MLA格式范文
MLA正文格式样例
introduces the main character Santosh, who is a cook from Bombay, India. In Bombay, he is complimented by people everywhere for his employer ’s status and his capacity for cooking. However, when he leaves for Washington, he makes a lot of mistakes and can ’t adapt to that place in every aspect. He experiences the loss of dignity, identity, II. Edward Said’s O pinion on C ulture and O rientalismEdward·W Said was born in a Christian family in November 1st , 1935 in Jerusalem. People can know Said’s opinion clearly. First, he revealed the relationship between culture and imperialism. For example, from a variety of novels he cited, infer his thought in can observe his Culture and Imperialism.Although the western people think that the eastern world is backward and the My a political doctrinewilled over than the West,which elided a culturaland Said has studied What ’s more, he is Said’s work also has clear political describes various degrees.C. Said’s C riticism of O rientalismOrientalism is a book published in 1978 by Edward Said that has been highly influential and controversial in post-colonial studies and other fields. In the book, heⅢ. The Analysis ofPerspectiveThe above chapter has introduced what is orientalism and Said’s attitude towards orientalism. This chapter aims at analyzing One Out of Many from Said’s orientalism perspective. The main character of One Out of Many is Santosh. He is a cook in Bombay, India. 后几段已省略A. The Reappearance of Orientalism and Its Analysis of One Out of ManyClaiming to be a citizen of the world, V·S·Naipaul is one of the most famous writer in Britain who is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 2001. 后几段已省2. The Loss of IdentityAlthough the Washington people show contemplation to Santosh, he doesn’t abandon the pursuit for freedom. He makes great efforts to make him adapt to the life in Washington. First, He buys a green suit and he decides to not tell his employer.以后部分省略当文中出现两个作者共同写的一本书时，格式如下：In the 1970s the Great Pyramid inspired a fad of pyramid enthusiasts, who . . . (Schul and Pettit 159). 或者Schul and Pettit draw attention to the fact that in the 1970s the Great Pyramid . . . (159).如作者姓名在文中出现，在括号中只写页码。
MLA 格式论文范文
MLA 格式论文范文MLA论文格式（一）1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。
作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即（作者姓氏+页码）.Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs，h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19）而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列）,则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息.包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分.三个部分之间用“"分开。
Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe，195引语（Quins）的格式- 用方括号（sque bkes“[ ］")和省略号(ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
—短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明.—双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语.—引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示(书名除外）。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词)：—句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），—冒号（“:”）和分号（“；"）都必须放在引号之外，—引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
—三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(blk quin)。
—引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行.—引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB)的距离。
- 如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离.—引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
- 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
3．夹注（Penheil Ciin）的格式:引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
MLA格式范文
M L A格式范文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除M L A格式范文(总11页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the . as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchevat that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it preventanother United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantinegreatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” .When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy: On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentionsof the Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
MLA格式参考文献示例【范本模板】
MLA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1。
一位作者写的文章Stewart，Donald C。
"What is an English Major, and What Should It be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989）：188-202。
Yu，Yongding。
［余永定]. 财政稳定问题研究的一个理论框架。
世界经济，2005(7)：25-29。
2。
两位作者写的文章Brownell，Hiram H。
, and Heather H。
Potter. ”Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986）: 310—21.Li, Jianzhong, and Liu，Xianmin。
[李建中, 刘显敏］。
大数据的一个重要方面:数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展, 2013 （6)：1147—62。
3。
三位及以上的作者写的文章Mascia—Lees, Frances E.，et al。
"Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer."American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987)：101-14。
Zhang, Peng, et al。
［张鹏等］。
云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展，2013 （3)：636-47。
专著1.一位作者写的书籍Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature：An Institutional History. Chicago：U of Chicago P, 1987。
Zhang, Zhijian. ［张志健］. 严复思想研究. 桂林：广西师大出版社, 1989。
2.两位作者写的书籍Plant，Raymond，and Kenneth Hoover。
MLA正文格式样例
MLA正文格式样例MLA是一种用于学术论文撰写的格式，可用于文学、语言、人文学科等领域。
在这篇文章中，我们将着重介绍MLA正文格式样例，以方便读者更好地掌握MLA格式。
