自考00595英语阅读(一)高频词汇

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自考英语一词汇、词组及句型

第一部分一些需要注意的词汇、词组及句型UNIT 1disagree with不同意not only…but also 不仅...而且hundreds of数百with the help of与帮助guarantee保证neither…nor既不...也不be different from有所不同mean to do打算做succeed in doing sth 成功地做某事. take away 带走consist of 包括offer sth. to sb. (offer sb. sth.) to提供某物。

某人/（提供某人。

事物。

）要practice doing实践做depend on依靠instead of而不是look for寻找make a mistake (make mistakes) 犯了一个错误（犯错误）be willing to愿意information信息be interested in sth. (in doing sth.) 感兴趣的事物。

（在做某事。

）in order to为了on the other hand另一方面(might) do well to do sth. （可能）做好做某事。

UNIT 2be/feel sure of sth. 是/某物感觉肯定。

attract attention吸引注意力lead…with…for the most part大部分due persuade sb. to do sth. 由于说服某人。

做某事。

similar to sth类似的事物furniture clothing家具服装be charged to available现有收费in addition to 除了put out扑灭raise/rise提高/升be characteristic of是特征spend on sth./in doing sth. 对某事物花/在做某事。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201504 真题试卷

全国2015年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example，in Egypt，the average is 55 persons per square mile,but 1, 300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable (可耕种的).High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java.Low average population densities，which are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries, are generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles; to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land; to primitive methods that limit cultivation; to social obstacles; and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production.More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.1.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. World PopulationB. Population DensitiesC. Population MigrationD. Economics and Population2.In the cultivated areas of Egypt, we may expect to find_____.A.few inhabitantsB.densely populated settlementsC.l,300persons living in one settlementD.55 persons inhabiting one square mile3.The most densely populated community in Europe is_____ .A.IcelandB. BelgiumC.the NetherlandsD. Great Britain4.This passage indicates that Puerto Rico is_____.A.agriculture-orientedB. malaria-infestedC.highly industrializedD. poverty-stricken5.This passage has probably been taken from a/an _____.A.tourist guideB. business journalC.world geography bookD. economic reportPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Engaging in a hobby like reading a book, making a patchwork quilt or even playing computer games can delay the onset of dementia, a US study suggests. Watching TV, however, does not count—and indeed, spending significant periods of time in front of the box may speed up memory loss, researchers found. Nearly 200 people aged 70 to 89 with mild memory problems were compared with a group who had no impairment. The researchers from the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota asked the volunteers about their daily activities within the past year and how mentally active they had been between the age of 50 to 65. Those who had? during middle age, been busy reading, playing games or engaging in craft hobbies like patchworking or knitting were found to have a 40% reduced risk of memory impairment. In later life，those same activities reduced the risk by a rate between 30% and 50%. Those who watched TV for less than 7 hours a day were also 50% less likely to develop memory loss than those who spend longer staring at the screen.“This study is exciting because it demonstrates that ageing does not need to be a passive process，”said neuroscientist Dr. Yonas Geda. “By simply engaging in cognitive exercise, you can protect against future memory loss. Of course, the challenge with this type of research is that we are relying on past memories of the subjects (实验对象)，therefore we need to confirm these findings with additional research.”Sarah Day，head of public health at the Alzheimer’s Society，said，“One million people will develop dementia in the next 10 years so there is a desperate need to find ways to prevent dementia. Exercising and challenging your brain~by learning new skills, doing puzzles such as crosswords, and even learning a new language—can be fun. However, more research, where people are followed up over time, is needed to understand whether these sorts of activities can reduce the risk of dementia.”6.If one suffers from dementia, he would be unable to_____.A. move his limbsB. speak correctlyC. recall past eventsD. sit in upright posture7.The subjects of the research mentioned in the passage were_____.A. people watching TV programs several hours a dayB. the middle-aged with lots of daily mental activitiesC. people actively engaged in their hobbies at an early ageD. two groups of seniors either with or without memory problems8.It was found in the research that_____.A.cognitive exercise helps people prevent future memory lossB.cure for dementia will soon be available in 10 years or soC.mentally challenging hobbies usually lead to mental fatigueD.nothing can deter the gradual loss of memory9.The research was based on the data of the_____.A.brain makeup of the subjectsB.past memories of the subjectses of language of the subjectsD.physical exercises of the subjects10. More research should be conducted in which .A.people of different age groups should be investigatedB.the relationship between dementia and genes will be investigatedC.more subjects will be included so as to verify the current findingsD.effects of cognitive exercise on subjects should be traced over timePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The complex topic “social class”is difficult to avoid when discussing British society，which is often seen as a society in which “social class”is more important than in other countries. This is true to a certain extent, but should probably not be exaggerated. Most countries have some kind of class structure. There exist broad groups within society which share types of employment, income levels, and certain cultural characteristics. But important in the idea of “class” is that it makes a difference to an in dividual’s “life-chances” which group or class he or she is bom into. So if a middle-class couple, perhaps a doctor and a teacher, have a child, it is more likely that that child will also acquire middle-class education, employment and income levels than will the child of working-class factory workers. This is certainly the case in the UK, though it should be stressed that it is far from impossible for the working-class child to acquire middle-class status: it is simply statistically much more unlikely than for his middle-class school-friend.If asked, about half the British population would describe themselves as middle-class, and half as working-class. Employment would be the main guide they would use: manual (or “blue-collar”）workers would usually call themselves working-class，and office (or “white-collar”）workers would usually call themselves middle-class. However, there is a hazy area around unskilled office-work and skilled well-paid manual work which leads to sub-divisions such as “lower middle class”being used; and the term “upper middl e class” might be used to describe doctors and lawyers and so on who have relatively high incomes and high status professions—especially in families with long traditions of such employment. This would differentiate them from the majority of middle-class people today, most of whom have working-class parents orgrandparents. This reflects the huge expansion of the middle class over the twentieth century，and especially since 1945, when more equal social policies were adopted by the government.11.The author discusses British society from the perspective of_____.A. educationB. social classC. employmentD. income levels12.“Class” is important because it____.A.determines an individual’s personalityB.makes a difference to a n individual’s marriageC.makes a difference to the opportunities available to an individualD. gives an individual equal chances for education and employment13.The British would distinguish their social classes mainly by____.A. employmentB. income levelsC. family traditionsD. education backgrounds14.British doctors and lawyers belong to the____.A. upper middle classB. lower middle classC. upper classD. working class15.The middle-class expanded considerably over the twentieth century mainly because____.A. the British earned more money than beforeB. more people received higher education than beforeC.the number of doctors and lawyers increased sharplyD.the British government introduced more equal social policiesPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.“But I can’t save any money.” It’s an excuse I hear a lot from which I detect a note of defiance. In the past few years, it has become increasingly frequent, as more and more Americans make less than we spend, eating up the savings in our homes. The national savings rate is declining. And the situation seems to be getting worse.We certainly know that saving money is good for us. Yet saving for tomorrow is still a largely ignored and unappreciated skill. The question tha t naturally follows is: Why? Why don’t Americans make saving a priority?To start with, saving today is much harder. The typical household income has held largely steady for a good half decade, while prices have continued to rise. If you’re having to spend a disproportionate amount of income on food and gas,it’s hard to save. Besides, credit became too accessible. For years it was simply too easy to get your hands on money to spend. While banks at one time would not let you spend more than 36 percent of your total income on debt, they stretched that number to 55 percent during the housing boom. Why save when you could get that big flat-screen TV today and pay for it with mortgage debt that was both cheap and deductible? Last but not least, saving is, was, and always will be no fun. Think about it this way: Choosing to save almost always means opting for delayed gratification instead of immediate gratification. Thepleasure of getting something good today is much greater than that in the future—even if the reward in the future is bigger.Recently, neuroeconomists, a relatively new breed of experts in economics and neuroscience，have started using MRIs (核磁共振成像）to view the brain as it is making money choices. When something we want to buy comes into view, they see the pleasure center firing up. Similarly, getting a few dollars today is more thrilling than getting a slightly larger profit tomorrow. And if you have to wait a few months for that gain, it will have to be much bigger in order to arouse the same interest in your brain. Things way off in the future---like retirement—don’t jostle the pleasure center much at all.16.In the author’s eyes，Americans say they can’t save any money because they_____.A. want to win sympathyB. are well prepared for retirementC.will make more money in the futureD.are probably unwilling to be economical17.According to the passage, during the housing boom the banks _____.A. raised the saving interest rateB. issued fewer credit cardsC. made it easier to borrow moneyD. initiated credit risk management18. How many reasons are given in Paragraph 3?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.19. The neuroeconomists' research is cited to prove_____.A.saving will be more thrilling as time goes byB.MRIs help customers make purchase decisionsC.if s a complex process to stimulate the pleasure centerD.immediate gratification is more appealing than delayed gratification20.What suggestion do you think the author is most likely to give in the following paragraphs?A. Saving up money.B. Applying for credit cards.C. Stimulating consumption.D. Studying the pleasure center.II. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Many editors and writers today define flash fiction as a story ranging from a few words to not usually over 1,500 to 2,000 words (but more often less than 1,000 words). A traditional short story ranges from 3,000 to 20,000 words, so flash fiction is considerably shorter. However, while length can help identify flash fiction, it is of little use in actually defining it.The amorphous and variable quality of flash fiction allows for the constant changing of shapes as these stories draw anddevelop from various genres and traditions to create stand-alone stories that often work on their own terms. Countless writers are involved in writing flash fiction in various ways. Many are involved in following the form’s long tradition，and many others are reinventing the form as they continue to experiment with the boundaries and methods of fiction. These shortest of stories are not always diversions for the moment but are often stories that are profound and memorable—as good fiction of longer lengths can be.Charles Baxter notes in the introduction to Sudden Fiction International: 60 Short Short Stories, 'This form is not about to be summarized by anyone's ideas about it. The stories are on so many various thresholds: they are between poetry and fiction, the story and the sketch, prophecy and reminiscence, the personal and the crowd As a form，they are open，and exist in a state of potential.”Some names for flash fiction are chosen to stress brevity, suggesting that such stories can be read or even written in a flash. Other names are chosen to emphasize the way in which the stories affect and enlighten readers. And still other names are chosen for the way in which they cause readers to perform the act of reading, many times forcing them to slow down and read such pieces as slowly and carefully as they would read good poetry.Even though this type of writing travels by several names, flash fiction has become the most popular label, likely because of its snappy poetic consonance, which makes it easy to hold in memory, and because of its distance from the older, less descriptive term “short-shorts”. More and more writers，editors, and readers use “flash fiction”to refer to very short stories.21.Flash fiction usually refers to a story ranging from a few words to____.A.less than 1，000 wordsB. more than 2,000 wordsC.more than 3,000 wordsD. less than 20,000 words22.The form of flash fiction can be best described as____.A.variableB. unifiedC.traditionalD. complete23.How many ways of naming flash fiction are mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.24.Among all the labels referring to very short stories, the most popular one is____.A.short-shortsB. short storyC.flash fictionD. poetic story25.The passage mainly focuses on flash fiction in terms of its____.A.popularityB. namesC.readersD. poetic qualityPassage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when theyare left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been more pleasant.The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while the capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can procure (获取). However dull work may be，it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation，whether in the world at large or only in one’s own circle. Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for most men this comes chiefly through their work. In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men, or than women who work outside the home. The domesticated wife does not receive wages, has no means of bettering herself, is taken for granted by her husband (who sees practically nothing of what she does), and is valued by him not for her housework but for quite other qualities. Of course this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors; but such women are comparatively few. For the great majority, housework cannot bring as much satisfaction as work of other kinds brings to men and to professional women.The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs to most work, and is sufficient to make even a man whose work is dull happier on the average than a man who has no work at all. But when work is interesting, it is capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order than mere relief from tedium. The kinds of work in which there is some interest may be arranged in a hierarchy.26.For most people, even uninteresting work has the advantage of_____.A.earning a good nameing up extra energyC.cultivating interest in workD.sparing the need of deciding what to do27.In the capitalistic society, income is usually an indication of_____.A. powerB. wisdomC. rightsD. success28.Dull work can be accepted if it_____.A.offers life insuranceB.foresees a chance for promotionC.offers comfortable working environmentD.offers a chance of building up a reputation29.Most housewives are valued by their husbands for_____.A. making houses beautifulB. making gardens beautifulC.other qualities than their houseworkD.their housework rather than other qualitiespared with a man who has no work,a man with a dull job is generally_____.A. happierB. more boredC. less satisfiedD. less pleasant非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)(00595)—课文详单

课程其它快速阅读自考00595课文详单主课Lesson 1 A day's Wait The Death ClockAttitude is Everything Lesson 2The Open WindowIf I Were a Boy Again April Foll's DayLesson 3Bringing Up ChildrenLearning How to Behave The Value of Education Lesson 4American Social Relations NullCommunities for Future Generation in the US Generation in the US Lesson 5New Applications Null Welcome to Our Bank Lesson 6The Wrong HouseNullThe LunchLesson 7Art For Heart's Sake A Musical Genius London Art Gallery Lesson 8The Luncheon Null The English Character L n 9Cind r ll Wh t i H inLesson 9Cinderella Null What is Happiness Lesson 10The NecklaceNullThe Lost Gold PieceLesson 11Lady in the Dark Louis Braille The Police and the Intelligence Agents Lesson 12Three Days to See My Teacher Helen KellerLesson 13Ture LoveNull Why I Want a Wife Lesson 14The Time MachineNull Social ClassesLesson 15The Celebrated Jumping Forg of Calavers County NullTwo kinds of FootballLesson 16How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions Shall We Chosse Death?Forgiveness and Self-respect Lesson 17Bricks form the Tower of the Babel Globa EnglishEnglish World-Wide L 18N b l C i tiLesson 18What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannot The Influence of Other Languages on Einglish Nonverbal Counication Lesson 19The Lady or the TigerNull Life or DeathLesson 20Opportunities Where You Are NullEmthusiasm Leads to Success Lesson 21PromethusGreek MythologyPandora's BoxHow did the days of the Week Lesson 22The Story of the Bible The Impotrance of the BibleHow did the days of the WeekGet Their Names?Lesson 23Inaugural Address Null Nancy Reagan: He was the Eternal Optimist Lesson 24The Joys of WritingLetter writing-A Forgotten Art?Winston Churchill: His Other LifeLesson 25The Constitution of the United States President of the United States Three Branches of the Federal GovernmentL 26Th W ld t W Th W ld W Ⅱi B i fU it d N ti Lesson 26The World at WarThe World at War Ⅱ in Brief United Nations Lesson 27Death of a Salesman (Ⅰ)Biography of Arthur Miller Miller' Theatre and Miller' Ideas Lesson 28Death of a Salesman (Ⅱ)Hollywood Marilyn Monroe。

