英国文学史之文艺复兴简介TheRenaissancePeriod

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三(1)文艺复兴概述

第三章文艺复兴时期文学学习要求:了解文艺复兴运动，理解人文主义文学产生的背景。

了解各国文艺复兴文学的发展简况，主要代表作家和作品。

重点掌握人文主义文学的思想内容和艺术特征；塞万提斯的讽刺艺术；莎士比亚的“性格悲剧”。

第一节文艺复兴时期文学概述一、名词解释：文艺复兴运动文艺复兴运动(the Renaissance)：14－17世纪，首先在意大利、并很快波及全欧的一场新兴资产阶级反封建、反教会的思想文化运动。

新兴资产阶级打着“回到希腊罗马去”的旗号，声称要把久已湮没的古典文化“复兴”起来，故有“文艺复兴”之称。

文艺复兴不是古代文化的单纯复兴，它包含了萌芽中的资产阶级文化因素，它是在封建制度内部形成的新的资本主义关系的产物，与资本主义在各国的发生、发展息息相关。

因而，文艺复兴是一个在自然科学和社会科学各个领域全面开展的思想文化运动。

二、名词解释：人文主义“人文主义”（humanism）文化是以人为中心的世俗文化，它提倡以人为本，以别于中世纪神学以神为本。

主要内容：1、以“人”为中心的世界观反对以“神”为中心的世界观，以人性反对神性，以人权反对神权；2、以个性解放反对禁欲主义；3、以理性反对蒙昧主义；4、拥护中央集权，反对封建割据。

人文主义文化反映了新兴资产阶级反封建反宗教的要求，它体现了一个新时代的时代精神。

三、文艺复兴运动的社会文化背景资本原始积累资本主义生产关系的萌芽：手工工场，工场主与工人1、迫使小生产者与生产资料分离。

英国：圈地运动2、海外掠夺，建立殖民地，奴隶贸易地理大发现（1）1487年葡萄牙人迪亚士发现了非洲好望角到印度的航线。

（2）1492年意大利人哥伦布发现“新大陆”——美洲。

后来佛罗伦萨人亚美利加也航行到新大陆，以自己名字命名新大陆。

（3）葡萄牙贵族麦哲伦1519年环球航行，命名“太平洋”，证明了地球是球形的假说。

海外殖民与贩奴运动葡萄牙人是第一批对外扩张的欧洲人。

1497年达·伽马奉葡王之命，绕好望角到了印度海岸，发现了香料贸易的新航道，将大量印度香料运往欧洲市场。

The-Renaissance文艺复兴

• e. defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet “Armada” in 1588 and the establishment of the hegemony（霸权） on the seas.
• f. The geographical exploration and trade expansion brought about the growth of the cities and the development of the capitalist textile（织物）industry.
• While people learned to admire their works as models of literary form they also caught sth very different in spirit from the medieval Catholic dogma.
Renaissance(14th—mid 17th)
• It’s the rebirth of Greek and Roman cultures. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for the classical literature and the other is the keen interest in life and human activities.
• (4) In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran away and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there;

文艺复兴英文简介

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Italian contact with other cultures
Because of its convenient location in the Mediterranean, Italian city-states had an advantage over Northern Europe (the Hanseatic League) in that they were in the ideal location to trade with the rest of the world. The Mediterranean sea (地中海) is an ideal place to trade with other nations of vastly different culture.
《巨人传》.
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1492 in Spain!
Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas Granada was taken (this event is called the Reconquista), thus unifying the Iberian Peninsula Intensification (增强) of the Spanish Inquisition Jews and Muslims were expelled from the country 克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现美洲格拉纳达（此事件被称为“收复失地运动），从而统一了伊比利亚半岛西班牙宗教裁判所的强化犹太人和穆斯林驱逐出境
• 以人为本是一种在研究，哲学，世界观和实践的方法，注重人的价值和关注。这是一个在意大利基础上上文化运动，灵感来自经典作品的研究。

英国文学史之文艺复兴简介TheRenaissancePeriod

General Introduction
Renaissance as a period in western civilization may be explained in different ways. But generally speaking, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.
DRAMA Marlowe's career as a dramatist lies between
the years 1587 and 1593. Four great plays: Tamburlaine the Great, an heroic epic in dramatic form divided into two parts of five acts each (1587, printed in 1590); Dr Faustus (1588, entered at Stationers' Hall 1601); The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta (dating perhaps from 1589, acted in 1592, printed in 1633); and Edward the Second (printed 1594).
广义的人文主义指把人类置于事物中心的世界观；狭义的人文主义指充斥于文艺复兴时期艺术和哲学之中的独特思维习惯。
THOMAS MORE
All the children in the Utopia receive a good education, primarily in the Greco-Roman classics and learning does not cease with maturity, for the goal of education is to develop rational faculties.