一、文章格式1. 字体和字号：除非你的教授有特别要求，否则一般使用12号字体，Times New Roman或Arial。
2. 行间距：使用常规单倍行间距。
3. 边距：左右边距为1英寸（2.54厘米），上下边距为1英寸（2.54厘米）。
二、文章头部1. 首页格式：在首页的左上角写上你的名字，然后双倍空行下，写上你的教授的名字、课程名和日期。
2. 标题：把你的文章标题居中，在双倍空行后写上。
三、段落格式1. 缩进：每个段落的第一行应该缩进半英寸（1.27厘米）。
2. 对齐：除了标题和引用外，所有正文应该是左对齐。
3. 分段：换一行空行，开始新的段落。
4. 引用：如果你引用了其他人的话，你需要使用引用来标识。
（1）如果你要短引用（少于4行），请将引用内容用引号括起来，并在引用后面的句号前给出作者和页码。
（2）如果你要长引用（4行或更多），请将引文独立成一个新的段落，左右两侧各缩进半英寸（1.27厘米）。
该段的行间距应该是单倍行距，和正文格式不同。
5. 言论标记：如果你在正文中插入一些解释或者提醒读者注意到的内容，你可以使用括号或破折号来突出。
（1）如果你使用括号，你需要在括号内包含一些细节，如作者的名字或者日期。
（2）如果你使用破折号，你需要在内容之前加上em dash（——）。
四、页脚与页码1. 页码：在每一页的右上角写上你的姓氏和页码，例如「Smith 1」。
2. 页脚：在页脚里写上你的课程名、日期和页码。
MLA格式说明（5篇）
MLA格式说明（5篇）第一篇：MLA格式说明MLA 2009 Formatting and Style GuideGeneral FormatMLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material.Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition).Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd edition).The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries;it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site.See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009 resource.Paper FormatThe preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual.Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.General Guidelineswhite 8.5 x 11-inch paper.•Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font(e.g.Times New Roman).Whateverfont you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another.The font size should be 12 pt.• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks(unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin.MLA recommends that you use the T ab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.• Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page.Always follow your instructor's guidelines.) •Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.•Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard,before your Works Cited page.Entitle the section Notes(centered, unformatted).Formatting the First Page of Your Paper • If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate pageDo not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.your instructor's name, the course, and the date.Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.•Double space again and center the title.Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks;write the title in Title Case(standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.•Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking”•Double space between the title and the first line of the text.•Create a header in the upper right-hand corner thatincludes your last name, followed by a space with a page number;number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals(1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page.Always follow instructor guidelines.)Here is a sample of the top half of a first page in MLA style: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.Section HeadingsWriters sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability.These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.Essays MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.1.Early Writings 2.The London Years 3.Traveling the Continent 4.Final YearsBooksMLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books.If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble• In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,one another grammatically.For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases(and not, for example, full sentences).Otherwise, the formatting is up to you.It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.If you employ multiple levels of headings(some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.Sample SectionHeadingsThe following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference.You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.Numbered:1.Soil Conservation 1.1 Erosion 1.2 Terracing2.Water Conservation3.Energy ConservationFormatted, unnumbered:Level 1 Heading: bold, flush leftLevel 2 Heading: italics, flush leftLevel 3 Heading: centered, boldLevel 4 Heading: centered, italics How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:Entire WebsiteThe Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 2008.Web.27 Dec.2008.Individual ResourcesPurdue OWL.“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 May 2008.Web.15 Nov.2008.All Sections in MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide:1.MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide2.MLA 2009 In-Text Citations: The Basics3.MLA 2009 Formatting Quotations4.MLA 2009 Footnotes and Endnotes5.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Basic Format6.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books7.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals8.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources(Web Publications)9.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources10.MLA 2009 Additional Resources11.MLA 2009 Abbreviations12.MLA 2009 Sample Works Cited Page13.MLA 2009 Sample Papers14.MLA 2009 Tables, Figures, and Examples15.MLA 2009 PowerPoint Presentation16.MLA 2009Undergraduate Sample Paper第二篇：MLA格式Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M.FiddnerMarch 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis.It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened.On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba.“One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S.as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”.The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event.In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro.He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba.Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US.After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine aroundCuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba.After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously.Power is the most apparent influence.Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power.And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States.During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplomacy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done(or not to do what it would have done)(Goldstein et al.).United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it.So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961.But it turned out a failure.After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion.And, improvement of its military power is the best way.At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union.It possessed nuclear weapons.That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War.They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc.Cuba is located only several miles awayfrom Florida.So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba.Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing.As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition.They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba.But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine.United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism.Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense.It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international wate rs.The United States’ action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics.Every entity seeks its self-interests.The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine.And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States.It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster.So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension.“The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Unionsubject to United Nations’ verification”().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them.There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union.On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba.On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey(Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public.At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba.Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferredoutcomes.And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals.Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security;and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba.In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won.However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event.And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc.In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world.We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII.So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited“The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).” Life(1962): 38-41.Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C.Pevehouse.“Power.” International Relations.7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006.57-58.Print.“Cuban Missile Crisis.” .Web.20 Mar.2010.“Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis.” Library of Congress.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Vienna Summit.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Web.20 Mar.2010.第三篇：英文注释MLA和APA格式Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
mla论文格式范文
mla论文格式范文1、题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字。
2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确，中文摘要约100—200字;3、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词。
4、目录：写出目录，标明页码。
5、正文：论文正文字数一般应在3000字以上。
论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言(引言)是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。
前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。
本论是论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析(讨论)等。
在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。
其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
6、谢辞：简述自己通过做论文的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文的有关人员表示谢意。
7、参考文献：在论文末尾要列出在论文中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
8、注释：在论文写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
9、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。
花草茶养生摘要：中国是世界上最早发现茶和种茶的国家，茶在中国的文化中占据着一席之地。
而用花茶泡茶也是有相当长的历史。
随着时代的发展，花草茶的保健作用越来越被上班族们所重视。
越来越多的人，在日常生活开始饮用花草茶。
关键字：亚健康;花草茶;保健功效;养生前言随着社会经济的快速发展，当今社会的竞争越来越激烈，生活工作节奏不断加快，压力也越来越大。
在这样的高压环境下，势必会对人体的身体和健康造成不良影响。
如果没有合理调整，及时排泄压力，将会导致心理失衡，使神经--内分泌失调，抵抗疾病的能力下降，陷入恶性循环，从健康转向亚健康，最终导致疾病。
有关资料表明：美国每年有600万人被怀疑处于亚健康状态。
注释书目的正确格式范文
注释书目的正确格式范文一、书籍注释。
1. APA格式（美国心理学会格式，常用于社会科学领域）作者：加西亚·马尔克斯（Gabriel García Márquez），他可是魔幻现实主义文学的大神级人物，来自哥伦比亚，写的故事那叫一个奇幻又深刻。
出版年份：1967年。
