous SBR process.1.7.1 ProcessWith the city's water sewage and industrial waste water \ water quality and the changing requirements of environmental laws on water quality continues to improve, which may be less and less use of land resources, which requires sewage treatment system must not only have great flexibility and need to save as much as possible sites. Process is to adapt to the needs of these areas developed an advanced sewage treatment process. It combines the traditional SBR activated sludge process and the advantages of integrated design not only have the main characteristics of SBR process, but also as to the conventional activated sludge under continuous operation at a constant level. Operating Condition and its three oxidation ditches similar to the continuous water for continuous water treatment process. The study and application of technology has become an efficient, affordable, flexible and sophisticated sewage treatment process.Process is a rectangular body shape, which is divided into three equal rectangular unit cells, adjacent to openings between the unit cells separated by a public wall, so that the hydraulic unit cell relative to each other through. All the three units each in the pools with a aeration diffusion device. Outside of which has twin functions of the two pools, both for the aeration tank, it did the sedimentation tank; two pool also has a fixed weir and the sludge discharge, with water and sludge to make emissions. Intermediate pool is always used to do aeration tank. Sewage into the system through the intake timing control can be divided into three rectangular pool were any one pool.1.7.2 CASS / CAST / CASP processCyclic activated sludge (Cyclic Activated Sludge System / Technology / Process) in the mode of operation, the precipitate phase is not water, drainage and stability are guaranteed. He is the use of different microorganisms in the growth rate under different load conditions, different mechanisms and wastewater biological nutrient removal, biological Selector SBR reactor with the traditional product of the combination, the operation of the CAST is generally divided into three areas: one area for microbial selection; II for the anoxic zone; three areas for the aerobic zone, the district is generally the volume ratio of 1 to 5 to 30.This process combines the plug-flow activated sludge completely mixed initial reaction conditions and the advantages of activated sludge, specifically the main process is simple, construction and equipment investment is small; to good water quality buffer , water fluctuations, flexible operation; nitrification, denitrification full, nitrogen and phosphorus removal to achieve a good effect. CAST pre-set reaction zone and sludge measures to ensure the return of activated sludge in continuous experience in the selection of a high floc load stage, the growth of beneficial bacteria flocculation and improve sludge activity, making it quick and easy removal of wastewater degradation of soluble substrates, and further inhibit the growth and reproduction of filamentous fungi.1.7.3 ICEAS processIntermittent Cycle Extended Aeration Process (Intermittent Cycle Extended Aeration System) is characterized by the influent in the reactor and the reaction zone an additional, continuous operation mode for the influent, intermittent drainage, no obvious reaction stage and idle phases. The advantage is in dealing with municipal sewage and industrial waste water costs more than the traditional province of SBR, the water better. Drawback is that water runs through the whole cycle of precipitation in the main reaction zone of the bottom water caused by hydraulic flocculation, which could affect the separation time, so water is limited, and the capacity utilization is low, generally not more than 60%, nitrogen and phosphorus removal general.1.7.4 IDEA ProcessIntermittent drainage extended aeration process (Intermittently Decanted Extended Aeration) to maintain the advantages of CAST, a continuous feed operation mode, intermittent aeration, periodic drainage form. Compared with the CAST, pre-reaction zone to the main structure and the separation of SBR pre-mixed pool, and part of the sludge back into the pre-reaction cell, and use the central water. Pre-mixed pool could be established so that sewage load in the high floc have a longer residence time to ensure that the choice of high bacterial flocculation.1.7.5 DAT-IAT ProcessICEAS volume utilization is not high, the equivalent of aeration equipment idle for a period of time, in order to improve the reaction tank and equipment utilization, the development of DAT-IAT (Demand Aeration Tank-Intermittent Aeration Tank) process. DAT-IAT process of the main structures in the aerobic tank (DAT), intermittent aeration tanks (IAT) form, under normal circumstances, DAT continuous water continuous aeration, the water from entering IAT, aeration and sedimentation in the completion. Decanter and remove sludge process. Through the grille and the settling ponds of treated wastewater into the DAT, after an initial biochemical quiet as IAT, due to continuous aeration played a role in water balance, improve the stability of the whole project, water process occurs only in DAT, the drainage process is only occurred in the IAT, so that the whole biological system can be further enhanced adjustability is beneficial biodegradable organic matter, part of the sludge has IAT back to the DAT. This process is suitable for relatively large changes in water quality and quantity of the region.1.7.6 MSBRModified Sequencing Batch Reactor MSBR (Modified Sequencing Batch Reactor), the shape is usually designed as a rectangle, divided into three main parts: Two alternating aeration sequencing batch cell and the cell. Main aeration grid to keep the entire operation cycle of continuous aeration, during each half cycle, the two alternating sequence, respectively, as the SBR batch cell pool and clarifier, which is essentially the 2A/ O process and SBR process in series made way for continuous running water continuous water.MSBR process is considered to be intensive in the current high level, while the biological function of nitrogen and phosphorus removal wastewater treatment process. From the system's reliability, civil engineering, total installed capacity, energy efficiency, reduce operating costs and other aspects of land conservation point of view, have the advantage. MSBR not set the primary sedimentation tank, secondary sedimentation tank, and in continuous operation under constant water level. Single cell