外贸单证实务 单据练习 BILL OF LADING
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考答案
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差／贸易逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of trade欧盟European Union国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of payments有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods服务贸易trade in servicesⅢThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and the trade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244％while exports to China have grown 221％，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling ＄39.5 billion at the end of the year.Ⅳ1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods．3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in aforeign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quota保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规则“buy local”rules增加内需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国内含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴Binding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
billof lading海运提单
海运船只（Ocean Vessel）本栏按实际情况填写承担本次运输货物的船舶的名
称和航次。 装货港（Port of Lading）：本栏填写货物的实际装船的港口名称，即启运港。 卸货港（Port of Discharge）：本栏填写海运承运人终止承运责任的港口名称。
交货地点（Place of Delivery）：本栏只有在转船运输时填写。
应与托运单中“收货人”的填写完全一致，并 符合信用证的规定。 例：来证要求B/L issued to order of Applicant,查Applicant为Big A Co 例：来证要求Full set of B/L made out to our order, 查开证行名称为Small B Bank
Sample bills of lading
提单基本内容
提单的号码（B/L.NO.______）：承运人或其代理人按承运人接受托运货物的先 后次序或按舱位入货的位置编排的号码 提单的名称：必须注明“提单”（Marine/Ocean Bill of Lading）字样。 托运人（Shipper）的名称和营业所：此栏填写出口商或信用证没有特殊规定时 应填写信用证受益人的名称和地址，如果信用证要求以第三者为托运人必须按信 用证的要求予以缮制。 收货人或指示（Consignee or Order）的名称：收货人的指定关系到提单能否 转让，以及货物的归属问题，收货人的名称必须按信用证的规定填写。 通知地址（Notify Address）：被通知人即进口方或进口方的代理人，如信用证 有具体规定，要严格按照信用证规定缮制。
承运人或承运人的具名代理人或船长或船长的具名代理人。
Received bills of lading
A received B/L is the one that acknowledges that goods have been received for shipment but not been loaned on board the carrying vessel yet.
提单(bill_of_lading)中英文简介-推荐下载
货主领取D/O之后，说明船公司已经把货物放给货主了。
Bill of Lading -IntroductionWhen discussing Bills of Lading, we must distinguish between a carrier B/L (B/L) and a House B/L (HBL). Please see separate chapter for HBL.In Maersk Logistics, we do not issue carrier Bills of Lading. Only Ocean Carriers (also known as VOCCs or shipping lines) can issue a carrier B/L.In the old days, the Bill of Lading was a document issued by the captain of the vessel for goods carried onboard his vessel. This is not practical today where instead the document is issued by an agent acting on behalf of the captain.Maersk Sealand’s offices around the world have been empowered to sign Bills of Lading on behalf of “the captain” (the principal carrier).Bill of Lading - Issuing PartyThe B/L is issued by an ocean carrier, also known as a VOCC（船公司，有船公共承运人） (vessel-operating common carrier) or shipping line（航运公司）.Maersk Sealand（马士基海陆有限公司）, being a VOCC, issues Bs/L for goods shipped onboard their vessels.Bill of Lading – FunctionsBasically, a Bill of Lading has 3 functions:1. A receipt （收据）for the cargo2. A document of title3. Evidence of a contract of carriage1. Receipt for cargoThe B/L is a receipt by the carrier that the goods are in his custody（保管）. The B/L acts as a receipt between the shipper and the carrier until such time as title has been passed to a third party (the consignee). Then it becomes an independent contract between the carrier and the third party. The thirdparty assumes（接管，承担） the rights, responsibilities and obligations identical （同一的，完全相同的）to those of the shipper.2. Evidence of contract of carriageIt is common to hear the B/L referred to as the ‘contract of carriage’. However, the contract of carriageis always the underlying（基本的） agreement between the carrier and the customer to carry his goods. The B/L is merely evidence of this.The B/L evidences a contract of carriage between the ocean carrier and the shipper/consignee in theB/L.Also see: Evidence of contract of carriage in the Glossary（词汇表）.3. Document of Title（物权凭证，所有权凭证）A B/L is a Document of Title. This means that the legal right (the title) to the goods covered by the B/L can pass from one party to another by means of endorsements （背书）(please see explanation below). The carrier will only release the goods at destination to a rightful holder of a duly endorsed（提单可以适当背书） original Bill of Lading.At the time the B/L is issued, the shipper will advise the carrier who the B/L should be consigned（交付） to - I.e. who the Consignee on the B/L is.The shipper can choose to consign the B/L in different ways:a. Full name and address of an individual or companyb. “TO ORDER” (of shipper)c. “TO ORDER OF [bank]” - example: To order of Dubai Bankd. “TO ORDER OF [company]” - example: To order of Toy Trader Ltd.e. “TO ORDER OF [individual]” - example: To order of Gary Jensen, Street, City“To order” means that the party can transfer their rights as consignee to another party by endorsing the B/L.3a. EndorsementAn endorsement is a signature (and company stamp) on the B/L (and preferably also a clear written statement that the B/L is being endorsed to “Company XYZ”). The endorsement is written on the original B/L document by the party who is shown as the consignee on the B/L but now wishes to transfer this right to another party.When obtaining the endorsed B/L, the new consignee now assumes all rights, obligations and responsibilities that were previously vested in the first consignee. This also includes the right to transfer the B/L to yet another party by adding a new endorsement on the B/L document. In this way, a chain of endorsements may take place.The Ocean Carrier （海运承运人）will check the endorsements on the original B/L document before releasing the goods at destination. As you can see, it is not always the first consignee (as printed on the B/L when it was issued) that actually take delivery of the goods at destination.Because of this function ad Document of Title, a B/L is often referred to as a “negotiable”（可转让的）document but “transferable” is actually the more correct term.Bill of Lading - Originals and CopiesThe fact that the carrier B/L functions as Document of Title places great importance on the B/L document. All parties involved (shipper, consignee and carrier) rely on the document to decide who can take delivery of the goods at destination.The carrier will normally print a B/L document in 3 originals and a reasonable number of copies. It is only an Original B/L document that can be transferred to another party. The copies may be pre-printed ‘Copy’ or ‘Non-Negotiable’. Both are non-transferable.Although 3 originals have been issued, the carrier will release the goods at destination to whoever presents one duly and properly endorsed original B/LNow you may think: “But what if the shipper （托运人，发货人，货主）sells the goods twice and endorses two of the original Bs/L to two different parties?”The carrier must exercise due care to check that the B/L is properly endorsed to the party who submits （提交）it. If this is the case and the carrier is in good faith, he can release the goods. The change of ownership of the cargo is a matter between the seller and the buyer only. The carrier is not involved. If the seller has sold the goods twice, it is a matter between the seller and the two buyers.Bill of Lading - Carrier’s responsibilityThe three main areas of responsibility of the carrier under a B/L are:1. Responsibility for correct description of the goods2. Responsibility to release the goods to the properly entitled party at the proper location3. Responsibility to care for the cargo while it is in the carrier’s custody1. Responsibility for correct description of the goodsAny third party buyer may purchase goods by relying on the description of the goods in the B/L (quantity, condition, etc.).The description of the goods on the B/L is usually supplied by the shipper or his agent. (The carrier will not know what is inside a container or carton packed by the shipper). It is however essential that if the carrier knows that the description of the goods supplied by the shipper is not correct (for example that cartons are damaged), the carrier clearly notes the discrepancy（不符，相差） on the B/L or refuses to accept the cargo and issue the B/L.If the carrier does not note the discrepancy on the B/L, the carrier “steps into the shoes” of the shipper and assumes responsibility, on behalf of the shipper, to the buyer of the goods. This means that if there was a dispute between the carrier and the buyer of the goods, the buyer could file a claim against the carrier. The carrier would need to file claim against the shipper but may not be able to prove that the goods were not received as stated in the B/L.2. Responsibility to release the goods to the properly entitled party at the proper locationWhoever presents a duly and properly endorsed B/L at the correct destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods.The carrier receiving a B/L and being satisfied that the proper endorsement is in place, when releasing the goods, is relieved of any responsibility should it later appear