这本书就像一个神秘的魔法盒，打开之后是布恩迪亚家族七代人的传奇故事，充满了奇幻色彩，比如美人儿蕾梅黛丝抓着床单升天这种情节，超级震撼。
出版地点：阿根廷。
出版社：南美出版社（Sudamericana）。
2. MLA格式（现代语言协会格式，常用于文学、艺术等人文学科领域）作者：F. 斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald），这位美国作家就像一个敏锐的社会观察家。
他写的盖茨比在纸醉金迷的爵士时代追求梦想和爱情，可最后却悲剧收场，特别能反映那个时代美国社会的虚荣和空虚。
出版年份：1925年。
出版城市：纽约。
出版社：斯克里布纳之子出版社（Charles Scribner's Sons）。
在注释的时候，MLA格式一般在文中引用时只需要写作者的姓和页码，比如（Fitzgerald 45），表示引用的是这本书第45页的内容。
3. Chicago格式（芝加哥手册格式，广泛应用于历史、社会科学等多学科领域）作者：尤瓦尔·赫拉利（Yuval Noah Harari），他就像一个知识渊博的导游，带着我们从远古人类的起源一路游览到现代社会的发展。
出版年份：2011年。
这本书把人类的历史讲得超级有趣，让我们知道原来我们人类是怎么一步步从原始的狩猎采集社会发展到现在这个高科技、全球化的时代的，就像看一部超级大片一样。
出版地：以色列。
出版社：希伯来大学出版社（Keter Publishing House）。
在Chicago格式中，如果是脚注注释，会详细地在页面底部写出作者、书名、出版信息等，参考文献列表里也是完整的这些信息。
mla论文格式范文
mla论文格式范文篇一:MLA毕业论文格式MLA格式是什么,我们在留学写作业和论文的时候，经常会遇到外教要求用MLA格式写作。
MLA 是一种常用的引用格式,由于在外国,文章中即使是一小句也不可以随便不加任何注释的引用,所以MLA 格式很严谨。
MLA引用格式。
Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
与MLA格式相似，常用的还有APA格式、哈佛格式等等，下面我们详细解读一下MLA格式，我们也为文章末尾大家准备了MLA格式的论文写作规范WORD和PDF两个版本供大家下载和使用～关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature”1.The thesis is written in English, including thecitation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。
)2.What are some essential standard of a MLA paper?(MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set themargins of your thesis to one-inch(2.54 centimeters)on all1sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。
MLA格式范文说课材料
M L A格式范文Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S. as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” ().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban m issile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
mla格式中文范文举例
mla格式中文范文举例一、引言：MLA格式简介及用途MLA格式（Modern Language Association Format），即现代语言协会格式，是一种广泛应用于人文学科论文、报告和文学作品的写作规范。
MLA格式起源于美国，主要用于文学批评、社会科学、人文科学等领域的研究成果呈现。
在我国，随着国际学术交流的不断深入，MLA格式也逐渐被广泛接受，成为学术论文写作的重要参考规范。
二、MLA格式的基本规则：标题、作者、正文、引用1.标题：文章、论文或报告的标题应简洁明了，能反映文章主旨。
标题字体大小一般比正文大一号，居中排列。
2.作者：如果文章有作者，应在标题下方居中排列作者姓名。
作者姓名后可加括号，内附单位、职位等信息。
3.正文：正文部分采用左对齐，段落之间无需空行。
每段首句首字母大写，除连续引用外。
4.引用：在MLA格式中，引用分为直接引语和间接引语。
引用时要注明出处，包括作者、出版年份、出版社等信息。
具体引用格式如下：直接引语：作者.出版年份.书名.出版社.间接引语：作者.出版年份."文章标题." 期刊名称.卷号(期号).出版社.三、MLA格式的具体应用：中文范文举例以下是一篇采用MLA格式的中文范文举例：张三，《红楼梦》解读，2021，北京：人民出版社。
在这本书中，张三对《红楼梦》进行了深入解读，分析了作品中的主题、情节、人物关系等。
书中指出，《红楼梦》是一部具有深刻内涵和丰富文化内涵的作品，作者曹雪芹通过讲述贾宝玉、林黛玉等人的故事，反映了当时社会的风俗、道德观念及家族衰落的历史变迁。
四、MLA格式中引用的注意事项1.引用要准确：确保引用的信息与原文一致，避免误导读者。
2.引用格式规范：遵循MLA格式的引用规范，统一格式。
3.引文标注清晰：在文章中引用他人观点或研究成果时，要注明出处，以便读者查阅。
4.适当引用：避免过度引用，以免影响文章的可读性和原创性。
五、结论：MLA格式在中文写作中的实用性MLA格式作为一种国际通用的写作规范，在我国中文写作领域的应用越来越广泛。
MLA论文格式要求【范本模板】
论文格式要求1．论文全文采用小四号Times New Roman（12号)字体：论文题目采用小二号 Times New Roman;中文题目采用小2号宋体。
一级标题(章标题）采用16号Times New Roman,分别冠以I、II、III、IV、V等序号；二级标题（节标题）14号，分别冠以1.1, 1.2、2。
1， 2。
2、等序号;三级标题(节以下标题）均采用12号，分别冠以1.1。
1、2.1。
1等序号。
所有标题加黑。
2．论文正文采用段首缩进5个字符，单面打印；2倍行距。
正文第一页加论文题目.3．正文(包括附录和参考文献）页码标注格式为阿拉伯数字1 2 3….页码标注在页面底部居中。
论文封面不标注页码。
4．论文采用A4复印纸单面打印。
上、下、右边距为25mm；左边距为30mm，其中10mm供装订。
5．论文装订次序为论文封面、论文主体（body），参考文献、附录（若有）。
论文页码从正文开始。
示例1：MLA格式参考文献著录及引述格式第一部分：正文内引述（In—text Citation： MLA Style)［The formatting generally follows the latest Modern Language Association （MLA) style, including parenthetical references.＊Parenthetical documentation means that in the text， only the author’s surname and the page number is given in parentheses following the quotation or any reference to another source. Ifthe author’s name is given in the introductory statement to the quotation, only the page number is given in parentheses at （MLA 一般不用脚注）The Works Cited page contains the full name of the author, the title of the book, etc. Internet sites frequently do not have page numbers， so that only the name of the author or web site is given in parentheses. Footnotes are used sparingly，and only to give additional information not suitable to include in the text。
mla格式范文
mla格式范文MLA格式范文：身体健康的重要性在现代社会中，身体健康对于一个人的生活质量和幸福感至关重要。
然而，由于生活节奏加快、工作压力增大以及不良的生活习惯，越来越多的人面临着身体健康问题。
因此，我们需要重视并采取措施来维护和促进我们的身体健康。
首先，良好的身体健康可以提高我们的生活质量。
当我们身体健康时，我们能够更好地享受生活带来的乐趣。
我们可以尽情参与各种活动，如户外运动、旅行、社交等。
此外，身体健康也有助于提高我们的精神和情绪状态。
研究表明，锻炼能够释放内啡肽和多巴胺等神经递质，从而提高我们的情绪和心理健康。
其次，保持身体健康对我们的工作和学习也有积极的影响。
一个健康的身体意味着更高的能量水平和更好的注意力。
当我们身体健康时，我们能够更好地专注于工作和学习，并保持较高的工作效率。
此外，身体健康还能够提高我们的抵抗力，减少患病的机会，从而减少因病假而导致的工作或学业中断。
然而，要保持身体健康并非易事。
我们需要采取积极的生活方式和良好的生活习惯。
首先，定期锻炼是至关重要的。
每周进行适度的有氧运动和力量训练可以增强我们的肌肉和心肺功能，提高身体的整体健康水平。
其次，良好的饮食习惯也是必不可少的。
我们应该保证摄入足够的营养物质，并避免过多的高糖、高脂食物。
此外，充足的睡眠和压力管理也是保持身体健康的重要方面。
总之，身体健康对我们的生活质量和幸福感至关重要。
我们应该重视并采取措施来维护和促进我们的身体健康。
通过采取积极的生活方式和良好的生活习惯，我们能够享受更好的生活，并在工作和学习中取得更好的成绩。
只有拥有健康的身体，我们才能在生活中充分发挥我们的潜力。
MLA简单参考格式
MLA格式一．英语原版材料引用英语著作：Graff (姓), Gerald （名）. Professing Literature: An Institutional History（书名）. Chicago（出版地）: U of Chicago P（出版商）, 1987（出版年）.引用收集在著作中的英语文章：Glover (姓), David（名）.（文章作者）“The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” （文章名）Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure（著作名）.Ed. （代表“编”）Derek Longhurst. （著作作者；编者的名和姓不需要改变次序）London （出版地）: Unwin Hyman （出版商）, 1989（出版年）. 67-83. （文章页码）引用编撰的著作：Kerckhove(姓), Derrick de (名) （第一作者）, and Charles J. Lumsden (第二作者；按正常的英语姓名书写方式), eds （代表“编”））. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. （著作名）Berlin: Berlin Springer-Verlag （出版商）, 1988.引用翻译的著作：Lacan(姓), Jacques(姓). Ecrits: A Selection（著作名）. Trans. （代表“翻译”）Alan Sheridan （翻译者；翻译者的名和姓不需要改变次序）. New York （出版地）: Norton （出版商）, 1977.（出版年）引用重版书：Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1978.引用学术会议上的报告：Moffett, James. “Censorship and Spiritual Education.” The Right to Literacy Conference. （会议名）Columbus, Ohio, September 1988. （会议地点以及时间）引用英语期刊文章：Stewart (姓), Donald C （名）. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” （文章名）College Composition and Communication（期刊或杂志名）40 （第几期）(1989) （出版年）: 188-202. （文章所在页码）引用英语硕博士论文：Hubert (姓), Henry Allan（名）. “The Development of Engl ish Studies in Nineteenth-Century Anglo- Canadian Colleges.” （论文名）Diss. （（代表“论文”））U of British Columbia （毕业大学名）, 1988 （毕业年）.二．中文材料英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作：Zhang, Zhijian. [张志健]，严复思想研究. 桂林：广西师大出版社，1989。
