刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库-第一章至第三章【圣才出品】
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库-第四章至第七章【圣才出品】
第4章句法I.Fill in the blanks.1.IC is the short form of immediate_____used in the study of syntax.（北二外2003研）【答案】constituent【解析】直接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。
它指先把句子分析为直接成分——词组（或短语），再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。
2.______refers to ties and connections which exist within texts.They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
3.A______sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word，such as“and”,“but”,“or”.【答案】coordinate【解析】并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如but,and,or这些并列连词来连接的。
4.A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb,and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a______clause.【答案】finite【解析】限定性从句通常有一个主语和一个限定性动词，且在结构上是独立的。
5.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called_____rules,whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.【答案】transformational【解析】句法移位是一种转换规则，指一个句子的任意成分从原来的位置移到另一个新位置。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》考研真题精选(选择题)【圣才出品】
二、选择题1. Derivational morpheme contrasts sharply with inflectional morpheme in that the former changes the _____ while the latter does not.（北二外2017研）A. meaningB. word classC. formD. speech sound【答案】B【解析】morpheme语素，分为自由语素和黏着语素，其中黏着语素包括词根和词缀两种类型，词缀分为派生词缀（derivational affixes）和屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）。
派生词缀黏附在词根语素上构成新词，也即增加了新的词汇义内容或改变了词的类别归属。
屈折词缀只能改变一个词的形式，不能构成新词。
也即屈折词缀增加的是表示句法范畴的意义，并且总是不改变词的类别归属。
即两者重要区别在于是否改变了词的类别，故B为正确答案。
2. The branch of linguistics that studies the systems and patterns of speech soundsin a language is called _____.（对外经贸2017研）A. acousticsB. phonologyC. phoneticsD. articulation【答案】B【解析】音位学是研究人类语言中的语音模块系统和模式的方法。
3. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（南京大学2007研）A. resolutionB. residentC. restartD. resignation【答案】C【解析】/s/ 在restart中位于清辅音前，所以被轻音化。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(形态学)【圣才出品】
第3章形态学3.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Definition of Morphology形态学的定义2. Definition and Classification of Morphemes词素的定义及分类3. Morphs and Allomorphs词素变体4. Types of Word Formation词语构成的分类常考考点：词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法(合成与派生)；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素(词根，词缀和词干)。
本章内容索引：I. MorphologyDefinition of MorphologyII. Morphemes1. Definition2. Types of Morphemes(1) Free morpheme(2) Bound morphemeIII. Morphs and AllomorphsDefinition of Morphs and AllomorphsIV. Types of Word Formation1. Compounding2. Derivation3. Other ways of word formation(1) Conversion(2) Backformation(3) Clipping(4) Blending(5) Acronym(6) InitialismI. Morphology形态学【考点：名词解释】Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.形态学作为语言学的一个分支，是研究词语的内部结构，形式及分类的一门科学。
II. Morpheme语素1. Definition定义Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语用学)【圣才出品】
第6章语用学I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ______ of, or the _____the utterance.（人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。
2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force.（清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。
3. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of ______: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】质量原则的内容。
4. In the light of the______ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maximof quantity, maxim of______, maxim of______ and the maxim of______.（中国人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。
(完整word版)新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDefinition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language 。
It isalways guided by thethree cannons of science ：exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versus traditional grammar ：Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics PragmaticsMacrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics StylisticsDiscourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to theobjects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise 。
Pooh-Pooh Theory ： language came from interjections ， which express he speaker ’semotions 。
Origins Yo-He —Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered ， during strain of work.Ta —Ta Theory ： language came from the combination of certain gestures and tonguesmovements.Bow —Wow Theory ： language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard inLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness 。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(1-6章)【圣才出品】
第1章导言1.1复习笔记本章要点：1.The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究的范围2.The definition and the origins of language语言的定义与起源3.The design feature and the function of language语言的特征和功能4.Some major concepts in linguistics语言学中重要的概念本章考点：1.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义，现代语言学与传统语法学研究的区别。
(2)语言学中几组重要概念，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
2.有关语言的常考考点(1)语言的定义；语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、互换性、专门性和文化传递性)；(2)语言的功能(寒暄、指示、信息、疑问、表达、劝说和施为)；(3)语言的起源(叮咚说、唱歌说、哒哒说、汪汪、噗噗、哟嘿吼理论等。
)本章内容索引：I.Definition of linguisticsII.Linguistics vs.traditional grammarIII.Scope of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsIV.Definition of languageV.Origins of language1.Ding-Dong Theory2.Sing-Song Theory3.Pooh-Pooh Theory4.Yo-He-Ho Theory5.Ta-Ta Theory6.Bow-Wow TheoryVI.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Productivity4.Interchangeability5.Displacement6.Specialization7.Cultural transmissionVII.Functions of language1.Phatic function/communion2.Directive functionrmative function4.Interrogative function5.Expressive function6.Evocative function7.Performative functionVIII.Some major concepts in linguistics1.Descriptive and prescriptive grammar2.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsngue and parolepetence and performance5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations6.Functionalism and formalismI.Definition of linguistics(语言学的定义)【考点：名词解释】The scientific or systemic study of language,which is always guided by the-three canons ofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency and economy.语言学是对语言的科学或系统的研究。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(语篇分析)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析7.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2. Given and new information已知信息与新信息3. Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4. Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。