that the B/L holder was in fact not the proper receiver.The carrier must of course also ensure that the person who submits the B/L and take delivery of the goods is a representative of the consignee (e.g. an employee or an agent of the company to whom the B/L has been consigned).Release of the cargo without receipt of a properly endorsed B/L compromises the carrier’s responsibility towards the true owner of the goods. This may expose the carrier to unlimited liability（责任）inclusive（包括） of consequential(间接的) damages. In other words, the carrier may be required to compensate（赔偿） the rightful consignee not only for the value of the goods but potentially also for additional costs such as loss of sales profits.If the carrier is in doubt about who the rightful owner of the B/L is, e.g. because there has been a chain of endorsements and the carrier is not familiar with all signatures and stamps of the intermediate consignees, the carrier should in principle contact these parties to check. The carrier may can also contact the shipper and/or the notify（通知） party on the B/L to hear their views.2a. Release at different destinationIf the release of the goods is requested at a destination different from the one mentioned on the B/L, the carrier should first receive the full set of Bs/L (all originals) for the particular shipment.The full set of an issued B/L has an intended destination. Since release is possible against any one of the Bills of Lading in a set, then only by receiving all the issued originals can the carrier assure himself that no other lawful holder of an original B/L can present the B/L at the B/L destination and rightfully claim title to the goods.2b. Release of goods without original B/L or issuance of a new set of BillsIt is a critical situation when the full set of original Bills are lost. By releasing the goods without obtaining a duly endorsed original B/L, the carrier will expose themselves to unlimited liability, incl. consequential damages, in case a rightful holder of the B/L later turns up and expects to receive the cargo. On the other hand, the consignee may in fact be the legal owner of the goods after having paid the shipper and the carrier will be under pressure from the consignee to release the goods as soon as possible.In such a situation, the carrier will typically ask both the shipper and the consignee to confirm that they agree to the issuance of a new set of bills or release of goods without the bills. In addition, the party who has asked for a new set of bills (the shipper or the consignee), or has asked to have the goods released (the consignee), is asked to sign a Letter of Indemnity (LOI) and this must be backed up by a first class bank guarantee which is valid for a minimum of 6 years or whatever the B/L filing period is in that country. The process must be approved and release signed off by appropriate management.It is a commercial decision by the carrier whether they will release the goods on this basis or not.3.Responsibility to care for the cargo while in the carrier’s custodyThe duty of care of the goods is both regulated in law and is based on common sense. If the goods arrive damaged at destination and no note has been made on the B/L regarding the condition of the cargo, it is the carrier’s responsibility.If the carrier wants to claim against the shipper, it is the carrier’s responsibility to prove that the goods were not damaged while in his custody.Bill of Lading – AmendmentWhen a shipper requests an amendment to a B/L which has already been printed and issued, the carrier must make a judgment of the request and decide if the B/L can be amended accordingly.The carrier must ensure that the full set of original Bs/L are returned (if 3 originals were issued, 3 originals should be returned for amendment) and ensure that the description of the goods is still correct.If a shipper requests a completely new set of Bs/L, this is considered an amendment and the full set of originals must be surrendered. If the shipper or consignee is not able to produce the full set of originals, the carrier should not issue a new set. If the customer insists, the carrier must make a judgment of the commercial risk and may decide that a new set can be issued. In such case, the first set of Bs/L will be considered lost.You must ensure to check local procedures for this.Bill of Lading - Cargo DescriptionCargo descriptionThe transport provider cannot physically verify the contents of the cartons and packages received from the shipper. For legal reasons, the description of the goods must therefore always include the wording “Said To Contain” or “S.T.C.” to signify that the transport provider is relying on the description of the goods supplied by the shipper. Example: S.T.C. 1020 cartons of CD players.If the carrier knows that the description of the goods supplied by the shipper is not correct (for example that cartons are damaged), the carrier should note the discrepancy on the B/L or refuse to accept the cargo and issue the B/L.No. of packagesIf cargo is lost during transit, it is the number of units as stated in the “no. of pkgs” field that will be used for calculation of potential compensation to the owner. For this reason, this field should always reflect the smallest number of shipping units. Example 1 (FCL container): “1 x 20’ STD” instead of “500 cartons”. Example 2 (LCL shipment): “5 pallets” instead of “50 cartons”.ClausesThe transport provider should insert the clause “Shipper’s load, stow and count” if the customer is loading the container at his premises.“Shipped onboard” must only be used when the document is issued after vessel sailing. If the customer wants the document issued before vessel sailing, the clause “Received for shipment” is used instead.Most carriers will not insert the clause “Clean onboard” on the Bill. Even for LCL-shipments where they are physically handling the cartons, they cannot check the quality and condition of the merchandise inside the cartons.Clean B/L without notations of damages or shortcomingsThe buyer or the bank (Letter of Credit) sometimes demands a so-called “clean B/L” which means a B/L without any notes of damages or shortcomings at the time of loading. This sometimes creates problems between the carrier and the shipper, who in spite of damage or other discrepancy to the cargo wants the shipping line to incorrectly issue a “Clean B/L” against a letter of indemnity from the shipper or a bank guarantee. Such indemnities are not allowed under the international conventions that governsBs/L and if brought to court will not be upheld. Therefore the carrier should not issue “Clean” Bs/L if this is not the correct cargo description.24-hour manifest rule (U.S. customs)You may have heard about the 24-hour manifest rule established by U.S. Customs and its requirements regarding description of goods - for example that “S.T.C.” is not allowed and that the cargo description must be very specific (i.e. “general merchandise” and other general cargo descriptions are not allowed). For the purpose of transport documentation, you should be aware that the U.S. Customs rules relate to the vessel manifest, not the printed Bill of Lading or Waybill document. The vessel manifest is used for customs purposes. The printed Bill or Waybill is used for legal and commercial purposes.Bill of Lading - Document DateThe date of the B/L must be the date on which it is actually issued, irrespective of the date the cargo was received or loaded, however not earlier than the date the cargo was received or loaded respectively.For a “Shipped on Board” B/L, the date cannot be earlier than the date the cargo was actually loaded on board the first vessel or conveyance mentioned in the document.For a “Received for Shipment” B/L, the date cannot be earlier than the date the cargo was actually received at the place of receipt or load port mentioned in the document.Sometimes, a shipper will request a carrier to issue the B/L with earlier or later dates in order to comply with time restrictions in the shipper’s Letter of Credit. The carrier is not obliged to do so and should not do so. It would be considered an attempt to defraud the buyer.Bill of Lading - Freight paymentThe charges payable at origin (usually by the shipper) are called “prepaid”. The charges payable at destination (usually by the consignee) are called “collect”.In order to secure payment, the carrier will usually not release the original B/L document to the shipper before he has paid all prepaid charges.At destination, the carrier will usually not release the goods until all freight charges are paid (even when a duly endorsed B/L is presented).It is a commercial decision by the carrier whether they wish to grant the shipper and/or consignee credit. If credit has been granted, the carrier will release the goods and expect the freight and other costs to be paid within the agreed time.The shipper is responsible for advising the carrier which charges are prepaid and collect. If the carrier is in doubt whether the consignee will pay for the