mla引用格式例子
mla引用格式例子MLA（Modern Language Association）引用格式是一种常见的学术引用格式，主要用于人文学科的论文。
以下是一个MLA引用格式的例子：假设我们要引用一篇名为“The Rise of the Creative Class”的文章，作者为Richard Florida。
1. 在文中引用：Richard Florida posits that the rise of the creative class has transformed the economic and cultural landscape of many cities.2. 在文末引用：Richard Florida, “The Rise of the Creative Class,” in The New Geography of Cities (New York: Basic Books, 2002), .注意，MLA格式要求在引文后面提供页码范围，如果引文出现在一页的中间，则提供该页的页码。
例如：3. 在文中引用特定段落：According to Richard Flo rida (123), “the rise of the creative class has had profound impacts on urban development.”4. 在文末引用特定段落：Richard Florida, “The Rise of the Creative Class,” in The New Geography of Cities (New York: Basic Books, 2002), , 130.此外，如果文章是由多人合作完成的，应将所有作者的名字都列出来，用逗号隔开。
例如：5. 在文中引用多位作者：Recent studies by Smith, Johnson, and Davis have shown that the creative class has had a significant impact on urban development.6. 在文末引用多位作者：Smith, Johnson, and Davis, “The Impact of the Creative Class on Urban Development,” in The New Geography of Cities, ed. Smith et al. (New York: Basic Books, 2002), , 130.。
mla论文格式模板
mla论文格式模板【篇一：mla论文格式】正文主体两边对齐，双倍行距，标题小三号，正文小四号字，全部使用times new romancross-referencing in mla formatquotation format 引用格式? 引用任何不是自己的想法/观点时when quoting any words that are not your own? 总结某一出处的事实和观点时when summarizing facts and ideas from a source? 总结是指从某一来源的大篇幅资料中提取想法，并用自己的语言压缩。
summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words? 解释某些资料时when paraphrasing a source? 解释是指使用某些来源的观点，但是用自己的话来表达，格式发生改变。
paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words有以上的情况时，都要使用加注形式！即来源作者的性与来源的页码必须出现在你的论文中。
you should use parentheticalcitations! that is:author’s last name and page number(s) of quote mu st appearin the text比如：引号中的内容romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneousoverflow of powerful feelings” (wordsworth 263).这句话没有指出引文作者是谁，所以括号中要有作者的姓+页码。
mla格式英文范文举例
mla格式英文范文举例MLA格式是一种常见的学术论文写作格式，它要求作者在论文中使用一定的格式来引用和格式化文章中的信息。
这篇文章将会以一个英文范文为例，展示MLA格式的使用方法。
首先，我们来看一下这篇英文范文的题目和作者信息。
Title: The Impacts of Social Media on Adolescent Mental HealthAuthor: Jane SmithSchool of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles接下来，我们可以看到这篇文章的开头和引言。
In recent years, social media has become increasingly prevalent in the lives of adolescents. While its impact on their social lives and relationships has been studied extensively, less attention has been given to the potential effectsof social media on mental health. This paper aimsto explore the various ways in which social mediacan impact adolescent mental health, and to examine the current research on this topic.在这个例子中，作者已经使用了MLA格式来包括她的姓名以及学校的名称。
此外，她还引用了一些相关的研究，并在文中提到她将要探讨的主题。
接下来，我们可以看到该文的主要部分，其中作者详细讨论了社交媒体对青少年精神健康的影响。
One of the most significant impacts of social media on adolescent mental health is the increased risk of depression and anxiety. Studies have shown that adolescents who spend more time on social media are more likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety than those who spend less time on these platforms (Twenge, Joiner, Rogers, & Martin, 2017).另一个影响是社交媒体的滥用会对学业造成负面影响。
mla英文论文范文
mla英文论文范文mla的英文论文你们会写吗?不会的话，可以看下面，这是小编为大家精心推荐的mla英文论文范文，希望能够对您有所帮助。
mla英文论文范文篇一Discuss the Gricean account of the semantics and pragmatics ofconjunctive utterancesIntroductionSemantics studies the meaning and it is concerned with the literal meaning of words and sentences. Semantics focuses on the relationship between signifiers, such as words, phrases, symbols and signs, and what they stand for. While the transmission of meani ng doesn’t only depend on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. lexicon, grammar etc.) of the listener and speaker but also depend on the context of the utterance, the inferred intent of the speaker, knowledge about the status of those involved, and so on. (Shaozhong, Liu, 2009) Pragmatics is the study of the contributions of context to meaning, and it encompasses conversational implicature, speech act theory, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in sociology, philosophy, and linguistics. (Mey, Jacob L, 1993)The semantics and pragmatics of conjunctive utterancesGenerally many semantic theories (Russell 1905, Frege 1892, Davidson 1967, Kaplan 1977/89, Segal and Larson 1995) concern truth conditions (Carston, 1999). Grice’s (1967) influenti al concepts showed in addition to what a speaker says, that is both largely conventional and the content on the basis of which her utterance will be judged true or false, and a speaker may also convey implicatures which don’t affect the truth-value of whatshe says; so these conversational implicatures are calculated by assuming speakers are being cooperative