2003年4月全国英语阅读(一)试题及答案

全国2003年４月高等教育自学考试英语阅读（一）试题课程代码：00595全部题目用用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸相应的位置上，否则不计分。

PART ONEⅠ.TEXT CMOMPREHENSIONThe following comprehension questions are based on the texts you have learned, and each of them is provided with 4 choices marked [A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the best answer to each question and write it on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points,1 point each)1.In Gifts of the Magi,both “gift” and “Magus” are in plural, because O. Henry wants to tell the reader that .[A] People are kind to Mr. and Mrs. Young[B] Mr. Young loves Mr. Young[C] Mrs. Young loves Mr. Young[D] Mr. and Mrs. Young love each other2. “I am not sure what I am rebelling against, but I really don‟t see a need for marriage. That isn‟ta statement about my feelings about the relationship, because there is no less strength of commitment.” The underlined clause means .[A] the married couples have more responsibility for each other[B] the cohabiting couples have more responsibility for each other[C] the married couples and the cohabiting ones show no responsibility for each other[D] both the married couples and cohabiting ones should be equally responsible for each other3. “Having come to a very remote and deserted spot, they realized their chance had come: catching Lorenzo off guard, they killed him.” The underlined phrase means .[A] Lorenzo was caught unawares[B] Lorenzo was caught off duty[C] Lorenzo was handed over to them by their guards[D] Lorenzo was caught when his guard was away4.In The Necklace, when Mme. Loise1 took back the necklace, how did Mme. Forrester react?[A] She opened the box and examined the jewel carefully.[B] She said coldly that Mme. Loise1 shouldn‟t have returned it so late.[C] She complained that the necklace had been substituted.[D] She was only too pleased to see her old friend again.5. The Fisherman and His Wife is of .[A] fable [B] myth[C] fairy story [D] fairy-tale-romance6.Mark Twain is NOT the author of .[A] The Adventures of Tom Sawyer[B] The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn[C] The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County[D] The Old Man and the Sea7. In his fable about a proud crow and a hungry fox, Aesop intends to tell the reader that .[A] the fox is never trust worthy[B] the fox is always homey-tongued[C] it is harmful to believe big talkers[D] it is harmful to listen to excessive flattery8. According to Bringing up Children, if one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, .[A] the child may go back and recapture the experience of it[B] the parents may provide the child with the child with the opportunity to play with toys[C] the parents must be consistent in their attitude to their children[D] the child should be sent to a child clinic for a psychological treatment9.The theme of the story A Day‟s Wait is that.[A] misunderstandings can even occur between father and son[B] misunderstandings can sometimes lead to an odd experience[C] to be calm and controlled in the face of death is a mark of courage[D] death is something beyond a child‟s comprehension10. In A Day’s Wait, the hunting scene, at first glance, may seem to have little to do with the plot.However, the author has his own justification for describing it. Which of the following is NOT a reason for such description?[A] It diverts the reader so that the boy‟s real thoughts will be a greater surprise when they arerevealed.[B] It creates a sense of time passing so that we know it is close to evening by the time thefather gets home.[C] It gives the author an opportunity to show that he is able to write very complexsentences though he usually writes very short, simple ones.[D] It brings out a contrast between th e father‟s robust activities outside and the boy‟sterrible tension inside.11. In Art for Heart’s Sake, Dr. Caswell gave Ellsworth a suggestion that be .[A] take more medicine[B] listen to the radio or watch TV[C] take more automobile rides[D] take up art12. In How to live like a Millionaire, the self - made rich develop clear goals for .[A] accumulating income till the age of 50[B] having a dollar figure in mind and working for it[C] leaving an estate to their children[D] retiring early13. The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving‟s The Sketch Book,a collection of essays, sketches and tales, among which the most famous and frequently anthologized are Rip Van Winkle and .[A] The Wild Honeysuckle[B] The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[C] The Scarlet Letter[D] The Pioneers14. “Not even the great Nicholas Veddle himself was safe from the tongue of this daring woman,who blamed himself for much of her husband‟s idleness.” The word tongue in this quotation probably refers to .[A] extremely intelligent and lively words[B] offensive or insulting remarks[C] a movable organ in the mouth[D] the tone or manner of speaking15. According to The Story of the Bible, the Jews were the first among all people to recognize that .[A] different gods made different things in nature[B] one single God created this world[C] one god was devoted to the making of water[D different gods were responsible for the making of the land16. According to Otto Jespersen, the ideal international language was the one that .[A] was the easiest to learn for people all over the world[B] was familiar to scientists all over the world[C] was based on Latin and Greek roots[D] derived the basic structure form non-Indo-European languages17. In Bricks from the Tower of the Babel, the writer provides a detailed explanation for which of the following?[A] The construction of the tower.[B] The structure and sound system of Esperanto.[C] The internationalization of some natural languages.[D] The Indo-European language family.18. In The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, Michael‟s state of mind suggests that .[A] he has adjusted himself to married life[B] he is often absent – minded and confused[C] he starts to resent Frances now[D] he takes for granted what he is doing19.In The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, Frances said, “You‟re going to make a move.” She said so to mean that Michael would .[A] move away to some other location[B] attract and move some girls[C] arouse deep emotions in girls[D] take action and leave her some day20. According to Universities and Polytechnics, Oxford and Cambridge are attractive to both the resident students and visitors for their .[A] advanced academic learning[B] excellent constituent colleges[C] organizational structures[D] buildings of historical significanceⅡ.READING COMPREHENSIONIn this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked [A], [B],[C] and [D]. You should decide onthe best answer and write it on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Failure is probably the most fatiguing experience a person ever has. There is nothing more exhausting than not succeeding—being blocked, not moving ahead. It is an evil circle. Failure breeds fatigue, and fatigue makes it harder to get to work, which adds to the fatigue.We experience this tiredness in two main ways, as start-up fatigue and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task that we are forced to take up. Either because it is too tedious or because it is too difficult, we avoid it. And the longer we postpone it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The remedy is obvious, though perhaps not easy to apply: willpower exercise. The moment I find myself turning away from a job, or putting it under a pile of other things I have to do, I clear my desk of everything else and attack the objectionable item first. To prevent start-up fatigue, always treat the most difficult job first.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Here we are willing to get started, but we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear to be insurmountable and however hard we work, we fail again and again. The mounting experience of failure carries with it an ever-increasing burden of mental fatigue. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can－then let the unconscious take over.21.Which of the following can be called an evil circle?[A] Success – zeal – success – zeal.[B] Failure – tiredness – failure – tiredness.[C] Failure – zeal – failure – tiredness.[D] Success – exhaustion – success – exhaustion.22. According to the passage, when keeping putting off a task, we can experience .[A] tiredness[B] performance fatigue[C] start-up fatigue[D] unconsciousness23. To overcome start-up fatigue, we need .[A] toughness[B] prevention[C] muscles[D] strong willpower24.The word insurmountable in the last paragraph probably means .[A]unable to be solved [B] unlikely to be understood[C] unable to be imagined [D] unlikely to be rejected25. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?[A] It is easier to overcome start-up fatigue.[B] Performance fatigue occurs when the job we are willing to take gets blocked.[C] One will finally succeed after experiencing the evil circle.[D] Fatigue often accompanies failure.Passage 2On days when there is work , I talk to the other guys. Some of them tell me that the harvest season is coming in northern California, and they say that one can earn good money there. Things haven‟t gone so badly in the car wash, but one afternoon I give the manager my thanks for having hired and promoted me, and with a little suitcase that night I board a Greyhound headed north. My ticket is made out for San Francisco, but I don‟t plan to go that far. I pla n to ride until I find a place where people are harvesting, and to get off the bus there.I sleep on the bus for a few hours that night, and in the morning, when I awake, I don‟t know where we are. I get up from my seat and walk down the bus aisle, looking for a Mexican or Chicano to tell me our location, but oddly enough, I don‟t see any among the passengers, who are all white-skinned. I pay attention to the road signs we pass, but they are not of much help. I can read the town names, but I don‟t know whe re the towns lie. A map would help me, and I decide to buy one at our next stop. Lots of things are for sale at the bus stop‟s gift shop, but there are no maps. I direct myself to wards the shop‟s operator, but I run into the language barrier. The operator is an Anglo, and when I speak to him in Spanish, he says that he doesn‟t understand. I try to practice my very precarious (不可靠的)English with him, but it‟s of no use. I have a rough idea of the sound of the words that I want to say, but I can‟t pronounce t hem right. I make signs, signaling a big piece of paper and say “form California,” but he turns into a question mark, with eyes wide open, arms raised and hands extended, “Map,” I say, but I don‟t pronounce the word very well. “Freeways, streets,” I add, but he still doesn‟t understand. He points out chewing gum, candies, pieces of cake, sandwiches, soft drinks, and cigarettes, trying to guess what I‟m asking for. But he doesn‟t show me any maps. Finally, I back out of the store, and as I leave I hear him say, “I‟m sorry.”A little before the bus leaves, I run into a Mexican-American in a hallway and I immediately ask him to help me find a map off California. We go back to the store. The Chicano asks for a map .“Ahh !Ahaaa!” the operator exclaims. Then he go es to a corner of his shelves and takes out what I‟ve been asking for. While I am paying him, he talks to the Chicano in a joyful tone. With the map in my hands, I give the Chicano my thanks, and he explains that the store-keeper thinks that I am asking if he needs anybody to clean the floor or “mop.”26. The writer decided to leave his job and go to northern California because .[A] his boss didn‟t like him[B] things were going badly in the car wash[C] he thought he could earn more money[D] th ere wasn‟t always work27. The writer wanted a map in order to .[A] find the way to San Francisco[B] help him with the road signs[C] know where he was in relation to the entire trip[D] find his way back to his workplace28. Form the passage, we can infer that .[A] the owner of the shop did not want to sell the writer a map[B] the writer was fired from the car wash[C] the writer was a migrant farm worker[D] the writer was traveling with a friend who could speak English29. The writer tries to make himself understood by all the following EXCEPT.[A]gestures[B] words or phrases[C] pronunciations[D] spelling the word30. We can learn from the story that .[A] incorrect pronunciations may result in misunderstanding[B] immigrants usually have a hard time in the foreign countries[C] a foreign language can be learned through conversations[D] traveling alone brings unexpected troubles and problemsPassage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance to the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society‟s understanding－the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We‟ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in America. Although the phrase was used by this country‟s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children－the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children－disabled or not－to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who can not profit substantially from regular programs.31.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that .[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their families and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children32.The reason why exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration33. This passage mainly deals with .[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children34.Form this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was cl early stated by the country‟s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisions35 .Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?[A] Exceptional children refer to those with mental or physical problems.[B] The author uses “All men are created equal” to counter the school program for exceptionalchildren.[C] Recent court decisions confirm the rights of exceptional children to learn with regularchildren.[D] Regular school programs fail to meet the requirements to develop the potential ofexceptional children.Passage 4Life is a series of problems. Do we want to moan about them or solve them? Do we want to teach our children to solve them?Discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life‟s problems. Without discipline w e can solve nothing. With only some discipline we can solve only some problems. With total discipline we can solve all problems.What makes life difficult is that the process of confronting and solving problems is a painful one. Problems, depending upon their nature, evoke in us frustration or grief or sadness or loneliness or guilt or regret or anger or fear or anxiety or anguish or despair. These are uncomfortable feelings, often very uncomfortable, often as painful as any kind of physical pain, sometimes equaling the very worst kind of physical pain. Indeed, it is because of the pain that events or conflicts engender in us all that we call them problems. And since life poses an endless series of problems, life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.Yet it is this whole process of meeting and solving problems that life has its meaning. Problems are the cutting edge that distinguishes between success and failure. Problems call forth ourcourage and our wisdom; indeed, they create our courage and our wisdom. It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually. When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we challenge and encourage the human capacity to solve problems, just as in school we deliberately set problems for our children to solve. It is through the pain of confronting and resolving problems that we learn. As Benjamin Franklin said, “Those things that hurt, instruct.” It is for this reason that wise people learn not to dread but actually to welcome problems and actually to welcome the pain of problems.I have stated that discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life‟s problems. It will become clear that these tools are techniques of suffering, means by which we experience the pain of problems in such a way as to work them through and solve them successfully, learning and growing in the process. When we teach ourselves and our children discipline, we are teaching them and ourselves how to suffer and also how to grow.What are these tools, these techniques of suffering, these means of experiencing the pain of problems constructively that I call discipline? These are four: delaying of gratification (满足)，acceptance of responsibility, dedication to truth, and balancing. As will be evident, these are not complex tools whose application demands extensive training. To the contrary, they are simple tools, and almost all children are adept in their use by the age of ten. Yet presidents and kings will often forget to use them, to their own downfall. The problem lies not in the complexity of these tools but in the will to use them. For they are tools with which pain is confronted rather than avoided, and if one seeks to avoid legitimate suffering, then one will avoid the use of these tools.36.The main point of this passage is that .[A] without discipline we can solve nothing[B] problems evoke in us frustration or grief[C] dealing with one‟s problems gives life meaning[D] the tendency to avoid problems results in mental illness37. People who use a little discipline .[A] can solve all of their problems[B] can solve some of their problems[C] can solve nothing[D] have total discipline38. According to the author, which of the following makes life difficult?[A] Physical pain.[B] Frustration and guilt.[C] Solving problems.[D] Conflicts.39.Problems give our life meaning by all of the following means EXCEPT.[A] showing us the difference between success and failure[B] giving us courage[C] challenging us to grow[D] teaching us to avoid problems40.According to the author, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Successful leaders avoid their problems.[B] The tools for solving problems are hard to learn.[C] We need to confront emotional pain.[D] The tools of discipline are complicated.Ⅲ.SKIMMING AND SCANNINGIn this part there are 3 reading passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 answers marked[A],[B],[C]and [D].Skim or scan the passages, then decide on the best answer and write it on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points,1 point each)Passage 1Dear Sires: Oct.30,1996 We are pleased to make you an offer regarding our …Swinger‟ dresses and trouser suits in the sizes you require. All the models can be supplied by the middle of December 1996, subject to our receiving your firm order by 15th November. Our C.I.F. prices are understood to be for sea/land transport to Chicago. If you would prefer the goods to be sent by air freight, this will be charged extra cost.Trouser Suits: sizes 8 – 16 in white, yellow, red, turquoise, black, pink per 100$2650.00Swinger Dresses: sizes 8 – 16 in white, yellow, red, turquoise, black per 100$1845.00Prices: valid until 31 st December, 1996Delivery: C. I. F. ChicagoTransport: sea/land freightPayment: by irrevocable letter of credit, or cheque with orderYou will be receiving cuttings of our materials and a colour chart. These were airmailed to you this morning. We hope you agree that our prices are very competitive for these good quality clothes, and look forward to receiving your initial order.Yours FaithfullyRobert Morgan41.Judging from the message given in the letter, the writer is a .[A] seller[B] buyer[C] government official[D] lawyer42. The price quoted for each Swinger Dress is .[A] $2650[B] $1845[C] $26.5[D] $18.4543.The goods under discussion can be delivered by .[A] Oct. 30, 1996[B] the middle of Dec.1996[C] Nov. 15, 1996[D] Dec. 31, 1996Passage 2When the CEO of lotus, manufacturer of computer software, interviews job candidates, he looks for people who can laugh out loud. At the headquarters of ice –cream maker Ben & Jerry‟s, the “Minister of Joy” supervises the “Joy Gang”, which has the job of spending $100,100 a year planning and implementing workplace fun. Odetics, maker of video security systems and other recording equipment, considered it an honor when Industry Week called it “the funniest place to work in the U.S.”In corporate America today, humor is a serious business. Workers have been downsized, re-engineered, restructured, and overworked for so long they have forgotten how to smile and laugh. To remind them, companies are posting amusing notes and cartoons on bulletin boards, building libraries of humorous books for workers to read, sp onsoring “fun at work” days, “laughter” committees, and even hiring specialists.As a result, the corporate humor business has taken off. A “humor services” group, called Humor Project, reports that it receives about twenty requests each day from companies looking for humor consultants. The Laughter Remedy, an organization that teaches the benefits of humor, helps employees build “humor skills” through a program that includes such steps as “developing the ability to play program that includes such steps as “developing the ability to play with language” and “finding humor in everyday life.” Humor consultant Paul McGhee gives audiences “remedial belly laughing” lessons. He tells them to smile, raise their eyebrows, lower their jaws, tighten their stomach muscles, and laugh. Speakers from Lighten Up Limited, a humor consulting firm, urge workers to tell jokes and take humor breaks. In their search for comic relief, organizations are spending thousands of dollars. Humor consultant Matt Weinstein, for example, receives $7500 for a ninety – minute talk.Why all the fuss and expense over an activity that seems contrary to the work ethic? One recent study reports that the most productive workplaces have at least the minutes of laughter every hour. And corporations that have added humor to workplace report an increase not only in productivity but also in employee loyalty , creativity, and morale, as well as improved teamwork and employee health.44.The corporate laughter business is booming because .[A] such an activity seems contrary to the work ethic[B] the humor business has proved profitable[C] the workers overwork, so much so that they intend to get their work re-engineered andrestructured[D] few corporations consider humor a serious business and an incentive to productivity45.According to the passage, the Laughter Remedy helps employees .[A] take humor breaks and relax themselves[B] develop their abilities to use language[C] build “humor skills” through a designed program[D] free themselves from the overwork46. It may be inferred from the passage that .[A] the character of Americans seems to require that they should be humorous[B] wherever there is demand, a market will be created[C] humor is the most popular leisure pursuit in the western world[D] humor is the only source of revenue for the “laughter” specialistsPassage 3This Valentine‟s Day, 35-year-old Peter Henig had no trouble finding a date.He had been elected one of the 10 most wanted bachelors of the Internet by Women. com. Since then, Henig gets some 100 emails a day from women all over the word asking him for a date.Henig is good-looking enough to be considered one of the most suitable bachelors in cyberspace. As a senior editor at Red Herring, the bim onthly magazine of the tech word, he‟s certainly smart and successful.Forget the yuppies of the 1980s, the hottest bachelors these days－dot-com crisis or not－are the Silicon boys.“I didn‟t need a date the badly,” said Henig. But when he was contacted b y Women. com to be included in their “Top 10 Men of the Internet” contest, he eagerly accepted.“I don‟t look at it as a dating machine. I just thought it could be fun,” he said.In Silicon Valley, often dubbed(称之为)as “valley of guys” for its high percen tage of unmarried men, the venture capital gold rush may be over, but the dating industry is booming.According to a recent report, Silicon Valley should be the place for single women looking for love. For every 318 single men in the city of San Jose, the heart of Silicon Valley, there are 288 single women.Known for their lack of social skills, computer geeks are showing that they too can have a life. This is especially true during the economic downturn for tech industries, when there‟s no real need to spend all that time in front of their computers.According to Katherine Winter, who met her husband on Match. Com, an online dating service, the end of gold rush may not be bad news for the Silicon boys. She said, “Silicon Valley is definitely the place to be for single women, because of the quality and the number of men.”47. According to the passage, Henig has been elected as one of the most wanted single men because he is .[A] a handsome young man[B] a computer expert[C] one of the hottest bachelors[D] good-looking, smart and successful48. According to Katherine Winter, Silicon Valley is the ideal place for single women to find。

