英语中的被动语态

英语中的被动语态

摘要:英语中使用被动语态非常广泛。本文分析了被动语态的形式和结构 ,以例子说明在什么情况下需要使用被动语态 ,同时阐述了学习英语被动语态应注意的几个问题。

英语中使用被动语态非常广泛 ,在许多汉语中一般都不用被动语态的情况下 ,英语中必须或者最好使用被动语态。如:This computer was used by my father.这台计算机是我爸用过的。如果译成“这台计算机是被我爸用过的” ,那就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。那么 ,究竟在什么情况下使用被动语态呢 ? 在使用的时候又应该注意哪些问题 ? 根据教学经验 ,下面我们举出一些例子 ,帮助英语学习者正确使用被动语态。

一、被动语态的形式和结构

1.适用场合：人们在发表自己的发现、发明和意见时 ,在介绍分析、推理、总结的过程时 ,在说明事物的性质、特征、状态、用途、工作原理时 ,总想尽量做到客观、公正 ,有意识地避免使用 I、We ,以免主观、武断和强加于人 ,这时常常用“物” 作主语或者使用 It 作主语 ,谓语使用被动语态。

2.英语被动语态的结构：是由助动词 be加及物动词的过去分词构成 ,其时态是通过 be 的变化形式体现出来的。英语的被动语态常用的时态有:一般现在时is.am.are+done. 一般过去时was.were+done、一般将来时will be +done、过去将来wouild be +done 现在进行时is.am.are+being +done、过去进行时was.were +being+done、现在完成时have/has +been+ done过去完成时had been+done等。Can/must/may/should/shall/will +be +done ought to be done/have/has/to be done,is.are going to be done.

二、在几种情况下需要使用被动语态

1.当我们不知道或者没有必要说明动作执行者是谁的时候(这时都不带由 by引起的短语) ,用被动语态。(1) Such books are writ ten for the teachers.这种书是为教师写的。

(2) The typewriter has not been used for ten years.这台打字机已经有 10 年不用了。

(3) My cellphone was stolen this morning.我的手机今天上午被盗了。

2.动作的承受者是谈话的中心或者特别需要强调的情况下(这时可以带有 by引起的短语) 。 (1) This school is run by him.这间学校是他办的。 (2) The lathe was designed by themselves.这台车床是他们自己设计的。

(3) The TV set has been cleaned.这台电视机擦干净了。

3.在动作执行者不言自明的情况下使用被动语态。

(1) A book of reference in the library must not be taken away.阅览室的图书不准带出。

(2) The mobile phone can not be used in class.课堂上不能使用手机。

(3) The wine is not touched when driving.开车时不要喝酒。

4.在为了委婉、礼貌而不愿或不便说出动作的执行者的情况下 ,使用被动语态。

(1) Enough has been said just now about the question. 关于这个问题 ,刚才谈很多了。 (2) He is expected to study english hard.希望他要努力学习英语。

(3) Y ou are advised to reform and open.建议你们要改革开放。(4)you are welcomed to speak here. 欢迎你来这儿讲话。(5)Everyone is asked to be on time.大家要按时到达。（6）It is said that Edison invented the telepfone.

5.使用被动语态后可以更好地安排句子的情况下 ,使用被动语态。

(1) Principal often speaks to his schoolmates and is always listened to with enthusiasm.校长经常和同学们谈话 ,同学们总是热心地听他讲。如果说“Princ ipal often speaks to his schoolmates and his schoolmates always listen to him with

en2thusiasm” ,句子就显得罗嗦、紊乱。 (2) The plan was especially supported by those who wishedto have more chance to operate a computer.这个计划尤其得到那些想有更多的机会学习电脑的人的支持。“those” 带有一个定语从句 ,用它作主语 ,就会和谓语离得太远。 (3) He has done a lot of good deeds and should be praised.(4)There is a tall building on the coast, which was put up in the 19th.

6.在公告、通知、新闻、招工启示、广告中常见。

三、学习被动语态时应注意几个问题

1. “be +及物动词的过去分词” 的结构不一定都是被动语态。比较下面两对句子:

(1) ①My washing machine is broken.我的洗衣机坏了。②This f ridge was broken by my brother.这台电冰箱是我的弟弟打烂的。

(2) ①The field is covered with /bysnow.田野上一片积雪。②This question has not been covered yet .这个问题还没有谈到。在上面这两对句子中, ①句的共同点是描写状态的 ,属于系表结构;而② 句中有动作的执行者或使用了完成时态等可以体现出动作的成分 ,因此是描写动作的 ,是属于被动语态。 2.在“be + 不及物动词的过去分词” 时 ,由于不及物动词不能带宾语 ,不具备变为被动语态的起码条件 ,所以它不是被动语态。

(1) The winter is gone.冬天过去了。

(2) The book that you are asking for is lost.你要找的那本书已经丢了。

(3) The banana is grown.香蕉成熟了。（4） The story is well written.

(5)The shop is closed at five .(6)Children are easily influenced.(7)Thechildren are well dressed on holidays.

3.如果汉语的句子中有“被、挨、把、遭、受、给、让、由”等词汇的时候 ,使用英语被动语态。 (1)李明在班上经常受到表扬。Li Ming is often praisedin class. (2)刚才小李在森林里受到了老虎的袭击。Xiao Li wascome at by a tiger in the f roest just now. (3) 车把路挡住了。The road is being stopped by thetrucks.

4.汉语中如果有“是…的” 、“为…所” 、“予以” 、“加以”等词汇时 ,可以使用英语的被动语态。

(1)爱因斯坦的“相对论” 为大家所接受。Einstein’ sTheroy of Relativity is accepted by everyone. (2) 空气污染必须予以控制。Air pollution has to bestopped.(3)火箭是科学家制造的。Rockets are made by scien2tists.

5.在翻译英语被动语态句子的时候 ,如果汉语中采用被动语态显得别扭的话 ,应译为符合汉语的表达习惯。

(1) The novel was written two years ago.这部小说是两年前写的。不要译成“这部小说是两年前被写的” 。

(2) The elevator was found electrified.当时发现电梯是带电的。不要译成“当时电梯被发现是带电的” 。

(3) The bowl was used.这碗用过了。不要译成“这碗被用过了” 。

四．下列动词用主动形式表示被动意义：last wash wear weigh mearure look seem appear feel sound taste smell sell write need want requie deserve be worth consist of (1)Books needs carefully reading/to be read.(2)The earthquake measures 9 degrees