collect charges, he may check with the consignee before accepting the shipment.In some areas of the world, from where there is a great risk and/or cost for the carrier to ship cargo, the carrier may require that all charges are prepaid.Bill of Lading – FilingAfter collecting the original B/L and releasing the goods, the carrier should stamp the original B/L “accomplished” (or similar).The carrier must then file the original B/L for at least 6 years according to international and domestic regulations. Local legislation may require a longer filing period.Bill of Lading - Why use this document?When buying goods internationally, there is a distance between the buyer and the seller. The exchange of goods and the payment for the goods therefore cannot take place at the same time. The seller wants to ensure that he does not transfer ownership of the goods without receiving payment, and the buyer wants to make sure that he does not pay without getting ownership of the goods that he was expecting.The seller uses the B/L as proof that he has delivered the goods for shipment at the agreed place. The B/L also confirms the quantity and apparent condition of the goods in the B/L.When a B/L is issued (a document of title), the carrier will only release the goods at destination to the party who can present an original B/L that covers the goods. The B/L becomes the “key to the cargo”. When the buyer has paid for the goods, the seller will transfer the original Bs/L to the buyer. If the buyer does not pay for the goods, the seller can keep the original Bs/L and in this way control that the buyer does not receive the goods from the carrier. (In some cases, the buyer will require to receive the originals before paying).In cases where the payment for the goods is facilitated by a bank through a Letter of Credit, the bank at origin may require that they obtain title to the goods in the period between paying the seller and obtaining payment from the buyer or the buyer’s bank. This is why the B/L is sometimes consigned “to order of [bank]”. If it happened that the buyer could not pay for the goods after all, the bank would be able to recover some of their loss by selling the goods.In other cases, the B/L is used because goods are sold during transit and there is a need to have a negotiable/transferable document to cover the shipment. The original consignee will endorse the B/L to the new consignee who can then obtain release of the goods.It is important to note that although the B/L is used to facilitate the payment of goods between seller and buyer, the carrier does NOT take part in the change of ownership of goods. This is only a matter between the seller and the buyer. The carrier follows the rules and obligations as stated in the B/L and contract of carriage (ships and releases goods in accordance herewith).Bill of Lading - the role of Maersk LogisticsIn Maersk Logistics we do not issue carrier Bills of Lading. However, we work with the carriers either on behalf of the clients (when we are acting as agents on behalf of the shipper or the consignee and the customer has agreed freight rates and other terms and conditions directly with the carrier) or as customers (when we are acting as NVOCC and have sub-contracted our shipments to the carrier). Scenario 1: Acting as agent on behalf of a shipper or consigneeWhen acting as agent on behalf of our customers, the carrier B/L evidences a contract of carriage between the carrier and our customer. Maersk Logistics is not a party to the contract under the B/L although we are performing freight forwarding services on behalf of our client.In this scenario, we usually book the cargo with the carrier chosen by our customer, arrange containers to be loaded/consolidated and brought to the carrier’s terminal, co-ordinate the issuance of documents and check the documents issued by the carrier. We may also pay the carrier charges on behalf of our customer and invoice him accordingly. At destination, we may co-ordinate the release and delivery of the container and arrange customs clearance on behalf of our client.Scenario 2: Acting as NVOCCWhen acting as NVOCC, Maersk Logistics is the customer of the carrier. We therefore book our shipments with the carrier, deliver the goods in our name, provide shipper’s instructions, pay freight charges to the carrier and obtain release of the goods at destination based on the B/L which is issued between us and the carrier.Bill of Lading - Difference between B/L and SWB1. In which areas are the B/L and the SWB the same?- They both function as a Receipt for cargo and Evidence of contract of carriage- They both contain details about the shipment such as shipper, consignee, vessel, place of delivery, cargo description and date- They must not be issued with a date different than the true issuance date / onboard date- They are issued by the ocean carrier (VOCC)- They obligate the carrier to ensure correct description of the goods- They obligate the carrier to care for the cargo while in his custody- They obligate the carrier to ensure that he releases the goods to the correctly entitled party at destination2. In which areas are the B/L and the SWB different?- The B/L is a document of title. The Sea Waybill is NOT.- A SWB cannot be consigned “to order”, it must always state a consignee.- The B/L is printed in sets of originals and copies (often 3 originals).A SWB is only printed as copies.-The carrier does not require an original SWB in order to release the goods at destinationBill of Lading - Difference between B/L and HBL1. In which areas are the carrier B/L and the House B/L the same?- They have the same functions: A receipt for cargo, A document of title, Evidence of contract of carriage- They can both be endorsed to another party if the document is consigned “to order” or “to order of [name/company]”- They must not be issued with an onboard date different than the true onboard date- They are both issued in a set of (usually) 3 originals and a reasonable number of copies- They often have the same format and fields- They obligate the issuing party to ensure correct description of the goods- They obligate the issuing party to care for the cargo while in his custody- They obligate the issuing party to ensure that the goods are released to the correctly entitled party at destination2. In which areas are the carrier B/L and the House B/L different?- The HBL is issued by the NVOCC who does not operate vessels.The B/L is issued by a VOCC.- The HBL evidences a contract between the NVOCC and his customer. The B/L evidences acontract between the carrier and his customer.- Maersk Logistics can issue HBL. We cannot issue carrier B/L.。
综合制单练习3 BILL OF LADING
Container seal No. Number and kind of packages Gross weight(kgs.) Measurement(m3)
or marks and Nos. Description of goods
B/L No.MAER123
Shipper
中国对外贸易运输总公司
Consignee or orderCHINA NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE TRANSPORTATION CORP.
直运或转船提单
BILL OF ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้OADING
Notify address DIRECT OR WITH TRANSHIPMENT
The weight, measure, marks and numbers, quality, contents and value. Being particulars furnished by the shipper, are not checked by the currier onloading.
Vessel Port of loadingIM WITNESS whereof the number of original Bills if Lading
stated below have been signed, one of which being accomplished, the other to be void
REGARDING TRANSHIPMENT Freight and charges
INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT
Ex. rate Prepaid at freight payable at Place and date of issue
129337781142343750Unit 4 bill of lading
Clean and Unclean Bill of Lading 清洁提单，不清洁提单 (1) Clean bill of lading 清洁提单
(2) Unclean bill of lading不清洁提单 lading不清洁提单
• unclean” or “claused” or “foul”. • defects found on the exteriors of the goods; or the carrier does not agree to any of the statements made in the B/L Symbolic expressions: “unprotected”, “second hand bags”, “drums dented”, “shipped on deck at owner’s risk”
II. Classification of Bill of Lading
• • • • • • • • • • Shipped and Received Bill of Lading Straight, Blank and Order Bill of Lading Clean and Unclean Bill of Lading Direct, Transhipment, Through and Combined Transport Bill of Lading Charterparty Bill of Lading Groupage Bill of Lading and House Bill of lading On-deck Bill of Lading OnStale Bill of Lading Ante-dated Bill of Lading AnteAdvanced Bill of Lading
国际商法billoflading
A bill of lading is an instrument issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods
e.g. the goods received for shipping (or their packaging) looks
wets, damaged in doubtful condition not in correct quantity
2. classification of bill of lading
clean bill of lading (clean B/L) a bill of lading issued by a carrier declaring
that the goods have been received in an appropriate condition, without the presence of defects about packaging or the quantity
easily, it may bring about risks to both the seller and buyer because of missing and stealing.
Notes
Endorsement The placing of a signiture,sometimes with additional
(vessel) on the stated date.