本章内容索引：I. Definition of discourse and discourse analysisII. Information structure1. Given and new information2. T opic and comment3. ContrastIII. Cohesion and coherence1. Cohesion.(1) Reference(2) Substitution(3) Ellipsis(4) Conjunction(5) Lexical cohesion2. CoherenceIV. Discourse markers1. Definition2. Functional-pragmatic nature3. Features of discourse markersV. Conversational analysis1. Adjacency pairs2. Preference structure3. PresequencesVI. Critical discourse analysisI. Definition of discourse and discourse analysis (语篇及语篇分析的定义)1. Discourse (语篇)A general term for examples of language use, i.e. language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations, and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。
(完整word版)新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDefinition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by the three cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versus traditional grammar:Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics StylisticsDiscourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions.Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements.Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.DesignfeaturesFunctionsLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammaremphasizes the priority of written language.Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its own merits. language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word (e.g. pen) and the thing(e.g.what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form systems of animal communication. Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d ɔg/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English kid brought up in a Chinese community will speak Chinese.Phatic function/communion Directive function Informative functionInterrogative function Expressive function Evocative function Performative functionSome major concepts in linguisticsDescriptive and prescriptive grammarDescriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.As traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsWhen we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on he difference in two or more than two tates of language over decades or centuries.Langue and paroleF.de Saussure made an important distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is , the actual use of this knowledge.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSaussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.Functionalism and formalismFunctionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.课后练习If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language? Why or why not? No,we can’t call the noises that dogs make as language even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific,it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Noises made by dogs represent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units.What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to language?Descriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are sued more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since hey are actually used.A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man’s ? If not, why not?No, we can not say a wolf has a language similar to that of men even though there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express with his positions of body parts. There are two reasons for that:First, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is human-specific. Second, language has design features which are lack in animals’communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. But in wolf’s communication system, one position stands for one certain meaning, and can not be further analyzed into smaller units. And no the other hand, human linguistic units can be grouped and regrouped, arranged and rearranged according to certain rules but those positions owned by wolf have no such features. Therefore, wolf’s this system is not so productive as human languages.Chapter 2 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE INTRODUCTIONPhonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phoneme:Minimal pairsandminimal sets\Free variationDistinctive featuressyllablesConsonant clusterSuprasegmentalsWith some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with somephonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. Moreimportantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to “teaching”machines to “talk”.Phoneme is the phonological units of language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which anddistinguish meaning.For example, sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the first word is s/s/ and the initial sound of thesecond word is z/z/./s/and /z/can therefore distinguish or contrast words. Such distinctive sounds are called phonemes.Minimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.For example, chunk andjunk ,ban and bin, be and bat, fan and van, fine and vine, sink and zinc, site and side are minimal pairs in English.When a group of words can be differentiated each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in thesame position), then we have a minimal set. For example, a minimal set based on the vowel phonemes of Englishwould include feat, fit ,fate fat fought and foot, and one based on consonants could have big, pig, rig, fig, dig and wig.when two or more sounds occur in the same positon without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be infree variation.For example, there are two pronunciation of the word either,we can say /i:δər/ and /’aıδər/.When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature).For example, seal and zeal distinguishes by /s/ ad /z/,/s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced,so /s/ and /z/ is a voicingdifference.The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer thanone sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables.Syllable structure syllableonset Rime(rhyme)Nucleus(peak) codaConsonant(s) vowel consonant(s)In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, /spl/ in/’splendid/. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters.Initial cluster: /spl/ in /’splӕʃ/ splash Final cluster: /st/ in /test/ test Medial cluster: /str/ in /’peıstrı/ pastryA word which begins with three-consonant clusters always observes three strict rules:The first consonant must be /s/The second phoneme must be /p /or /t/ or /k/The third consonant must be /l / or /r / or /w / or /j /Sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals.Suprasegmental featuresStress IntonationWhen a word has more than one syllable, one ofthem will be pronounced with more prominencethan others. This brings us to another speechsound phenomenon, that of stress.When sounds which are identical as to their place ormanner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness.When speaking, people generally raise and lower thepitch of their voice. This phenomenon is calledintonation.Definition: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated ”. Three research fields Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.ArticulatorsandfunctionsVoicedandvoiceless soundsNasalandoral soundsVariations of soundsV owelsClassification of English Speech Sounds Consonants Pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx. Velum or soft palate i s seen in the position that allows air to pass through the nose and the mouth. Hard palate is often called the “roof of the mouth ”, you can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue. Alveolar ridge or alveolum is between the top front teeth and hard palate. Tongue can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Larynx is also an articulator. Notices Jaws are sometimes called articulators,but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others. The nose and the nasal cavity not articulators as others. Teeth Lips When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds. The sounds represented by /p/,/t/,/k/,and /s/ in the English words seep/si:p/,seat/si:t/,and seek/si:k/ are voiceless sounds. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds. The sounds represented by /b/, /d/, /g/ and /z/ in the English words cob/k ɒb/,cod/k ɒd/,cog/k ɒg/,and daze/de ız / are voiced sounds. When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds. There are three nasal consonants /m/, /n/,and /ŋ/ in English. When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off. When the nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only through the mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds. /p/ and /b/ are oral sounds. Definition: vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so o turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Front vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ The height of the tongue Central vowels: /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/ Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/ The shape of the lip Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/Unrounded vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/ /ɑ:/Open vowels: /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/ The width of the mouth Close vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /u:/ /u/ Semi-open vowels: /ɔ://e/ /ɛ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Bilabials / p, b, m, w/ Labiodentals / f, v/Dentals /ө, δ /in terns of place of articulation Alveolars / t, d, n, s, z, r, l / Palatals / ʤ, ʧ / Velars /k, g, ŋ /glottal /h /Stops / p, b, t, d, k, g / Fricatives /f, v, ө, δ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h / Affricates / ʤ, ʧ /In terms of manners of articulation Liquids /l, r /Nasals /m, n, ŋ /Glides /j, w /Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg ” is often pronounced /ə’neg/.Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word “suppose ” is often pronounced as /sp əʊz/, “factory ” as /’f ӕktr ı/.Assimilation : the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible ”---”impossible ”.CAPTER 2 课后练习2.What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language?Minimal pair test or substitution test is the first rule of thumb to determine the phonemes of any language, that is , to see whether substituting one sound for another result in a different word. If it does , the two sound represent different phonemes. For example, we see from the contrast between fine and vine and between chunk and junk that /f /, /v /,/ʧ /and /ʤ/ must be phonemes in English because substituting /v/ for /f /,or /ʤ/ for /ʧ / produce a different word.3. What’s the difference between an open and a closed syllable?The units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllables can be divided into two sorts: the open syllables and the closed syllables. Syllables like me, by or no that have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda are called open syllables; while the coda is present in the syllables like up, cup or hat, which is called closed syllables.4.For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share/p/ /b/ /m/ feature: bilabial,stop,consonant/g/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /b/ feature: stop, consonant/ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ feature: back, rounded, vowel the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds./ δ / : /ө,/ voi cing ( voiceless vs. voiced )/p /: /f / place of articulation ( bilabial vs. labio-dental ) /ı /: /e / the height of the tone rising. ( high vs. mid )/b /: /m / manner of articulation. (stop vs. nasal) /s /: /ʃ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. palatal) /s /: /δ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. dental)6.The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial and final positions. Initial Medial finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar seets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given:Initial Medial final/k/-/g/ Kook/gook raking/raging lak/leg/m/-/n/ Moon/noon dime/dine beam/bean/b/-/v/ Berry/very dribble/drivel dub/dove/b/-/m/ Be/me ribbed/rimmed rib/rim/p/-/f/ Pat/fat depend/defend rap/raff7.The english data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs.A ap’pear col’lide e’rase ca’rouse cor’rode Ba’daptcol’lapsee’lectob’servetor’mentCas’tonishcon’sideri’maginede’termine‘promise1)Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.2)Provide syllable representations of the words col’lide, e’lect, and con’sider in order to illustrate your conclusion about stress placement in these forms.1)Stress in languages may be predictable by rules: lexical category, morphological structure and number of syllables all seem to berelevant factors for the placement of stress in English words.For two-syllable verbs, the final(ultimate) syllable will receive main stress if tie has a long vowel or ends in at least two consonants. In this case, the first(penultimate) syllable may have secondary stress, contain an unstressed full vowel, or contain a reduced vowel. For example, a’dapt, e’lect.If the ultimate syllable does not have a long vowel or end in two or more consonants, the penultimate syllable is stressed, as in’promise. Otherwise, the main stress will be put on the second syllable. For example, ca’rouse, ob’serve, astonish, de’termine.If there is a double-letter in the word, the main stress should be put between them, or in other words, on the second one of the two. Such as ap’pear, cor’rode, col’lide, col’lase2)They are two-syllable words; therefore the final (ultimate ) syllable will receive main stress,, as col’lide, e’lect and con’side.。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库-第八章至第十二章【圣才出品】
第8章社会语言学I.Fill in the blanks.1.“Linguistic relativity”was proposed by_____and_____.（清华2001研）【答案】Sapir,Whorf【解析】萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说认为，一方面，语言可以决定我们的思维方式；另一方面，语言之间的相似性是相对的，结构性差异越大，反映出对于世界认识的越不同。
因此，这个假说也被称作“语言决定论”和“语言相对主义”。
nguage varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard,_____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。
