英语文体学Chapter 3 Surface-Structure Deviation

3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.3 Special Pronunciation For convenience of rhyming, the poet may give special pronunciation to certain words. E.g. The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind, If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (P. B. Shelly. Ode to the West Wind) In this poem, the noun wind /wind/ is pronounced like the verb ‘wind’ /waind/ to rhyme with behind.
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 3
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 4
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 5
He lunges for the stairs, swings down-off, Into the sun for his Easter eggs, On very nearly steady legs (Edwin Morgan, Good Friday)
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation E.g. C. Maclnnes, Absolute Beginners An gang member „Arve moved,‟ he said, „Darn ear/.‟ → „I‟ve moved,‟ he said, „down here.‟
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation E.g. Dickens, Olive Twist Mr. Bumble porochial → parochial 牧区的 blackin‟-bottle → blacking-bottle ‟prentice → apprentice ‟em → them antimonial → antinomian 反对遵从律法的
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 7 “grasshopper” “who” “as” “we” “look” “up” “now” “gathering” “into” “a” “the” “leaps” “arriving” “to” “rearrangely” “become”
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.4 Change of Stress Some 19th century poets placed word stress in unusual places. E.g. ' baluster → bal ' uster
Aphesis Omission Syncope
Lexical Deviation
3.1 Phonological Deviation
Features at the phonological level function more by being overregular rather than being deviant, since they belong to the surface-structure of the English language.
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 6
L(a le af fa ll s) one l iness
The visual effect of this poem is obvious. The lines of poetry imitate the falling of a leaf in late autumn, which is suggestive of the meaning of ‘loneliness’.
For Example?
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.1 Omission
Aphesis Omission Syncope
Apocope
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.1 Omission — Aphesis
Aphesis refers to the omission of an initial part of a word. E.g.
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.2 Mispronunciation & Sub-Standard Pronunciation E.g. T. Dreiser, Sister Carrie An old Irish woman ye → you murthering → murdering divil → devil thafe → thief
Apocope
Exercises
the Apocope
As far removed from God and light of Heaven As from the center thrice to th‟ utmost pole. O how unlike the place from whence they fell! There the companions of his fall, o‟erwhelmed With floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire.
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.1 Omission
The omissions are conventional means for the sake of sound patterns. It makes easier for poets to arrange the rhymes and meters in poems.
English Stylistics
Chapter 3 SurfaceStructue-Structure Deviation
1
Phonological Deviation
2
Graphological Deviation
3
Syntactic Deviation
4
3.1 Phonological Deviation
3.1.1 Omission — Apocope Apocope refers to the omission of a final part of a word. all E.g. Till a‟ the seas gang dry, my dear, with And the rocks melt wi‟ the sun I will love thee still, my dear, of While the sands o‟ life shall run. (Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose)
3.1.1 Omission — Syncope
Syncope refers to the omission of a medial part of a word. never E.g. A voice so thrilling ne‟er was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird, Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides. (Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper)
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 1
R. Draper,
Target Practice
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Example 2
A Christmas Tree Star If you are A love compassionate, You will walk with us this year, We face a glacial distance, who are here Huddled At your feet (W. S. Burford)
Thou on whose stream, ‟mid the steep sky‟s commotion, Loose clouds like earth‟s decaying leaves are shed. (P. B. Shelley, Ode to the West Wind)
amid
3.1 Phonological Deviation
overwhelmed
(John Milton, Paradise Lost)
Syncope
Exercises
Aphesis against
My Lord Bassanio, let him have the ring: Let his deservings, and my love withal, Be valued ‟gainst your wife‟s commandment. (William Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice)
3.2 Graphological Deviation
Graphology means the encoding of meaning in visual symbols. Graphological Deviation can occur in any sub-area of graphology, such as the shape of text, the type of print, grammetrics, punctuation, and indentation, etc.