Banks require this type of bill of lading so as to pay
提单billoflading样本及内容解析
Bill of Lading提单B/L is the short form of Bill of Lading which is one of the most important documents in international business. A Bill of Lading represents both a receipt for goods shipped and a contract for shipment between the shipping company and the shipper. It is also a document of entitlement to the goods, giving the holder or the assignee the right to possess the goods. It is issued and signed by a shipping companyor its authorized agent.B/L是Bill of Lading的缩写形式，是在国际贸易中最重要的单据之一。
提单既作为承运货物的收据，又代表承运人和托运人之间的运输合同。
它也是货物所有权的证件，因而给予持有人或受让人提货的权力。
它由承运人或其授权代理签署。
1. The main functions of a B/L 提单的主要作用1. It is a cargo receipt made out by the ship owner; 它是船方填制的货物收据；2. It is the evidence of a contract of carriage between the consignor and the shipping company; 是托运人与承运人间的运输合同证明；3. B/L is a document of title to the goods. 是货物所有权证明单据。
Bill of Lading 海运提单
Bill of Lading 海运提单A bill of lading is a receipt for goods shipped on board a vessel, signed by the person (or his agent) who contracts to carry them, and stating the conditions in which the goods were delivered to (and received by) the ship. It is not the actual contract, but forms excellent evidence of the terms of the contract. It is a document of title to the goods, enabling the shipper or owner of the goods to endorse title to other parties, sell goods in transit, and present to banks with other documents in seeking payment under documentary credits. Abbreviated generally as B/L, it is the most important document for sea transport.There are different types of bill of lading:（1）Shipped (On Board) B/L and received for shipment B/L已装船提单和备运提单·Shipped B/L is issued by the shipping company after the goods are actually shipped on board the designatedvessel. Since shipped bill of lading provides better guarantee for the consignee to receive the cargo at the destination, the importer will normally require the exporter to produce shipped B/L and most bill of lading forms are preprinted as “Shipped Bill”.·Received for Shipment B/L arises where the word “shipped” does not appear on the bill of lading. It merely confirms that the goods have been handed over to, and are in the custody of the shipowner. The buyer under a CIF contract will not accept such a B/L because, in the absence of the date of shipment, he is in no position to anticipate the arrival of the consignment.（2）Clean B/L and unclean B/L清洁提单和不清洁提单· A clean bill of lading is the one that states that the goods have been “shipped in apparent good order and condition”. It is issued when the goods do not show any defects on their exteriors at the time of loading at the port of shipment. This type is favored by the buyer and the banks for financial settlement purposes.·If defects are found on the exteriors of the goods, or the shipping company does not agree to any of the statements in the B/L, the bill will be marked as “unclean”, “foul” or “… packages in damaged condition”. Unclean B/L is usually unacceptable to the buyer and banks.（3）Straight, blank and order B/L记名、不记名和指示提单·Straight bill of lading has a designated consignee. Under this bill, only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the cargo. As it is not transferable, it is not commonly used in international trade and normally applies to high-value shipments or goods for special purposes.·Blank B/L also called Open B/L or Bearer B/L, means that there is no definite consignee of the goods. There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “To bearer”. Anyone who holds the bill is entitled to the goods the bill represents. No endorsement is needed for the transfer of the blank bill. Due to the exceedingly highrisk involved, this bill is rarely used.·Order B/L is widely used in international trade. It means that the goods are consigned or destined to the order of a named person. In the box of consignee, “To order”, “To order of the shipper”, or “To order of the consignee” is marked. It can be transferred only after endorsement is made. If the B/L is made out “To order of the shipper”, the shipper will endorse the bill. If it is made out “To order of the consignee”, the consignee will endorse the bill to transfer it. A blank endorsement is usually required for a “To order” bill.（4）Direct, transshipment, through bill of lading 直运、转船和联运提单·Transhipment B/L means that the goods need to be transshipped at an intermediate port as there is no direct service between the shipment port and the destination port.·It is sometimes necessary to employ two or more carriers to get the goods to their final destination. In thiscase, usually the first carrier will sign and issue a through bill of lading. The on-carriage may be either by a second vessel or by a different form of transport.（5）Liner B/L, container B/L and combined transport B/L班轮、集装箱和多式联运提单·Liner bill of lading is issued by a liner company for shipment on scheduled port calls through scheduled routes.·Container B/L is becoming more common in use with the development of containerization. It covers the goods from port to port or from inland point of departure to inland point of destination.·Combined transport B/L is issued by combined transport operator that covers the multi-modal transport on a door-to-door basis in one contract of carriage. It is ideal for container movements. It differs from “through B/L” in that combined transport is operated by only one carrier.（6）Long form B/L and short form B/L全式提单和简式提单·Long form B/L is more detailed with shipping contract clause printed on the back of the page.·Short form B/L, as the name implies, is an abbreviated type of document, smaller and not containing the long list of detailed clauses that generally appear on bills of lading. In certain circumstances it may not, therefore, be considered a suitable form of evidence of contract or affreightment.（7）On Deck B/L, stale B/L, ante-dated B/L and advanced B/L舱面提单、过期提单、倒签提单和预签提单·On Deck B/L is issued when the cargo is loaded on the ship’s deck. It applies to goods like livestock, plants, dangerous cargo, or awkwardly-shaped goods that can not fit into the ship’s holds. In this case, the goods are exposed to greater risks and therefore usually specific insurance must be taken out against additional risks.·It is important that the Bill of Lading is available at the port of destination before the goods arrive or, failing this, at the same time. Bills presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the goods are due at the port of destination are described as “Stale Bs/L”. As a cargo cannot be collected by the buyer without the Bill of Lading, the late arrival of this all-important document may have undesirable consequences such as warehouse rent, etc. and therefore should be avoided. Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages, it is necessary to add a clause of “Stale B/L is acceptable”.·Ante-dated B/L means when the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shipper’s request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Due to the risk of the goods being rejected by the buyer arising from the issuance of such a bill, it is advisable to avoid this mal practice even when it seems necessary in certain circumstances.·Advanced B/L is issued when the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasn’t yet got the goods ready for shipment. The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C. it is also regarded as unlawful and risky and should be avoided.Still there are some other types of B/L such as Groupage B/L which covers a number of consignments from different shippers, and House B/L issued by a freight forwarder to each individual shipper, and so on. House B/L is issued By the freight forwarder before he gets one groupage B/L from the shipowner.All the above mentioned bills are not independent of each other. Several types may be combined into one like “Clean on board, to order, blank endorsed B/L”. A received for shipment bill may also be a straight and clean bill. Bills of lading are made out in sets, consisting of a number of originals (usually three) and a number of copies and marked” and “copy” respectively. Only the originals signed by the carrier enable the consignee totake delivery of the goods. The copies are just for reference.Types of Risks, Losses and Expenses Covered（1）Two types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance:One is the perils of the sea, including both natural calamities and unexpected accidents. Natural calamities include heavy weather, lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption and so on. Accidents refer to fire, explosion, vessel being stranded, grounded, sunk or capsized, collision or contact of vessel with any external object other than water, etc.The other type of risks is external (extraneous) risks including general external risks and special external risks. General external risks include theft and pilferage, contamination, leakage, breakage, sweating and/or heating, taint of odor, rusting, hook damage, fresh and/or rain water damage, short-delivery and non-delivery, shortage in weight, clashing and so on. Special risks include war, strike, failure to deliver due to some special laws or regulations.