1.句子成分和基本句型
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同位语 当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成 分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者 的同位语。
我们有两个孩子，一男一女．
We have two children, a boy and a girl.
那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车．
The man, my teacher, never rides a bike.
2020/3/16
21
简单句
句子分类
由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个 谓语（或并列谓语）组成的句子.eg:
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing .
复合句
有两个或两个以上的简 并列复合句 单句用连词连接而成。
如：and, but, or, so等 定语从句
How sweet the music sounds!
20T20h/3e/16day turned out (to be) a fine one
Seeing is believing.
2020/3/16
9
补语
主语补足语：补充说明主语的动作或状态 补语
宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作或状态
１．我又累又困，就去睡了。
主语补足语 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
2．我发现那本书很有趣。
I found that book very interesting. 宾语补足语
• They made paper flowers.
• The boy in the room is Jack.
• I have something to do.
2020/3/16
12
• It is a swimming pool.
定语
• He is a clever boy. (形容词) • They are building a stone bridge. (名词) • There are 54 students in our class. (数词) • Do you known Betty’s sister? (名词的所有格) • He bought some sleeping pills. (动名词) • There is a sleeping baby in bed. (现在分词) • His spoken language is good. (过去分词)
独立成分
与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的 独立成分。 感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词: yes 否定词: no 称呼语: 称呼人的用语。 插入语: 一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。 The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.
表语：
• 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词， 形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词， 短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．
I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
2020/3/16
24
系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使 用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语， 系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。
2020/3/16
25
一、系动词的分类：
常见的系动词大致可分为三类。
第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel，
seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out
例:他在上个星期放弃吸烟了.
He gave up smoking la介s宾t week.
• 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指 物,间接宾语指人.
• He gave me some books.
↓ 间接 宾语
↓ 直接 宾语
●Please pass me the book. ●He bought me some flowers.
他因为生病所以今天没有去上学． Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school today.
④表结果：to+do, v+ing, 从句
那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了．
The boy fell off the tree, striking his head against the ground.
状语
• 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发 生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词， 介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当， 也可由从句来充当．
He did it carefully.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
那里的风景非常漂亮．
The scenery there is very beautiful.
⑨表方式: like that, as, as if…
不要那样看我．
Don’t look at me like that! ⑩表伴随状况：
老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书．
The teacher came into the classroom, catching a book in his hand.
5
宾语
• 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短 语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动
词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后． She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
2020/3/16
4
谓语：
• 谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由 简单动词或者动词短语构成．
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
2020/3/16
我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？
Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow? ②表地点：in China, at the airport…
我在教室里看见一个学生．
I saw a student in the classroom.
③表原因: because, as, for, since…
I think that he is good guy.
2020/3/16
6
宾语
宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词
之后。
宾语 动宾
例:老师把灯关了.
介宾
The teacher turned off the lights. 介宾 例:他们将不会伤害我们. They won’t hurt us. 动宾
句子成分
和
基本句型
2020/3/16
1
wk.baidu.com
1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓↓ ↓
↓↓
↓
主谓 定 宾 同
状
语语 语 语 位
语
语
句子包括哪些成分？
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、 表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语 (adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.
He is 2020/3/16 writing with a pen.
14
状语
状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按 用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件， 让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。
①表时间：yesterday, today, tomorrow…
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、 省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基 础。
2020/3/16
3
• １．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的 部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从 句充当．它的位置一般在句首．
The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.
11
定语
• 定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数 词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词， 从句都可以充当定语．
• The black bike is mine.
• What’s your name? A broken vase.
• I have 5 books. A sleeping boy.
（结果是、证明是）等。
You don’t look very well. I feel rather cold.
He seems to be ill.
It appears that he is unhappy.
The roses smell sweet.
The mixture tasted horrible.
只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩．
As long as you study hard, you can get a high mark.
⑦表让步: in spite of, despite, although, though 他虽然不认识我，但却帮了我．
He helped me although he didn’t know me. ⑧表程度: very, enough, to some extent…
表语/宾 宾语
语
0
p
宾补 oc
the violin.
student s
me
a pen.
me
laugh
23
基本句型 一： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 3. He │fell │in love. 4. Everything │looks │different. 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 。 7. Our well │has gone │dry. 8. His face │turned │red.
• Leave the door open.
•We found John out when we arrived.
• Make yourself at home.
• I saw him enter the hall.
• The boss keeps them working all day.
• 2I020/h3/1e6ard my name called.
主从复合句 状语从句
名词性从句 由主句和从句构成，且主从句分别有不同的主谓结构。
种类 类型
主语 S
第1 S+V主谓 We 种 第２ Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０ He 种 主谓宾
第３ Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐ We 种 主系表
第４ S+v+IO+DO she 种 间宾+直宾
第５ S+V+O+OC He 种 2020/3宾/16 语+宾补
⑤表目的:in order to, in order that, for the purpose
为了考入一个更好的学校，我必须更加努力．
In order to get into a better school, I must study even harder .
⑥表条件: as/so long as, if, unless,
宾语补足语
• 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思， 还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意 思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．
• 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现 在分词和过去分词充当．
• If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
同位语 当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成 分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者 的同位语。
我们有两个孩子，一男一女．
We have two children, a boy and a girl.
那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车．
The man, my teacher, never rides a bike.