自考英语(一)复习资料第五章(1)

自考英语(一)复习资料第五章(1)本课主要单词1. fallacy n. 谬误；谬论；错误的推理或信念That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.（地球是扁平的这一谬误曾一度很流行。

）Needless to say，this statement is based on fallacy.（不消说，这是一个基于谬误推理的陈述。

）2. quality n. 质量；品质，特性adj. 优质的，高级的He is a man of many good qualities.（他具有许多优秀品质。

）The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.（你们的产品质量比我们的好。

）You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.（你没有理由剥夺我受良好教育的权利。

）qualify v. 使合适，使胜任I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.（我不很必定他是否胜任这份工作。

）His skills qualify him for the job.（他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。

）qualified adj. 有资格的；称职的He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.（他在努力使本身成为一个称职的教师。

）3. savage adj. 野蛮的，未开化的；凶猛的，残酷的n.野蛮人，粗野的人Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.（大多数时候大象很温顺，但他们也会大发野性。

）No one can put up with his savage manners.（谁也忍受不了他的粗暴态度。

自考英语一常见单词

Balancen 平衡；称；平静；和谐；余额Look,he can keep balance on that rope!Badgen 徽章；象征；vt. 给予…标记The boy received a badge for his good work,and pinned it on his coat.Award a prizePhr. 授奖He was award a prize for his outstanding contribution to the company.Authorn 作者He is the author of Call to Arms.Auditingn 决算；查账；审计Auditing is an examination of financial accounts to ensure they are accurate.Attend a workshopPhr. 参加研讨会Tomorrow I will attend a workshop concerning the development of online industries.Annual meetingPhr.年会My company invited a famous singer to attend the annual meeting this year.AmbitiousAdj.雄心勃勃的Although he isn’t young anymore,the businessman is still ambitious.AllocateV.分配，配给Allocate one piece of cake to each person.Advertn 广告v. 注意，留意This billboard is waiting for an advert.Be in charge ofPhr 负责He is in charge of the whole company and everyone beneath him.Be responsible forPhr 对..负责，是..的原因I am responsible for the safety of this plane.Bonusn 奖金，额外津贴my boss paid me a huge bonus this month.awesome.breedn 种类，血统V 繁殖，使繁殖There are hundreds of different dog breeds.BusinessN 商业，生意Thank you for your business!AdministrationN 管理，管理层，管理部门，政府，（药的）配给He’s the top man in the administration of the organization.CandidateN （官职、获奖资格等的）候选人，投考人，申请求职者The candidate are giving a speech for their election.Catering servicePhr 餐饮服务The catering service we hired for the party was amazing.CFOAbbr（chief financial officer）首席财务官The CFO assesses a company’s financial risks and helps to avoid enterprise property loss.Chronic fatigue syndromePhr 慢性疲劳综合症Severe headaches,memory loss and sleeping problem are all symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome.ClassmateN 同班同学My classmate and I can use this computer.ConfectionaryN 糖食，糖果店，甜食店Confectionaries are like paradise to kids!ConsultancyN 咨询，顾问的工作，咨询公司Our consultancy service covers property investment and technology consultancy.CoordinateV 使协调，使一致，调整，N 坐标，同等的人物，配套服装Adj 并列的The two man coordinate with each other to carry water.CriterionN 标准，准则Should a coin become a criterion of a slender wrist?CriteriaN 标准，条件The man with blonde hair satisfies the criteria of the job listing.Deal withPhr 处理，研究The workers are hired to deal with the garbage.DesignN 设计vt 设计I am working on the design for the new website.EfficiencyN 效率Giving the worker a cart greatly improved his efficiency, and now he can work twice as fast.ElectricalAdj 有关电的，电气科学的This red kettle is electrical.ApplianceN 设备I spend all my money on home appliances,like TVs and refrigerators.EmployV 雇用，雇佣，用于.. n 职业The woman may employ me.EmployeeN 受雇者，雇员，雇工，职员The employee felt very happy when his boss praised him.EmployerN 雇主，老板The girl is hired by the employer.EngineeringN 工程，工程方面，工程师行业All the workers are trying to solve the engineering problem.EraserN 橡皮擦，擦除器Use the eraser when you write wrong words.FeatureN 特征，特点Vt 使突出，以…为特色Vi起重要作用，作为主要角色The thick lips are a feature of Mr.Bao.Finance assistantPhr 会计助理，财务助理As a finance assistant,my job is to review and organize my company’s financial reports.Follow-upN 后续工作Adj 后续的，增补的After showing the product design to his boss,the follow-up was to make the product.GadgetN 小装置，小机件，小玩意儿This VR device is a great new gadget to play3D games.GiftN 礼物，赠品I received many gifts on this Christmas.great!GoodsN 货物，商品There are many goods in that car.GreetV 问候，招呼Dog says “hi” to greet people.Head officePhr 总公司We have several different offices,but our head office is in Chengdu.HRAbbr human resource 人力资源The HR department is responsible for the recruitment of company personnel.In-companyAdj 公司内部的，内部作业的Every new employee should take thisin-company training before they officially start working.InterviewN 面试，面谈，采访v 面试，采访This girl was interviewed by the four members of the department.IntervieweeN 被接见者，被访问者The interviewee is very qualified for the job has a great personality.InterviewerN 进行面试者，会见者，面谈者I was nervous when I found out that there would be three interviewers,but I still impressed them.ITAbbr information technology 信息技术IT has made considerable changes to the world in 21th century.IT consultantPhr 信息技术顾问Thank god!The IT consultants have finally solved our computer server problem in the office.JobN 职业，职位I take a job as a doctor.Job applicantPhr 求职人员Each year ,thousands of job applicants will compete for just one position.Jod titlePhr 职称，职位Job titles usually appear on one’s business cards.LeafletN 传单，散页的印刷品The leaflet is full of interesting information.。

自考00595英语阅读(一)高频词汇

英语阅读（一）高频词汇1英语阅读一高频词汇1.passage['pæsɪdʒ]n.一段（文章）；走廊；E.g.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?根据文章，下面哪句表述是对的？2.according[ə'kɔːdɪŋ]adv.依照；根据；按照（+to）adj.相符的；一致的；相应的；和谐的；调和的E.g.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?根据文章，下面哪句表述是对的？3.statement['steɪtm(ə)nt]n.声明；陈述，叙述E.g.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?根据文章，下面哪句表述是对的？cation[edjʊ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n.教育；培养；教育学higher education高等教育（指含大学以上的教育）vocational education职业教育physical education n.体育课；体育教育(P.E)E.g.His rudeness rooted in his lack of education.他的粗鲁是由于缺乏教育而形成的。

(root in来源于；起因于)cational[edʒʊ'keɪʃən(ə)l]adj.教育的；有教育意义的E.g.Economic progress is closely bound up with educational development.经济的发达与教育的发展紧密相连。

be(closely)bound up with与…有密切联系6.coeducational[,koɛdʒə'keʃənl]adj.男女合校的cate['edjʊkeɪt]vt.教育；培养；训练vi.教育；训练E.g.It takes patience to educate children.教育儿童须要耐心。