multi-cell mode, without continuous flow process also eliminates the need for more and more pool connection pipes, pumps and valves.This integration process is characterized by simple process, as only a reaction cell, no secondary sedimentation tank, return sludge and equipment, under normal circumstances no regulation pool, in most cases the primary sedimentation tank can be avoided, so saving accounts land and investment, resistance to shock loading and flexible operation mode can be arranged from time aeration, anoxic and anaerobic different states, to achieve the purpose of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. But because each pool requires aeration and water distribution systems, the use of Decanter and control system, a large head loss intermittent drainage, the pool's capacity utilization rate is not ideal, and therefore, in general, and not suitable for large-scale urban sewage treatment plant.1.8 Anaerobic biological1.8.1 Anaerobic filterAnaerobic filter is equipped with a filter in the anaerobic bioreactor. For example, anaerobic filter effluent, and filter contacts the surface of micro-organisms, organic pollutants in wastewater by microorganisms in the interception, adsorption and decomposition in order to achieve the purpose of purification.Anaerobic biological filter media in the microbial community in the biofilm formed on the surface, In addition, the microbial community in the filter also form aggregates in the form of suspension. Anaerobic filter higher organic loading, hydraulic retention time can be shortened. Reactor teams ability to adapt to toxic substances in the water strong, strong resistance to shock loading capacity, changes in water quantity and the larger case load, the reaction may be more stable operation.1.8.2 Anaerobic DigesterAnaerobic digester is an anaerobic biological treatment method. Anaerobic biological treatment process can also be referred to as anaerobic digestion; the reaction process is in anaerobic conditions, a variety of microbial decomposition of organic matter to produce methane and carbon dioxide in the process.Anaerobic biological treatment process according to the reaction steps can be divided into three stages: hydrolysis stage, the acid phase, methane production phase.1.8.3 Baffle reactor, anaerobic baffledAnaerobic baffle reactor baffle is in the 20th century, the early 80s in anaerobic rotating biological reactor developed based on the improvement of a new high rate anaerobic reactor. The reactor has a simple structure due to the sludge retention ability, and stability advantages attracted the attention of many researchers. In the biological treatment of wastewater, the hydraulic characteristics of the reactor, biological characteristics and shock load capacity of the reactor is an important factor in treatment effect, but also an important measure of reactor performance indicators.1.8.4 up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactorUASB is the up-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor for short. Upper part UASB reactor gas, solid and liquid phase separator, the lower layer is set to the sludge suspension and the sludge bed zone area. Sewage flows from the bottom of the reactor, to the reactor to the top of the upwelling flow, solid-liquid mixture separation in the sedimentation area, the sludge itself back to the sludge bed zone. UASB reactor sludge bed area can maintain a high sludge concentration; sludge granulation can be achieved with good settling ability and high methane activity.UASB basic principles: UASB reactor during operation contains a very complex process of biochemical reactions. There are a variety of anaerobic microorganisms reaction participated in the transformation of organic pollutants in the metabolic process, and ultimately of pollutants into the final product. Participate in reactions including anaerobic hydrolysis - fermentation bacteria, acetic acid of bacteria and methane bacteria. UASB reactor biotransformation reactions and precipitation concentrated in one, compact structure. Wastewater from the water distribution。
两篇文献翻译10页word文档
对冲基金的克隆体将仍然值得期待通过查资料得知，对冲基金这个概念诞生许久，而如今我们口中所说的对冲基金已失去其初始的风险对冲的内涵。
对冲基金己成为一种新的投资模式的代名词。
即基于最新的投资理论和极其复杂的金融市场操作技巧，充分利用各种金融衍生产品的杠杆效用，承担高风险，追求高收益的投资模式。
文中部分核心翻译和阅读心得：对冲基金复制品提供一个低成本，易转换成现款的特点来为对冲基金带来收益。
大约一年前，三位研究人员分析了非常多的复制品数据组的情况。
而这篇文章将对扩展资料组的22个对冲基金复制品进行一个简明，最新的评估。
对冲基金复制品的一个先决条件就是复制的基准点。
类似于基金指数缺乏基准点的情况早已存在。
因为没有一个一般的定义说一个好的对冲基金的基准点应该由什么组成（除去一些一致意见）。
这个基准点起源于对冲基金使用的多样策略和工具。
结果许多对冲基金复制品没有规定一个明确的基准点（即使有一部分做了）。
在这篇论文里，因为多种多样的产品提供了明显不同的风险和收益，我们的结论也确信这个观点（划线部分即是所提及观点）。
对冲基金复制品背后的逻辑依据是建立在三种不同的方法上，这三种方法采取模拟对冲基金收益在一个自动和低成本的模式下。
第一个方法俗称为线性复制品，它追踪对冲基金收益，通过在线性回归模型下评估不同风险因素的表现和投资于相应的风险因素的表现。
第二种方法常常被认为是建立在规范基础上的复制品。
它使用了对冲基金策略算法的规则启用和理所当然要面对对冲基金的风险和收益。
在学术研究的不断深入和越来越成熟的关于对冲基金行业的陈述中，建立了一个宽泛的知识体系，它基于怎样让对冲基金策略可以实行。
最后一种方法，K和P两位研究人员采用了分布的方法：一个复杂的技术，它建立在给衍生品的定价。
当形成对冲基金复制品时，第一种和第二种方法后来演变成最流行的方法。
再者，不足为奇的是两种方法结合在一起，使得一般对冲基金策略能够代表线性回归模型里的众多因素。
(完整word版)中英互译文献
外文文献翻译Operational AmplifiersIn 1943 Harry Black commuted from his home in New York City at Bell Labs in New Jersey by way of a ferry. The ferry ride relaxed Harry enabling him to do some conceptual thinking. Harry had a tough problem to solve; when phone lines were extended long distance, they needed amplifiers, and undependable amplifiers limited phone service. First, initial tolerances on the gain were poor, but that problem was quickly solved wuth an adjustment. Second, even when an amplifier was adjusted correctly at the factory, the gain drifted so much during field operation that the volume was too low or the incoming speech was distorted.Many attempts had been made to make a stable amplifier, but temperature changes and power supply voltage extremes experienced on phone lines caused uncontrollable gain drift. Passive components had much better drift characteristics than active components had, thus if an amplifier’s gain could be made dependent on passive components, the problem would be solve. During on e of his ferry trips, Harry’s fertile brain conceived a novel solution for the amplifier problem, and he documented the solution while riding on the ferry.The solution was to first build an amplifier that had more gain than the application required. Then some of the amplifier output signal was fed back to the input in a manner that makes the circuit gain (circuit is the amplifier and feedback components) dependent on the feedback circuit rather than the amplifier gain. Now the circuit gain is dependent on the passive feedback components rather than the active