Renaissance(文艺复兴)

Renaissance
（文艺复兴）
Background of the Period
1.New Monarchy(新君主制)
the Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453) the War of Roses(1455-1485) Tudor dynasty
2.The Religious Reformation（宗教改革）
The English Renaissance
The English Renaissance: (early16th—early17th ) a cultural&artistic movement. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as
1.Known as”Elizabethan period” ; 2.the most important period in English literaryhistory; 3.witness the flowering of English literature; 4.England became “a nest of singing birds”: Marlowe ,Shakespeare,Ben Jonson and Spenser wrote their best works in this period.
the
the Roman Catholic Church Church of England
3.The Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）
the
12th—(1450-mercial Expansion（商业扩张） 5.The War with Spain（英西战争）

The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结

The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。

英国文学史知识点

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise、二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) 就是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里、乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups、朝圣者都就是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character、这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。

Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期

• 2). Religious reformation • Henry VIII declared the break with Rome • Catholicism（天主教）was got rid of and Protestantism （新教）became the official national religion.
The Bourgeoisie
• The word "bourgeoisie" originally meant "town dwellers", especially those who lived by trading. By nature, the feudal order was agrarian. At the time of the Renaissance, the bourgeoisie appeared as a new class of society, and the conflicts between the newly arising bourgeoisie and feudalism and the Church became the main social contradiction of the time. Humanism was the very weapon for the bourgeoisie to use in its fight against feudalism restrictions and the dominating influence of the church, which had ruled men’s minds for centuries.
General introduction
• The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. It began in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. Its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.

英国文学史3.Thomas+More

It took as a major interest the life of man in the present and, unlike medieval philosophy, which postulated a City of God in the hereafter, it attempted to lay the foundations for a life of justice, nobility, and goodness on earth. Humanism was an attitude rather than a philosophy, non-dogmatic and non-scientific, taking the explorations of human potential for a full and rewarding life as its main concern. Humanism was one of the most important factors giving rise to the Renaissance.
The Characteristics of the Renaissance Literature
All in all, the chief characteristic of the Renaissance literature is the expression of secular values with man instead of God as the center of the universe. 1)It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms and praise the value of man, which often implies a lessening in the power of God. It describes the intellectual and physical "virtues" of the human being, and of its place in the creation.

英国文学史知识点

英国文学史知识点 Revised by BETTY on December 25,2020一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims arepeople from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。

文艺复兴英文资料

1RenaissanceThe Renaissance (UK/rɨˈneɪsəns/, US/ˈrɛnɨsɑːns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the inventionof metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development oflinear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions ofsuch polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14thcentury.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan andfinally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term andas a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimismand nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]2RepresentativesAlfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlockingthree-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journeythrough Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother ofKing Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.2. Leonardo da Vinci。

文艺复兴时期的英国文学简介

第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学2.1 文艺复兴“文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。

始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。

“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。

在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。

代表人物莎士比亚。

欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。

首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。

地理和科学的新发现。

哥伦布达伽马16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。

2.2 英国文艺复兴根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段:第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。

代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。

代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。

英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。

代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。

2.3代表作家及作品2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More）出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。

希望其成为律师1504，26岁成为下院议员。

反对亨利七世，退出政坛。

15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。

因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。

作品：《乌托邦》乌托邦系拉丁文，意思是不存在的地方。

作品由两部分组成，整部作品都是托马斯莫尔与航海家拉斐尔希斯拉德的对话组成。

Renaissance文艺复兴英文介绍

David (1504) by Michelangelo
In essence,
the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers attempted to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by Roman Catholic Church and to introduce new ideas expressing the interest of the rising bourgeoisie.
1.1 What is Renaissance?
Renaissance refers to the activity, spirit and time of the revival of art, learning, and literature in Europe extending over a period of 300 years (1350-1650), marking a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern time.
Assignment
A Presentation on William Shakespeare
Humanism
A Different View of Humanity Human beings are glorious creatures capable of individual development toward the direction of perfection. Human beings live in this world not to suffer merely but to interrogate, to explore and to enjoy.