(完整版)自考英语(一)词汇

第一部分一些需要注意的词汇、词组及句型UNIT 1disagree withnot only…but alsohundreds ofwith the help ofguaranteeneither…norbe different frommean to dosucceed in doing sth.take awayoffer sth. to sb. (offer sb. sth.) toconsist ofpractice doingdepend oninstead oflook formake a mistake (make mistakes)be willing toinformationbe interested in sth. (in doing sth.)in order toon the other hand (might) do well to do sth.UNIT 2be/feel sure of s th. attract attention lead…with…for the m ost partduepersuade sb. to do sth. similar to sthfurnitureclothingbe charged t oavailablein addition toput outraise/risebe characteristic of spend on sth./in doing sth. catch the eyetend to (do sth)no more than identify…withcarry overas well asput up withbe responsible for decide onreachmake an estimate of approvebe involved in doing sth.UNIT 3 separate…from remainkeep…from doing sth. more exactlymake sb. do s th.keep tied toas…asexcept for between…an dwhilefew/a fewkeep… in (one’s) mind hung It takes sb. how much time to do sth. light updry upspeak ofon an/the averagejust like/ just aslittle/a littlenothing butcrewaffectpile upsuch+(adj.)+n.+that seem toUNIT 4focus one’s attention onrecalla number of/ the number ofat a later timemake sensein contrasthelp sb. do sth.look uprhymebe unable tomake a d ifference allow sb. to do ability to do both… andin orderturn on/off randombe released from as followsbe rewarded with needless to say representrefer to (doing) to begin relate… to sound alike associate with holdadd tostriking compare with integratedUNIT 5primitivea great dealbe eager tobe true with/ofIt was once thought that…as wellbe supposed to…engage ingrow upappear tosupplyas ifwidespreadsearch forsubstitute forscarcelyto have sth. (nothing) to do with in some respectsas a matter of factconnect withcontaintake care ofthink of… asby instinctIt is …that…gather togetherThere was no use in doing sth.UNIT 6rareslightturn aside frombe made of/from stomachschange… into…be satisfied withbe popular withtake placerun outfail to dohandfuls oflie insort outone fourthformsomewhatblastbe classed as crushflowthe former…, the latter…coated withhold goodstick tolive onleave behindtake inimpressive experiencedsuck upIt is well known that…take upUNIT 7descendcommonprovide forand so onin additionfar away frommake decision thereforeshare…withsimilarity/similarly give upcare for follow instructionpay attention toat the same time It is time to dodependent/independent earn moneybe busy doingsplit upin conclusionget divorcedtalk ofUNIT 8at the beginning ofbe forced to do establish protect…frompick uprest uponbe capable ofgaze atdisplaythoroughcausehave access toin the meantime riskpay for isolate…from…contactharm prevent…from…lead toUNIT 9make upbuild up familiar with come across even if interrupt process concernafter allstock intradeintendbelong toat largebegin withseldomspecificbe known toat leastoccasionconsult acquaintance withgo throughfeel surecome up withlong beforeprovide somebody with must have done ease apply tocome upas toavoidfavoriteas a wholebe due torather thanactual needs UNIT 10wonderarouseprocedureanswer toobtainlay asideonly ifseekcuriousarisetake aparta variety ofcombine…withresult fromcarry outbring aboutqualitystimulateadvanceas much as possiblebelieve inoccasionallyaccumulatepoint of viewin need ofregardless ofcarry outface the factturn out (to b e) solution to confidencemodifyin advancecheck withadapt… tounder control(/condition) make u p o ne’s m indonce and for allin the light ofrespect forlaugh atbe based onUNIT 11sort throughurgePracticallyget rid of for saleset outwithout question put uprange from…to… living costs specialize inbe pricedat… costat… price originaldeliverquantityall ages be l ikely to be fed up with refer to…asturn (somebody) off no longerrun acrossbe known forbe bound tokeep flavorbe faced with UNIT 12It is widely believed that…emphasis onin matters of key tobe alert to UNIT 13in all quarters ofget intohave sb. dobe regarded a sto cue inbring upkeep up with peculiar concentrate on along withthe more…, the less…occupydecade(s)be aware of according toskip overto the best o f overallguideslow down register consumerdisturbrule outenjoy doing coincidenceworthbe on guard respond toat bestin terms ofin effectwhether or not remind sb. that (of) be conscious of occurgo downwould rather convert…into… look… in the face deal withgo awayUNIT 14fall asleepwander offeducated peoplethe greater…,the f artherinteract withgo astrayfor instancecut offpay the pricebe worth doingsooner or laterinvestigatebecause ofintend toget aheadno more…thanidenticalUNIT 15exposure tobe better at doinghave effect onexceptionin the past years Nothing is impossible.adoptaggressivepoint outIt has long been assumed that…act onfill withdistinguish…fromlean againstimaginativejeopardizeconsequentlyobeybe crazy aboutinsist uponinitiatedepicthave sth. doneconcern aboutUNIT 16die ofhave sth. in c ommonenable sb. to domisguideperformdo harm toThere is no doubt that as thoughbenefit from essentialeven thoughkeep healthymore and morehave difficulty (in) doing as a resultsuffer fromrely ontake the place oftake responsibility for recommendbreak the habitresult inbeneficialdecreasekeep offin other wordsUNIT 17severe accompanycomposefrightendiagnosecommit crimemoreoverdisclosewake upsymptomneverthelessmost of allborder on sth.as yetcureremoveIt is reported that…in generalIt is generally agreed that… put…on recordendangerin other wordsall the same/just the same as for disrupteventuallyget exaggeratedrule outmore or lessconfirmUNIT 18in the sense o fside by siderepresentahead oflittle more thanbe certain ofIt was not until…that…account forattempt tofurthermorein the form offar frommake no differencein search ofor sothe reason f orThere is no way of doing sth. interfere within accordance withreliance onUNIT 19extinctwash awayat riskdisasterkeep pace withturn intoremarkablecombine withchoose toignoreout of fearsurvivefor this purposebe concerned aboutpreserveremovelook afterbe armed w ithUNIT 20break the lawwedding ceremonycommit crimecustomin caseremain silentgo to jail divide…into…threaten sb. with sth. be tolerant of influencebecome/get used to care aboutcome to anonymousmind doing sth. end up withkeep an eye on UNIT 21 dominateused to dobe made up of… regard…aslack of (for)with relevance t o criticize pass…on to out of t he questionact asnot so much…asin publicsignifybe native toin place ofdate back tomerely compensationvictimviciouspunishcome into contact with start onturn one’s back (on) reflectin return (for)be reluctant to commentary onUNIT 22set asideprefersignpriority remind…of see…asreact topro or conon the wholein pursuit ofmake commitment to reason for 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00595英语阅读(一)2010年07月试题和答案

2010年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上，全部题目用英文作答(翻译题除外)1. Careful Reading. (40 points, 2 points for each)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers and them write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to people’s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Someof the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers’money.Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago, a brand of bread was offered to dieters with the message that there were fewer calories in every slice. It turned out thatthe bread was not dietetic (适合于节食的), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf.On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer’s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makesthe purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising.Each Consumer must evaluate her or his own situation．Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers．but it does not force them to buy the product．Consumers still controlthe final buying decision．1.Advertising can persuade the consumer to buy worthless products by________.A.stressing their high qualityB.convincing him of their low priceC.maintaining a balance between quality and priceD.appealing to his buying motives2.The reason why the bread advertisement is misleading is that______.A.thin slices of bread could contain more caloriesB.the loaf was cut into regular slicesC.the bread was not genuine breadD.the total number of calories in the loaf remained the same3.According to the passage，which 0f the following statements is true?A.Sometimes advertisements really sell what the consumer needs.B.Advertisements occasionally force consumers into buying things they don’t need.C.The buying motives of consumers are controlled by advertisements.D.Fire insurance is seldom a worthwhile investment.4.It can be inferred from the passage that a smart consumer should______.A.think carefully about the benefits described in the advertisementsB.guard against the deceiving nature of advertisementsC.be familiar with various advertising strategiesD.avoid buying products that have strong emotional appeal5.The passage is mainly about______.A.how to make a wise buying decisionB.ways to protect the interests of the consumerC.the positive and negative aspects of advertisingD.the function of advertisements in promoting salesPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people theylook more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible (可减税的). They are often more comfortable and moredurable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.6. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality____.A. enjoy having a professional identityB. still judge a man by his clothesC. hold the uniform in such high regardD. respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform7. People are accustomed to thinking that a man in uniform______.A. appears to be more practicalB. suggests quality workC. discards his social identityD. looks superior to a person in civilian clothes8. The chief function of a uniform is to______.A. provide the wearer with a professional identityB. inspire the wearer’s confidence in himselfC. provide practical benefits to the wearerD. make the wearer catch the public eye9. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms ______.A. tend to lose their individualityB. are usually helpfulC. look like generalsD. have little or no individual freedom10. The best title for this passage would be______.A. Uniforms and SocietyB. Advantages and Disadvantages of UniformsC. The Importance of Wearing a UniformD. Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.British newspapers can be classified into groups according to various criteria, such as area of distribution, size of sales, socioeconomic class of their readers, days (and times) of publication,and political bias. Each of these different criteria will lead to more or less different groupings.With regard to the area of distribution a fairly clear distinction can be made between nationalpapers and local papers. The national, e.g. The Times, Daily Mirror and Sunday Express,arereadily obtainable in virtually all parts of the United Kingdom at the same time. On the other hand,local papers, e.g. Yorkshire Post or Liverpool Echo, serve a particular area, and outside that areamust be specially ordered.As regards the sales figures, we must recognize that there is no clear line that will distinguishbetween large and small sales. However, we make a somewhat arbitrary distinction here, partlybased on copies sold, but also influenced by the type of content of the papers. This separates thelike Sunday Times orpapers: the “qualities”,papers from the “quality”　so-called “popular”　The People Financial Times, tend to have larger, more serious articles than the “populars”, such as or News of the World.Regarding the socioeconomic class of the readers, a classification on these lines will to alarge extent reflect the above distinction into quality and popular. This is because the qualitypapers are mostly intended for the upper income groups, while the popular papers find theirreaders among the lower socioeconomic groups. Thus, a reader of The Observer or FinancialTimes, which are quality papers, is likely to be an educated person with quite a good income,while a reader of Daily Mail or The Sun is more likely to be a less well-educated person with alower income.papers”, (which As to the days of publication, most British papers are either so-called “dailyin tact do not appear on Sundays), e.g. The Guardian or The Scotsman,or Sunday papers, likeSunday Times or News of the world. Local papers with small circulations, however, might appearonly once or twice a week, or even less frequently, depending on the demand for them. Concerning the time of publication, the vast majority are morning papers, i.e. they go on sale earlymight start asin the morning, while the minority are the so-called “evening” papers, whose salesearly as midday, and then continue until the evening.11. According to various criteria British newspapers can be classified into______.A. national papers and local papersB. “qualities” and “populars”C. morning papers and evening papersD. all of the above12. The Times, Daily Mirror, and Sunday Express are readily obtainable in virtually all parts of theUK at the same time. Therefore, they are______.A. so-called “daily paper”B. national papersC. popular papersD. local papers13. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The “'quality” papers tend to have large, more serious articles than the“populars”．er sales.B. The “popular” papers have largC. The “quality” papers find their readers among the upper income groups.D. A reader of the “qualities” is likely to be a less well-educated person with a lower income.14. As to the days of publication, British daily papers appear______.A. only on SundaysB. only once or twice a weekC. every day except on SundaysD. every day15. Sales of the so-called “evening” papers might start______.A. early in the morningB. as early as noonC. in the eveningD. at midnightPassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supposing players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. Andit is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a minor of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses and the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning “All men ar e created equal.” Wefor education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the caw, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help inlearning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children —disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.16. In paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show thatA. the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the societyB. exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children areC. exceptional children are the key interest of the family and societyD. the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children17. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that_______.A. they are expected to be leaders of the societyB. they might become a burden of the societyC. they should fully develop their potentialD. disabled children deserve special considerationly means_______.18. The word “denote” in the fourth paragraph most probabA. translateB. indicateC. blameD. ignore19. This passage mainly deals with ____A. the differences of children in their learning capabilitiesB. the definition of exceptional children in modern societyC. the special educational programs for exceptional childrenD. the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children20. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children_______.A. is now enjoying legal supportB. disagrees with the tradition of the countryC. was clearly stated by the country’s foundersD. will exert great influence over court decisionsII. Speed Reading. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Skim or scan the following passages. Decide on the best answers and then write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.Passage FiveQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage.The human thumb made man. Its development was as important an event in man’s growthas his success in learning to walk upright. The thumb shaped the human hand. Without it, manmight not have survived. Luckily, the hand developed only one thumb. Two thumbs on one handwould be like having two or more cooks in a small kitchen. They would get in each other’s way.As one English wri ter said almost 500 years ago, “Ah, each finger today is a thumb, I think.”That is how we still describe a man who cannot get anything right. We say he is “all th There are days when this happens to all of us, days when everything we do seems to go wrong. Wecannot even get the right shoes on. The typist cannot hit the right key. The carpenter’s hammermisses the nail and hits his finger. Nothing can be done but throw up one’s hands and moan (悲叹), “God, I am all thumbs today!”Clearly, the hand can have just one master—the thumb. It gives the hand a freedom andcontrol of movement that are beautiful to see. This can be seen in old sculptures and stonecarvings. We have a special phrase to express this mastery of the thumb. When one is ruled by’s thumb”. A sickanother, completely controlled by him, we say the person is “under the other’s thumb”. Tenants have often complainedman, for example, often finds himself “under his doctorabout being “under the thumb of the landlord”．thumbs” at the There was a time, very lon g ago, when such tenants might in anger “bite theirlandlord. Such a gesture was an insult that could not be accepted lightly. People no longer do this.atBut they do something as childish and as offensive and ugly. They “thumb t heir noses”　somebody they want to defy or insult.21. If a person has two or more thumbs on one hand, he would______.A. do more thingsB. have a lot of troubleC. work as two or more cooksD. become a writer22. Without ______man might not have survived.A. the cookB. the thumbC. the fingerD. the writer_______.23. When a person says “I am all thumbs today”, he means thatA. he can’t get the right shoes onB. his hammer misses the nail and hits his fingerC. he does everything smoothlyD. he can’t get everything right24. When a person is completely controlled by another person, _______.A. we say that he is “all thumbs”B. we say that he has “a great thumb”’s thumb”C.. we say that he is “under the otherD. he turns thumb down on him25. When you want to insult someone, you can_______.A. put your thumb on your noseB. wave your thumb at himC. put him under your thumbD. do nothing with your thumbPassage SixQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.Where did the movies begin? It is often said that they are an American invention, but this isnot entirely true. The motion picture has been the most international of arts before the dawn of the 20th century.Soon after 1889, when the famous American inventor Thomas Edison first showed motion pictures through a device called the kinetoscope, other devices for the same purpose appeared all over the world. One other important contribution by Edison was the introduction of 35mm as the international standard film width. When it became possible to use any 35mm machine for showing movies from any part of the world, the international trading of films could begin.During the first years, there were no special movie theaters. Films were often shown in buildings which had formerly been stores. In America, these became known as nickelodeons because each member of the audience paid a nickel (five cents) to watch the movie.At first, movies pleased people just because the experience of watching them was new. In the black and white shadows, one could see larger-than-life images of reality and they moved! But images alone cannot keep people interested forever. Then cameras were taken to South Africa and Cuba to photograph wars in action. Prizefights were filmed, and so were religious processions. But none of these attractions could please the crowds for long.What gave the movies the possibility of becoming an art form was the introduction of narrative. Someone realized that a film could tell a story.Edwin S. Porter was a director and cameraman for Thomas Edison’s company. He advanced the art of the film by a giant step when, in 1903, he produced The Great Train Robbery. Although this account of a mail robbery and the pursuit of the robbers was very simple, it required the filming of several different locations. The result was a film that not only shifted freely from placeto place but even enabled viewers to see two actions that occurred at the same time. They watched the robbers escape and then saw the pursuers gathering for the pursuit. Within this brief, eight-minute movie lay the seeds of a true art form.In 1908, Biograph, a small film company in New York, employed a man who was to becomethe first true genius of motion pictures. He was D. W. Griffith, an unsuccessful actor and writer ofplays, who had worked briefly for Porter. Griffith preferred writing to acting, but at Biograph heworked as a writer, an actor and a director. In less than five years, he directed almost 300 pictures, raised Biograph to a leading position among film companies, and laid the foundations for modernfilm art.26. The first motion pictures were shown by Thomas Edison in_______.A. 1889B. 1903C. 1907D. 190827. _______ made the international trading of films possible.A. The use of nickelsB. Movie theatersC. The introduction of 35mm as the international standard film widthD. A device called the kinetoscope28. _______made it possible for films to become an art form.A. Larger-than-life images of realityB. The fact that wars were filmedC. PrizefightD. The introduction of narrative29. The writer said that Porter advanced the art of the film by a giant step in producing The Great Train Robbery.This is probably because the film_______.A. had a title which had a tremendous effectB. was the longest at that timeC. was produced by a directorD. required the filming of several different locations30. _______is regarded as the first true genius of motion picture.A. EdisonB. PorterC. GriffithD. BiographIlI. Discourse Cloze. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.WORLD WAR II, the name commonly given to the global conflict of 1939-1945. It was thegreatest and most destructive war in history. 31. _______, World War II included gigantic struggles not only in Europe but in Asia, Africa, and the far-flung (广泛的,漫长的) islands of the Pacific as well. More than 17 million members of the armed forces of the various belligerents (交战国) perished during the conflict. Its conduct strained the economic capabilities of the major nations and left many countries on the edge of collapse.At the end of World War I the victorious nations formed the League of Nations for the purpose of airing international disputes, and of mobilizing its members for a collective effort tokeep the peace in the event of aggression by any nation against another or of a breach (对法律、义务等的违犯) of the peace treaties. The United States, imbued (鼓吹) with isolationism, did not become a member. The League failed in its first test. In 1931 the Japanese, using as an excuse the explosion of a small bomb under a section of track of the South Manchuria Railroad (over which they had virtual control), initiated military operations designed to conquer all of Manchuria. 32._______ Thereupon, Japan resigned from the League. Meanwhile, Manchuria had been overrun and transformed into a Japanese puppet state under the name of Manchukuo. 33. _______.In 1933 also, Adolf Hitler came to power as dictator of Germany and began to rearm the country in contravention (违反，违背) of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. 34.___. That year the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini began his long-contemplated invasion of Ethiopia, which he desired as an economic colony. 35. _______. British and French efforts to effect a compromise settlement failed, and Ethiopia was completely occupied by the Italians in 1936.Alarmed by German rearmament, France sought an alliance with the USSR. Under the pretext that this endangered Germany, Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936. 36. _______. Emboldened by this success, Hitler intensified his campaign for Lebensraum (space for living) for the German people. 37. _______. In September, as Hitler increased his demands on the Czechs and war seemed imminent, the British and French arranged a conference with Hitler and Mussolini. At the Munich Conference they agreed to German occupation of the Sudetenland, Hitler’s asserted last claim, in the hope of maintaining peace. This hope was short lived, for in March 1939, Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and seized the former German port of Memel from Lithuania. There followed demands on Poland with regard to Danzig (波兰港口) and the Polish Corridor. 38. _______. After surprising the world with the announcement of a nonaggression pact (条约) with his sworn foe, the Soviet Union, he sent his armies across the Polish border on Sept. 1, 1939.39. _______.As the Germans devastated Poland, the Russians moved into the eastern part of the country and began the process that was to lead to the absorption in 1940 of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.They also made demands on Finland. 40. _______.Meanwhile, Japan had undertaken military operations for the subjugation of China proper, and was making preparations for the expansion of its empire into Southeast Asia and the rich island groups of the Southwest Pacific. Mussolini watched the progress of his fellow dictator, Hitler, while preparing to join in the war at a favorable moment.(From The World War II in Brief)A. The League voted minor sanctions (制裁) against Italy, but these had slight practical effectB. He denounced the provisions of that treaty that limited German armament and in 1935 reinstituted compulsory military serviceC. Whereas military operations in World War I were conducted primarily on the European continentD. He forcibly annexed (兼并) Austria in March 1938, and then, charging abuse of German minorities, threatened CzechoslovakiaE. Because of a lack of resources, Allied strategy had envisioned the prior defeat of Germany while remaining on the defensive against the JapaneseF. After receiving the report of its commission of inquiry, the League adopted a resolution in 1933 calling on the Japanese to withdrawG. The Poles remained adamant (顽强的，坚决的), and it became clear to Hitler that he could attain his objectives only by forceH. Beset (缠扰) by friction and dissension (冲突，纠纷) among its members, the League took no further actionI. Britain and France, pledged to support Poland in the event of aggression, declared war on Germany two days laterJ. It was a dangerous venture, for Britain and France could have overwhelmed Germany, but, resolved to keep the peace, they took no actionK. The recalcitrant (顽抗的) Finns were subdued in the Winter War of 1939-1940, but only after dealing the Russians several humiliating military reversesL. War’s end found the United States and the USSR the two greatest powers in the worldIV. Word Formations. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41. (significant) It is a waste of time to listen to his ______talk.42. (astonish) I was ______ at the news of his escape.43. (bankruptcy) Our business is at the crossing. If this deal does not succeed, we shallbe______.44. (vain) Before they fled the country, the enemy ______attempted to destroy all thefactories.45. (extinct) His movie of the______of dinosaurs was a great success.46. (exist) In her speech, the Minister came out against any change to the ______law.47. (patient) The nurse has been criticized for the third time for she is always ______withher patients.48. (mystery) There are many______stories about the Egyptian pyramids.49. (valid) This ticket has passed its expiration date, and so it is now______.50. (deprivation) If you drive too fast, the police will______you of your licence.V. Gap Filling. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps withthe correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary). Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.force steady dependent able uniteamong hold call approve applyremarkably with turnBefore the war ended, these thirteen states realized that they would need to work together in peacetime as they had been 51. ______ to do in wartime. In 1782 they put into effect a plan for52.______ under a federal system. This meant that each of the states would remain 53. ______ in many ways but would join with the others in a government that would be able to do things that individual states could not do by themselves with success. Unfortunately this plan did not providefor a federal government strong enough to 54.______ it to do what needed to be done. This became clear after a few years of experience. In 1786 a call went out to all the states inviting themto send delegates to a meeting to be held in Philadelphia in the spring of 1787. This meeting wasthe Constitutional Convention, a great 55.________ point in American history.No more important meeting has ever been held in America. To it came fifty-five men, 56.______ them some of the most famous men in our history. They included George Washington who presided over the convention, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. They worked 57.______ and in secret from May well into September and adjourned only after they had written a new plan of government to be sent to the thirteen states for 58.______ The document。

