文艺复兴英文简介
初中历史文艺复兴知识点整理
初中历史文艺复兴知识点整理文艺复兴(Renaissance)是指发生在14世纪到16世纪的一场反映新兴资产阶级要求的欧洲思想文化运动。
下面给大家带来一些关于初中历史文艺复兴知识点整理，希望对大家有所帮助。
一.基本内容“文艺复兴”的概念在14-16世纪时已被意大利的人文主义作家和学者所使用。
当时的人们认为，文艺在希腊、罗马古典时代曾高度繁荣，但在中世纪“黑暗时代”却衰败湮没，直到14世纪后才获得“再生”与“复兴”，因此称为“文艺复兴”。
文艺复兴最先在意大利各城邦兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪达到顶峰，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
文艺复兴是西欧近代三大思想解放运动(文艺复兴、宗教改革与启蒙运动)之一。
11世纪后，随着经济的复苏与发展、城市的兴起与生活水平的提高，人们逐渐改变了以往对现实生活的悲观绝望态度，开始追求世俗人生的乐趣，而这些倾向是与天主教的主张相违背的。
在14世纪城市经济繁荣的意大利，最先出现了对天主教文化的反抗。
当时意大利的市民和世俗知识分子，一方面极度厌恶天主教的神权地位极其虚伪的禁欲主义，另一方面由于没有成熟的文化体系取代天主教文化，于是他们借助复兴古代希腊、罗马文化的形式来表达自己的文化主张。
因此，文艺复兴着重表明了新文化以古典为师的一面，而并非单纯的古典复兴，实际上是资产阶级反封建的新文化运动。
二.内涵文艺复兴(英文：Renaissance 意大利文：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成，法文：La Renaissance)是14世纪中叶至16世纪在欧洲发生的思想文化运动，它在近代早期深刻地影响了欧洲的知识生活。
一般认为在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，但存在异议。
意大利其他重要的中心有威尼斯、热那亚、米兰、那不勒斯、博洛尼亚、最后是教宗的罗马。
从意大利开始，到16世纪一直传播到欧洲其他地区，其影响力在艺术，建筑，哲学，文学，音乐，科学技术，政治，宗教以及智力探究的其他方面都得到了体现。
你如何理解文艺复兴并非简单的“复兴”？
你如何理解文艺复兴并非简单的“复兴”？
文艺复兴（Renaissance）并非简单的“复兴”一词所能完全概括。
文艺复兴是指15世纪至17世纪盛行于欧洲的一种思想和文化运动，它被认为是中世纪和现代之间的桥梁。
虽然“复兴”这个词通常解释为“重新唤起”或“再次出现”，但文艺复兴的意义要远远超越对过去艺术和文化的简单重现。
文艺复兴的核心思想是回归古典的价值观和人文主义的理念。
在中世纪，欧洲文化主要受到基督教教会的主导，以宗教为中心，而文艺复兴则呼唤重新关注人类个体、人类的尊严和人类的理性。
它对古典文化、古代哲学和艺术进行了广泛的研究和借鉴，试图恢复古希腊和罗马时期的智慧和美学精神。
此外，文艺复兴还对社会、科学、政治和宗教产生了深远的影响。
它催生了一系列科学、地理和发现运动，推动了新的发现和创新。
在政治和社会方面，文艺复兴赋予了个人和城市自治的重要性，为后来的民主和资本主义观念奠定了基础。
因此，文艺复兴不仅仅是对古代艺术和文化的简单复制，更是一种追求知识、独立思考和个人自由的文化运动。
它引领了欧洲的思想变革和社会变革，对后世的思想、艺术、科学和政治产生了深远的影响。
文艺复兴 英文简介 ppt课件
Main Ideas
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Feature: The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The most striking feature of the Renaissance was doubtlessly the flourish of humanism.
文艺复兴 英文简介
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as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.
RENAISSANCE
文艺复兴 英文简介
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The Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.