（2）Two types of losses are covered by marine cargo insurance. One is total loss and the other partial loss.Total loss is divided into actual total loss and constructive total loss. Actual total loss means the complete loss of the insured cargo in value.A constructive total loss occurs when the cost of salvaging the shipment would be more than the salvaged value of the merchandise. The shipment insured is reasonably abandoned as any further efforts at salvage would be fruitless. Most insurance policies provide for the payment of a total loss up to the insured amount.Partial loss means the loss of part of the insured cargo. It can be divided into generalaverage and particular average:General average is based upon a relationship between the shipowner and all the shippers who have cargo aboard the same vessel on a particular voyage. All these parties are bound together in the “adventure”. Sometimes, when the whole ship was threatened by a peril of the sea or some other hazard, in order to save he ship and some of the cargo or vessel have to be sacrificed, then an act of general average would be declared. According to maritime law, those interests whose property was saved must contribute proportionally to cover the losses of the one whose property was voluntarily sacrificed.·Particular average means a partial loss suffered by part of the cargo. It occurs when a storm or fire damages part of the shipper’s cargo and no one else’s cargo has to be sacrificed to save the voyage. The cargo owner whose goods were damaged or lost should refer to his insurance company, provided hispolicy covers the specific type of loss suffered.（3）Ocean cargo insurance also covers the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce the damage to or loss of the subject matter insured. There are mainly two types of expenses. One is sue and labor expenses paid by the assured or his agent. The other is salvage charge paid by the party other than the insurer and /or the insured.Main Types of Insurance 主要的保险种类There are mainly two types of insurance coverage, basic coverage and additional coverage. Basic coverage mainly includes FPA, WPA and All Risks. Additional coverage includes general additional coverage and special additional coverage.（1）FPA (Free from Particular Average) is alimited form of cargo insurance cover under which no partial loss or damage is recoverable. It only provides coverage for total losses and general average emerging from the actual “marine perils” like vessel being stranded, grounded or sunk.（2）WPA (With Particular average) is a wider cover than FPA. It provides extensive cover against all loss or damage due to marine perils throughout the duration of the policy, including partial loss or damage which may be attributed to natural calamities like heavy weather.（3）All Risks is the most comprehensive of the three basic coverages under which the insurer is responsible for all total or partial loss of, or damage to the goods insured either arising from sea perils or general external causes. However, it does not cover loss, damage or expense caused by delay, inherentvice or nature of the goods insured, or special external risks of war, strike, etc.（4）General additional risks include TPND (Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery), Fresh and/or Rain Water Damage, Risk of Shortage, Risk of Intermixture and Contamination, Risk of Leakage, Risk of Clash and Breakage, Risk of Odor, Damage caused by Heating and/or Sweating, Hook Damage, Risk of Rust, etc. These additional risks can not be covered independently and should go with FPA or WPA and are included in All Risks coverage.（5）Special additional risks include War Risk, Strikes Risk(SRCC, Strikes, Riots & Civil Commotions), Failure to Deliver Risk, Import Duty Risk, On Deck Risk, Rejection Risk, etc., among which war risk and strikes risk are more common. These additional coverages are usually taken out together with FPA, WPA and All risks.To choose an insurance coverage that is both economical and effective, the exporter or the importer should be aware of the possible losses to be expected of a particular consignment. Different items have different natures and may apply to different insurance types. For example, cargo like iron ore faces little risk of partial loss, so FPA will be sufficient. Most manufactured goods are covered against All Risks as they are prone to damage caused by sea perils or external risks. It is important that the Bill of Lading is available at the port of destination before the goods arrive or, failing this, at the same time. Bills presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the goods are due at the port of destination are described as “Stale Bs/L”. As a cargo cannot be collected by the buyer without the Bill of Lading, the late arrival of this all-important document may have undesirable consequences such aswarehouse rent, etc. and therefore should be avoided. Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages, it is necessary to add a clause of “Stale B/L is acceptable”.> shipping advice -- to importer ]. It is due.We have informed your agents,name], who will arrange for the consignment to be sent on to you, as you requested. Our bank's, will hand over the following documents once you have accepted our bill:We hope the goods will arrive in perfect condition and find a ready market in your country.Sincerely yours,Letter 11.As the contracted time of delivery is rapidly falling due, it is imperative that you inform us the delivery time without any further delay.Letter 21.Today we’ll ship the above consignment on board S.S“Nellore” which sails for your port tomorrow.2.Fill: fulfill; executeLetter 31.As our client requires us to ship the goods not later than July 15, please quote us for a shipping container from HongKong to the above mentioned port before that deadline2.Take loads: 装载Letter 41.There are about 2 to 3 sailings weekly from Shanghai to Hong Kong.2.Freight : 运费Letter 51. The main reason is that their steamers offer the shortest time for the journey between China and Germany. We shall appreciate it if you will endeavor to ship the consignments as follows.Letter 61. We enclose our invoice and shall present shipping documents and our draft for acceptance through the Royal Bank, Shanghai Office, as agreed. According to the terms of Contract No.318, shipment is to be effected by the 20th Jan., and we must have the B/L by the 31st at the latest. We trust you will ship the order within the stipulated time as any delay would cause us no little inconvenience and financial loss. We regret our inability to comply with your request for shipping the goods in early December, because the direct steamer sailingfor London calls at our Port only around the 20th every month.We are pleased to inform you that the goods under your Order No.1234 were shipped by the direct steamer “Red Star ” on Nov.30, and the relevant shipping samples had been dispatched to you by air before the steamer sailed.With regard to your Order No. 80 for 500 Sewing Machines, we shipped the goods by s.s. “East Wind”on 30th Nov. We trust that this shipment will arrive at your end shortly. Please let us have the comments of your end-users on the quality of our Sewing Machines.Write a letter to your customer to urge shipment of Blue Wollen Serge under Order No.5781. The relevant L/C has been extended to 31st match.Dear sirs,We wish to invite your attention to our Order No.5781 covering 500 pieces Blue Woolen Serge, forwhich we sent to you about 30 days ago an irrevocable L/C expiration date 31st March.As the season is rapidly approaching, our buyers are badly in need of the goods. We shall be very much obliged if you will effect shipment as soon as possible, thus enabling them to catch the brisk demand at the start of the season. We would like to emphasize that any delay in shipping our booked order will undoubtedly involve us in no small difficulty.We thank you in advance for your cooperation.Yours faithfully,。
外贸单证英语作文模板
外贸单证英语作文模板英文回答：Bill of Lading (B/L)。
A Bill of Lading (B/L) is a legal document issued by the carrier (shipping company) to the shipper of the goods. It serves as a receipt for the goods received from the shipper, evidence of the contract of carriage, and a document of title to the goods.Types of B/L:Straight B/L: Non-negotiable, issued to the shipper and can only be released to the consignee named on the B/L.Negotiable B/L: Transferable, allowing the holder of the B/L to possess and transfer ownership of the goods.Essential Elements of a B/L:Name and address of the shipper and consignee。
Description of the goods。
Quantity and weight of the goods。
Port of loading and discharge。
Freight charges。
Number of original B/Ls issued。
Signature of the carrier。
Commercial Invoice。
A Commercial Invoice is a document issued by the seller to the buyer, detailing the goods sold, their prices, and other relevant information. It is used for customs purposes, payment processing, and as a proof of sale.Essential Elements of a Commercial Invoice:Date of issue。
国际贸易单证实务 提单答案[1页]
![国际贸易单证实务 提单答案[1页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/94ec002ba1c7aa00b42acb7d.png)
COMBINED TRANSPORT BILL OF LADING
Received in apparent good order and condition except as otherwise noted the total number of containers or other packages or units enumerated below for transportation from the place of receipt to theplace of delivery subject to the terms hereof. One of the signed Bills of Lading must be surrendered dully endorsed in exchange for the Goods or delivery order. On Presentation of this document（dully endorsed）to the Carrier by or on behalf of the Holder, the rights and liabilities arising in accordance with the terms hereof shall（without prejudice to any rule of common law or statute rendering them binding on the Merchant）become binding in all respects between the Carrier and the Holder as though the contract evidenced hereby had been made between them.
国际贸易单证实务习题册参考答案
3.collection order
4.remittance
5.remitting bank
6.notary public
7.confirmed irrevocable L/C
8.L/C at sight
ance L/C
10.transferable L/C
TEX. I/E Corp. Ltd.,
Our Ref MQ 83593245
As informed by the drawee that the drawer has agree to reduce the A/M bill amount to USD500,000.00 . Kindly refer the matter to the drawer and confirm by return tested telex whether or not we may pay the new bill amount and deliver the whole document.