自考英语一词汇、词组及句型

第一部分一些需要注意的词汇、词组及句型UNI..disagre.with不同.no.only…bu.als. 不仅...而. hundred.of数..wit.th.hel.of与帮助guarantee保...neither…nor既不...也. b.differen.from有所不.mea.t.do打算做succee.i.doin.st.成功地做某..tak.awa.带.consis.o.包括offe.sth.t.sb.(offe.sb.sth..to提供某物。

某人/（提供某人。

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）要practic.doing实践. depen.on依.instea.of而不.loo.for寻找mak..mistak.(mak.mistakes.犯了一个错误（犯错误） b.willin.to愿.information信息b.intereste.i.sth.(i.doin.sth..感兴趣的事物.（在做某事。

）i.orde.to为.o.th.othe.hand另一方面(might.d.wel.t.d.sth.（可能）做好做某事。

UNI..be/fee.sur.o.sth.是/某物感觉肯定. attrac.attention吸引注意力lead…with..fo.th.mos.part大部.du.persuad.sb.t.d.sth.由于说服某人。

做某事。

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catc.th.eye醒目tend to (do sth)会（做某事）no more than不超过identify…with 确定...随着carry over结转as well as以及put up with容忍be responsible for负责decid.on决.reach到达mak.a.estimat.of作出估计approve批准b.involve.i.doin.sth.参与做某事。

05年01月自考英语阅读一试题

全国2005年4⽉⾼等教育⾃学考试英语阅读(⼀)试题课程代码：00595 PART ONE (70 POINTS) Ⅰ.TEXT COMPREHENSION The following comprehension questions are based on the texts you have learned, and each of them is provided with 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer to each question and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points,1 point each) 1."With that chain on his watch, Jim might loot at the time in any company."The underlined part in this sentence from Gifts of the Magi means ____. A. in the presence of any person B. while working in a firm C. when interviewed by a corporation D. doing any business 2.According to The Wife of Bath's Tale, what women want most is ____.A. jewels and moneyB. happinessC. fine clothesD. leadership in the family 3.In The Fisherman and His Wife, the Fisherman was ____ when his wife wished for one thing after another.A. tolerant but not pleasedB. bewildered but not madC. anguished but not rebelliousD. furious but not daring 4.In Little Match Girl, when her little hands were almost benumbed with cold, the little match girl ____. A. thought of the kindness of her grandmother B. thought of the pleasant smell of the roast goose C. went home but received a beating from her father D. rubbed the match against the wall and warmed her hands 5.The title of the story A Day's Wait most probably means that the boy ____. A. had been waiting all day to die B. had waited a whole day for his father to come back C. had been waiting all day to recover from his illness D. had waited a whole day before the drugs took effect 6.According to Bringing up Children,"upbringing" and "education" are ____. A. merely two different terms for the same process B. the same term for the different processes C. two utterly different but closely related processes because children are involved in different environments D. interdependent because both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for children'sdevelopment 7.The National Gallery in London overlooks ____. A. Parliament B. Trafalgar Square C. the National Gallery of British Art D. the National Portrait Gallery 8.According to How to Live like a Millionaire, most millionaires measure success by ____.A. incomeB. consumptionC. investment worth 9.Based on the passage United Nations, which of the following statements is NOT true?____. A. The U.N. has the right to intervene in the member states' internal affairs. B. All the member states, big or small, have the same rights and obligations. C. The day that United Nations came into existence is United Nations Day. D. Armed forces should not be used except in protecting the common interest. 10.According to Universities and Polytechnics, London University is similar to Oxford and Cambridge in that ____. A. they all consist of many constituent colleges B. they were all founded in the 13th century C. students all live outside the campus D. they set up a different pattern of university life 11."Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, will sink into a Dark Age."This quotation comes from the famous speech of ____ during the Second World War.A. Queen VictoriaB. George V.C. Lloyd GeorgeD. Winston Churchill 12.The information from What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannot best supports which of the following statements? A. It is never too late to learn something new. B. Action speaks louder than words. C. Wisdom is born of experience. D. It is easier to preach than to practice. 13.Through the examples given in Nonverbal Communication, the writer tries to tell us that ____. A. the nonverbal behavior of animals is instinctive, but it is not the case with humans B. animals have more elaborate nonverbal behavior than humans C. nonverbal communication exists in both humans and animals naturally D. humans might imitate each other's nonverbal behavior whereas animals' are entirely inborn 14.The story The Girls in Their Summer Dresses deals with the subject of ____. A. the individual's lifestyle and outlook B. a person's imagination C. the fashion of a certain period D. the tradition of a society 15.In The Constitution of the United States, ____is considered a great turning point in American history. A. the revolt against British rule B. the Constitutional Convention C. the establishment of legislature in each colony D. the aid of France through independence 16.In Lady in the Dark, which of the following words best describes Mrs. Courtenay's behavior in the face of danger?A. Irritable.B. Scared.C. Calm.D. Watchful. 17.According to Helen Keller in Three Days to See, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Darkness would make people more appreciative of sight. B. Silence would teach people the joys of sound. C. It would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. D. Court records reveal every day how accurately "eyewitnesses"see. 18.At the end of the story by Jerome K. Jerome, getting up too early had been a ____to George.A. routineB. necessityC. warningD. pleasure 19.According to some official records, the earliest Olympic Games took place ____.A. in the seventh century A.D.B. before 700 B.C.C. over three thousand years agoD. a thousand years ago 20.Which of the following novels is NOT written by Charlotte Bront? ?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. The ProfessorC. Jane EyreD. Shirley Ⅱ.READING COMPREHENSION In this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best answer or the best choice to complete the statement and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points, 2 points each) Passage 1 There are two basic differences between the large and the small enterprises. In the small enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts. In the large enterprise you have established "policies,""channels" of organization, and fairly rigid procedures. In the small enterprise you have, moreover, immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions right away, once you are a little above the ground floor. In the large enterprise even the man at the top is only part of a big machine. To be sure, his actions affect a much greater area than the actions and decisions of the man in the small organization, but his effectiveness is remote, indirect, and difficult to see at first sight. In a small and even in a middle-sized business you are normally exposed to all kinds of experiences, and expected to do a great many things without too much help or guidance. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a jack-of-all-trades and master of none. In the large one it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less. There is one other important thing to consider: do you get a deep sense of satisfaction from being a member of a well-known organization——General Motors, the Bell Telephone System, the government? Or is it more important to you to be a well-known and important figure within your own small pond? There is a basic difference between the satisfaction that comes from being a member of a large, powerful, and generally known organization, and the one that comes from being a member of a family; between impersonal grandeur and personal - often much too personal - intimacy; between life in a small office on the top floor of a skyscraper and life in a crossroads gas station. 21.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in a large enterprise ____. A. new technology is employed quickly B. all people work efficiently C. one's effectiveness is felt very slowly D. one can get promotion easily 22.Generally speaking, the person working in a large enterprise ____. A. has to deal with a great many things B. knows how everything is going on around him C. acquires increasingly thorough knowledge within a limited field D. feels more secure than the one employed by a small enterprise 23.In the second paragraph, the writer mentions "your own small pond" to refer to ____. A. a top leader in a larger enterprise B. a manager of a small enterprise C. a large enterprise D. a small enterprise 24.According to the information provided in the passage, if you are interested in personal intimacy, you should work____. A. for General Motors B. for the Bell Telephone System C. in a department in the government D. in a crossroads gas station 25.The writer of this passage ____. A. compares the large and the small enterprises objectively B. obviously prefers to work for a large enterprise C. intends to show the advantages of working in a small business D. explains the disadvantages of being a top leader in a large business Passage 2 In the old days, when a glimpse of stockings was looked upon as something far too shocking to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men. Then came the First World War and the male secretaries were replaced by women. A man's secretary became his personal servant, charged with remembering his wife's birthday and buying her presents; taking his suits to dry-cleaners; telling lies on the telephone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at bay; and of course, typing and filing and taking shorthand. Now all this may be changing again .The microchip (集成块) and high technology is sweeping the British office, takingwith it much better of the routine clerical work that secretaries did. "Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again because it will involve only the high-powered work-and then men will want to do it again." That was said by one of the executives(male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country.What he has predicted is already under way in the U.S. Once high technology has made the job of secretary less routine, will there be a male takeover? Men should beware of thinking that they can walk right into better jobs. There are a lot of women secretaries who will do the job as well as they-not just because they can buy negligees(妇⼥长睡⾐) for the boss's wife, but because they are as efficient and well-trained to cope with word processors and computers as men. 26.Before 1914 female secretaries were rare because they ______. A. were less efficient than men B. were not as serious as men C. liked stockings D. would have disturbed other office workers 27.Besides fulfilling other duties, a female secretary was expected to _____. A. be her boss's memory B. clean her boss's clothes C. do what her boss asked her to D. telephone her boss's wife 28.Secrtaries,until recently, had to do a lot of work now done by _____.A. machinesB. other staffC. servantsD. wives 29.A secretary in the future will ______.A. be better paidB. have higher statusC. have less work to doD. have more work to do 30.The writer believes that before long _____. A. both men and women will be qualified secretaries B. men will be better than machines C. men will take over women's jobs as secretaries D. women will operate most office machines Passage 3 Clutter is the disease of American writing. We are a society strangling in unnecessary words, circular constructions, pompous frills and meaningless jargon. Who really knows what the average businessman is trying to say in the average business letter? What member of an insurance or medical plan can decipher the brochure that tells him what his costs and benefits are? What father or mother can put together a child's toy-on Christmas Eve or any other eve-from the instructions on the box? Our national tendency is to inflate and thereby sound important. The airline pilot who wakes us to announce that he is presently anticipating experiencing considerable weather wouldn't dream of saying that there's a storm ahead and it may get bumpy. The sentence is too simple-there must be something wrong with it. But the secret of good writing is to strip every sentence to its cleanest components. Every word that serves no function,every long word that could be a short word, every adverb winch carries the same meaning that is already in the verb, every passive construction that leaves the reader unsure of who is doing what-these are the thousand and one adulterants (赘词)that weaken the strength of a sentence. And they usually occur, ironically, in proportion to educat i o n a n d r a n k . / p > p > 0 0 D u r i n g t h e l a t e 1 9 6 0 ' s t h e p r e s i d e n t o f P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y w r o t e a l e t t e r t o m o l l i f y t h e a l u m n i a f t e r a s p e l l o f c a m p u s u n r e s t . " Y o u a r e p r o b a b l y a w a r e , " h e b e g a n , " t h a t w e h a v e b e e n e x p e r i e n c i n g v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e p o t e n t i a l l y e x p l o s i v e e x p r e s s i o n s o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n o n i s s u e s o n l y p a r t i a l l y r e l a t e d . " H e m e a n t t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s h a d b e e n h a s s l i n g t h e m a b o u t d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s . A s a n a l u m n u s I w a s f a r m o r e u p s e t b y t h e p r e s i d e n t ' s s y n t a x t h a n b y t h e s t u d e n t s ' p o t e n t i a l l y e x p l o s i v e e x p r e s s i o n o f d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . I w o u l d h a v e p r e f e r r e d t h e p r e s i d e n t i a l a p p r o a c h t a k e n b y F r a n k l i n D . R o o s e v e l t w h e n h e t r i e d t o c o n v e r t i n t o E n g l i s h h i s o w n g o v e r n m e n t ' s m e m o s , s u c h a s t h i s b l a c k o u t o r d e r o f 1 9 4 2 : / p > p > 0 0 S u c h p r e p a r a t i o n s s h a l l b e m a d e a s w i l l c o m p l e t e l y o b s c u r e a l l F e d e r a l b u i l d i n g s a n d n o n - F e d e r a l b u i l d i n g s o c c u p i e d b y t h e F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t d u r i n g a n a i r r a i d f o r a n y p e r i o d o f t i m e f r o m v i s i b i l i t y b y r e a s o n s o f i n t e r n a l o r e x t e r n a l i l l u m i n a t i o n . / p > p > 0 0 " T e l l t h e m , " R o o s e v e l t s a i d , " t h a t i n b u i l d i n g s w h e r e t h e y h a v e t o k e e p t h e w o r k g o i n g t o p u t s o m e t h i n g a c r o s s t h e w i n d o w s . " / p > p > 0 0 3 1 . W h a t i s t h e a u t h o r ' s m a i n p u r p o s e i n w r i t i n g t h e p a s s a g e ? / p > p > 0 0 A . T o s h o w t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l l e v e l o f m o s t A m e r i c a n s . / p > p > 0 0 B . T o c r i t i c i z e w o r d y w r i t i n g . / p > p > 0 0 C . T o i n f o r m r e a d e r s o f t h e A m e r i c a n w r i t i n g s t y l e . / p > p > 0 0 D . T o d e s c r i b e t h e b e s t w a y o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n . / p > p > 0 0 3 2 . T h e r e a s o n w h y t h e a u t h o r q u o t e s R o o s e v e l t i s t o _ _ _ _ . / p > p > 0 0 A . p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e g o v e r n m e n t d o c u m e n t / p > p > 0 0 B . r e v e a l t h e h i d d e n p o w e r o f w o r d s / p > p > 0 0 C . g i v e a n e x a m p l e o f t h e a u t h o r i t y ' s r o l e d u r i n g t h e c r i s i s / p > p > 0 0 D . s h o w h o w s i m p l y t h e b l a c k o u t o r d e r c o u l d h a v e b e e n s t a t e d / p > p > 0 0 3 3 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e , t h e a i r l i n e p i l o t a v o i d s u s i n g t h e w o r d " s t o r m " b e c a u s e t h e w o r d _ _ _ _ . / p > p > 0 0 A . m a y f r i g h t e n t h e p a s s e n g e r s / p > p > 0 0 B . i s a m b i g u o u s / p > p > 0 0 C . i s t o o o r d i n a r y . / p > p > 0 0 D . s o u n d s i m p o r t a n t / p > p > 0 0 3 4 . T h e a u t h o r g i v e s t h e e x a m p l e o f t h e p r e s i d e n t o f P r i n c e t o n i n o r d e r t o s h o w t h a t _ _ _ _ . / p > p > 0 0 A . e d u c a t e d p e o p l e u s u a l l y c o m m u n i c a t e c l e a r l y / p > p > 0 0 B . e d u c a t e d p e o p l e t e n d t o a c t l i k e l e a d e r s / p > p > 0 0 C . s i m p l i c i t y i s s o m e t h i n g e a s i l y f o r g o t t e n b y l e a d e r s o r e d u c a t e d p e o p l e / p > p > 0 0 D . s i m p l i c i t y i s n o t s u i t a b l e f o r t h e s t y l e o f l e a d e r s o r e d u c a t e d p e o p l e / p > p > 0 0 3 5 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s i s N O T n e g a t i v e l y s l a n t e d ? / p > p > 0 0 A . C l u t t e r B . J a r g o n / p > p > 0 0 C . D e c i p h e r D . B r o c h u r e / p > p > 0 0 P a s s a g e 4 / p > p > 0 0 W h e n I f i r s t c o n s i d e r e d b e c o m i n g a c o l l e g e p r o f e s s o r , t e n u r e w a s n o t a n a t t r a c t i o n o r e v e n a n i s s u e . I w a s d r a w n t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n b y t h e w o r k a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . E v e n a f t e r e a r n i n g a P h . D . , s p e n d i n g t i m e w o r k i n g i n W a s h i n g t o n D . C . , a n d f i n a l l y g e t t i n g m y f i r s t t e a c h i n g j o b i n p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , I w a s n o t p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t e n u r e . I n o w w o r k a t a r e g i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n t h a t r e q u i r e s a n a t t a i n a b l e b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t e a c h i n g , r e s e a r c h , a n d s e r v i c e . I h a v e a l w a y s b e e n a h a r d w o r k e r a n d s e e n o r e a s o n t o s t o p . / p > p > 0 0 B u t m y v i s i o n o f t e n u r e h a s c h a n g e d , I d o n o t w a n t t o a l w a y s b y t h e s a m e k i n d o f p r o f e s s o r I a m n o w . N o w , I a m w o r k i n g o n a r t i c l e s , c o u r s e p r e p a r a t i o n s , l e a r n i n g t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e c u r r i c u l u m s o I c a n a d v i s e s t u d e n t s , a n d b u i l d i n g i n s t i t u t i o n a l k n o w l e d g e b y s e r v i n g o n u n i v e r s i t y c o m m i t t e e s . T o d a y , m y p r o d u c t i v i t y i s h i g h a n d I f o c u s o n " c o l l e c t i n g b e a n s , " t o m o r r o w , I w o u l d l i k e t o f o c u s o n q u a l i t y . / p >。