文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍
文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。
The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。
To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。
文艺复兴作文英文
文艺复兴作文英文英文：The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual growth that took place in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, as well as a shift towards humanism and individualism.During this time, artists and thinkers began to focus on the individual and the human experience, rather than solely on religious or societal ideals. This led to the development of new forms of art, such as perspective in painting and the use of the sonnet in poetry.One of the most famous figures of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci, who is known for his artistic masterpieces such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his scientific and engineering inventions.The Renaissance had a profound impact on Western civilization, shaping the way we think about art, science, and the individual. It paved the way for the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution, which built upon the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance.中文：文艺复兴是欧洲14世纪到17世纪的一段文化和知识增长的时期。
文艺复兴由来英文作文
文艺复兴由来英文作文英文：The Renaissance, also known as the "rebirth" period, was a time of great cultural and intellectual awakening in Europe. It began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe, lasting until the 17th century. The Renaissance was a time of great change in the arts, literature, science, and philosophy. It was a time when people began to question the traditional ways of thinking and started to explore new ideas and concepts.One of the main reasons for the Renaissance was the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts. These texts had been lost during the Middle Ages, but were rediscovered during the Renaissance. They provided new ideas and perspectives that challenged the traditional ways of thinking. The study of these texts led to the development of humanism, which emphasized the importance of human beings and their individual achievements.Another reason for the Renaissance was the growth of trade and commerce. As Europe became more connected through trade, ideas and knowledge were able to spread more easily. This led to the exchange of ideas between differentcultures and the development of new technologies.In addition, the Renaissance was also fueled by the patronage of wealthy individuals and families. These patrons provided financial support to artists, writers, and scholars, which allowed them to pursue their work and create new ideas.Overall, the Renaissance was a time of great change and innovation. It was a time when people began to think for themselves and explore new ideas. This period had a profound impact on the development of modern Western society.中文：文艺复兴，也称为“复兴”时期，是欧洲文化和知识的伟大复苏时期。
文艺复兴英文简介
Italian contact with other cultures
Because of its convenient location in the Mediterranean, Italian city-states had an advantage over Northern Europe (the Hanseatic League) in that they were in the ideal location to trade with the rest of the world. The Mediterranean sea (地中海) is an ideal place to trade with other nations of vastly different culture.
《巨人传》.
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1492 in Spain!
Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas Granada was taken (this event is called the Reconquista), thus unifying the Iberian Peninsula Intensification (增强) of the Spanish Inquisition Jews and Muslims were expelled from the country 克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现美洲 格拉纳达（此事件被称为“收复失地运动），从 而 统一了伊比利亚半岛 西班牙宗教裁判所的强化 犹太人和穆斯林驱逐出境
• 以人为本是一种在研究，哲学，世界观和实践的方法，注重人的价值和关注。这是 一个在意大利基础上上文化运动，灵感来自经典作品的研究。
英国文学史之文艺复兴简介TheRenaissancePeriod
General Introduction
Renaissance as a period in western civilization may be explained in different ways. But generally speaking, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.
DRAMA Marlowe's career as a dramatist lies between
the years 1587 and 1593. Four great plays: Tamburlaine the Great, an heroic epic in dramatic form divided into two parts of five acts each (1587, printed in 1590); Dr Faustus (1588, entered at Stationers' Hall 1601); The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta (dating perhaps from 1589, acted in 1592, printed in 1633); and Edward the Second (printed 1594).
广义的人文主义 指把人类置于事 物中心的世界观； 狭义的人文主义 指充斥于文艺复 兴时期艺术和哲 学之中的独特思 维习惯。
THOMAS MORE
All the children in the Utopia receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman classics and learning does not cease with maturity, for the goal of education is to develop rational faculties.