amplifier. This is called negative feedback, and it is the underlying operating principle for all modern day opamps. Harry had documented the first intentional feedback circuit had been built prior to that time ,but the designers ignored the effect.I can hear the squeals of anguish coming from the manager and amplifier designers. I imagine that they said something like this, “it is hard enough to achieve 30kHz gainbandwidth (GBW), and now this fool wants me to design an amplifier with 3MHz GBW. But ,he is still going to get a circuit gain GBW of 30kHz .” Well, time has proven Harry right ,but there is a minor problem. It seems that circuit designed with large pen loop gains sometimes oscillate when the loop is closed. A lot of people investigated the instability effect, and it was prettywell understood in the 1940s, but solving stability problems involved long, tedious, and intricate calculations. Years passed without anybody making the problem solution simpler or more understandable.In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback system by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the ‘70s, Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system’s stability into grap hical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode’s methods to find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn’t much call for electrical feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.The first real-time computer was the analog computer! This computer used preprogrammed equations and input data to calculate control actions. The programming was hard wired with a series of circuit that performed math operations on the data, and the hard wiring limitation eventually caused the declining popularity of the analog computer. The heart of the analog computer was a device called an operational amplifier because it could be configured to perform many mathematical operations such as multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, integration, and differentiation on the input signals. The name was shortened to the familiar op amp, as we have come to know and love them. The op amp used an amplifier with a large open loop gain, and when the loop was closed, the amplifier performed the mathematical operations dictated by the external passive components. This amplifier was very large because it was built with vacuum tubes and it required a high-voltage power supply,but it was the heart of the analog computer, thus its large size and huge power requirements were accepted. Many early op amps were designed for analog computers, an it was soon found out the op amps had other uses and were handy to have around the physics lab .At this time general-purpose analog computers were found in universities and large company laboratories because they were critical to the research work done there. There was a parallel requirement for transducer signal conditioning in lab experiments, and op amps found their way into signal conditioning applications. As the signal conditioning applications expanded, the demand for op amps grew beyond the analog computer requirements , and even when the analog computers lost favor to digital computers, the op amps survived because of its importance in universal analog applications. Eventually digital computes replaced the analog computers, but the demand for op amps increased as measurement applications increased.The first signal conditioning op amps were constructed with vacuum tubes prior to the introduction of transistors, so they were large and bul ky. During the’50s, miniature vacuum tubes that worked from lower voltage power supplies enabled the manufacture of op amps that shrunk to the size lf a brick used in house construction, so the op amp modules were nick named bricks. Vacuum tube size and component size decreased until an op amp was shrunk to the size of a single octal vacuum tube. Transistors were commercially developed in the ‘60s, and they further reduced op amp size to several cubic inches. Most of these early op amps were made for specific applications, so they were not necessarily general purpose. The early op amps served a specific purpose, but each manufacturer had different specifications and packages; hence, there was little second sourcing among the early op amps.ICs were developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s, but it wasn’t till the middle 1960s that Fairchild released the μA709. This was the first commercially successful IC op am. TheμA709 had its share of problems, bur any competent analog engineer could use it, and it served in many different analog applications. The maj or drawback of theμA709 was stability; it required external compensation and a competent analog engineer to apply it. Also, theμA709 was quite sensitive because it had a habit of self-destruction under any adverse condition. TheμA741 followed theμA709, and it is an internally compensated op amp that does not require external compensation if operated under data sheet conditions. There has been a never-ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability had improved to the point where present day op amps can be usedfor analog applications by anybody.The IC op amp is here to stay; the latest generation op amps cover the frequency spectrum from 5kHz GBW to beyond 1GHz GBW. The supply voltage ranges from guaranteed operation at 0.9V to absolute maximum voltage ratings of 1000V. The input current and input offset voltage has fallen so low that customers have problems verifying the specifications during incoming inspection. The op amp has truly become the universal analog IC because it performs all analog tasks. It can function as a line driver, comparator (one bit A/D), amplifier, level shifter, oscillator, filter, signal conditioner, actuator driver, current source, voltage source, and etc. The designer’s problem is h ow to rapidly select the correct circuit /op amp combination and then, how to calculate the passive component values that yield the desired transfer function in the circuit.The op amp will continue to be a vital component of analog design because it is such a fundamental component. Each generation of electronic equipment integrates more functions on silicon and takes more of the analog circuit inside the IC. As digital applications increase, analog applications also increase because the predominant supply of data and interface applications are in the real world, and the real world is an analog world. Thus , each new generation of electronic equipment creates requirements for new analog circuit; hence, new generations of op amps are required to fulfill these requirements. Analog design, and op amp design, is a fundamental skill that will be required far into the future.放大器1943年，哈利·布莱克乘火车或渡船从位于纽约市的家去新泽西州的贝尔实验室上班。