3.A speech_____is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.【答案】community【解析】语言社区指的是说同一种语言或语言变体的一群人。
4.In terms of sociolinguistics,_____is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语言学的角度讲，个人习语指个人语言风格。
5.In many societies of the world,we find a large number of people who speak more than one language.As a characteristic of societies,_____inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.【答案】bilingualism【解析】双语现象源于不同文化和不同语言相互交流的结果。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语音)【圣才出品】
第2章语音I. Fill in the blanks.1. The sound B. can be described with “_____, bilabial, stop”.（北二外2004研）【答案】voiced【解析】/b/是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。
2. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of _____ and manner of articulation.（北二外2004研）【答案】place【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。
3. ______ are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.（中山大学2006研）【答案】Consonants【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。
4. Voicing refers to the _____ of the vocal folds.（北二外2016研）【答案】vibration【解析】本题考查辅音发音过程中的清浊特征的定义。
若发音过程中，声带振动，则为浊辅音，反之则为清辅音。
5. Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel, and as a result are most conveniently described in terms of place and _____ of articulation.（北二外2008研）【答案】manner【解析】辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(句 法)【圣才出品】
第4章句法I. Fill in the blanks.1. IC is the short form of immediate _____ used in the study of syntax.（北二外2003研）【答案】constituent【解析】直接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。
它指先把句子分析为直接成分——词组（或短语），再把这些直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。
2. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
3. A ______ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word，such as “and”, “but”, “or”.【答案】coordinate【解析】并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如but, and ,or 这些并列连词来连接的。
4. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a______ clause.【答案】finite【解析】限定性从句通常有一个主语和一个限定性动词，且在结构上是独立的。
5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.【答案】transformational【解析】句法移位是一种转换规则，指一个句子的任意成分从原来的位置移到另一个新位置。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（语用学）【圣才出品】
刘润清《新编语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（语⽤学）【圣才出品】第6章语⽤学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory⾔语⾏为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Politeness principle礼貌原则常考考点：语⽤学的定义；语法分析与语⽤学的区别；微观语⽤学中的基本概念；宏观语⽤学中⾔语⾏为理论(发话⾏为、⾏事⾏为和取效⾏为)；合作原则；实例分析⾔语⾏为、合作原则的违反和会话含义；礼貌原则。
本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition of pragmatics2. Difference between pragmatics analysis and grammatical analysis3. Definition of micropragmatics and macropragmaticsII. Micropragmatics1. Reference2. Deixis3. Anaphora4. PresuppositionIII. Macropragmatics1. Speech Act Theory(1) Theory of the Illocutionary Act①Locutionary act②Illocutionary act③Perlocutionary act(2) Classification of Illocutionary Act①Representatives②Directives③Commissives④Expressives⑤Declarations(3) Indirect speech acts2. The Cooperative Principle (CP)(1) Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims(2) Violation of the Maxims3. Politeness Principle (PP)I. Pragmatics（语⽤学）【考点：名词解释】1. Definition of pragmatics（定义）Pragmatics is the study of speakers’intended meaning, or even the “invisible”meaning, that is, how hearers recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written.语⽤学是研究语⾔实际运⽤的学科，集中研究说话⼈意义、话语意义或语境意义。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(应用语言学)【圣才出品】
第12章应用语言学I. Fill in the blanks.1. _____ is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. 【答案】Grammar-translation Method【解析】语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法.2. _____ is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.【答案】Situational language teaching【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。
3. There are three principles of language testing: _____, _____ and _____.【答案】validity; reliability; practicality【解析】语言测试的三个原则：效度原则，信度原则及实用性原则。
Ⅱ. Multiple Choices.1. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics【答案】C【解析】应用语言学（Applied linguistics）是研究语言在各个领域中实际应用的语言学分支，尤其是在教学中的应用。
新编语言学教程刘润清版1,2章复习大纲
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Definition : linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is always guided by thethree cannons of science:exhaustiveness, consistency and economy.LinguisticsLinguistics versustraditional grammar:Scope Microlinguistics Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics PragmaticsMacrolinguistics Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Stylistics Discourse analysis Computational linguistics Cognitive linguisticsDefinition:Ding-Dong Theory: human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: language developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: language came from interjections, which express he speaker ’s emotions. Origins Yo-He-Ho Theory: language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory : language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongues movements. Bow-Wow Theory: language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.Design featuresLinguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of written language. Traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages. Linguistics describes each language on its language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system---elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. Language is arbitrary --- there is no intrinsic connection between the word .pen) and the thing. what we write with).Language is vocal---the primary medium for all languages is sound. Language is used for human communication ---it is human-specific, very different form Arbitrarines s: this refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, English should use the sounds/d ɔg/ to refer to the animal dog, but Chinese should use “gou ” to refer to te same animal. A dog may be called a pig if the first man happens to name it as a “pig ”. So, the relationship between the sounds and their meaning is quite accidental. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack ” and “bang ” are exceptions, but words these are relatively few compared withe the total number of words in language. Duality: language operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaningin themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Productivity : productivity or creativity refers to man ’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. Interchangeability : interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease. Displacement: displacement is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. Specialization : specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission : language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolations simply doesn ’t acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. Animals transmit their cries simply from parent to child, while human baby doesn ’t speak any language at birth. What language a baby is going to speakFunctionsSome major concepts in linguisticsDescriptive and prescriptive grammarDescriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsWhen we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on he difference in two or more than two tates of language over decades or centuries.Langue and paroleSaussure made an important distinction between langue and parole. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to particular realizations of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is , the actual use of this knowledge.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSaussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.Functionalism and formalismFunctionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.课后练习If language is partially defined as communication, can we call the noises that dogs make language Why or why notNo,we can ’t call the noises that dogs make as language even though language is partially defined as communication. There are two reasons for that: first, language is human-specific,it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for human communication. Second, language has design features which are totally lack in animal communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. Noises made by dogs represent certain meaning but can not be further analyzed into smaller units.What is the difference between a prescriptive and a descriptive approach to languageDescriptive approach to language attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive approach to language tells people what should be in the language. Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described. Certain forms are sued more regularly than others and by different people. Though some forms occur less frequently they should not be ignored. They can all be recorded and explained as aspects of the languages since hey are actually used.A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, Phatic function/communion Directive function Informative functionInterrogative function Expressive function Evocative function Performativeconfident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man ’s If not, why notNo, we can not say a wolf has a language similar to that of men even though there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express with his positions of body parts. There are two reasons for that:First, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is human-specific. Second, language has design features which are lack in animals ’ communication systems. For example, language has two levels of structures: at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. But in wolf ’s communication system, one position stands for one certain meaning, and can not be further analyzed into smaller units. And no the other hand, human linguistic units can be grouped and regrouped, arranged and rearranged according to certain rules but those positions owned by wolf have no such features. Therefore, wolf ’s this system is not so productive as human languages.Chapter 2 THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGEINTRODUCTIONPhonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Phoneme :Minimal pairsandminimal sets\Free variationDistinctive featuressyllablesConsonant clusterWith some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More importantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution toPhoneme is the phonological units of language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which and distinguish meaning. For example, sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the first word is s/s/ and the initial sound of the second word is z/z/./s/and /z/can therefore distinguish or contrast words. Minimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound. For example, chunk and junk ,ban and bin, be and bat, fan and van, fine and vine, sink and zinc, site and side are minimal pairs in English. When a group of words can be differentiated each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set. For example, a minimal set based on the vowel when two or more sounds occur in the same positon without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, there are two pronunciation of the word either,we can say /i:δər/ and /’a ıδər/. When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature). For example, seal and zeal distinguishes by /s/ ad /z/,/s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced,so The English word beautiful consists of three speech units: beau-ti-ful. These units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllable structure syllable onset Rime(rhyme)Nucleus(peak coda Consonant(s) vowel In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, /spl/ in /’splendid/. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters. Initial cluster: /spl/ in /’spl ӕʃ/ splash Final cluster: /st/ in /test/ test Medialcluster: /str/ in /’pe ıstr ı/ pastryA word which begins with three-consonant clusters always observes three strict rules:Suprasegmentals Definition: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.Articulatory phonetics, which is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or “articulated ”.Three research fields Acoustic phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.Auditory phonetics, which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener.Articulators andfunctionsVoicedand voiceless soundsNasaland oral soundsVariations ofsoundsVowels Pharynx is a tube which begins just above the larynx.Velum or soft palate i s seen in the position that allows air to pass through the nose and the mouth. Hard palate is often called the “roof of the mouth ”, you can feel its smooth curved surface with your tongue. Alveolar ridge or alveolum is between the top front teeth and hard palate. Tongue can be moved into many different places and different shapes. Larynx is also an articulator. Notices Jaws are sometimes called articulators,but the jaws are not articulators in the same way as others. Teeth Lips When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds. The sounds represented by /p/,/t/,/k/,and /s/ in the English wordsseep/si:p/,seat/si:t/,and seek/si:k/ are voiceless sounds. When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds. The sounds represented When the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; sounds produced this way are called nasal sounds. There are three nasal consonants /m/, /n/,and /ŋ/ in English. When the velum is raised all the way to touch the back of the throat, the passage through the nose is cut off. When the nasal passage is blocked in this way, the air can escape only throughthe mouth. Sounds produced this way are called oral sounds. /p/ and /b/ are oral sounds. Definition: vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so o turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. Front vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ The height of the tongue Central vowels: /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/The shape of the lip Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/Unrounded vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /з:/ /ə/Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg ” is often pronounced /ə’neg/. Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word “suppose ” is often pronounced as /sp əʊz/, “factory ” as /’f ӕktr ı/. Assimilation : the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible ”---”impossible ”.Sound contrasts that extend over several segments (phonemes),and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals. Suprasegmental featuresStress Intonation When a word has more than one syllable, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of When sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. This phenomenon is called intonation.ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSoundsConsonantsCAPTER 2 课后练习 2. What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language Minimal pair test or substitution test is the first rule of thumb to determine the phonemes of any language, that is ,to see whether substituting one sound for another result in a different word. If it does , the two sound represent different phonemes. For example, we see from the contrast between fine and vine and between chunk and junk that /f /, /v /,/ʧ /and /ʤ/ must be phonemes in English because substituting /v/ for /f /,or /ʤ/ for /ʧ / produce a different word.3. What ’s the difference between an open and a closed syllableThe units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllables can be divided into two sorts: the open syllables and the closed syllables. Syllables like me, by or no that have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda are called open syllables; while the coda is present in the syllables like up, cup or hat, which is called closed syllables.4. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share /p/ /b/ /m/ feature: bilabial,stop,consonant/g/ /p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /b/ feature: stop, consonant/ʊ/ /u:/ /ɒ/ feature: back, rounded, vowel5. Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds./ δ / : /ө,/ voicing ( voiceless vs. voiced )/p /: /f / place of articulation ( bilabial vs.labio-dental )/ı /: /e / the height of the tone rising. ( high vs. mid ) /b /: /m / manner of articulation. (stop vs. nasal) /s /: /ʃ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. palatal) /s /: /δ / place of articulation (alveolar vs. dental)6. The following sets of minimal pairs show that English /p/ and /b/ contrast in initial, medial and final positions.Initial Medial finalpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar seets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given:Initial Medial final/k/-/g/ Kook/gook raking/raging lak/leg/m/-/n/ Moon/noon dime/dine beam/bean/b/-/v/ Berry/very dribble/drivel dub/dove /b/-/m/ Be/me ribbed/rimmed rib/rim/p/-/f/ Pat/fat depend/defend rap/raff7. The english data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs.Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. Bilabials / p, b, m, w/ Labiodentals / f, v/Dentals /ө, δ / in terns of place of articulation Alveolars / t, d, n, s, z, r, l / Palatals / ʤ, ʧ / Velars /k, g, ŋ /glottal /h /Stops / p, b, t, d, k, g / Fricatives /f, v, ө, δ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h / Affricates / ʤ, ʧ /In terms of manners of articulation Liquids /l, r /Nasals /m, n, ŋ /Aap’pear col’lide e’rase ca’rouse cor’rode Ba’daptcol’lapsee’lectob’servetor’mentCas’tonishcon’sideri’maginede’termine‘promise1)Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.2)Provide syllable representations of the words col’lide, e’lect, and con’sider in order to illustrate your conclusion about stress placement in these forms.1)Stress in languages may be predictable by rules: lexical category, morphological structure and number of syllablesall seem to be relevant factors for the placement of stress in English words.For two-syllable verbs, the final(ultimate) syllable will receive main stress if tie has a long vowel or ends in at least two consonants. In this case, the first(penultimate) syllable may have secondary stress, contain an unstressed full vowel, or contain a reduced vowel. For example, a’dapt, e’lect.If the ultimate syllable does not have a long vowel or end in two or more consonants, the penultimate syllable is stressed, as in’promise. Otherwise, the main stress will be put on the second syllable. For example, ca’rouse, ob’serve, astonish, de’termine.If there is a double-letter in the word, the main stress should be put between them, or in other words, on the second one of the two. Such as ap’pear, cor’rode, col’lide, col’lase2)They are two-syllable words; therefore the final (ultimate ) syllable will receive main stress,, as col’lide,e’lect and con’side.。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语篇分析)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______ refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研）【答案】Cohesion【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子或分句之间存在的一种形式上的联系。
2. ______ is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while ______ is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.【答案】Given information; new information【解析】已知信息是指说话者认为听话者已经知道的信息，而新信息是指说话者认为听话者不知道的信息。
3. ______ represents what the utterance is about; ______ is what is said about it. 【答案】The topic; the comment【解析】话题是谈话的主题，述题是围绕主题所谈论的内容。
Ⅱ. True or False.1. All languages have some differences in verb forms which are used to produce cohesion.（南开大学2005研）【答案】T【解析】语言中的动词会有不同的形式来连接上下文。
2. One of properties of the adjacency pairs is that the form and content of the first part depends on the type of the second part.【答案】F【解析】配租对话的其中一个特征是第二部分的内容与构成取决于第一部分。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(心理语言学)【圣才出品】
第9章心理语言学Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition【答案】C【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。
2. _____ is the study of psychological aspect of language.A. Language acquisitionB. Applied linguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Pragmatics【答案】A【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。
3. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _____, one-word, two-word and multiword.A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering【答案】B【解析】婴儿学习母语的过程分为四个阶段：呀呀学语阶段，单语词阶段，双语词阶段和多语词阶段。