Conditions stipulated below:
1.货物名称及规格
Commodity & Specifications
2.数量
Quantity
3.单价
Unit Price
4.总额
Total Value
MAXAM TOOTH PASTE ART.NW101
60000DOZENS
（10000CARTONS）
9.解：
（1）出口商品换汇成本
=7.57 CNY/USD
出口商品盈亏率=9.01%
10.解：
（1）关税完税价格180742 CNY
Lesson 4 Bill of Lading 海运提单 世纪商务英语—函电与单证 教学课件
第t一ra和ns第s二hip程m船e名nt.。如经某港转运，要显示“VIA X X”字样。在运用集装箱运输方式
时，目前使用“联合运输提单”(COMBINED TRANSPORT B/L)，提单上除列明装货 港，卸货港外，还要列明"收货地"(PLACE OF RECEIPT)，"交货地"(PLACE OF DELIVERY)以及"第一程运输工具"(PRE-CARRIAGE BY)，"海运船名和航次"(OCEAN VESSEL，VOY NO.)。填写卸货港，还要注意同名港口问题，如属选择港提单，就要 在这栏中注明。如伦敦/鹿特丹/汉堡选卸，则在卸货港栏中填上“option London/ Rotterdam/Hamburg”, 收货人必须在船舶到达第一卸货港前在船公司规定时间内通知 船方卸货港，否则船方可在其中任意一港卸货。选择港最多不得超过三个，且应在同 一航线上，运费按最高者计收。
（２）不记名指示提单：注明TO ORDER。 “空白抬头、空白背 书”提单是不记名指示提单的一种。正面写TO ORDER并由托运人作空 白背书。是业务中大量使用的一种。 ４．据有无对货物表面状况的不良批注分类 Ａ．清洁提单。（CLEAN B/L） Ｂ．不清洁提单：（UNCLEAN B/L ）标明货物或包装有差损的提单。除 非经买方授权，否则银行不接受。 ５．按提单格式分类 Ａ．简式提单：没有背面条款。 Ｂ．全式提单：背面有运输条款，说明承运人与托运人之间的责任、义 务、权利、豁免。
商L务OG单O证
6) House Bill of Lading（货运代理人提单） It is given by shipping company or its agent.
Bill of Lading
Bill of Lading 海运提单A bill of lading is a receipt for goods shipped on board a vessel, signed by the person (or his agent) who contracts to carry them, and stating the conditions in which the goods were delivered to (and received by) the ship. It is not the actual contract, but forms excellent evidence of the terms of the contract. It is a document of title to the goods, enabling the shipper or owner of the goods to endorse title to other parties, sell goods in transit, and present to banks with other documents in seeking payment under documentary credits. Abbreviated generally as B/L, it is the most important document for sea transport.There are different types of bill of lading:（1）Shipped (On Board) B/L and received for shipment B/L已装船提单和备运提单·Shipped B/L is issued by the shipping company after the goods are actually shipped on board the designatedvessel. Since shipped bill of lading provides better guarantee for the consignee to receive the cargo at the destination, the importer will normally require the exporter to produce shipped B/L and most bill of lading forms are preprinted as “Shipped Bill”.·Received for Shipment B/L arises where the word “shipped” does not appear on the bill of lading. It merely confirms that the goods have been handed over to, and are in the custody of the shipowner. The buyer under a CIF contract will not accept such a B/L because, in the absence of the date of shipment, he is in no position to anticipate the arrival of the consignment.（2）Clean B/L and unclean B/L清洁提单和不清洁提单· A clean bill of lading is the one that states that the goods have been “shipped in apparent good order and condition”. It is issued when the goods do not show any defects on their exteriors at the time of loading at the port of shipment. This type is favored by the buyer and the banks for financial settlement purposes.·If defects are found on the exteriors of the goods, or the shipping company does not agree to any of the statements in the B/L, the bill will be marked as “unclean”, “foul” or “… packages in damaged condition”. Unclean B/L is usually unacceptable to the buyer and banks.（3）Straight, blank and order B/L记名、不记名和指示提单·Straight bill of lading has a designated consignee. Under this bill, only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the cargo. As it is not transferable, it is not commonly used in international trade and normally applies to high-value shipments or goods for special purposes.·Blank B/L also called Open B/L or Bearer B/L, means that there is no definite consignee of the goods. There usually appear in the box of consignee words lik e “To bearer”. Anyone who holds the bill is entitled to the goods the bill represents. No endorsement is needed for the transfer of the blank bill. Due to the exceedingly highrisk involved, this bill is rarely used.·Order B/L is widely used in international trade. It means that the goods are consigned or destined to the order of a named person. In the box of consignee, “To order”, “To order of the shipper”, or “To order of the consignee” is marked. It can be transferred only after endorsement is made. I f the B/L is made out “To order of the shipper”, the shipper will endorse the bill. If it is made out “To order of the consignee”, the consignee will endorse the bill to transfer it. A blank endorsement is usually required for a “To order” bill.（4）Direct, transshipment, through bill of lading 直运、转船和联运提单·Transhipment B/L means that the goods need to be transshipped at an intermediate port as there is no direct service between the shipment port and the destination port.·It is sometimes necessary to employ two or more carriers to get the goods to their final destination. In thiscase, usually the first carrier will sign and issue a through bill of lading. The on-carriage may be either by a second vessel or by a different form of transport.（5）Liner B/L, container B/L and combined transport B/L班轮、集装箱和多式联运提单·Liner bill of lading is issued by a liner company for shipment on scheduled port calls through scheduled routes.·Container B/L is becoming more common in use with the development of containerization. It covers the goods from port to port or from inland point of departure to inland point of destination.·Combined transport B/L is issued by combined transport operator that covers the multi-modal transport on a door-to-door basis in one contract of carriage. It is ideal for container movements. It differs from “through B/L” in that combined transport is operated by only one carrier.（6）Long form B/L and short form B/L全式提单和简式提单·Long form B/L is more detailed with shipping contract clause printed on the back of the page.·Short form B/L, as the name implies, is an abbreviated type of document, smaller and not containing the long list of detailed clauses that generally appear on bills of lading. In certain circumstances it may not, therefore, be considered a suitable form of evidence of contract or affreightment.（7）On Deck B/L, stale B/L, ante-dated B/L and advanced B/L舱面提单、过期提单、倒签提单和预签提单·On Deck B/L is issued when the cargo is loaded on the ship’s deck. It applies to goods like livestock, plants, dangerous cargo, or awkwardly-shaped goods that can not fit into the ship’s holds. In this case, the goods are exposed to greater risks and therefore usually specific insurance must be taken out against additional risks.·It is important that the Bill of Lading is available at the port of destination before the goods arrive or, failing this, at the same time. Bills presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the goods are due at the port of destination are described as “Stale Bs/L”. As a cargo cannot be collected by the buyer without the Bill of Lading, the late arrival of this all-important document may have undesirable consequences such as warehouse rent, etc. and therefore should be avoided. Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages, it is necessary to add a clause of “Stale B/L is acceptable”.·Ante-dated B/L means when the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shipper’s request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Due to the risk of the goods being rejected by the buyer arising from the issuance of such a bill, it is advisable to avoid this mal practice even when it seems necessary in certain circumstances.