四川大学高分子材料专外复习资料

川大高分子材料专业外语期末考试复习资料一、单词1. MaterialPolyethylene（PE）, polypropylene（PP）, polyamide（PA）, polyester（聚酯）Polystyrene（PS）, polycarbonate(PC), polyvinyl chloride(PVC), polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) Synthesis(合成), polymerization（聚合）, catalyst（催化剂）, chemical reactivity（化学反应）, monomer（单体）Thermoplastic（热塑性）, thermoset（热固性）, elastomer（弹性体）2. Structuredouble bond（双键）, repeat unit（重复单元）, conformation（构象）, pendant group（侧基）, branch chain（支链）, coil（线团）number average molecular weight （数均分子量）intermolecular attraction（分子间作用力）, hydrogen bonding（氢键）, entanglement（缠结）, orientation（取向）Amorphous（非晶的）, crystalline（结晶的）, crosslinked （交联）Nucleation（成核）, folded chain model（折叠连模型）, spherulite （球晶）Blend（混合）, composite（合成的）, morphology（形态学）, composition（合成物）, component （零部件）, matrix phase（基体相）Infrared spectroscopy （红外光谱）differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）X-ray diffraction（X衍射）3. Propertyglass transition temperature（玻璃化温度）, melting point（熔点）, decomposition（分解）, degradation（降解）, thermal stability（热稳定性）, coefficient of thermal expansion（热膨胀系数）impact toughness（冲击韧性）, tensile strength（拉伸强度）, reinforcement（增强）, melt index （熔融指数）Modulus（模量）, stress-strain curve（应力-应变曲线）, elongation at break（断裂伸长率）, deformation（形变）Creep（蠕变）, stress relaxation（应力松弛）, annealing（退火）shear-thinning / thickening（剪切变稀/增稠）Pseudoplastic（假塑性）, viscoelasticity（粘弹性）4. Processingtwin-screw extruders（双螺杆挤出机）injection molding（注塑成型）Die（模具）, mold（模具、制模）, cavity（中空的）processing aids / additives（加工助剂）, filler（填料）Melt（融化）, plasticizing（增塑）, solidify（固化）二、段落1、Because of the close connection between the terms resins, plastics, and polymers, they are sometimes used interchangeably, although correctly used there are differences. To summarize, polymers are any material made up of molecular chains; plastics are synthetic（合成的）,long-chain polymers that can be or have been shaped; and resins are solids or liquids that are subsequently shaped into a plastic part.（因为树脂、塑料和高分子紧密的联系，它们时常被混用，虽然它们被正确使用但仍有不同。

总结起来，高分子是所有由分子链组合起来的材料；塑料是合成的，可以被或已经被塑形的长链高分子；树脂是随后会被塑形为塑料部分的固体或液体。

）2、The complexity in polymers arises because solid polymeric materials can exist, in two very distinct types of structure. In one type, the polymer molecules are randomly coiled about each other with entanglement（缠结）. This structure type is called amorphous. In the second type, the polymer molecules can pack together into regular, repeating structural patterns. These regularly packed regions are called crystals or crystalline regions.（高分子很复杂因为固体高分子材料存在两种不同的结构。

一种形态，高分子随机相互缠结。

这种形态称作无定形态。

第二种形态，高分子有规律地以重复结构模式地折叠。

这种有规律排列的区域被称作结晶区。

）3、The most important (but not the only) feature of a polymer that determines whether it will be amorphous or crystalline is the shape of the polymer repeat unit. If the repeat unit is complex, especially with large pendant groups, the polymer cannot pack tightly together and will be amorphous. Some of the most common amorphous polymers are polystyrene, acrylic（丙烯酸）, polycarbonate, and most copolymers（共聚物）.（决定高分子是非晶还是结晶最重要的（但不是唯一的）特征是高分子重复单元的形态。

如果重复单元复杂，特别是有庞大侧基的，高分子不能紧密排列所以是非晶的。

最常见的一些非晶高聚物是PS、丙烯酸、PC和大部分共聚物。

）4、In addition to these structural factors, the crystallinity of polymers also depends upon molding or processing conditions. Crystallization in polymers takes time to occur. Therefore, factors such as cooling rate can have strong influences on the amount of the material that crystallizes, since below certain temperatures there is not sufficient molecular motion to allow the molecules to rearrange（重排）into a close packing configuration.（除了这些结构因素，高聚物的结晶度同样决定于成型或加工条件。

高聚物的的结晶的出现需要时间。

因此，像冷却速率这样的因素对于材料的结晶率有很大的影响，因此在特定温度下没有足够的分子运动使分子重排为最接近的折叠构象。

）5、Most polymer materials have some characteristics that are similar to viscous liquids and some that are similar to elastic solids. These materials are therefore known as viscoelastic. Viscoelastic materials can be either liquid or solid, although the distinction between liquids and solids in these materials is not a clear one. The time dependence of viscoelastic materials is an important consideration that significantly affects their behavior. Most polymer viscoelastic liquids exhibit shear-thinning, and many are thixotropic（触变的）.（大部分高分子材料有一些类似粘性液体或弹性固体的特征。

这类材料因此被称为粘弹性材料。

粘弹性材料既可能是固体也可能是液体，虽然在这类材料中液体和固体的区别并不明显。

粘弹性材料的时间依赖性是一个重要的、显著影响它们行为的性质。

大部分高分子粘弹性液体表现出剪切变稀，很多是触变性流体。

）6、The viscous nature of a polymer solid can be associated with long-range movements. The viscous material will move more freely than an elastic solid when a force is imposed, and all the energy input into the material may not be returned because of permanent deformations or the creation of internal heating（内加热）. The long-range movements require more energy to activate than do the short-range movements. Hence, above a certain level of internal energy, the behavior of the material will more likely be dominated（支配）by long-range movements, and below this characteristic energy level, the material will exhibit only short-range movements.（高分子固体的粘性与长程运动有关。