2007年4月全国英语阅读(一)试题及答案

全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读（一）试题课程代码：00595请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上1.CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.One of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one’s mistakes .It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like “I was wrong about that,” and it is even harder to say,“ I was wrong, and you were right about that.”I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place. There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reason, I decided it was up to me to put the display back together, so I went to work.The manager heard the noise and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I were the culprit. He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for the broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not.1．How old was the author when he wrote this article?1A. About 8.B. About 15.C. About 18.D. About 23.2．The stacks of cartons were actually knocked off by______________.A. the authorB. the managerC. a woman customerD. the author’s mother3．When the manager came, the author was__________________.A. inspecting the eggsB. putting the cartons backC. paying for the broken eggsD. pushing the cart for the woman4．The word “culprit”(Para.4)may be replaced by_______________.A. foolB. clownC. thiefD. wrongdoer5．The author’s attitude towards admitting one’s mistakes is basically_____________.A. ironicB. criticalC. indifferentD. appreciativePassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic(长久的) personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent.Professionals seek career experience outside their home countries for a variety of reasons. They may feel the need to recharge their batteries with a new challenge. They may want a position with more responsibility that encourages creativity and initiative. Or they may wish to expose their children to another culture, and the opportunity to learn a second language.When applying for a job, one usually has to submit a résumé or curriculum vitae (CV) .The two terms generally mean the same thing: a one-or two-page document describing one’s educational qualifications and professional experience. However, guidelines for preparing a résumé are constantly changing. The best advice is to find out what is appropriate regarding the corporate culture, the country culture, and the culture of the person making the hiring decision. The challenge will be to embrace(包含)two or more cultures in one document. The following list is a good place to start:●Educational requirements differ from country to country. In almost every case of “cross-border” job hunting, just stating the title of your degree will not be an adequate description.2Provide the reader with details about your studies and any related experience.●Pay attention to the résumé format you use—chronological or reverse-chronological order. Chronological order means listing your “oldest”work experience first. Reverse-chronological order means listing your current or most recent experience first. Most countries have preferences about which format is most acceptable. If you find no specific guidelines, the general preference is for the reverse-chronological format.●If you are submitting your résumé in English ,find out if the recipient（收件人）uses British English or American English because there are variations between the two versions. For example, university education is often referred to as “tertiary education ” in the United Kingdom, but this term is rarely used in the United States. A reader who is unfamiliar with these variations may assume that your contains errors.6．Companies are searching for talent outside their home countries because________.A. they need to expand their business globallyB. they have difficulty hiring employees at homeC. they can benefit from international professionalsD. foreign employees are more capable than those at home7．According to the passage, professionals looking for international careers________.A．are usually creative and have the initiativeB．are no longer satisfied with their own life at homeC．aim to improve their foreign language skillsD．aim at opportunities for themselves and their children8．When it comes to résumé writing, it is advisable to________.A．take cultural factors into considerationB．learn about the company’s hiring processC．follow appropriate guidelines for job huntingD．find out the employer’s personal likes and dislikes9．When writing about qualifications in the résumé, job applicants are advised to________. A．emphasize their academic potential to impress the decision makerB．start with the title of the degree they have obtained at homeC．provide a detailed description of their studies and work experiences3D．show intense interest in pursuing international careers10．According to the author’s last piece of advice, job applicants should be aware of __________.A．the different educational systems in the US and the UKB．the differences between American English and British EnglishC．the recipient’s preference with regard to résumé formatD．the distinctive features of American and British culturesPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.On a January day in 1975, Ken and Catalina Brugger wandered through an ancient forest in Mexico on a high mountain slope eighty miles west of Mexico City .The air was damp and cool. The sky was cloudy, so little light reached through the trees. As the Bruggers walked along, they realized they were hearing a quiet, constant noise. It was like rain falling on the fir tress. But there was no rain. They looked around for the source of the sound. Suddenly, sunlight broke through the clouds and lit up the forest. The Bruggers gasped in delight. All around them, the trees shimmered with the beating of brilliant orange and black wings. The Bruggers were surrounded by millions of monarch butterflies, resting in their winter home.The Brugger’s discovery was important in the world of butterfly study. Butterfly lovers knew that, late every summer, monarchs migrate from Canada into Mexico. More than 300 million of the fragile creatures make the 2,500-mile flight. But no one knew what became of the butterflies once they reached Mexico. Within the next few years, twelve more monarch roosts were discovered. They were all along the same mountain range where the Bruggers had made their find. Now the mystery was solved.The monarch’s stay in Mexico is just one part of an amazing life cycle. Every spring, in Mexico, female monarchs lay enormous numbers of eggs. One female may lay more than four hundred a month. She attaches her eggs to milkweed plants. The milkweed provides a perfect first home for the young monarchs .Because milkweed is poisonous to most creatures, birds and other butterfly enemies avoid it. But monarchs love milkweed. The eggs hatch in three to twelve days, and out come worm-like larve（幼虫）which feed on the milkplant. The poison does not hurt them. But it does have an important effect. It makes the monarch as poisonous the plant was. A bird that4eats a monarch will become very sick—and never eat another one.After living for two weeks as larvae, the monarchs attach themselves to leaves. Then they spin cocoons(茧).After a week, the cocoons open and the butterflies emerge, soon to begin their 2,500-mile flight northwards. Many of them die as they pass through such southern states as Texas and Louisiana. But first they lay more eggs. After a few weeks, a new generation of monarchs is ready to continue the journey. They—or their children or grandchildren—will reach Canada, where they spend the summer.11．The Bruggers did not know where the quiet, constant noise came from because it was _______.A．raining B．cloudy C．too bright D．windy 12．By the time the article was written, people had discovered______________.A．1 monarch roost B．12 monarch roostsC．13 monarch roosts D．400 monarch roosts13．Before the Brugger’s discovery, people did not know_____________________.A．how monarch butterflies lived in CanadaB．when monarch butterflies left CanadaC．what happened to monarch butterflies in MexicoD．where monarch butterflies in Mexico came from14．The monarch butterflies make their winter home in ___________________.A．Canada B．MexicoC．the U.S. D．Texas or Louisiana15．The article provides information about monarchs’__________________.A．migration, food and size B．food, size and number C．migration, food and number D．migration, number and sizePassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.The Yanomami are a people living in villages between 40 and 250 people in the Venezuelan rain forest. Since the 1960s, Napoleon Chagnon has studied several Yanomami villages, written a widely-read book called The Fierce People about the Yanomami and helped to produce several films about them.5Chagnon’s writings and films have promoted a long-standing view of the Yanomami as exceptionally violent and war-loving. According to Chagnon, about one third of adult Yanomami males die violently, about two thirds of all adults had lost at least one close relative through violence, and over 50 percent had lost two or more close relatives. He has reported that one village was raided 25 times during his first 15 months there.Chagnon provides a sociobiological explanation for the fierceness of the Yanomami. He explains that village raids and warfare are carried to obtain wives. Although the Yanomami prefer to marry within their village, there is a shortage of potential brides because the Yanomami practice the killing of female infants, which creates a scarcity of women. While the Yanomami prefer to marry within their own group, taking a wife from another group is preferable to remaining a bachelor. Men in other groups, however, are unwilling to give up their women; hence the necessity for raids. Chagnon also argues that, as successful warriors will be able to gain a wife or more than one wife, they often have more children than unsuccessful ones. Successful warriors, Chagnon suggests, carry a genetic advantage for fierceness, which they pass on to their sons, leading to a high growth rate of groups with violent males through genetic selection for fierceness. Male fierceness, in this view, is biologically determined.Marvin Harris, who has a cultural materialist perspective, says that food scarcity and population in the area are the underlying causes of warfare. The Yanomami lack plentiful sources of meat, which is highly valued. Harris suggests that when hunting in an area was exhausted, the Yanomami would venture into territories of neighboring groups, thus giving rise to conflicts. Such conflicts in turn resulted in high rate of adult male deaths. Combined with the effects of female infant killing, this meat-warfare complex kept population growth rate down to a level that the environment could support.In contrast, Patrick Tierney, a journalist, points the finger of blame to a large extent at Chagnon himself. Tierney presents evidence that it was the presence of Chagnon and his team of co-researchers and many boxes of trade goods that triggered a series of deadly raids, for the Yanomami competed with other groups for his trade goods. In addition, Tierney argues that Chagnon intentionally prompted the Yanomami to act fiercely for his films and to stage raids that actually led to bad feelings where they had not existed before.16．The first sentence in the second paragraph implies that_________________.6A．the Yanomami are fierce by natureB．the Yanomami are historically a fierce peopleC．Chagnon influenced people’s view of the YanomamiD．Chagnon was the discoverer of the Yanomami fierceness17．According to Chagnon’s explanation, the fierceness of the Yanomami originates from_______. A．the lack of men B．the shortage of womenC．the desire to marry out D．the fear of marrying within 18．Chagnon’s explanation of the Yanomami suggests that individual personality is_________. A．inborn B．learnedC．reshaped D．acquired19．Marvin Harris explains the fierceness of the Yanomami in terms of ___________. A．biology B．raceC．history D．environment20．In contrast to other researchers, Patrick Tierney interprets issues concerning the Yanomami as the result of their___________.A．native culture B．primitive societyC．modern researchers D．primitive enemiesⅡ. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21-24 are based on the following passage.English is a vacuum cleaner language; it is able and willing to adopt any words it finds useful.Places, peoples, tongues from around the world all have become part of the English vocabulary. They give it flexibility and provide a certain sense of familiarity for people who speak it as a second or foreign language.According to the Oxford English Dictionary, English contains worlds from more than 350 living languages.7“English is a free market,”says Allan Metacalf, author of The World in So Many Words. “Guardians of other languages tend to become alarmed when they notice foreign words creeping in . They say ,‘That’s a terrible thing; keep them out.’But English is multicultural.”Linguistic historians believe that English began to absorb other languages on a large scale in 1066. That was the year when King William, a Norman from what is now France, conquered England. That meant English speakers were ruled by French speakers. The English language had to make some changes.During the Renaissance, words flowed into English form Latin and Greek. The Age of Exploration introduced new terms from all corners of the world.And America changed everything. America began as an English-speaking land but its language has been and is still shaped by generations of immigrants. Each new group brings new ideas and new expressions. Irish, Italians, Germans, Eastern Europeans, Latinos, Africans, Asians —all change English in some degree.Mass culture makes adoptions easier. Today, words like kungfu and chow are no longer odd Chinese words; they have gone mainstream.Then there are words invented or given new meanings when English needs them. Some words like e-mail , blurb and fax enter the mainstream. Others like laser begin life as acronyms(首字母缩略)for things that otherwise would be too difficult to say in everyday conversation.Of course, language cannot be separated from culture, and importation depends on the situation. It also depends on whether the word remains useful.Linguists predict that foreign words will flow into English even faster as more non-native speakers reach global leadership positions. The pace will increase, but it still will be English, which always is ready to accept new words. This is because English is a practical language with a long tradition of borrowing.21．The best title for the passage would be__________.A．Borrowed Words in English B．History of English Words C．Mass Culture and Adoptions D．Word Inventions and Adoptions 22．King William was___________________.A．Italian B．French8C．Norman D．Greek23．The word borrowed from Chinese is __________________.A．chow B．e-mailC．fax D．laser24．According to linguists, the borrowing of foreign words will____________.A．stop B．continueC．speed up D．slow downPassage 6Questions 25-27 are based on the following passage.Suggested Readings:Anne Allison, Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994. Based on the author’s participant observation, this book explores what it is like to work as a hostess in a club that caters to corporate male employees and discusses how that microculture is linked to men’s corpoerate work culture.Fraces Dahlber, ed. Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. These path-breaking essays examine the role of women in four different foraging societies, provide insights on human evolution from studies of female chimpanzees, and give an overview of women’s role in human cultural adaptation.Elliot Fratkin, Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya: Surviving Drought and Development in Africa’s Arid Lands. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1988. Based on several phases of ethnographic research among the Ariaal beginning in the 1970s, this book provides insights about pastoralism in general and the particular cultural strategies of the Ariaal, including attention to social oragaization and family life.David Uru Iyam, The Broken Hoe: cultural Reconfiguration in Biase Southeast Nigeria. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995. Based on fieldwork among the Biase people by a scholar who is a member of a Biase group, this book examines changes since the 1970 in the traditional forms of subsistence—agriculture, fishing, and trade—and related issues such as environmental deterioration and population growth.Katherine S. Newman, Falling from Grace: The Experience of Downward Mobility in the9American Middle Class.New York: The Free Press, 1988. This book providesethnographic research on the downwardly mobile of New Jersey as a “special tribe,”with attention to loss of employment by corporate managers and blue-collar workers,and the effects of downward mobility on middle-class family life, particularly women. Richard H. Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. Boston: Longman, 1999.Robins takes a critical look at the role of capitalism and global economic growth increating and sustaining many world problems such as poverty, disease, hunger, violence,and environmental destruction. The last section includes extended case studies tosupport the argument.Deborah Sick , Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1999. This book is anethnography of coffee-producing households in Costa Rica that describes the difficultiesfacing coffee farmers due to unpredictable global forces and the uncertain role of thestate as a mediator between the global and the local.25．Among the books on the list, the number of those published in the 1990s is _____________. A．2 B．3 C．4 D．526．The two books published by the University Press of Chicago were written or edited by__________.A．Anne Allison and David Uru IyamB．David Uru Iyam and Deborah SickC．Anne Allison and Katherine S. NewmanD．Richard H. Robbins and David Uru Iyam27．The book that contains coffee farmers was published in ____________.A．1988 B．1994 C．1995 D．1999Passage 7Questions 28-30 are based on the following passage.Following World War II, the oil boom contributed to major economic changes in the Middle East especially the Gulf states. This unprecedented prosperity has been used to provide many social benefits, such as subsidized health, housing and education. In Kuwait, a major division in the distribution of the benefits of this wealth is between citizens and non-citizens. Foreign10migrants are the majority of the population: In 1989, the population composition was 650,000 Kuwaitis, 1.3million migrant workers, and about 250,000 bedu (former or current pastoral nomads.) Foreign migrants do not have citizenship.Some state benefits are distributed to everyone living in Kuwait, including health care, subsidized water, electricity and gasoline. Kuwaiti citizens receive additional benefits and pay no income taxes. Citizens receive free education and practically free housing. They are guaranteed a job in the government sector if they want one, and they are entitled to several state financial supports: living allowances, bride-wealth grants for first marriages, and subsidies for wedding celebrations. Foreigners are subject to residence and labor laws that prevent them from settling permanently in Kuwait. They cannot own real estate or other permanent assets and they cannot join trade unions.28．In 1989, most people in Kuwait were ____________,A．Kuwaitis B．beduC．migrant workers D．pastoral nomads 29．Foreigners are not entitled to social benefits such as_______________.A．gasoline B．free educationC．health care D．electricity30．Those who do not pay income taxes are ____________________.A．bedu B．non-citizensC．Kuwaiti citizens D．migrant workersⅢ.DISCOURSE CLOZEThe following is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces(there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1 point each)The English, as a race, have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities, including their closest neighbors, the French, Belgians and Dutch. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons,(31)______.Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. In the presence of strangers or foreigners he often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to see the11truth of this. (32)__________; no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An English wit,(33)_________, once suggested, “On entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers.”Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicion.It is a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that, given half a chance, (34)____________. Some people argue that it is because English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and speculation to everyone. This may be so. Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the meteorological experts—the weathermen—who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, (35)____________. The man in the street seems to be as accurate—or as inaccurate—as the weathermen in his predictions. This helps to explain the seemingly odd sight of an Englishman (36)____________. So variable is the weather that by lunchtime it could be pouring.The overseas visitors may be excused for showing surprise at the number of references to weather that the English make to each other in the course of a single day. Very often conventional greetings are replaced by comments on the weather. “Nice day, isn’t it?”“Beautiful!” may well be heard (37)_____________. Although the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage. If he wants to start a conversation with an Englishman (or woman) (38)_____________.It is a safe subject which will provoke an answer from even the most reserved of Englishmen.In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotion, passion etc., often accompanied by appropriate gestures. The Englishman is somewhat different. Of course, an Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality, but he tends to display his feelings far less. This is reflected in his use of language. Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl. Whereas a man of more emotional temperament might describe her as “an exquisite jewel,”“divine,”“precious,” (39)_____________. An Englishman who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting, “It’s not bad, you know,” or on seeing a breathtaking landscape he might convey his pleasure by saying, “Nice, yes, very nice. ” The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement; (40)_____________. This special use of language, particularly12common in English, is known as understatement.(from The English Character) A．leaving home on a bright, sunny, summer morning with a raincoat slung over his arm and an umbrella in his handB．instead of “Good morning ,how are you ?”C．he must realize that “all right,”“not bad,” and “nice ” are very often used as superlatives with the sense of “first-class ”, “excellent, ”“beautiful”D．it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalitiesE．The country’s intellectuals are also being taken to task for their failure to speak out against the regimeF．they will talk about it at lengthG．Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner H．pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitorsI．tends to be attracted in the display of his feelingsJ．but is at a loss to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather K．are often proved wrong when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districtsL．the Englishman will flatly state “Um, she’s all right”Ⅳ.WORD FORMATIONSComplete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1point each)41．（rely）The major educational distinction between on-campus and distance teaching is the ________________on group-based strategies in the former and the individualized instruction in the latter.42．(produce)The only growing population in Asia is that of the poor. Much of the___________ land is being used for city expansion and building roads.43．(grow) World demand for paper and board is now expected to increase faster than the general economic_____________ in the next 15 years.1344．（destroy）Understanding how fire grows indoors is the first step in limiting its potential for death and______________ .45．（reason）Is the American Dream over? That’s the question any_____________, well-informed person might ask these days.46．(strength) He hoped to___________ the position of the sciences in the leading universities. 47．(invest) Many of the more reputable green products, however, represent very large________ in research and design, and in new materials and technology. 48．(entertain) Television, tapes, CDs, VCRs and audio-visual cameras have turned the home into an ______________center.49．(legal) They were yesterday convicted of___________________ using a hand gun. 50．(science) Australian__________________ have advised Ecuador on how to protect the seas around the famed Galapagos Islands.Ⅴ.GAP FILLINGThe following is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box(there are more words than necessary). Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1 point each)When we think of communication, we normally think of using words—talking face to face, writing messages and so on .But in fact, we(51)_____________ far more in other ways. Our eyes and facial expressions usually tell the truth even when our words do not.Then there are gestures, often unconscious: raising the eyebrows, rubbing the nose, (52)_____________ the shoulders, tapping the fingers, nodding and shaking the head. There is also the even more subtle “body language” of posture. Are you sitting—or standing—with arms or legs (53)_____________? Is that person standing with hands in pockets, held in front of the body or hidden behind? Even the way we dress and colours we wear communicate things to others.So, do animals communicate? Not in words, although a parrot might be (54)_____________ to repeat words and phrases which it doesn’t understand. But, as we have learnt, there is more to communication than words.Take dogs for example. They bare their teeth to warn, wag their tails to welcome and stand14。