文艺复兴时期代表人物介绍英文作文
文艺复兴时期代表人物介绍英文作文Renaissance: An Introduction to Its Iconic Figures.The Renaissance period, spanning roughly the 14th to the 17th century, marked a significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual rebirth in Europe. This era witnessed a revival of classical learning and values, challenging medieval traditions and ushering in new perspectives on humanity, art, and science. Among the many brilliant minds that flourished during this time, a few stand out as icons, representing the essence of the Renaissance spirit.Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath whose genius transcended the boundaries of art and science, was a defining figure of the Renaissance. Born in Vinci, Italy, in 1452, Leonardo displayed an unparalleled curiosity and eagerness to explore various fields. As an artist, he revolutionized painting techniques with his use of sfumato, a technique that creates subtle gradations of tone, and he produced masterpieces like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."However, Leonardo's achievements were not limited to the canvas. He made significant contributions to anatomy, mechanics, and engineering, designing innovative machines and studying the human body with unprecedented rigor. His notebooks, filled with sketches, diagrams.。
文艺复兴英文资料
1RenaissanceThe Renaissance (UK/rɨˈneɪsəns/, US/ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the inventionof metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development oflinear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuch polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14thcentury.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan andfinally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimismand nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]2RepresentativesAlfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlockingthree-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journeythrough Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother ofKing Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.2. Leonardo da Vinci。
文艺复兴英文单词
文艺复兴英文单词单词：Renaissance1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：文艺复兴（欧洲 14 至 16 世纪的文化运动、思想解放运动）1.3 英文释义：A period of great cultural and artistic change and development in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century.1.4 相关词汇：rebirth---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自法语，由 re-（再次）和 naissance（诞生）组成。
2.2 趣闻：文艺复兴时期产生了众多伟大的艺术家和作品，如达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》等，对欧洲乃至全球的文化发展产生了深远影响。
---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：Renaissance art 文艺复兴艺术例句：The Renaissance art is famous for its beauty and detail.翻译：文艺复兴艺术以其美丽和细节而闻名。
3.2 短语：Renaissance literature 文艺复兴文学例句：Shakespeare is one of the most important figures in Renaissance literature.翻译：莎士比亚是文艺复兴文学中最重要的人物之一。
---4 实用片段（1） "I'm studying the Renaissance period in history class. It's so fascinating to learn about the great thinkers and artists of that time." said Tom. "Yes, the Renaissance was a time of great innovation and creativity." replied the teacher.翻译：“我在历史课上学习文艺复兴时期。
文艺复兴英文版
The RenaissanceThe Renaissance (16th and early 17th centuries): towards the end of the Middle Ages, after the loss of the English territories in France, England suffered thirty years of civil war fought by rival aristocratic families for the throne: the Wars of the Roses. The Welsh Tudor family was victorious and proceeded to secure its position. The dynasty ruled from 1485 to 1603, and was succeeded by Scottish relatives – and former opponents – the Stuarts. The military power of the aristocracy was removed: private armies were forbidden; only the crown was entitled to raise an army. The nobility’s great economic power based on land ownership remained intact. The Tudors no longer shared power with the aristocracy, as monarchs did in the Middle Ages, but ruled alone, or absolutely. Parliament existed, was involved in the legislative process but did not determine it.The Church of Rome was another factor limiting the king’s power which the Tudors soon dealt with. In 1531 Henry VIII set up the Church of England, with himself as head, thus nationalising religion, because Vatican politics had become a threat to him. In 1538 the English were given direct access to the bible in their own language; a