2020/3/16
21
简单句
句子分类
由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个 谓语（或并列谓语）组成的句子.eg:
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing .
复合句
有两个或两个以上的简 并列复合句 单句用连词连接而成。
如：and, but, or, so等 定语从句
How sweet the music sounds!
20T20h/3e/16day turned out (to be) a fine one
Seeing is believing.
2020/3/16
9
补语
主语补足语：补充说明主语的动作或状态 补语
宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的动作或状态
１．我又累又困，就去睡了。
主语补足语 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
2．我发现那本书很有趣。
I found that book very interesting. 宾语补足语
• They made paper flowers.
• The boy in the room is Jack.
• I have something to do.
2020/3/16
12
• It is a swimming pool.
定语
• He is a clever boy. (形容词) • They are building a stone bridge. (名词) • There are 54 students in our class. (数词) • Do you known Betty’s sister? (名词的所有格) • He bought some sleeping pills. (动名词) • There is a sleeping baby in bed. (现在分词) • His spoken language is good. (过去分词)
独立成分
与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的 独立成分。 感叹词: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词: yes 否定词: no 称呼语: 称呼人的用语。 插入语: 一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。 The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 这个故事还远没结束.
表语：
• 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词， 形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词， 短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．
I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
2020/3/16
24
系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使 用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语， 系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。
2020/3/16
25
一、系动词的分类：
常见的系动词大致可分为三类。
第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel，
seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out
例:他在上个星期放弃吸烟了.
He gave up smoking la介s宾t week.
• 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指 物,间接宾语指人.
• He gave me some books.
↓ 间接 宾语
↓ 直接 宾语
●Please pass me the book. ●He bought me some flowers.
他因为生病所以今天没有去上学． Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school today.
④表结果：to+do, v+ing, 从句
那个男孩从树上掉下来了，头撞到地上了．
The boy fell off the tree, striking his head against the ground.
状语
• 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发 生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词， 介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当， 也可由从句来充当．
He did it carefully.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
那里的风景非常漂亮．
The scenery there is very beautiful.
⑨表方式: like that, as, as if…
不要那样看我．
Don’t look at me like that! ⑩表伴随状况：
老师走进教室，手里拿着一本书．
The teacher came into the classroom, catching a book in his hand.
5
宾语
• 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短 语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动
词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后． She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
2020/3/16
4
谓语：
• 谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由 简单动词或者动词短语构成．
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
2020/3/16
我们是今天还是明天出去买东西啊？
Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow? ②表地点：in China, at the airport…
我在教室里看见一个学生．
I saw a student in the classroom.
③表原因: because, as, for, since…
I think that he is good guy.
2020/3/16
6
宾语
宾语在句子中主要充当动作的承受者，一般放于及物动词
之后。
宾语 动宾
例:老师把灯关了.
介宾
The teacher turned off the lights. 介宾 例:他们将不会伤害我们. They won’t hurt us. 动宾
句子成分
和
基本句型
2020/3/16
1
wk.baidu.com
1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓↓ ↓
↓↓
↓
主谓 定 宾 同
状
语语 语 语 位
语
语
句子包括哪些成分？
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、 表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语 (adverbial) 和补语（complement）。
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.
He is 2020/3/16 writing with a pen.
14
状语
状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分；按 用途分，可分为时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，条件， 让步，程度，方式，伴随状况等。
①表时间：yesterday, today, tomorrow…
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、 省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基 础。
2020/3/16
3
• １．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的 部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从 句充当．它的位置一般在句首．
The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends.
11
定语
• 定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数 词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词， 从句都可以充当定语．
• The black bike is mine.
• What’s your name? A broken vase.
• I have 5 books. A sleeping boy.
（结果是、证明是）等。
You don’t look very well. I feel rather cold.
He seems to be ill.
It appears that he is unhappy.
The roses smell sweet.
The mixture tasted horrible.
只要努力学习，你就会取得好成绩．
As long as you study hard, you can get a high mark.
⑦表让步: in spite of, despite, although, though 他虽然不认识我，但却帮了我．
He helped me although he didn’t know me. ⑧表程度: very, enough, to some extent…
表语/宾 宾语
语
0
p
宾补 oc
the violin.
student s
me
a pen.
me
laugh
23
基本句型 一： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 3. He │fell │in love. 4. Everything │looks │different. 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 。 7. Our well │has gone │dry. 8. His face │turned │red.
• Leave the door open.
•We found John out when we arrived.
• Make yourself at home.
• I saw him enter the hall.
• The boss keeps them working all day.
• 2I020/h3/1e6ard my name called.
主从复合句 状语从句
名词性从句 由主句和从句构成，且主从句分别有不同的主谓结构。
种类 类型
主语 S
第1 S+V主谓 We 种 第２ Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０ He 种 主谓宾
第３ Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐ We 种 主系表
第４ S+v+IO+DO she 种 间宾+直宾
第５ S+V+O+OC He 种 2020/3宾/16 语+宾补
⑤表目的:in order to, in order that, for the purpose
为了考入一个更好的学校，我必须更加努力．
In order to get into a better school, I must study even harder .
⑥表条件: as/so long as, if, unless,
宾语补足语
• 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思， 还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意 思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．
• 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现 在分词和过去分词充当．
• If you let me go, I’ll make you king.