外文文献翻译(最终版)【范本模板】
造纸机的烘缸摘要：本篇阐述的是有关的造纸机的干燥烘缸。
烘缸是中空的，烘缸的缸体内表面沿长度方向有沟槽。
大多数的集水器沿管道轴向延伸套管。
吸水管的设计是从每个集水器到一个总槽对于由此吸入的冷凝水。
一个虹吸管被连接到每个集水器收集的冷凝水。
虹吸管道是绝缘,以降低内部和外部的温度差异。
虹吸管有固定的形状和间隔以至于虹吸管从凹槽中能尽可能从除掉大量凝结水,与凹槽附近的虹吸管道相比,剩下的套管长度要达到更均匀套管,为了达到更均匀的干燥性能,烘缸的缸体在宽度方向有网格。
例如，虹吸管的吸入管道附近可能有一个更大的直径或可能会有一个更强的负压式凝聚力在管道附近地区。
关键词：烘缸，设计，冷凝水，虹吸管1 造纸机的烘缸1。
1 烘缸的设计背景本发明涉及造纸机的烘干装置或其它类似的过道,更特别地，是指为了在宽度方向达到均匀烘干.烘缸包括一个套管在他的内表面有沟槽和在里面提供一个虹吸功能的，烘缸是从凹槽内吸取冷凝水的。
虹吸管的排列一般包括大量的元素.现在描述，冷凝水的收集在哪个点上的,也就是，在缸体的套管的周边内，提供了小型吸吮管道。
这些周边的凹槽的设计，冷凝水的集水器位于套管的里面，套管被连接到许多小的虹吸管用于接收由此产生的凝结水迷途。
冷凝水收集器是连接到虹吸管道，相反的，，一般来说，大幅度径向延长套管。
相反，导致弯管轴向延伸主要是凝结水的排水线.尽管造纸机有许多的改进，特别是在造纸机的干燥部分, 认为在它的宽度，已经有一系列的连续的问题,纸网是不均匀的潮湿(或不均匀的干燥）。
尤其在大的烘缸对于生产定量很轻的绉纸, 在整个烘缸的长度上，干燥的均匀度是决定性的纸的数量和质量。
干燥状况微小的不同都会对纸网的质量产生很不利的影响.在造纸设备上提高生产的纸质量和造纸设备的结合一直是现代研究首要考虑的.纸的剖面烘干的均匀度已经被努力反复研究。
本研究却很困难,因为有许多来源的扰动导致纸面的干燥不良。
以下可能性应注意，在纸的某个部位出现的水分能被在纸网的部分被拔出,这可能因此而被归因于造纸机的流浆箱的故障，例如,从箱体传送到唇板，在过程中出现问题,在湿部到网部出现问题，堵塞压力辊的抽吸孔,在喷淋管道出现问题，等等.更近一步说，在热风罩的操作也可能出现问题的，在一个压力辊的辊型设计故障可能导致干燥的不均匀。
(完整word版)光学外文文献及翻译
学号2013211033 昆明理工大学专业英语专业光学姓名辜苏导师李重光教授分数导师签字日期2015年5月6日研究生部专业英语考核In digital holography, the recording CCD is placed on the ξ-ηplane in order to register the hologramx ',y 'when the object lies inthe x-y plane. Forthe reconstruction ofthe information ofthe object wave,phase-shifting digital holography includes two steps:(1) getting objectwave on hologram plane, and (2) reconstructing original object wave.2.1 Getting information of object wave on hologram plateDoing phase shifting N-1 times and capturing N holograms. Supposing the interferogram after k- 1 times phase-shifting is]),(cos[),(),(),,(k k b a I δηξφηξηξδηξ-⋅+= （1） Phase detection can apply two kinds of algorithms:synchronous phase detection algorithms [9]and the least squares iterative algorithm [10]. The four-step algorithm in synchronous phase detection algorithm is in common use. The calculation equation is)2/3,,(),,()]2/,,()0,,([2/1),(πηξπηξπηξηξηξiI I iI I E --+=2.2 Reconstructing original object wave by reverse-transform algorithmObject wave from the original object spreads front.The processing has exact and clear description and expression in physics and mathematics. By phase-shifting technique, we have obtained information of the object wave spreading to a certain distance from the original object. Therefore, in order to get the information of the object wave at its initial spreading position, what we need to do is a reverse work.Fig.1 Geometric coordinate of digital holographyexact registering distance.The focusing functions normally applied can be divided into four types: gray and gradient function, frequency-domain function, informatics function and statistics function. Gray evaluation function is easy to calculate and also robust. It can satisfy the demand of common focusing precision. We apply the intensity sum of reconstruction image as the evaluation function:min ),(11==∑∑==M k Nl l k SThe calculation is described in Fig.2. The position occurring the turning point correspondes to the best registration distanced, also equals to the reconstructing distance d '.It should be indicated that if we only need to reconstruct the phase map of the object wave, the registration distance substituted into the calculation equation is permitted having a departure from its true value.4 Spatial resolution of digital holography4.1 Affecting factors of the spatial resolution of digital holographyIt should be considered in three respects: (1) sizes of the object and the registering material, and the direction of the reference beam, (2) resolution of the registering material, and (3) diffraction limitation.For pointx2on the object shown in Fig.3, the limits of spatial frequency are λξθλθθ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-'-=-=-0211maxmax tan sin sin sin sin z x f R R Fig.2 Determining reconstructing distanceλξθλθθ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-'-=-=-211minmintansinsinsinsin zxfRRFrequency range isλξξ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-'-⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=∆--211211tansintansinzxzxfso the range is unrelated to the reference beam.Considering the resolution of registering material in order to satisfy the sampling theory, phase difference between adjacent points on the recording plate should be less than π, namely resolution of the registration material.cfff=∆η21)(minmaxπ4.2 Expanding the spatial resolution of reconstruction imageExpanding the spatial resolution can be realized at least in three ways: (1) Reducing the registration distance z0 can improve the reconstruction resolution, but it goes with reduction of the reconstruction area at the same ratio.Therefore, this method has its limitation. (2) Increasing the resolution and the imaging size of CCD with expensive price. (3) Applying image-synthesizing technique[11]CCD captures a few of images between which there is small displacement (usually a fraction of the pixel size) vertical to the CCD plane, shown in Fig.4(Schematic of vertical moving is the same).This method has two disadvantages. First, it is unsuitable for dynamic testing and can only be applied in the static image reconstruction. Second, because the pixel size is small (usually 5μm to 10μm) and the displacement should a fraction of this size (for example 2μm), it needs a moving table with high resolution and precision. Also it needs high stability in whole testing.In general, improvement of the spatial resolution of digital reconstruction is Fig.3 Relationship between object and CCDstill a big problem for the application of digital holography.5 Testing resultsFig.5 is the photo of the testing system. The paper does testing on two coins. The pixel size of the CCD is 4.65μm and there are 1 392×1 040 pixels. The firstis one Yuan coin of RMB (525 mm) used for image reconstruction by phase-shifting digital holography. The second is one Jiao coin of RMB (520 mm) for the testing of deformation measurement also by phase-shifting digital holography.5.1 Result of image reconstructionThe dimension of the one Yuancoin is 25 mm. The registrationdistance measured by ruler isabout 385mm. We capture ourphase-shifting holograms andreconstruct the image byphase-shifting digital holography.Fig.6 is the reconstructed image.Fig.7 is the curve of the auto-focusFig.4 Image capturing by moving CCD along horizontal directionFig.5 Photo of