Renaissance-英国文学-文艺复兴时期

The RenaissanceHistorical background:The breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism；The enclosure；the war of the Roses；the strengthening of the absolute monarchy；the rise of the bourgeoisie; the defeat of the Spanish Armada。

New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art。

So with the strengthening of new bourgeois national state，this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance。

Renaissance：A rebith，revival of classical (Greek and Roman ）arts, literature and sciences between 14th and mid 17th centuries in Europe, the greatest age of human accomplishments.Two striking features of the Renaissance1) A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature；2) The keen interest in the activities of humanity( People ceased tolook upon themselves as living only for God and a future world and turned to admiration for human beauty and human achievement);Renaissance marks the transition from medieval to modern world，from feudal to capitalist，from religious to secular society. In this period the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to abolish oldfeudal ideas in medieval Europe （the church—centered culture which were characterized by God-centeredness, otherworldliness and asceticism。

文艺复兴英文简介

The RenaissanceT he Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.1.The origin of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.2.The characteristics of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.3.The influence of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。

第一节文艺复兴时期文学概说

B、揭露、抨击封建社会的黑暗现实。
a、封建统治（司法机构等） b、反动神权（教会等）
小说艺术特色：
小说继承了法国中世纪民间文学夸张、幽默、讽刺的传统，以粗俗的形式表达严肃、崇高的思想主题；小说开创了通俗小说的先河和散文体长篇小说的新形式。
绘画：庞大固埃为将士们遮雨
绘图本《巨人传》
卡冈都亚
时间历程代表国家
意大利英国
主要内容
宣传人性的解放
代表作
卜迦丘《十日谈》
14世纪初至15上半叶
16世纪下半叶至衰落 17世纪初
法国
歌颂有知识有力量的巨人
揭示人性的弱点
拉伯雷《巨人传》
英国西班牙
莎士比亚四大悲剧
（三）各国人文主义文学概貌
四、人文主义文学概况
人文主义文学是文艺复兴时期欧洲文学的主潮流，是欧洲近代文学的开端，继古希腊罗马文学之后欧洲文学的又一个高峰。
(一)人文主义文学的特征: 1、表现人文主义思想； 2、使用现实主义创作方法； 3、继承、发展了古代的各种文学体裁； 4、作品具有鲜明的民族特色。
（二）人文主义文学的发展
彼特拉克诗选
此刻万籁俱寂
此刻万籁俱寂，风儿平息，野兽和鸟儿都沉沉入睡。点点星光的夜幕低垂，海洋静静躺着，没有一丝痕迹。我观望，思索，燃烧，哭泣，毁了我的人经常在我面前，给我甜蜜的伤悲；战斗是我的本分，我又愤怒，又心碎，只有想到她，心里才获得少许慰藉。我只是从一个清冽而富有生气的源泉彼特拉克画像汲取养分，而生活又苦涩，又甜蜜，
我即使活五十万个春秋，除了你，我的亲爱的女友，不会有别人做我的恋人：我必须另外装一些血管，你的爱把我的血管塞满，再也容不下更多的爱情。钱春绮译

The renaissance 文艺复兴运动

He is considered the father of humanism.
who are the three most famous artists in later period of the Renaissance?
列奥纳多·达·芬奇列奥纳多达芬奇 Leonardo Da Vinci １４５２－（１４５２－１５１９ )
3.Renaissance development process and the major achievements
（1）. Early Renaissance） The Early Three Masters of the Renaissance
（2））
. Renaissance heyday –
The spread of Renaissance
1. The Renaissance started in the United Kingdom (16th Century) 2. Outstanding Representative:William Shakespeare
Masterpieces:
“Othello”奥赛罗 “ King Lear”李尔王奥赛罗李尔王 “Macbeth”麦克白 “Hamlet”哈姆雷特麦克白哈姆雷特 “The Merchant of Venice” 威尼斯商人 “Midsummer Night‘s Dream”仲夏夜仲夏夜之梦 Shakespeare
Mona Lisa ,by Leonardo Da Vinci
The Last Supper, by Da vinci
米开朗基罗·博米开朗基罗博那罗蒂 Michelangelo Bo that Rorty １４７５－（１４７５－１５６４）Michelangelo