and adhering to the certain expected standards of informativeness, truthfulness, relevance, and manner of expression (Grice, 1975). That suggests a natural way of drawing the semantics-pragmatics distinction that is semantics will correspond to the truth-conditional content of theutterance, and the pragmatics to the conveyed meaning which falls outside the truth-conditional content.So semantic content could be equated with Grice’s what is said, and it has two features. Firstly it is the truth-conditional content of the utterance, and secondly it is determined almost entirely by the encoded, conventional meaning of the linguistic expressions used. And as Grice acknowledged, the truth-conditional content isn’t completely free of contextual input, and in some brief comments on the utterance of “He is in the grip of a vice”, one says, “for a full identification of what the speaker has said, one will need to know (a) the time of utterance, (b) the identity of x, and (c) the meaning, on the particular occasion of utterance, of the phrase in the grip of a vice” (1975/89: 25). But he seemed not to see these processes of reference assignment and disambiguation as requiring appeal to the conversational maxims; instead, the concept seems to be that they are resolved more automatically, and the requisite values being something like objective features of the utterance’s context (Carston, 2002).A particular division of labor between semantics and pragmatics of Grice (1967) has prevailed in the account of what is communicated by utterances of and-conjunctions. For instance:a. It’s autumn in New Zealand it is spring in England and.b. He handed her the scalpel and she made the incision.c. We spent the day in town and I went to Harrods.d. She fed him poisoned stew and he died.e. I left the door open and the cat got in.“And” is taken to be pretty well semantically empty and it’s taken to be the natural language equivalent of the truth-functional logical conjunction operator. The pragmatics focuses on variety of cause-consequence, temporal and other sorts of relationships understood to hold between the states of affairs which are described, some of that come through in the asymmetrical examples in (1b)-(1e). For example, we all understand the making of the scalpel and the interval of a few seconds to have intervened; and a quite different temporal relation is understood to hold between the states of affairs which are described in (1c), and the event of going to Harrods interpreted as contained within the period of time that is spent in town. The different sorts of consequence relationships are understood in (1d) and (1e): and the feeding of poisoned stew is the sufficient cause for death the leaving open of the door is just one of the range of factors contributing to the cat’s getting in.These relationships are taken to be derived inferentially via the interaction of the decoded-semantic content with the general knowledge assumptions about the way things connect up and relate in the world, the interaction constrained by some general criterion and criteria of rational communicative behavior.An interpretation has the two properties as following:An utterance, on a given interpretation, is optimally relevant:(a) it achieves enough effects to be worth the hearer’s attention;(b) it puts the hearer to no gratuitous effort in achievingthose effects.(Wilson and Sperber, forthcoming) Once the listener has accessed an interpretation consistent with the expectation he looks no further but takes this to be the interpretation the speaker intended. The utterance, on a given interpretation is consistent with the presumption of optimal relevance if the speaker can rationally have expected it to be optimally relevant to the listener on that interpretation. The implications of the definition are fully discussed elsewhere.As with any utterance there is a range of possible interpretations of (1d) that are compatible with the linguistically encoded, semantic and content. Two of the logical possibilities for (1d) are as following:a. She fed him poisoned stew and as a result he died shortly after.b. She fed him poisoned stew and he died years later in a car crash.Though these are both possible and consistent, the first sentence is absolutely more likely to be recovered by the listener, and to have been intended by the speaker, than the second sentence. That’s because everyone knows that poison can cause the death and that one who knowingly feeds someone poison is most likely doing that with the intention of killing the person. And the relevance-theoretic pragmatic account captures the intuitions without seting up any special principles telling listeners to interpret in accordance with their standard stereotypic assumptions.ConclusionThe current state of the debate relating the interface between semantics and pragmatics is the upshot of therevolutionary period in the research of meaning known as radical pragmatics and aided by the views of ordinary language philosophers. The two relatively separate disciplines, the formal research of sentence meaning and the relatively informal research of the properties of speech acts became more and more intertwined as a result of the adoption of the semantic underdetermination and the admittance of the pragmatic inference about the