the testing systemfunction, from which we determine the real registration distance 370 mm. We can also change the controlling precision, for example 5mm, 0.1 mm,etc., to get more course or precision reconstruction position.5.2 Deformation measurementIn digital holography, the method of measuring deformation measurement differs from the traditional holography. It gets object wave before and after deformation and then subtract their phases to obtain the deformation. The study tested effect of heating deformation on the coin of one Jiao. The results are shown in Fig.8, Where (a) is the interferential signal of the object waves before and after deformation, and (b) is the wrapped phase difference.5.3 Improving the spatial resolutionFor the tested coin, we applied four sub-low-resolution holograms to reconstruct the high-resolution by the image-synthesizing technique. Fig.9 (a) is the reconstructed image by one low-resolution hologram, and (b) is the high-resolution image reconstructed from four low-resolution holograms.Fig.6 Reconstructed image Fig.7 Auto-focus functionFig.8 Heating deformation resultsFig.9 Comparing between the low and high resolution reconstructed image6 SummaryDigital holography can obtain phase and amplitude of the object wave at the same time. Compared to other techniques is a big advantage. Phase-shifting digital holography can realize image reconstruction and deformation with less noise. But it is unsuitable for dynamic testing. Applying the intensity sum of the reconstruction image as the auto-focusing function to evaluate the registering distance is easy, and computation is fast. Its precision is also sufficient. The image-synthesizing technique can improve spatial resolution of digital holography, but its static characteristic reduces its practicability. The limited dimension and too big pixel size are still the main obstacles for widely application of digital holography.外文文献译文：标题：图像重建中的相移数字全息摘要：相移数字全息术被用来研究研究艺术品的内部缺陷。
翻译正文格式说明及实例
翻译正文格式说明及实例一、翻译分项说明1.注释以脚注形式出现，每页单独编号，注释1 先说明原文出处，格式按参考文献。
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二级、三级标题分别采用四号字体，其他同正文题目。
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5.目录中的摘要、关键词分别对应原文和译文摘要，关键词，如果原文没有摘要或关键词，译者需要根据原文内容自己写出相应的摘要和关键词，关键词是指翻译过程中重要或者频繁出现的词语，一般在6-10个。
6.翻译作品有章节的，目录、正文中按相应顺序排序。
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翻译问题研究报告、翻译心得、致谢部分要求用英语完成，中间可以出现中文例证或者说明，如果是英译中，目录可以是中文，正文题目可以是英文，如致谢（目录中为中文，正文题目为英文Acknowledgements，主要是为了前后一致，更美观一些）。
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(完整word版)外文文献及翻译doc
Criminal Law1.General IntroductionCriminal law is the body of the law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected offenders,and fixes punishment for convicted persons. Substantive criminal law defines particular crimes, and procedural law establishes rules for the prosecution of crime. In a democratic society, it is the function of the legislative bodies to decide what behavior will be made criminal and what penalties will be attached to violations of the law.Capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. And physical or corporal punishment may still be imposed such as whipping or caning, although these punishments are prohibited in much of the world. A convict may be incarcerated in prison or jail and the length of incarceration may vary from a day to life.Criminal law is a reflection of the society that produce it. In an Islamic theocracy, such as Iran, criminal law will reflect the religious teachings of the Koran; in an Catholic country, it will reflect the tenets of Catholicism. In addition, criminal law will change to reflect changes in society, especially attitude changes. For instance, use of marijuana was once considered a serious crime with harsh penalties, whereas today the penalties in most states are relatively light. As severity of the penaltieswas reduced. As a society advances, its judgments about crime and punishment change.2.Elements of a CrimeObviously, different crimes require different behaviors, but there are common elements necessary for proving all crimes. First, the prohibited behavior designated as a crime must be clearly defined so that a reasonable person can be forewarned that engaging in that behavior is illegal. Second, the accused must be shown to have possessed the requisite intent to commit the crime. Third, the state must prove causation. Finally, the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime.(1) actus reusThe first element of crime is the actus reus.Actus is an act or action and reus is a person judicially accused of a crime. Therefore, actus reus is literally the action of a person accused of a crime. A criminal statute must clearly define exactly what act is deemed “guilty”---that is, the exact behavior that is being prohibited. That is done so that all persons are put on notice that if they perform the guilty act, they will be liable for criminal punishment. Unless the actus reus is clearly defined, one might not know whether or not on e’s behavior is illegal.Actus reus may be accomplished by an action, by threat of action,or exceptionally, by an omission to act, which is a legal duty to act. For example, the act of Cain striking Abel might suffice, or a parent’s failure to give to a young child also may provide the actus reus for a crime.Where the actus reus is a failure to act, there must be a duty of care. A duty can arise through contract, a voluntary undertaking, a blood relation, and occasionally through one’s official position. Duty also can arise from one’s own creation of a dangerous situation.(2)mens reaA second element of a crime is mens rea. Mens rea refers to an individual’s state of mind when a crime is committed. While actus reus is proven by physical or eyewitness evidence, mens rea is more difficult to ascertain. The jury must determine for itself whether the accused had the necessary intent to commit the act.A lower threshold of mens rea is satisfied when a defendant recognizes an act is dangerous but decides to commit it anyway. This is recklessness. For instance, if Cain tears a gas meter from a wall, and knows this will let flammable gas escape into a neighbor’s house, he could be liable for poisoning. Courts often consider whether the actor did recognise the danger, or alternatively ought to have recognized a danger (though he did not) is tantamount to erasing intent as a requirement. In this way, the importance of mens rea hasbeen reduced in some areas of the criminal law.Wrongfulness of intent also may vary the seriousness of an offense. A killing committed with specific intent to kill or with conscious recognition that death or serious bodily harm will result, would be murder, whereas a killing affected by reckless acts lacking such a consciousness could be manslaughter.