year later the monasteries were suppressed. Under Henry’s daughte r Mary, Catholicism was restored and Protestants persecuted: 400 were burnt as heretics. I Elizabeth’s reign, when England was under threat of invasion by Spain, Catholics were regarded as foreign agents and punished accordingly. But those protestants unwilling to accept the authority of the new state church also found themselves in trouble with the law. These became known under the general name of Puritans because they demanded that Protestantism be purified of all traces of Catholicism. They felt the reformation had not gone far enough: they wanted the hierarchy within the new church abolished, they disapproved of bishoprics, wanted ministers of religion elected by their congregations, and insisted on their right to speak out. Such freedom of speech they did not regard as a general right, but one they were entitled to as God’s personal spokespeople. Elizabeth regarded the Puritans as dangerous and took measures to minimise the threat. In general, she tried to steer a middle course between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Puritanism.Parallel with the development of England s a modern nation came its growth as a colonial power. Ireland had been under England’s overlordship since the Middle Ages, but now it became a colony, that is occupied territory ruled in the interests of the so-called mother country. Revenue also came to the crown from trading expeditions to newly conquered overseas territories. The increase in overseas trade led to a great boom in manufacturing in England. A flourishing export trade in woollen cloth developed. The lucrative cloth trade made sheep farming more profitable than tillage: the result was the beginning of enclosures by landlords of areas traditionally used by the villagers as common lands. The crafts flourished due to the extra demand for ships, weapons, export goods of all kinds, and the condition of the common people improved compared to that of the Middle Ages. Towns and cities grew, but most of the people continued to live in rural areas.During the 16th and early 17th centuries, therefore, the people of England transformed the basis of their national and spiritual life. They also broadened their intellectual horizons and fashioned from a newly augmented language one of the great literatures of the western world. The period is known as the Renaissance; the term Renaissance (‘rebirth’) originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Renaissance writers returned to the classical sources of ‘humane letter’ in an attempt to find new ways of generating ideas and promoting a written and spoken eloquence greater in purity than the crabbed Latin of Medieval schoolmen.In line with the period’s enthusiasm for classical literature and art is a renewed b elief in humanism (a belief in human-based morality rather than in any supernatural authority). They believed, as Alexander Pope was to phrase it much later, that ‘the proper study of mankind is man’, rather than scholastic theology. For humanists the divi ne principle of reason was the guideline and that they found better realised in the classical world of antiquity than in the Middle Ages. They hoped to create a new civilisation in Europe at least equalling that of the old world. Thomas More wrote Utopia (1516) in which he puts forward his ideal of a future happy society. More’s book owes a considerable debt to Plato’s Republic and the Greek satirist Lucian. More’s topics include the corruption of the rich, the sufferings of the poor and the injustice of the death penalty for starving thieves. For More, only Utopia, where private property has been abolished, offers hope of an ideal state. The irony lies in the fact that utopia means ‘nowhere’. Utopia, however, provided a blueprint for a high-minded, money-free collective where a rational code is valued.Humanist ideals led to a widespread concern with education and many schools were formed, especially for boys who were educated in the faith of Christ and in classical literature (girls were for centuries deprived of a formal education). The study of Christian and pagan authors was seen as the best way to prepare men for the vicissitudes of life. Thus classical authors were studied as guides to life. An important aspect of the rhetorical training of the humanist schools in the Renaissance was the absorption of large numbers of received conventions or commonplaces of description (such as traditional similes) called topoi. All Renaissance students were taught, as part of their basic training, to amplify, vary, and enrich these topoi or received ideas in novel or copious ways. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 (1609) can be seen as a virtuoso example of this Renaissance rhetorical training in which the poem’s speaker attempts to persuade the addressee to regard him in a certain way. Each of the quatrains contains a different, extended metaphor for the speaker’s age or condition: (i) as late autumn, (ii) as twilight, (iii) as a dying fire. All three metaphors are commonplace ways, or received topoi, of representing old age, yet the interesting thing about the poem is that it revitalises these ‘old’ or ‘tired’ metaphors by extending them, and making them precise and specific rather than vaguely general.A further shaping influence on the literature of the period were the religious movements of the Reformation. The authority of the Catholic Church was no longer seen as infallible; indeed, ordinary individuals believed that they did not need the help of a priest to interpret scripture.Luther did not believe that the Catholic Church could save souls but that a man’s salvation depended on God’s grace and justification by faith alone. Private experience became the means of the deepest spiritual discovery. Reading scripture became more important than listening to a priest. There was a move here towards individualism.Both Protestantism and humanism had a formative influence on the genius of William Shakespeare. In common with other Elizabethan dramatists, his dramas broke away from the religious domination evident in the crypto-Catholic mystery and morality plays of the medieval era, and show an interest in the classics that is matched by a vivid social realism. Of all his dramas, the tragedies are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s supreme achievement. As in Greek tragedy, many of the main figures are kings and queens (e. g. Claudius and Gertrude in Hamlet); ordinary individuals are not yet considered appropriate vehicles for edification. However, we do not remember Hamlet because he is the king’s son but, rather, because of his personality. During the Tudor age the fate of a nation depended to a greater extent than in medieval times on the character of the rulers; it is therefore not surprising that drama produced the greatest literary individuals the stage had ever seen. The tragic fate of these individuals is not caused by external forces outside their control but is of their own making: their downfall is caused by specific features of character or weaknesses exposed under exceptional circumstances. Consider Hamlet’s inability to make up his mind, for example; a tragic flaw that led to his own death and the death of many innocent people. The tumultuous nature of his time had made Shakespeare acutely aware of the precariousness of fortune and character, and how quickly the veneer of civilisation could disintegrate under adverse conditions.Sonnet no. 73 (William Shakespeare)That time of year thou mayest in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.In me thou see'st the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,Which by and by black night doth take away,Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,As the death-bed whereon it must expireConsum'd with that which it was nourish'd by. This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long.(i)Identify the conceit and ‘Volta’ in Sonnet 73.。
西方文化背景-文艺复兴(英文)[1]
![西方文化背景-文艺复兴(英文)[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/792e4529ed630b1c59eeb5cf.png)
Start of Renaissance
Renaissance happened gradually at different places at different times. The movement occurred in different countries with different emphasis. The impact with Italy was mostly in fine arts. （艺术—指诗
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Ⅱ. Distinctive Features began with the rediscovery of the GrecoRoman civilization Emphasized reason, a questioning attitude, experimentation, and free inquiry (rationalism) Glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures, and focused attention upon secular matters (humanism)