·Advanced B/L is issued when the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasn’t yet got the goods ready for shipment. The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C. it is also regarded as unlawful and risky and should be avoided.Still there are some other types of B/L such as Groupage B/L which covers a number of consignments from different shippers, and House B/L issued by a freight forwarder to each individual shipper, and so on. House B/L is issued By the freight forwarder before he gets one groupage B/L from the shipowner.All the above mentioned bills are not independent of each other. Several types may be combined into one like “Clean on board, to order, blank endorsed B/L”. A received for shipment bill may also be a straight and clean bill. Bills of lading are made out in sets, consisting of a number of originals (usually three) and a number of copies and marked” and “copy” respectively. Only the originals signed by the carrier enable the consignee totake delivery of the goods. The copies are just for reference.Types of Risks, Losses and Expenses Covered（1）Two types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance:One is the perils of the sea, including both natural calamities and unexpected accidents. Natural calamities include heavy weather, lightening, Tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption and so on. Accidents refer to fire, explosion, vessel being stranded, grounded, sunk or capsized, collision or contact of vessel with any external object other than water, etc.The other type of risks is external (extraneous) risks including general external risks and special external risks. General external risks include theft and pilferage, contamination, leakage, breakage, sweating and/or heating, taint of odor, rusting, hook damage, fresh and/or rain water damage, short-delivery and non-delivery, shortage in weight, clashing and so on. Special risks include war, strike, failure to deliver due to some special laws or regulations.（2）Two types of losses are covered by marine cargo insurance. One is total loss and the other partial loss.Total loss is divided into actual total loss and constructive total loss. Actual total loss means the complete loss of the insured cargo in value.A constructive total loss occurs when the cost of salvaging the shipment would be more than the salvaged value of the merchandise. The shipment insured is reasonably abandoned as any further efforts at salvage would be fruitless. Most insurance policies provide for the payment of a total loss up to the insured amount.Partial loss means the loss of part of the insured cargo. It can be divided into generalaverage and particular average:General average is based upon a relationship between the shipowner and all the shippers who have cargo aboard the same vessel on a particular voyage. All these parties are bound together in the “adventure”. S ometimes, when the whole ship was threatened by a peril of the sea or some other hazard, in order to save he ship and some of the cargo or vessel have to be sacrificed, then an act of general average would be declared. According to maritime law, those interests whose property was saved must contribute proportionally to cover the losses of the one whose property was voluntarily sacrificed.·Particular average means a partial loss suffered by part of the cargo. It occurs when a storm or fire damages part of the shipper’s cargo and no one else’s cargo has to be sacrificed to save the voyage. The cargo owner whose goods were damaged or lost should refer to his insurance company, provided hispolicy covers the specific type of loss suffered.（3）Ocean cargo insurance also covers the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce the damage to or loss of the subject matter insured. There are mainly two types of expenses. One is sue and labor expenses paid by the assured or his agent. The other is salvage charge paid by the party other than the insurer and /or the insured.Main Types of Insurance 主要的保险种类There are mainly two types of insurance coverage, basic coverage and additional coverage. Basic coverage mainly includes FPA, WPA and All Risks. Additional coverage includes general additional coverage and special additional coverage.（1）FPA (Free from Particular Average) is alimited form of cargo insurance cover under which no partial loss or damage is recoverable. It only provides coverage for total losses and general average emerging from the actual “marine perils” like vessel being stranded, grounded or sunk.（2）WPA (With Particular average) is a wider cover than FPA. It provides extensive cover against all loss or damage due to marine perils throughout the duration of the policy, including partial loss or damage which may be attributed to natural calamities like heavy weather.（3）All Risks is the most comprehensive of the three basic coverages under which the insurer is responsible for all total or partial loss of, or damage to the goods insured either arising from sea perils or general external causes. However, it does not cover loss, damage or expense caused by delay, inherentvice or nature of the goods insured, or special external risks of war, strike, etc.（4）General additional risks include TPND (Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery), Fresh and/or Rain Water Damage, Risk of Shortage, Risk of Intermixture and Contamination, Risk of Leakage, Risk of Clash and Breakage, Risk of Odor, Damage caused by Heating and/or Sweating, Hook Damage, Risks of Rust, etc. These additional risks can not be covered independently and should go with FPA or WPA and are included in All Risks coverage.（5）Special additional risks include War Risk, Strikes Risk(SRCC, Strikes, Riots & Civil Commotions), Failure to Delivery Risk, Import Duty Risk, On Deck Risk, Rejection Risk, etc., among which war risk and strikes risk are more common. These additional coverages are usually taken out together with FPA, WPA and All risks.To choose an insurance coverage that is both economical and effective, the exporter or the importer should be aware of the possible losses to be expected of a particular consignment. Different items have different natures and may apply to different insurance types. For example, cargo like iron ore faces little risk of partial loss, so FPA will be sufficient. Most manufactured goods are covered against All Risks as they are prone to damage caused by sea perils or external risks. It is important that the Bill of Lading is available at the port of destination before the goods arrive or, failing this, at the same time. Bills presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the goods are due at the port of destination are described as “Stale Bs/L”. As a cargo cannot be col lected by the buyer without the Bill of Lading, the late arrival of this all-important document may have undesirable consequences such aswarehouse rent, etc. and therefore should be avoided. Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages, it is necessary to add a clause of “Stale B/L is acceptable”.> shipping advice -- to importer ]. It is due.We have informed your agents,name], who will arrange for the consignment to be sent on to you, as you requested. Our bank's, will hand over the following documents once you have accepted our bill:We hope the goods will arrive in perfect condition and find a ready market in your country.Sincerely yours,Letter 11.As the contracted time of delivery is rapidly falling due, it is imperative that you inform us the delivery time without any further delay.Letter 21.Today we’ll ship the above consignment on board S.S“Nellore” which sails for your port tomorrow.2.Fill: fulfill; executeLetter 31.As our client requires us to ship the goods not later than July 15, please quote us for a shipping container from HongKong to the above mentioned port before that deadline2.Take loads: 装载Letter 41.There are about 2 to 3 sailings weekly from Shanghai to Hong Kong.2.Freight : 运费Letter 51. The main reason is that their steamers offer the shortest time for the journey between China and Germany. We shall appreciate it if you will endeavor to ship the consignments as follows.Letter 61. We enclose our invoice and shall present shipping documents and our draft for acceptance through the Royal Bank, Shanghai Office, as agreed. According to the terms of Contract No.318, shipment is to be effected by the 20th Jan., and we must have the B/L by the 31st at the latest. We trust you will ship the order within the stipulated time as any delay would cause us no little inconvenience and financial loss. We regret our inability to comply with your request for shipping the goods in early December, because the direct steamer sailingfor London calls at our Port only around the 20th every month.We are pleased to inform you that the goods under your Order No.1234 were shipped by the direct steamer “Red Star ” on Nov.30, and the relevant shipping samples had been dispatched to you by air before the steamer sailed.With regard to your Order No. 80 for 500 Sewing Machines, we shipped the goods by s.s. “East Wind”on 30th Nov. We trust that this shipment will arrive at your end shortly. Please let us have the comments of your end-users on the quality of our Sewing Machines.Write a letter to your customer to urge shipment of Blue Wollen Serge under Order No.5781. The relevant L/C has been extended to 31st match.Dear sirs,We wish to invite your attention to our Order No.5781 covering 500 pieces Blue Woolen Serge, forwhich we sent to you about 30 days ago an irrevocable L/C expiration date 31st March.As the season is rapidly approaching, our buyers are badly in need of the goods. We shall be very much obliged if you will effect shipment as soon as possible, thus enabling them to catch the brisk demand at the start of the season. We would like to emphasize that any delay in shipping our booked order will undoubtedly involve us in no small difficulty.We thank you in advance for your cooperation.Yours faithfully,。