(3)CausationThe next element is causation. Often the phrase “but for”is used to determine whether causation has occurred. For example, we might say “Cain caused Abel”, by which we really mean “Cain caused Abel’s death. ”In other words, ‘but for Cain’s act, Abel would still be alive.” Causation, then, means “but for” the actions of A, B would not have been harmed. In criminal law, causation is an element that must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt.(4) Proof beyond a Reasonable DoubtIn view of the fact that in criminal cases we are dealing with the life and liberty of the accused person, as well as the stigma accompanying conviction, the legal system places strong limits on the power of the state to convict a person of a crime. Criminal defendants are presumed innocent. The state must overcome this presumption of innocence by proving every element of the offense charged against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt to thesatisfaction of all the jurors. This requirement is the primary way our system minimizes the risk of convicting an innocent person.The state must prove its case within a framework of procedural safeguards that are designed to protect the accused. The state’s failure to prove any material element of its case results in the accused being acquitted or found not guilty, even though he or she may actually have committed the crime charged.3. Strict LiabilityIn modern society, some crimes require no more mens rea, and they are known as strict liability offenses. For in stance, under the Road Traffic Act 1988 it is a strict liability offence to drive a vehicle with an alcohol concentration above the prescribed limit.Strict liability can be described as criminal or civil liability notwithstanding the lack mens rea or intent by the defendant. Not all crimes require specific intent, and the threshold of culpability required may be reduced. For example, it might be sufficient to show that a defendant acted negligently, rather than intentionally or recklessly.1. 概述刑法是规定什么试犯罪，有关犯罪嫌疑人之逮捕、起诉及审判，及对已决犯处以何种刑罚的部门法。
文献翻译模板-本部
英文翻译分院宋体四号字专业宋体四号字届别宋体四号字学号宋体四号字姓名宋体四号字指导教师宋体四号字200Ｘ年Ｘ月Ｘ日<文献翻译一：原文>××××××1××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××备注：英文文献翻译原文必须注明出处11．著作：作者姓名．书名[M]．xx：出版社，xxxx，xx．2．论文：作者姓名．论文题目[D]．杂志名称，xxxx（）：xx．以英文大写字母方式标识各种参考文献,专著[M]、论文集[C]、报纸文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]。
宁波大学科学技术学院本科毕业设计（论文）系列表格<文献翻译一：译文>宁波大学本科毕业设计（论文）系列表格<文献翻译二：原文>××××××2××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××备注：英文文献翻译原文必须注明出处21．著作：作者姓名．书名[M]．xx：出版社，xxxx，xx．2．论文：作者姓名．论文题目[D]．杂志名称，xxxx（）：xx．以英文大写字母方式标识各种参考文献,专著[M]、论文集[C]、报纸文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]。
物流外文文献翻译(DOC)
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Logistics from the English word "logistics", the original intent of the military logistics support，in the second side after World War II has been widely used in the economic field. Logistics Management Association of the United States is defined as the logistics，"Logistics is to meet the needs of consumers of raw materials, intermediate products, final products and related information to the consumer from the beginning to the effective flow and storage, implementation and control of the process of . "Logistics consists of four key components: the real flow，real storage, and management to coordinate the flow of information. The primary function of logistics is to create time and space effectiveness of the effectiveness of the main ways to overcome the space through the storage distance.Third—party logistics in the logistics channel services provided by brokers, middlemen in the form of the contract within a certain period of time required to provide logistics services in whole or in part。
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JTAG ConfigurationJTAG has developed a specification for boundary-scan testing. This boundary-scan test (BST) architecture offers the capability to efficiently test components on PCBs with tight lead spacing. The BST architecture can test pin connections without using physical test probes and capture functional data while a device is operating normally. You can also use the JTAG circuitry to shift configuration data into the device. The QuartusII software automatically generates.sofs that are used for JTAG configuration with a download cable in the Quartus II software programmer.For more information about JTAG boundary-scan testing, refer to the IEEE 1149.1(JTAG) Boundary-Scan Testing for Cyclone III Devices chapter.JTAG instructions have precedence over any other device configuration modes. Therefore, JTAG configuration can take place without waiting for other configuration modes to complete. For example, if you attempt JTAG configuration of Cyclone III device family during PS configuration, PS configuration terminates and JTAG configuration begins. If the Cyclone III device family MSEL pins are set to AS mode, the Cyclone III device family does not output a DCLK signal when JTAG configuration takes place. The four required pins for a device operating in JTAG mode are TDI, TDO, TMS, and TCK. The TCK pin has an internal weak pull-down resistor while the TDI and TMS pins have weak internal pull-up resistors (typically 25 kΩ). The TDO output pin is powered by VCCIO in I/O bank 1. All the JTAG input pins are powered by the VCCIO pin. All the JTAG pins support only LVTTL I/O standard. All user I/O pins are tri-stated during JTAG configuration. Table 9–15 lists the function of each JTAG pin. 1 The TDO output is powered by the VCCIO power supply of I/O bank 1.For more information about how to connect a JTAG chain with multiple voltages across the devices in the chain, refer to the IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) Boundary-Scan Testing for Cyclone III Devices chapter.Table 9–15. Dedicated JTAG PinsYou can download data to the device on the PCB through the USB-Blaster, MasterBlaster, ByteBlaster II, ByteBlasterMV download cable, and Ethernet-Blaster communications cable during JTAG configuration. Configuring devices using a cable is similar to programming devices in-system. Figure 9–24 and Figure 9–25 show the JTAG configuration of a single Cyclone III device family.For device VCCIO of 2.5, 3.0, and 3.3 V, refer to Figure 9–24. All I/O inputs must maintain a maximum AC voltage of 4.1 V. Because JTAG pins do not have the internal PCI clamping diodes to prevent voltage overshoot when using VCCIO of 2.5, 3.0, and 3.3V, you must power up the VCC of the download cable with a 2.5-V supply from VCCA.For device VCCIO of 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 V, refer to Figure 9–25. You can power up the VCC of the download cabled with the supply from VCCIO.Figure 9–24. JTAG Configuration of a Single Device Using a Download Cable (2.5, 3.0, and3.3-V VCCIO Powering the JTAG Pins)Notes to Figure 9–24:(1) Connect these pull-up resistors to the VCCIO supply of the bank in which the pinresides.