4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.A. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguistic【答案】D【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。
刘润清版新编语言学教程1-3章复习
1.1.1 填空判断：①linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science studies the rules systems and principles of language. 3 cannons(标准):exhaustiveness全面性consistency 一致性economy.②linguistics study the origin, growth, organization. Nature and development of language and discovers the general rules and principles governing language. 2 purposes: study the nature, establish a theory and describe language by that theory; examines all language and seeks understanding ways to fulfill the needs human need.1.1.2 填空判断选择：Linguistics differ from traditional grammar:①linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness. ②linguists regard spoken as primary not written. Speech came earlier than writing system. ③traditional grammar based on Latin while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.1.1.4 名词解释Microlinguistics: Phonetics(语音学), phonology(语音学), morphology(形态学),syntax(句法学), semantics(语义学),pragmatics(语用学).Macrolinguistics: sociolinguistics(社会语言学),psycholinguistics(心理语言学),stylistics(文体学),discourse analysis(话语分析), computational linguistics(计算语言学),cognitive linguistics(认知语言学)1.2.1 全especially判断Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language is a system, arbitrary, vocal. Language is used for human communication.1.2.3Arbitrariness(任意性): refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.Duality(二元性):organization of language into two levels - a level of sounds which combine into a second level of larger units is called duality. language works on two levels: 1 have no meaning but combine to form unites at another level have meaning.Productivity(创造性): linguistic ability enables to produce and understand sentences. Interchageability(可交换性):man can both produce and receive messages easily. Displacement(移位性):enable people to talk a thing in other space and time. Specialization:man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. Cultural transmission(文化传递):language is culturally transmitted. Cannot be transmitted through heredity.1.2.4Phatic function交际功能, directive function 指示功能, informative function信息功能, interrogative function询问功能, expressive function表情功能, evocative function召唤功能, performative function施为功能, recreational function娱乐功能, metalingual function元语言功能（language can talk itself）1.3.1 descriptive and prescriptive grammar 描写式&规定式Descriptive describes what actually say, descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.1.3.2 synchronic and diachronic linguistics 共时性和历时性1.3.3 langue and parole 语言和言语Langue ParoleAbstract knowledge concrete manifestationSocial conventional individualizedCode messageStable and systematic subject to personal and situational1.3.4 competence and performance 语言能力和应用Competence refers to the knowledge that native speaker have of their language as a system of abstract relations, while performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is, the actual use of this knowledge.1.3.5 syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations1.3.6functionalism and formalism功能主义和形式主义2.2.2 voiced and voiceless sound浊音和清音Front vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/The height of the tongue Central vowels: /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/The shape of the lipUnrounded vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/ /ɑ:/Open vowels: /ӕ/ /ɑ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ:/The width of the mouth Close vowels: /i:/ /ı/ /u:/ /u/Semi-open vowels: /ɔ://e/ /ɛ/ /з:/ /ə/ /ʌ/2.2.5Liaison: The phenomenon of the linking of two words in speech, in particular when the second word begins with a vowel, is called liaison. The phrase “an egg” is often pronounced /ə’neg/. Elision : the loss of a sound or sounds in speech is called elision. The word “suppose” is often pronounced as /spəʊz/, “factory” as /’fӕktrı/.Assimilation: the way that sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes insounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables is called assimilation. In English the negative prefix occurs as “im-” before words such as “possible”---”impossible”.2.3 Phonology : is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. 2.3.1 Phoneme is the phonological units of language, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features which and distinguish meaning.For example, sip and zip is signaled by the fact that the initial sound of the first word is s/s/ and the initial sound of the second word is z/z/./s/and /z/can therefore distinguish or contrast words. Such distinctive sounds are called phonemes.2.3.2minimal pairs and sets最小对立体Minimal pairs are two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the stringMinimal pairs are pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.When a group of words can be differentiated each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), then we have a minimal set.2.3.3 free variationwhen two or more sounds occur in the same positon without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.For example, there are two pronunciation of the word either,we can say /i:δər/ and /’aıδər/.2.3.4distinctive featuresWhen a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another it is a distinctive feature (or a phonemic feature).For example, seal and zeal distinguishes by /s/ ad /z/,/s/ is voiceless and /z/ is voiced,so /s/ and /z/ is a voicing difference.2.3.5 syllables and consonant cluster音节和辅音丛Syllable structuresyllableonset rime(rhyme)nucleus(peak) codaconsonant(s) vowel consonant(s)consonant cluster:In English some words may contain a sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable, for example, /spl/ in /’splendid/. Sequences of consonants like this are called consonant clusters.Initial cluster: /spl/ in /’splӕʃ/ splash Final cluster: /st/ in /test/ test Medial cluster: /str/ in /’peıstrı/ pastry A word which begins with three-consonant clusters always observes three strict rules:The first consonant must be /s/The second phoneme must be /p /or /t/ or /k/The third consonant must be /l / or /r / or /w / or /j /3.2 a morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function3.2.1Free morphemesa word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is, a morpheme.The free morphemes can be generally considered as the set of separate English word-forms. Free morphemes can be divided into two categories:1 lexical morphemes, the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives which carry the content of message we convey. 2 functional morphemes, consists of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns.3.2.2Bound morphemesSome morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as part of words are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes are actually affixes.Prefixes: affixes at the beginning of the root or stemSuffixes: affixed at the end of the root or stem2 categories:①derivational morphemes: used to make new word in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. ②inflectional morphemes: are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a wordfree morphemes free rootmorphemes bound rootbound morphemes inflectional affixes prefixesderivational affixessuffixes3.3 morphs and allomorphsMorphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance in the level of parole. Allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.3.4 types of word formationCompound合成构词法：收尾词什么词性复合词就是什么词性Derivation派生构词法：adding affixed to other words or morphemesConversion转类构词法：noun become verb or verb become nounBackformation逆向构词法Clipping截断构词法Blending混成构词法e.g. gasohol=gasoline+alchol motel=motor+hotelAcronym首字母拼音词pronounce as single wordsInitialism首字母拼写词pronounce by saying each letter。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(语义学)【圣才出品】
