余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第8章 英国社会和文化)【圣才出品】

第8章英国社会和文化
8.1复习笔记
【知识框架】
Ⅰ.Health and Welfare
1.The National Health Service
2.Private Medical Care
3.Cash Benefits
Ⅱ.Housing
Ⅲ.Education
1.Primary and Secondary Education
2.Private Schools
3.Higher Education
Ⅳ.Cultural Life
Ⅴ.Daily Life and Social Customs
Ⅵ.Arts
Ⅶ.Cultural Institution
Ⅷ.Sports and Recreation
Ⅸ.Media and Publishing
1.Newspapers
2.Broadcasting
【重难点归纳】
Ⅰ.Health and Welfare
1.The National Health Service
(1)The National Health Service is a nationwide institution based on Acts of
Parliament.The NHS provides medical care through a tripartite structure of primary care,hospitals,and community health care.
(2)The Community Health Service has three functions:to provide preventive health
services;to act as a liaison with local government;and to cooperate with local government personal social service departments.
Ⅰ.健康和福利
1.国家卫生系统
(1)国民保健服务是根据议会法案建立的全国性机构。

国民保健服务通过初级保健、医院和
社区保健三方结构提供医疗保健。

(2)社区卫生服务具有三个功能：提供预防卫生服务；与当地政府保持联；并与当地政府个
人社会服务部门合作。

2.Private Medical Care
Private medical care is both for primary care and for hospital treatment.Most private care is financed by voluntary private medical insurance.
2.私人医疗保障
私人医疗既包括初级医疗，也包括医院治疗。

大多数私人医疗是由自愿的私人医疗保险资助
的。

3.Cash Benefits
(1)Insured individuals are entitled to cash benefits during sickness or disability,and
a retirement pension.
(2)There are also benefits for individuals injured in work-related accidents and for widows.
(3)The major noncontributory benefits offer poverty relief to individuals and
families whose income and savings fall below some prescribed level.
3.福利金
(1)被保险的个人在生病或残疾期间有权获得现金福利和退休养老金。

(2)在工伤事故中受伤的个人和寡妇也有福利。

(3)主要的非缴费福利为收入和储蓄低于规定水平的个人和家庭提供贫困救济。

Ⅱ.Housing
In1970,local governments owned30%of all housing in the country.By the beginning of the21st century,the proportion of homes owned by local governments had almost halved.
Ⅱ.住房
1970年，地方政府拥有全国30%的住房。

到21世纪初，地方政府拥有的住房比例几乎减半。

Ⅲ.Education
1.Primary and Secondary Education
(1)Primary education is free and compulsory from age5to11.
(2)In most parts of the UK,secondary schools are comprehensive.
Ⅲ.教育
1.中小学教育
(1)五岁到十一岁的小学教育是免费的。

(2)在英国的大部分地区，中学教育是强制性的。

2.Private Schools
Their existence is controversial.It is argued that private schools divert gifted children and teachers and scarce financial resources from state schools and that they perpetuate(make something continue to exist for a long time)economic and social divisions.
2.私立学校
它们的存在是有争议的。

有人认为，私立学校将天才儿童和教师以及稀缺的财政资源从公立学校中分流出去，并使经济和社会分裂永久化。

3.Higher Education
(1)Most students receive state-funded grants.
(2)The government introduced the present system of student loans to replace
dwindling grants for living expenses.
(3)The Open University,a unique innovation in higher education,is a
degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults through television,radio,and local study programs.
3.高等教育
(1)大多数学生接受国家资助。

(2)政府引入了现行的学生贷款制度，以取代日益减少的生活费补助金。

(3)开放大学授予学位一独特创新高等教育是大学所提供的课程研究成年人通过电视，广
播，和当地的研究项目。

Ⅳ.Cultural Life
(1)English culture tends to dominate the formal cultural life of the UK.
(2)Widespread changes in the UK’s cultural life occurred after1945.The most
remarkable was perhaps the emergence first of Liverpool and then of London in the1960s.The Beatles and new styles of dress appeared.
(3)After World War II,the rising standard of education is the most evident among many other changes.
Ⅳ.文化生活
(1)英国文化倾向于主导英国的正式文化生活。

(2)1945年以后，英国的文化生活发生了广泛的变化。

最引人注目的或许是利物浦的出现，
以及20世纪60年代伦敦的出现。

甲壳虫乐队和新式样的服装出现了。

(3)第二次世界大战后，教育水平的提高是众多变化中最明显的。

Ⅴ.Daily Life and Social Customs
Immigration makes British the world’s most cosmopolitan and diverse countries.Ⅴ.日常生活和社会习俗
移民使英国成为世界上最国际化、最多样化的国家。

Ⅵ.Arts
The UK played a leading role in the field of writing,music,comedy,and so on.Ⅵ.艺术
英国在文学、音乐、喜剧等领域发挥了主导作用。

Ⅶ.Cultural Institution
The UK has many cultural treasures.It is home to a wide range of learned societies, including the British Academy,the Royal Geographical Society,and the Royal Society of Edinburgh.The British Museum in London houses historical artifacts from all parts of the globe.
Ⅶ.文化机构
英国有许多文化宝藏。

它是许多学术团体的所在地，包括英国科学院、皇家地理学会和爱丁堡皇家学会。

伦敦的大英博物馆收藏着来自世界各地的历史文物。

Ⅷ.Sports and Recreation
(1)The modem game of football(soccer)is accepted to have originated in England.
(2)Rugby and cricket have also long enjoyed great popularity in Britain.。