speaker’s intentions, as well as other contextbound informations, into the semantic content. That facilitated the shift of the centre of attention from the sentence to the utterance. But the direction of change hasn’t been steady throughout the past three decades. Attempts keep semantics and pragmatics apart either through denying that semantics has to provide the propositions and hence truth-conditional content, or through keeping the objectives of the semantics and pragmatics apart and stressing the theoretical utility of the sentence’s truth conditions, just like minimalists of the syncretic flavour do. And the dominant orientations are however various forms of contextualism. The state of affairs is undoubtedly aided by the overall desideratum to stay faithful to the speakers’ intuitions about meaning and to the view that the aim of the semantic theory is to cater for these intuitions. Whether contextualism will retain its power, succumb to the minimalism, or evolve into the radical form of occasion-meaning of the meaning eliminativism remains to be seen.ReferencesCarston, R. 1999. The semantic-pragmatics distinction: A view from relevance theory. In The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface from Different Points of View (CRiSPI 1), ed. K. Turner, 85-125. Oxford: Elsevier.Davidson, D. 1967. Truth and meaning. Synthese 17: 304-323. von Fintel, K. and Gillies, A. 2011. Might made right. In Epistemic Modality, eds. A. Egan and B. Weatherson, 108-130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Frege, G. 1892. Über Sinn und Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Philosophische Kritik 100: 25-50.Grice, H. P. 1975/1989. Logic and conversation. In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, eds. P. Cole and J. Morgan, 41-58. New York: Academic Press; reprinted in Grice, H. P. 1989, 22-40.Grice, H. P. 1989. Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Kaplan, D. 1977/89. Demonstratives. In Themes from Kaplan, eds. J. Almog, J. Perry and H. Wettstein, 481-563. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Larson, R. and Segal, G. 1995. Knowledge of Meaning: An Introduction to Semantic Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. mla英文论文范文篇二The theories which proposed by Eugene and foreign translators for a long time, especially the theory of functional equivalence. Functional equivalence refers to the equivalence on the functions but not on the forms and structures.In our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to express the ideas of the original works and realize the goal for sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with the concept of functional equivalence and its aims and principles.The main aim of functional equivalence is to represent the information of the original work in the target language and achieve the equivalence of functions of languages. In order to make this concept clear, the author gives a brief introduction of different functions. Although different languages have different characteristics, their functions are nearly the same. That is to name the reality and to communicate with the people. The second part deals with the target, principles, requirements and cultural elements of advertisement translation. The third part, the most important part, points out the three main aspects of functional equivalence, semantic equivalence, social-cultural equivalence and stylistic equivalence. At the meantime, the equivalence on different levels and how to achieve functional equivalence in advertisement translation are also systematically illustrated.First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor X, both for his intellectual guidance and for his warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, he labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, I owe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to him, though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in Applied Foreign Language Department, whose interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years. The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future life and career.I am also very grateful to my classmates, who have given mea lot of help and courage during my stay in the University and throughout the process of writing this thesis.Last but not the least; big thanks go to my family who have shared with me my worries, frustrations, and hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually finishing this thesis.has become more and more important for it is always used as the way to promote the sales of goods. The excellent advertisement is not only understandable for everyone, but also has an elegant style. It can easily encourage people to buy the goods. Therefore, a good translation of an advertisement is also important to promote the sales of the goods in the country of the target language.Most which is systematically 1 That is to say, the adequacy of translations is judged on the basis of the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source and target languages.Functional equivalence is a powerful weapon for information exchange. The translation work which follows the principles of functional equivalence is much easier to understand.However, functional equivalence is very abstract to most