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II Historical Background
1558 Death of Mary, accession of Elizabeth I
1576 The first playhouse built in London 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada, apex of England 1603 Death of Elizabeth I, accession of James I
歌、音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑等）
In France it was literature. In England it was philosophy and drama. The starting place of the Renaissance is almost universally ascribed to（把…归于）Central Italy, especially the city of Florence. Italy— cradle of the Renaissance.
全英文介绍世界文化历史之欧洲文艺复兴
POLITICAL
Political Economy of Renaissance Europe,
Theory of the State
• State was political organism independent of ruler • State has three essential attributes: legitimacy,
– Wealthy wanted to separate from masses – Encouraged new pride in human potential
Renaissance Attitudes
• Secularism
– Focus of attention from eternal to worldly affairs
– Were oligarchies
• Government run by wealthy aristocrats, headed by prince • Huge gap between rulers and the people
Renaissance Attitudes
• Individualism
fact, not as it “should” be
Title page of a 1ts
• France
– Recovered quickly from Hundred Years War – Charles VII created first truly royal army – Louis XI gained middle class support, expanded area
of royal control
Hundred Years’ War
文艺复兴英文简介
The RenaissanceT he Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.1.The origin of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.2.The characteristics of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.3.The influence of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。
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The RenaissanceT he Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.1.The origin of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.2.The characteristics of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.3.The influence of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。
代表人物有但丁，彼特拉克，薄伽丘，达芬奇等。
文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。
13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神。
另有相关图书。
概念介绍文艺复兴的心脏——佛罗伦萨文艺复兴（意大利语：Rinascimento，由ri-“重新”和nascere“出生”构成）是一场发生在14世纪中期至16世纪末的文化运动，在中世纪晚期发源于佛罗伦萨，后扩展至欧洲各国。
“文艺复兴”一词亦可粗略地指代这一历史时期，但由于欧洲各地因其引发的变化并非完全一致，故“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。
详细资料英语：the Renaissance 性质：是一场资产阶级在思想文化领域领导的反封建文化运动。
核心：人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现实生活中的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想。
产生的根本原因：生产力的发展，资本主义萌芽的出现。
本质：正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动。
产生于意大利的原因：一、物理基础：中世纪的欧洲，贸易中心集中在地中海沿岸，意大利最早产生资本主义的萌芽，资产阶级希望冲破教会神学的束缚。
二、文化基础：意大利保有大量古希腊、罗马文化典籍。
三、人才优势：14-17世纪（文艺复兴时期）意大利人才济济，汇集一处。
四、地理位置：意大利处于丝绸之路的重要路段，较早接受了东方文化。
（造纸术，印刷术）历史背景西欧的中世纪是个特别“黑暗的时代”。
基督教教会成了当时封建社会的精神支柱，它建立了一套严格的等级制度，把上帝当做绝对的权威。
文学、艺术、哲学一切都得遵照基督教的经典——《圣经》的教义，谁都不可违背，否则，宗教法庭就要对他制裁，甚至处以死刑。
《圣经》里说，“人类的祖先是亚当和夏娃。
由于他们违背了上帝的禁令，偷吃了乐园的禁果，因而犯了大罪，从此罪就到临到了世界。
”在教会的管制下，中世纪的文学艺术死气沉沉，科学技术也没有什么进展。
黑死病在欧洲的蔓延，也加剧了人们心中的恐慌，使得人们开始怀疑宗教神学的绝对权威。
中世纪的后期，资本主义萌芽在多种条件的促生下，于欧洲的意大利首先出现。
资本主义萌芽是商品经济发展到一定阶段的产物，商品经济是通过市场来运转的，而市场上择优选购、讨价还价、成交签约，都是斟酌思量之后的自愿行为，这就是自由的体现，当然要想有这些“自由”还要有生产资料所有制的自由，而所有这些自由的共同前提就是人的自由。
此时意大利呼唤人的自由，陈腐的欧洲需要一场新的提倡人的自由的思想运动。
资本主义萌芽的出现也为这场思想运动的兴起提供了可能。
城市经济的繁荣，使事业成功财富巨大的富商、作坊主和银行家等更加相信个人的价值和力量，更加充满创新进取、冒险求胜的精神，多才多艺、高雅博学之士受到人们的普遍尊重。
这为文艺复兴的发生提供了深厚的物质基础和适宜的社会环境。
在古希腊和古罗马，文学艺术的成就很高，人们也可以自由地发表各种学术思想，这和黑暗的中世纪是个鲜明的对比。
14世纪末，由于信仰伊斯兰教的奥斯曼帝国的入侵，东罗马（拜占廷）的许多学者，带着大批的古希腊和罗马的艺术珍品和文学、历史、哲学等书籍，纷纷逃往西欧避难。
（亦有一说是十字军3次东征（尽管第三次半途而废）带回来的纪念品，他们在路上发现了这些书，就搬了回来藏在教堂的地下室，后被人发现，惊叹古罗马的艺术，文学等，就开始极力传播，意图达到古罗马那时的成就）一些东罗马的学者在意大利的佛罗伦萨办了一所叫“希腊学院”的学校，讲授希腊辉煌的历史文明和文化等。
这种辉煌的成绩与资本主义萌芽产生后，人们追求的精神境界是一致的。
于是，许多西欧的学者要求恢复古希腊和罗马的文化和艺术。
这种要求就像春风，慢慢吹遍整个西欧。
文艺复兴运动由此兴起。
起源发展绝大部分历史学家相信，对文艺复兴这一概念的阐述源于13世纪晚期的佛罗伦萨，特别是在但丁（1265年－1321年）、彼特拉克（1304年－1374年）的著作以及乔托（1267年－1337年）的绘作诞生的时代。
有的学者非常明确地给出了文艺复兴开始的时间，其中一位提出，应以1401年洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂和菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基这两位天才雕塑家竞争佛罗伦萨圣母百花大教堂洗礼堂铜门的合约为标志。
而其他学者则认为，是艺术家和博学家（包括布鲁内莱斯基、吉贝尔蒂、多那太罗和马萨乔等人）为获得艺术品创作委托的普遍竞争，激发了文艺复兴时期的创造力。
但是，对于文艺复兴兴起于意大利、发生于当时的原因，学界至今仍有着诸多争议；相应地，也有多种理论用于解释文艺复兴的起源问题。
发展14世纪时，随着工场手工业和商品经济的发展，资本主义关系已在欧洲封建制度内部逐渐形成；在政治上，封建割据已引起普遍不满，民族意识开始觉醒，欧洲各国大众表现了要求民族统一的强烈愿望。
从而在文化艺术上也开始出现了反映新兴资本主义势力的利益和要求的新时期。
新兴资产阶级认为中世纪文化是一种倒退，而希腊、罗马古典文化则是光明发达的典范，他们力图复兴古典文化——而所谓的“复兴”其实是一次对知识和精神的空前解放与创造。
表面上是要恢复古罗马的进步思想，实际上是新兴资产阶级在精神上的创新。