第5章语义学I. Fill in the blanks.1. ______is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.【答案】Sense【解析】涵义是指语言形式的内在意义。
2. According to G Leech, ______ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.（北二外2005研）【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。
3. According to G. Leech, _____ meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker／writer.（北二外2007研）【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。
4. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the ______ theory.（中山大学2008研）【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。
5. ______ is the technical name for the sameness relation.（北二外2007研）【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。
所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。
6. T erms like “apple”, “banana”and “pear”are ______ of the term “fruit”.（北二外2007研）【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(形态学)【圣才出品】
第3章形态学I. Fill in the blanks.1. The _____is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.（北二外2008研）【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。
2. Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans, un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are ______ morphemes. 【答案】bound【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。
3. ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.（南开大学2007研）【答案】Morphophonology【解析】形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关系。
4. ______ is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word isformed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from______and ______.（人大2006研）【答案】Blending; smoke; fog【解析】混成法是指一个词由两个单词混合而成，一般把第一个单词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。
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第二部分章节题库第1章导论I.Fill in the blanks.1.In Saussure’s view,the relationship between signifier(sound image)andsignified(concept)is_____.（北二外2003研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。
2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.This quality is labeled as_____.（北二外2003研）【答案】displacement【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
3._____refers to the role language plays in communication(e.g.to express ideas, attitudes)or in particular social situations(e.g.Religious,legal).（北二外2016研）【答案】Function【解析】本题考查语言学中对“语言的功能”的定义。
功能指的是语言在沟通中（例如表达观点、态度）或在特定社交场合（如宗教、法律）中所起的作用。
4.The features that define our human languages can be called_____features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
5.The term_____originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders.It refers to the social interaction of language.（中山大学2006研）【答案】phatic communion【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，最先由Malinowski提出。
6.Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language,that is,language has _____,interpersonal and textual functions.（中山大学2008研）【答案】ideational【解析】韩礼德将儿童的语言功能范围逐渐缩小，简化成为一套高度符号化和抽象化的功能：概念、人际、语篇功能。
7.Our language can be used to talk about itself.This is the_____function of language.（中山大学2005研）【答案】metalingual【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。
8.Linguistics is usually defined as the_____study of language.（北二外2003研）【答案】scientific【解析】语言学通常被定义为研究科学的语言，或对语言的科学研究。
9._____studies how the speech sounds are made,transmitted,and received,and _____studies the rules governing the structure,distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.（人大2006研）【答案】Phonetics;phonology【解析】语音学研究语音是如何产生，传播以及接收的；音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。
10._____studies meaning in language,_____is about principles of forming andunderstanding correct English sentences,and_____is concerned with the internal organization of words.They are all among the main branches of linguistics.（人大2006研）【答案】Semantics;syntax;morphology【解析】语义学研究语言的意义，句法学研究构成句子的规则，形态学研究词汇的内部结构。
三者都是语言学的分支。
11._____grammars attempt to tell what is in the language,while_____grammars tellpeople what should be in the language.Most contemporary linguists believe that whatever occurs naturally in the language should be described.（人大2006研）【答案】Descriptive;prescriptive【解析】描述性语言记录语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则,规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。
12._____is the study of the language-processing mechanisms.It is concerned withthe storage,comprehension,production and acquisition of language;_____on the other hand,attempts to show the relationship between language and society.They both belong to branches of macrolinguistics.（人大2006研）【答案】Psycholinguistics;sociolinguistics【解析】心理语言学研究语言处理机制，如语言的记忆，理解及习得等；社会语言学研究语言与社会之间的关系。
13.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actualphenomena or data of linguistics(utterances)as_____and_____.The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community,and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.（人大2006研）【答案】langue;parole【解析】索绪尔用语言和言语来区分说话者的语言能力和言语上（表达的）的实际表现或语料。
14.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performingheavy work has been called the_____theory.【答案】yo-he-ho【解析】语言的起源有“汪汪”理论，“噗噗”理论和“哟嘿吼”理论。
“哟嘿吼”理论语言起源于原始人共同劳动时发出的有节奏的哼哟声。
15.The description of a language as it changes through time is a_____study.【答案】diachronic linguistic【解析】历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。
16.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s_____.【答案】competence【解析】索绪尔的语言与乔姆斯基的语言能力相似，因为二者都指抽象的语言知识，不是实际使用中的语言。
Ⅱ.Multiple Choices.nguage at first consisted of_____ejaculations of pain,fear,surprise,pleasure, anger and so on.A.rhythmicalB.imitativeC.expressiveD.emotional【答案】D【解析】在最初的生活中，如同动物一般，人类由于痛苦，害怕，开心等情感产生了一些喊声和叫声，这就是语言的始祖，慢慢地，这些喊声被越来越广泛的运用了，于是便成了语言。
nguage is_____.A.instinctiveB.non-instinctiveC.staticD.genetically transmitted【答案】B【解析】语言是人类特有的非本能的交流方式。
近代科学实验表明，语言并不像人们通常所想，是本能的，或靠基因遗传的，而是只有在一定的社会环境中才能形成。
语言也不是固定不变的，它随着社会的发展不断得到扩展和更新。
3.By_____we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.（西安外国语学院2006研）A.arbitrariness。