-文艺复兴时期(14-16世纪)外国文学

3、蒙田
蒙田（1533—1592）是法国文艺复兴后期人文主义的代表作家。他1595年出版的《随笔集》开创了随笔这种文学体裁，因而蒙田被认为是欧洲散文体裁的创始人。
（三）西班牙文学
由于资本主义没有得到充分发展，西班牙的人文主义文学出现的较晚，十六世纪末、十七世纪初之间，西班牙文学进入了文学史上的“黄金时代”，十七世纪二十年代之后，西班牙的文艺复兴运动趋于衰落。西班牙文艺复兴时期文学的主要成就是小说和戏剧。
有关教育的主题文艺复兴运动带来了新的世界观。反抗中世纪的禁欲主义和出世思想倡导的健康、积极、乐天的人的崇拜提出了一个新人的理想。身心和智慧都达到平衡和谐的顶点、全面发展的自由人。通过恰当的教育，人均能成为“巨人”。
巨人卡冈都亚是一位国王的儿子一降生便喝了17913头母牛的奶，食量过人，躯干高大人们为婴儿缝制衣服．一次便用了12000多匹布料他和其他小孩过着同样的日子，用拉伯雷的话说，即是：喝、吃、睡；吃、喝、睡；睡、喝、吃。老国王也从他身上看出了他具有的过人智慧和颖异的悟性，认为只要好好借教育之手培养他，定能成为真正“智慧”的巨人。
（一）人文主义思想的特征
人文主义思想处处体现了与中世纪神学思想相抗衡的特征。 1、它以人反对神，宣扬人性人权，反对神性神权。中世纪教会认为神高于一切，主宰一切，而人则是渺小的，只能充当神的奴仆而人文主义者以“人性论”为理论纲领，他们宣称发现了“人”，竭力歌颂人的价值、人的尊严和人的力量，认为人有理性，有崇高的品质，有无穷的求知能力，可以创造一切，是“宇宙的精华，万物的灵长”。
内容分析
拉伯雷《巨人传》以其神话般的人物荒诞不经的故事情节，妙趣横生有时不免流于油滑粗俗的独特风格赢得世界文学史上占据不可撼动的地位。然而，这决不是一不纯粹的搞笑的作品。它在有关“宗教”政治形势和经济生活方面，却“显示出极其高深的哲理和惊人的奥妙”。

文艺复兴英文介绍

文艺复兴英文介绍The Renaissance, a period in European history that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, is oftenreferred to as the "rebirth" of art, culture, and learning. It was a time of great intellectual and artistic achievement, marked by a renewed interest in classical antiquity and a shift towards humanism. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in literature, philosophy, science, and the arts, with scholars and artists looking back to the works of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration.One of the defining characteristics of the Renaissance was the emergence of a new artistic style known as "Renaissance art." This style was characterized by a focus on realism, perspective, and human anatomy, as well as a greater emphasis on individualism and the portrayal of the human experience. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are among the most famous figures of the Renaissance, known for their groundbreaking work in painting, sculpture, and architecture.In addition to the arts, the Renaissance also saw significant advancements in science and technology. The period witnessed the development of new scientific theories, such as those of Copernicus and Galileo, which challenged long-held beliefs about the universe and the natural world. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenbergin the mid-15th century also played a crucial role in spreading knowledge and ideas throughout Europe, leading to an increase in literacy and the dissemination of new scientific and philosophical thought.The Renaissance was not just a period of artistic and intellectual achievement; it was also a time of political and social change. The rise of powerful city-states in Italy, such as Florence and Venice, led to a flourishing of trade and commerce, as well as the patronage of the arts by wealthy merchants and rulers. The printing press alsoplayed a role in the spread of new ideas and the rise of a more educated middle class, who began to questiontraditional authority and challenge established norms.Overall, the Renaissance was a transformative period in European history, characterized by a renewed interest in learning, a flourishing of the arts, and significant advancements in science and technology. It laid the foundation for the modern world, shaping the development of Western culture and thought in profound ways. The legacy of the Renaissance continues to influence our understanding of art, science, and society to this day, making it a pivotal moment in human history.。