(2) Connect the nCONFIG and MSEL[3..0] pins to support a non-JTAG configurationscheme. If you only use a JTAG configuration, connect the nCONFIG pin to logic high and the MSEL[3..0] pins to ground. In addition, pull DCLK and DATA[0] either high or low, whichever is convenient on your board.(3) Pin 6 of the header is a VIO reference voltage for the MasterBlaster output driver.VIO must match the device's VCCA. For this value, refer to the MasterBlaster Serial/USB Communications Cable User Guide. In USB-Blaster, ByteBlaster II, ByteBlasterMV, and Ethernet Blaster, this pin is a no connect.(4) The nCE pin must be connected to GND or driven low for successful JTAGconfiguration.(5) The nCEO pin is left unconnected or used as a user I/O pin when it does not feedthe nCE pin of another device.(6) Power up the VCC of the ByteBlaster II, USB-Blaster, ByteBlasterMV, orEthernet Blaster cable with a 2.5-V supply from VCCA. Third-party programmers must switch to 2.5 V. Pin 4 of the header is a VCC power supply for the MasterBlaster cable. The MasterBlaster cable can receive power from either 5.0- or 3.3-V circuit boards, DC power supply, or5.0 V from the USB cable. For this value, refer to the MasterBlaster Serial/USB Communications Cable User Guide.Figure 9–25. JTAG Configuration of a Single Device Using a Download Cable (1.5-V or1.8-V VCCIO Powering the JTAG Pins)Notes to Figure 9–25:(1) Connect these pull-up resistors to the VCCIO supply of the bank in which the pinresides.(2) Connect the nCONFIG and MSEL[3..0] pins to support a non-JTAG configurationscheme. If you only use a JTAG configuration, connect the nCONFIG pin to logic-high and the MSEL[3..0] pins to ground. In addition, pull DCLK and DATA[0] either high or low, whichever is convenient on your board.(3) In the USB-Blaster and ByteBlaster II cables, this pin is connected to nCE whenit is used for AS programming; otherwise it is a no connect.(4) The nCE must be connected to GND or driven low for successfulJTAG configuration.(5) The nCEO pin is left unconnected or used as a user I/O pin when it does not feedthe nCE pin of another device.(6) Power up the VCC of the ByteBlaster II, USB-Blaster, or Ethernet Blaster cablewith supply from VCCIO. The ByteBlaster II, USB-Blaster, and Ethernet Blaster cables do not support a target supply voltage of 1.2 V. For the target supply voltage value, refer to the ByteBlaster II Download Cable User Guide, USB-Blaster Download Cable User Guide and Ethernet Blaster Communications Cable User Guide.To configure a single device in a JTAG chain, the programming software places all other devices in bypass mode. In bypass mode, devices pass programming data from the TDI pin to the TDO pin through a single bypass register without beingaffected internally. This scheme enables the programming software to program or verify the target device. Configuration data driven into the device appears on the TDO pin one clock cycle later.The Quartus II software verifies successful JTAG configuration upon completion. At the end of configuration, the software checks the state of CONF_DONE through the JTAG port. When the Quartus II software generates a .jam for a multi-device chain, it contains instructions to have all devices in the chain initialize at the same time. If CONF_DONE is not high, the Quartus II software indicates that configuration has failed. If CONF_DONE is high, the software indicates that configuration was successful. After the configuration bitstream is serially sent using the JTAG TDI port, the TCK port clocks an additional clock cycle to perform device initialization.Cyclone III device family has dedicated JTAG pins that function as JTAG pins. You can perform JTAG testing on Cyclone III device family before, during, and after configuration. Cyclone III device family supports the BYPASS, IDCODE, and SAMPLE instructions during configuration without interrupting configuration. All other JTAG instructions can only be issued by first interrupting configuration and reprogramming I/O pins using the ACTIVE_DISENGAGE and CONFIG_IO instructions.The CONFIG_IO instruction allows I/O buffers to be configured using the JTAG port and when issued after the ACTIVE_DISENGAGE instruction interrupts configuration. This instruction allows you to perform board-level testing prior to configuring the Cyclone III device family or waiting for a configuration device to complete configuration. Prior to issuing the CONFIG_IO instruction, you must issue the ACTIVE_DISENGAGE instruction. This is because in Cyclone III device family, the CONFIG_IO instruction does not hold nSTATUS low until reconfiguration, so you must disengage the active configuration mode controller when active configuration is interrupted. The ACTIVE_DISENGAGE instruction places the active configuration mode controllers in an idle state prior to JTAG programming. Additionally, the ACTIVE_ENGAGE instruction allows you to re-engage a disengaged active configuration mode controller.You must follow a specific flow when executing the CONFIG_IO,ACTIVE_DISENGAGE, and ACTIVE_ENGAGE JTAG instructions in Cyclone III device family. For more information about the instruction flow, refer to “JTAG Instructions” on page 9–61. The chip-wide reset (DEV_CLRn) and chip-wide outputenable (DEV_OE) pins on Cyclone III device family do not affect JTAG boundary-scan or programming operations. Toggling these pins does not affect JTAG operations (other than the usual boundary-scan operation). When designing a board for JTAG configuration, consider the dedicated configuration pins. Table 9–16 lists how these pins must be connected during JTAG configuration.Table 9–16. Dedicated Configuration Pin Connections During JTAG ConfigurationWhen programming a JTAG device chain, one JTAG-compatible header is connected to several devices. The number of devices in the JTAG chain is limited only by the drive capability of the download cable. When four or more devices are connected in a JTAG chain, Altera recommends