people. In order to make it clear, this paper chooses advertisement translation to analyze its every aspect. Due to the differences between English and Chinese, the advertisement translation from English to Chinese should be undertaken in different translation techniques with the guidance of functional equivalence.The similarity of the thoughts of human aremore than the differences between English and Chinese. The equivalence of languages makes it possible to convert the source language into the target language. However, the convert is not just a process to translate the words from one language toanother language. Translation should be a task to recur the information of the original work in a most natural way. That is to say, translation should rebuild the surficial forms of the original information, convert the views of expression and replace the meaning of the original work with the meaning of the translated work. Therefore, equivalence is the most important basis for translation. The translated work can be of higher quality if it achieves more equivalence with the original work.Functional equivalence is originally termed as dynamic equivalence, which is to be defined by the degree where the receptor of the source language message should respond in substantially the same way as the target language receptor to the translated version. It is very important to all kinds of translation. The reason is that English and Chinese have many differences in their forms, grammars, sentence structures and so on. Therefore, in the process of translation, to convey the information of the original work is the focus and the most difficult part. After all, the receptors of the translated work expect to know the content of the original work.Functional equivalence also emphasizes the cultural elements. If a translated work does not reflect the cultural elements of the original work, it must be a failure. Therefore, the translator should be bilingual and bicultural.Nida always holds a view that syntax and lexeme are the biggest barriers for the translators.2 The translators devoted to English-Chinese translation may agree with him. Most of them have learned English through the is often the concept of kernel sentence and the concept of sentence to a translator. Third, isomorphism can 6 In the 1950s, for example, while Ellington was still alive, Raymond Horricks compared enquiring mind ofEllington…has sought to extend steadily the since the Ellington’s earliest attempt to move beyond the three-minute limit received …Figures in literature are either flat characters (one dimensional figures, figures with ----with office.after myfather, and a little later I participated in that delayed Teutonic migration known as the Great War.However, F. Scott Fitzgerald succeeds in changing these flat figures into round ones through his master-hand writing skills and in-depth characterization.B. Different FunctionsThe theory of functional equivalence involves nine functions: expressive, cognitive, interpersonal, informative……With the rapid development of the international trade, advertisement has become an indispensable part in our life. To some extent, it has become our guide in the aspect of consuming. No doubt, we are now living in the age of advertisement. Therefore, to translate a good and effective advertisement is increasingly important for attracting the potential customers and promoting the sale of the products in the international market.Since Chinese and English are two quite different languages, the translation from English to Chinese is not an easy task. The translator should learn well the cultural and social background of the original work, the differences of their sentence structures and also their habits of expression. Although there are so many differences between the two languages, the functions of all the languages are the same. That is to name the reality and to communicative with the people. It is just the basis for the translation from English to Chinese.…, …Through a relative thorough analysis of functional equivalence and advertisement translation, the readers of the essay may have a clear understanding of the details and aspects of advertisement translation. The readers may appreciate the advantages of functional equivalence in the process of advertisement translation. Functional equivalence helps the translators overcome the barrier of translation. That is the forms and structures of the language of the original work. Advertisement translation has its special aims. It is not only for information exchange, but also for encouraging the customers to buy the products. This is the ultimate aim of advertisement translation. Therefore, the translators should not only express the accurate meaning of the original work, but also pay attention to the diction of words and the cultural elements. The translation work will fail to realize its aims if it neglects the cultural elements such as the tradition, customs and habits of the target country. The analysis of these aspects in this essay may give the readers a little enlightenment.。
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Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S. as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” ().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。