外贸单证实务 单据练习 BILL OF LADING 填写说明
Shipper Name Code:L/C：59 受益人公司名称或地址非L/C：卖方的公司名称和地址Consignee (If “Order” State Notify Party) Code:L/C：46A B/L …MADE OUT TO ORDER非L/C：看合同规定和买方国家规定，如无，通常填“TO ORDER”Notify Party/Address CodeL/C：46A B/L …NOTIFYING APPLICANT.非L/C：买方公司名称Vessel补充资料（实际履行信息）V oyage no.补充资料（实际履行信息）Port of LoadingL/C：44E和补充资料（实际履行信息）非L/C：看合同Port of DischargeL/C：44F非L/C：看合同Place of Receipt联运才填Place of Delivery *联运才填Marks & Nos.Container / Seal No.( For FCL must be stated)补充资料（实际履行信息）唛头看信用证有没有规定与其它单据相同No. of Packages看装箱单或补充资料（实际履行信息）Description of GoodsSaid To Contain与L/C：45A不矛盾可只写品名，FCL一般会加“Said ToContain ”或“STC”G.W.( Kilos)看补充资料（实际履行信息）与装箱单相同Measurement(Cu. Metres)看补充资料（实际履行信息）与装箱单相同Total No. of Pkgs/Cntrs大写最大包装件数CarrierByAs AgentsON BEHALF OF THE CARRIER Shipped on Board DateL/C：看补充资料（实际履行信息），要满足44C非L/C：看合同Place & Date of IssueL/C：看补充资料（实际履行信息），要满足44C非L/C：看合同。
bill-of-lading提单
• 包装种类一定要和信用证规定一致。
November 16, 2019
12.Description of goods 货名
• 本栏要与信用证规定的货名以及其他单据 货名一致。如果货名繁多、复杂，则银行 接受货名描述用统称表示，但不得与信用 证中货物的描述有抵触。如果信用证规定 以法语或其它语种描述货名时，亦应按其 语种表示。
November 16, 2019
指示式
• ① 空白指示式：即在本栏填：“To order”, 然后在提单背面由发货人签字盖章进行背 书。
• ② 记名指示式：记名指示式又分为发货人 指示式、银行指示式和收货人指示式三种。
November 16, 2019
记名指示式
• 发货人指示式：即在本栏填“To order of shipper”, 但发货人必须在提单背面背书，可以空白背书， 也可以记名背书，如何背书应按信用证或合同规 定办；
约文句： • （1）装上船条款 • （2）内容不知悉条款 • （3）承认接受条款 • （4）签署条款
14.Measurement (cubic metre) 尺码(立方米)
• 即指货物的体积，该货的实际尺码，以 立方米为计算单位，小数点以下保留三 位。如果在FOB条件下，有的在本栏中 留空。
November 16, 2019
15.Freight clause运费条款
• 应按信用证规定填列。若信用证未具体规 定，应按价格条款而定（托收方式亦按价 格条款来定）。如FOB 和FAS 等价格条件应 填“Freight collect”、“Freight to collect”(运 费到付)或“Freight payable at destination”(运费在目的港付)；如CIF和CFR 等价格条件应填“Freight prepaid”(运费预付) 或“Freight paid”(运费付讫)。
单证英语练习题
单证英语练习题### 单证英语练习题#### 一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "B/L" in international trade refers to:A. Bill of LadingB. Balance of LadingC. Bulk of LadingD. Board of Lading2. Which of the following is not a type of Incoterm?A. EXWB. FOBC. CIFD. DDP3. The document used to claim goods at the port of destination is:A. Commercial InvoiceB. Bill of LadingC. Packing ListD. Certificate of Origin4. What does "CIF" stand for?A. Cost, Insurance, and FreightB. Cost, Insurance, FreeC. Cost, Insurance, FullD. Cost, Insurance, For5. The document that certifies the quality and quantity of goods is:A. Certificate of QualityB. Certificate of InspectionC. Certificate of AnalysisD. Certificate of Conformity#### 二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）6. The ________ is a document that provides evidence of the terms of a contract between the buyer and the seller.- Answer: Sales Contract7. When goods are shipped, the ________ is issued by the carrier or their agent as a receipt for the goods.- Answer: Bill of Lading8. The ________ is a document that lists the types, quantities, and other details of the goods being shipped. - Answer: Packing List9. The ________ is a document that proves the country of origin of the goods.- Answer: Certificate of Origin10. The ________ is a document that provides information about the insurance of the goods during transit.- Answer: Insurance Certificate#### 三、简答题（每题15分，共40分）11. Explain the difference between a "Clean Bill of Lading"and a "Foul Bill of Lading".A Clean Bill of Lading is a document that indicates the goods have been loaded in apparent good order and condition, without any damages or discrepancies noted by the carrier. On the other hand, a Foul Bill of Lading is issued when thegoods are noted to have some defects or damages at the timeof shipment.12. What are the responsibilities of a seller under the "CIF" (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) Incoterm?Under the CIF Incoterm, the seller is responsible for paying the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. The risk is transferred fromthe seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's railin the port of shipment. The seller must also provide insurance coverage for the goods during the voyage.#### 四、案例分析题（20分）13. A company in China has agreed to sell 100 tons of rice toa buyer in the USA under the "CIF New York" terms. The seller has arranged for the shipment and all the necessary documents. However, upon arrival in New York, the rice was found to be infested with insects. Analyze the situation and discuss who bears the responsibility for the damages.In this scenario, since the CIF term requires the sellerto provide insurance, the responsibility for the damages lies with the insurance company, as the infestation occurredduring transit. The buyer should file a claim with theinsurance company to recover the losses. However, the seller should also investigate the cause of the infestation toprevent future occurrences and maintain the quality of their goods.Please note that the above questions are designed to test the understanding of basic concepts and practices ininternational trade documentation. For a deeper understanding, it is recommended to study international trade agreements, Incoterms, and relevant legal frameworks.。
单证员综合指导：BillofLoading提单
1.full set shipping (company''s) clean on board bill(s) of lading marked "Freight Prepaid" to order of shipper endorsed to …Bank, notifying buyers 全套装船（公司的）洁净已装船提单应注明“运费付讫”，作为以装船⼈指⽰为抬头、背书给……银⾏，通知买⽅2.bills of lading made out in negotiable form 作成可议付形式的提单3.clean shipped on board ocean bills of lading to order and endorsed in blank marked "Freight Prepaid" notify:importer(openers,accountee) 洁净已装船的提单空⽩抬头并空⽩背书，注明“运费付讫”，通知进⼝⼈（开证⼈）4.full set of clean "on board" bills of lading/cargo receipt made out to our order/to order and endorsed in blank notify buyers M/S … Co. calling for shipment from China to Hamburg marked "Freight prepaid" / "Freight Payable at Destination" 全套洁净“已装船”提单/货运收据作成以我（⾏）为抬头/空⽩抬头，空⽩背书，通知买⽅……公司，要求货物字中国运往汉堡，注明“运费付讫”/“运费在⽬的港付”5.bills of lading issued in the name of…提单以……为抬头6.bills of lading must be dated not before the date of this credit and not later than Aug. 15, 1977 提单⽇期不得早于本证的⽇期，也不得迟于1977年8⽉15⽇7.bill of lading marked notify: buyer,“Freight Prepaid”“Liner terms”“received for shipment” B/L not acceptable提单注明通知买⽅，“运费预付”按“班轮条件”，“备运提单”不接受8.non-negotiable copy of bills of lading 不可议付的提单副本。
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Shipper Name
Consignee (Non-Negotiable unless consigned “to order ”)
Notify Party (Carrier not responsible for failure to notify)
Pre-carriage by (Combined or Through Transport Only)
Place of Receipt (Combined or Through Transport Only)
Vessel/V oyage no.
Place of Delivery *
Port of Loading
44E 和补充资料（实际履行信息） Port of Discharge
44F
Final Destination( for the Merchant ’s Reference)
Marks & Nos. Container / Seal No.( For FCL must be stated)
补充资料（实际履行信
息）
麦头看信用证有没有规定 与其它单据相同
No. of Container
or Pkgs
看装箱单或补充资料（实际履
行信息）
Description of Goods Said To Contain
可只写品名，FCL 一般会加“Said To Contain ”或“STC ”
Gross Weight ( KGS)
看补充资料（实际履行信息）
与装箱单相同
Measurement (CBM)
看补充资料（实际履行信
息）
与装箱单相同
Total Number of Container or Packages (in words) 大写最大包装件数
Freight payable at
Type of movement
By
as carrier
No. of Original B/L
Place & Date of Issue
看补充资料（实际履行信息），要满足44C
Shipped on Board Date
看补充资料（实际履行信息），要满足44C。