buffering the TCK, TDI, and TMS pins with an on-board buffer.JTAG-chain device programming is ideal when the system contains multiple devices, or when testing your system using JTAG BST circuitry. Figure 9–26 and Figure 9–27 show a multi-device JTAG configuration For the device VCCIO of 2.5, 3.0, and 3.3 V, refer to Figure 9–26. All I/O inputs must maintain a maximum AC voltage of 4.1 V. Because JTAG pins do not have the internal PCI clamping diodes to prevent voltage overshoot when using VCCIO of 2.5, 3.0, and3.3 V, you must power up the VCC of the download cable with a 2.5-V supply from VCCA.For device VCCIO of 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 V, refer to Figure 9–27. You can power up the VCC of the download cable with the supply from VCCIO..Figure 9–26. JTAG Configuration of Multiple Devices Using a Download Cable (2.5, 3.0, and3.3-V VCCIO Powering the JTAG Pins)Notes to Figure 9–26:(1) Connect these pull-up resistors to the VCCIO supply of the bank in which the pinresides.(2) Connect the nCONFIG and MSEL[3..0] pins to support a non-JTAG configurationscheme. If you only use a JTAG configuration, connect the nCONFIG pin to logic high and the MSEL[3..0] pins to ground. In addition, pull DCLK and DATA[0] either high or low, whichever is convenient on your board.(3) Pin 6 of the header is a VIO reference voltage for the MasterBlaster output driver.VIO must match the VCCA of the device. For this value, refer to the MasterBlaster Serial/USB Communications Cable User Guide. In the ByteBlasterMV cable, this pin is a no connect. In the USB-Blaster and ByteBlaster II cables, this pin is connected to nCE when it is used for AS programming, otherwise it is a no connect.(4) The nCE pin must be connected to ground or driven low for successful JTAGconfiguration.(5) Power up the VCC of the ByteBlaster II, USB-Blaster, or ByteBlasterMV cablewith a 2.5- V supply from VCCA. Third-party programmers must switch to 2.5 V.Pin 4 of the header is a VCC power supply for the MasterBlaster cable. The MasterBlaster cable can receive power from either 5.0- or 3.3-V circuit boards, DC power supply, or 5.0 V from the USB cable. For this value, refer to the MasterBlaster Serial/USB Communications User Guide.Figure 9–27. JTAG Configuration of Multiple Devices Using a Download Cable (1.2, 1.5, and1.8-V VCCIO Powering the JTAG Pins)Notes to Figure 9–27:(1) Connect these pull-up resistors to the VCCIO supply of the bank in which the pinresides.(2) Connect the nCONFIG and MSEL[3..0] pins to support a non-JTAG configurationscheme. If you only use a JTAG configuration, connect the nCONFIG pin to logic high and the MSEL[3..0] pins to ground. In addition, pull DCLK and DATA[0] either high or low, whichever is convenient on your board.(3) In the USB-Blaster and ByteBlaster II cable, this pin is connected to nCE when itis used for AS programming, otherwise it is a no connect.(4) The nCE pin must be connected to ground or driven low for successful JTAGconfiguration.(5) Power up the VCC of the ByteBlaster II or USB-Blaster cable with supply fromVCCIO. The ByteBlaster II and USB-Blaster cables do not support a target supply voltage of 1.2 V. For the target supply voltage value, refer to the ByteBlaster II Download Cable User Guide and the USB-Blaster Download Cable User Guide.All I/O inputs must maintain a maximum AC voltage of 4.1 V. If a non-Cyclone III device family is cascaded in the JTAG-chain, TDO of the non-Cyclone III device family driving into TDI of the Cyclone III device family must fit the maximum overshoot equation outlined in “Configuration and JTAG Pin I/O Requirements” on page 9–7The nCE pin must be connected to GND or driven low during JTAG configuration. In multi-device AS, AP, PS, and FPP configuration chains, the nCE pinof the first device is connected to GND while its nCEO pin is connected to the nCE pin of the next device in the chain. The inputs of the nCE pin of the last device come from the previous device while its nCEO pin is left floating. In addition, the CONF_DONE and nSTATUS signals are shared in multi-device AS, AP, PS, and FPP configuration chains to ensure that the devices enter user mode at the same time after configuration is complete. When the CONF_DONE and nSTATUS signals are shared among all the devices, every device must be configured when you perform JTAG configuration.If you only use JTAG configuration, Altera recommends that you connect the circuitry as shown in Figure 9–26 or Figure 9–27, in which each of the CONF_DONE and nSTATUS signals are isolated so that each device can enter user mode individually.After the first device completes configuration in a multi-device configuration chain, its nCEO pin drives low to activate the nCE pin of the second device, which prompts the second device to begin configuration. Therefore, if these devices are also in a JTAG chain, ensure that the nCE pins are connected to GND during JTAG configuration or that the devices are JTAG configured in the same order as the configuration chain. As long as the devices are JTAG configured in the same order as the multi-device configuration chain, the nCEO pin of the previous device drives the nCE pin of the next device low when it has successfully been JTAG configured. You can place other Altera devices that have JTAG support in the same JTAG chain for device programming and configuration.JTAG configuration allows an unlimited number of Cyclone III device family to be cascaded in a JTAG chain.For more information about configuring multiple Altera devices in the same configuration chain, refer to the Configuring Mixed Altera FPGA Chains chapter in volume 2 of the Configuration Handbook. Figure 9–28 shows JTAG configuration of a Cyclone III device family with a microprocesso r.Figure 9–28. JTAG Configuration of a Single Device Using a MicroprocessorNotes to Figure 9–28:(1) The pull-up resistor must be connected to a supply that provides an acceptableinput signal for all devices in the chain.(2) Connect the nCONFIG and MSEL[3..0] pins to support a non-JTAG configurationscheme. If you only use a JTAG configuration, connect the nCONFIG pin to logic high and the MSEL[3..0] pins to ground. In addition, pull DCLK and DATA[0] either high or low, whichever is convenient on your board.(3) The nCE pin must be connected to GND or driven low for successful JTAGconfiguration.(4) All I/O inputs must maintain a maximum AC voltage of 4.1 V. Signals drivinginto TDI, TMS, and TCK must fit the maximum overshoot equation outlined in “Configuration and JTAG Pin I/O Requirements” on page 9–7..。