自考英语(一)单词汇总

英语（上）1课a单词successful a.成功的adult n.成年人； a.成年的，成熟的disagree vt.（with）1.有分歧，不同意；2.不一致，不符statement n.声明，陈述guarantee n./vt.保证，担保，保修intelligent a.聪明的，明智的conversely ， ad.相反地similar a.相似的，类似的；与…相似（to）independent a.独立的，自主的pattern n.1.型，模式，样式；2.花样，图案guesser n.猜测者clue n.线索，提示conclusion n.结论，推论communicate vi.通讯，交流，交际；vt.传达，传播communication n.通讯，交流；传达；通讯联系，交通工具inexact a.不正确的，不精确的incomplete a.不完整的purpose n.1.目的，意图；2.用途regularly ad.整齐地，经常地，定期地purposefully ad.有目的地，蓄意地technique n.1.技术；2.技巧，手艺outline vt.概括，提出要点；n.轮廓；提纲disagree with 与…有分歧，不一致first of all 首先，第一depend on 依赖，依靠；依…而定be willing to 愿意，乐意be interested in 对…感兴趣on the other hand 另一方面英语（上）1课b单词instance n.例，实例deaf a.聋的；听力不佳的dumb a.哑的；无言的Englishman n.英国人Italian n.意大利人；意大利语waiter n.侍者，服务员beer n.啤酒soda-water n.苏打水，汽水traveler n.旅客，旅游者macaroni n.通心粉primitive a.原始的exact a.精确的，正确的consist vi.组成（of）simply ad.1.仅，只；2.完全地；3朴素地parrot n.鹦鹉not only……but also 不但…而且neither……nor 既不…也不consist of 由…组成Italy n.意大利英语（上）2课a单词tax n.税（款）vt.对…征税generally ad.一般地，通常，大体上federal a.联邦的type n.类型，种类，品种；vt./vi.打字salaried a.拿薪水的，领工资的salary n.工资vt.[常用被动语态]给…发薪earn vt.1.挣得，赚得；2.获得，赢得percentage n.百分比，百分率vary vi.变化，有不同，差异；vt.改变，使不同graduated a. 1.（税）累进的；2.分等级的；3.刻度的；4.毕业的sale n.出售，卖；廉价出售charge vt.1.索价；2.指控；3.装填，使充满；n.1.价钱，费用；2控告，指控；3.负责，主管；4.负荷item n.条，条款，项目packet n.小包，小盒；vt.打包，装行李；包装cigarette n.香烟，纸烟figure n.1.数字；2.人物；3外形，轮廓；vt.（out）计算出；想出；理解addition n.1.加，加法；2.附加物revenue n.1.（国家的）岁入，税收；2.收入，收益diverse a.1.不同的，相异的；2.多种多样的confuse vt.使混乱，混淆property n. 1.财产，资产，所有物；2.性质，特性excise n.国产税；本国消费税fund n.1.基金，专款；2.储备，贮存；vt.供以款项，提供资金department n.部，部门，系municipal a.市的，市政的complain vt./vi.抱怨（of，about）protest ， vt./vi.抗议，反对useless a.1.无用的；2无价值的；3.无效的impractical a.不切实际的，不能实行的program n.1.计划，规划；2.程序；3.节目，节目单；vt.为…编制程序view n.1.看法，见解，观点；2.视野，眼界；3.景色，风景；vt.看待，考虑，估量issue n.1.问题，争论点；2.发行；3（书刊的）期号；vt.发行，颁布，出版tend vi.（to）易于，往往会；倾向于；vt.照管，护理be sure of 确信…；确定…have a corner on 垄断（某物）=to have a（the）corner （on）similar to 跟…类似的，与…同样的in addition to 加之；又；除…之外；并且tend to 倾向，有…的趋势，趋于California 加利福尼亚（美国州名）North Dakota 北达科他（美国州名）英语（上）2课b单词advertise vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告attract vt.吸引，引起…的注意design vt./vi.1.设计；2.预定，指定；n.1.设计；2.图样，图案；3.企图mail n.邮件，邮递；vt.邮寄constantly ad.经常地；不断地；时常地product n.产品，产物persuade vt.1.说服，劝服；2.使相信；leisure n.1.空闲时间，空暇；2.悠闲，安逸activity n.1.活动，活跃；2.行动classified a.1.分类的，被归为一类的；2.保密的，机密的edition n.版，版本section n.1.章节，部分；2.部门，科；3.截面，剖面announcement n.通告，布告，告示available a. 可利用的，可获得的amount n.数量，数额，总数；vi.合计，共计（to）display n./vt.1.陈列，展览；2.显示entertainment n.（戏院，马戏团等的）娱乐，游艺，技艺表演；2.招待，款待audience n.听众，观众，读者limited a.有限的attractive a.有吸引力的，引起注意的characteristic a.特有的，典型的；为…特有的（of）；n.特性，特征slogan n.标语，口号identify vt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于（with）commercial a.商业的，商务的；n.商业广告department n.部，部门，系responsible a.1.需负责的，承担责任的（for）2.有责任感的，负责可靠的 3.责任重大的，重要的company n.1.公司；2.同伴，陪伴particular a.特定的；特殊的，特别的n.详情，细节estimate ， n.估计，估价；评价；vt.估计，估价management n.1.管理，经营；2.管理部门；3.资方approve vt.1.赞成，同意；2.批准，核准involve vt.1.使卷入，使参与（in）；2.牵涉；3.包含，含有for the most part 在很大程度上，多半be characteristic of 为…所特有，是…的特征catch the eye 引人注目no more than 仅仅identify……with 把…和…等同起来carry over 继续下去，遗留下来as well as 除…之外（也）；和over and over 反复put up with 忍受，容忍be responsible for 对…负责任的；对…承担责任的decide on 决定，选定be involved in 与…有关联，参与，介入英语（上）3课a单词sailor n.水手，海员unwilling a.不情愿的，不愿意的equator n.赤道km (=kilometer) / / n.公里；千公尺bulge n.不规则突起；鼓起之处unusual a.不寻常的，与众不同的salty a.含盐的，咸的average n.平均数，平均；a.1.平均的；2.平常的，普通的；v.平均spot n.1.地点，处所；2.点，斑点；vt.1.点缀；2.认出，准确定位range n.山脉；幅度，范围；vi.（在某范围内）变动，变化；vt.把…排列成行peak n.1.山峰；2.顶点mid-Atlantic a.大西洋中部的eastward a.向东的；ad.向东vessel n.1.船，舰；2.容器，器皿crew n.全体船员，全体机务人员becalm vt.1.（常用被动）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进；2.使平静，使安静gulf n.海湾stream n.小河，溪流；vi.流，涌current n.1.（空气，水等）流，潮流；2.潮流；3.电流；a.当前的，通行的affect vt.影响，打动climate n.气候flow vi.流动；n.流furnish vt.1.供应，提供2.装备，（用家具）布置fishing n.捕鱼，钓鱼region n.地区，区域highway n.公路；（水陆）交通干线iceberg n.冰山float vi./vt.（使）漂浮steamship n.汽船，轮船airplane n.飞机separate……from 使从…分离（分开，隔开）on average 根据平均标准；平均而言pile up 累积；（指若干车辆）碰撞在一起Atlantic 大西洋（=the Atlantic Ocean）America 美洲（前边加定冠词the）Pacific 太平洋（=the Pacific Ocean）Columbus 哥伦布（意大利航海家，新大陆发现者）Puerto Rico 波多黎各（美国的一个自由联邦，实行自治）Azores ，亚速尔群岛Florida 佛罗里达（美国州名）Sargasso Sea 马尾藻海（在西印度群岛东北）Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流Labrador 拉布拉多半岛（加拿大地名）Arctic 北极（the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋）Grand Banks 大浅滩（纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩）Newfoundland 纽芬兰（加拿大岛或省名）英语（上）3课b单词remain vi.1.仍然是，依旧是；2.剩下，余留observation n.注意，观察；观察物continually ad.不停地，频频地gravitational a.吸引作用的，万有引力的，地心引力的diameter n.直径disc n.1.圆盘；2.唱片，磁盘artist n.艺术家，美术家merely ad.仅仅，只不过reflect vt.反射，反映；思考，考虑absolutely ad.1.完全地，绝对地；2.肯定地uncomfortably / / ad.不舒适地，不安地inhabitant n.居民，住户earthlight n.地球光moonlight n.月光lunar a.月亮的occasionally ad.偶尔地，间或sunlight n.日光，太阳光except for 除了…外；除去；撇开keep……in mind 记住light up 使明亮，发亮speak of 谈起，提到英语（上）4课a单词psychological a.心理（学）的focus vt./vi.（on）（使）聚集，（使）集中焦点n. （注意，活动，兴趣等的）中心basic a.基本的，基础的principle n.1.原理，原则；2.主义，信念meaningfulness / / n.富有意义organization n.1.组织；2.团体，机构association n.1.联合，结合，交往；2.协会，社团；visualization n.想象，设想meaningful a.富有意义的，意味深长的rhyme n.韵，押韵ability n.能力，能耐random a./ad.胡乱的，任意的，随便的；n.无目的或目标organize vt.组织jumble vt./vi. 混杂chunk n.一大块，一厚块；vt.分块，组块easily ad.容易地categorize n.分类following a.接着的，下列的category n.1.门类，种类；2.范畴；3.（整个系统或组合中的）部门needless a.不需要的，不必要的refer vi.提到，涉及；查阅vt.把…归类于relate vt.1.叙述，讲述；2.使相互关联（…to）；vi.（to）有关联accurately ad.准确地，精确地memorize vt.熟记，记住associate vt.把…联系在一起；交往n.同事 a.副的improvement n.改进，增进visualize vt.想象，设想imagery n.写作中直喻或比喻的使用；像或肖像的总称；意象repetition n.1.重复，反复；2.背诵integrated a.成整体的，完全的，完整的image n.像，形象，映像，图像mental a.1.智力的，脑力的；2.精神的，思想上的preserve vt.1.保护，维持；2.保存，保藏focus on 集中make sense 有意义make a difference 有影响，起（重要）作用needless to say 不用说refer to 提到，涉及；参考，查阅relate……to 与…有关系associate……with 把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友Mount Fuji / / 富士山Japan 日本英语（上）4课b单词short-term / / a.短期的long-term / / a.长期的recall vt.1.回忆，回想；2.召回；3.撤消，收回contrast ， n.对比，对照vi.形成对比vt.把…与…对比dial vt./vi.拨（电话号码），打电话（给）；n.1.钟（或表）面；2.标度盘；3.拨号盘interrupt vt.打断，打扰；终止，阻碍；vi.打断，打扰unable a.[后接动词不定式]不能的，不会的psychologist n.心理学家human a.人的，人类的；n.人apparatus n.器械，器具，设备rat n.鼠release n./vt.1.释放，解放；2.发布，发行；3放开，松开reward n./vt.1.酬劳，奖赏；2报答interval n.间隔，间距；幕间（或工间）休息represent vt.作为…代表（代理）；表示；表现intermediate a.中间的；中级的advanced a. 先进的，高级的native-speaking / / a.说本族语的，讲本国话的recording n.录制（尤指广播，电视等）节目speaker n.1.说话者，演讲者；讲某种语言的人；2.扬声器paragraph n.（文章的）段落，节alike a.同样的，相像的wither vt./vi.（使）枯萎，凋谢method n.方法，办法system n.1.系统，体系；2.制度，体制unrelated a.无关的，不相关的proficiency n.[U]熟练，精通in contrast 成对比look up 在字典、参考书中查找be unable to 不能做某事turn on 开，接通（水源，电源，煤气等）turn off 关，关断（水源，电源，煤气等）to begin 首先，开始Los Angeles 洛杉矶（美国加州西南一港市）英语（上）5课a单词fallacy n.谬见，错误的信念；谬误推理，谬论quality n.1.质量；2.品质，特性deer n.鹿savage a.1.野蛮的，未开化的；2凶猛，残酷的tribe n.1.种族，部落；2.（植物，动物）族，类bravery n.[U]英勇，勇敢；勇气man-eating n./a.食人；食人的eager a.热切的，渴望的civilized a.文明的，开化的ginger n.生姜，姜root n.1.根（部）；2.根本，根源；v.（使）生根，（使）扎根magical a.1.魔术的，似魔术的；2.不可思议的，迷人的poisonous a.有毒的overseas ad.在（向）海外，在（向）国外；a.（在）海外的，（在）国外的widespread a.分布（或散布）广的，普遍的muscle n.1.肌肉；2.力量，实力chew vt./vi.咀嚼helpful a.1.给予帮助的，肯帮助的；2.有益的，建设性的digestive a.消化（食物）的juice n.汁，液digest ， vt.消化；n.文摘foundation n.1.根据；2.基金会；3.基础，地基mixture n.混合；混合物belief n.1.相信；2.信念，信仰acid n.酸，酸性物质；a.酸的curdle vi./vt.（使）结成凝乳；变成凝乳状indigestible a.难消化的；不能消化的digestion n.消化；吸收cream n.奶油，奶油色combination n.1.结合，联合；2.化合，化合物protein n.蛋白质carbohydrate n.碳水化合物；[pl.]淀粉质食物chiefly ad.大半，主要contain vt.包含，容纳be eager to 热切想做，渴望要做substitute for …的替代物have……to do with 与…有关as a matter of fact 事实上，其实；事实恰恰相反think of……as 把…看成英语（上）5课b单词insect n.昆虫ant n.蚂蚁hardworking a.努力工作的wrestle vi.角力或摔跤比赛mock vt./vi.愚弄，嘲弄；a.假的，模拟的engage vi. （in）从事于，参加；vt.1.使从事于，使忙于；2.占用（时间等）sober n.1.冷静的，镇定的；2.认真，严肃的frog n.蛙grave a.1.严重的；2.严肃，庄重的；n.坟墓owl n.猫头鹰nest n.巢，窝beaver n.海狸dam n.坝，堤arrange vt.1.安排，筹划；2.整理，排列plaster vt.1.粘贴；2.涂灰泥于（墙等）；n.灰泥，石膏mud n.泥，泥浆spider n.蜘蛛scarcely ad.几乎不，几乎没有creature n.1.生物，动物；2.人imitate vt.1.模仿，仿效；2.仿制，仿造shepherd n.牧羊人improvement n.改进，增进fashion n.1.方式，样子；2.流行式样instinct n.1.本能，直觉；2.生性，天性hut n.小屋，棚屋cage n.笼variety n.1.变化，多样化；2.品种，变种；3.种种，多种多样boot n.靴etc. （=et cetera）［缩］［拉］以及其他，等等wit n.智力，才智unlike prep.不像…，和…不同 a.不相似的，不同的a great deal 大量，许多be true with 对…一样，对…也是真的engage in 从事，忙于be true of 对…一样，对…也是真的as if 好像，似乎仿佛to search for 搜寻，搜寻，探察to take care of 1.爱护；2.照顾，照料；3.处理，对付英语（上）6课a单词rare a. 稀有的，难得的substance n.1.物质；2.实，本质；3.主旨，大意slight a.轻微的，纤细的carbon n.碳extreme a.1.极端的，极度的；2.尽头的，末端的；n.极端pressure n.压力，压强liquid a.液体的，液态的；n.液体molten a.（melt的过去分词）（指金属）熔化的crack n.裂缝，裂口；vi.爆裂，破裂crust n. 1.地壳；2.面包皮，硬外皮，外壳crystal n.水晶；晶粒；a.清澈透明的，水晶制的，晶体的popular a.流行的，通俗的，大众的；受欢迎的gem n.宝石，珠宝handful n.一把，一小撮gravel n.碎石，砂砾formation n.[地]岩层；形成，构成pipe n.1.管子，导管；2.烟斗；3.火山筒；vt.用管道输送volcano n.火山somewhat ad.稍微，有点blast n.1.疾风，强风；2.爆炸；vt.炸，炸掉elevator n.电梯，升降机crush vt.1.压碎，碾碎；2.镇压，压倒destroy vt.1.破坏，毁灭；2.消灭grease ， n.油脂；滑脂impressive a.给人印象深刻的，感人的greasy a.1.涂有油脂的，油污的；2.油腻的，滑的pebble n.小圆石；卵石experienced a.有经验的miner n.矿工immediately ad.1.立即地，即刻地；2.直接地，紧密地be made of 由…构成be popular with 受…喜欢；受…欢迎run out 用尽sort out 分类，整理stick to 附着，粘住India 印度Brazil 巴西Russia 俄罗斯South Africa 南非英语（上）6课b单词beneath prep.在…下面（或底下），低于haze n.薄雾morning-glory n.牵牛花aside ad.在旁边，到（或向）一边magnify vt.1.放大；2.扩大，夸大puzzle vt.（使）迷惑，（使）为难；vi.迷惑，苦思；n.1.测验（智力，技巧等）的问题（或游戏），智力玩具；2.迷，seed n.种子observe vt.1.注意到，察觉到；2.观察；3.说；4.遵守，奉行seaweed n.海草；海藻former a.在前的，以前的；n.前者latter a.1.后者的；2.后一半的，接近终了的；n.后者inorganic a.无机的dwelling n.住处；住宅fairy n.神仙，仙人broad a.1.宽的，阔的；2.广泛的delicious a.1.美味的；2.（味觉或嗅觉）使人愉快的closely ad.1.紧密地；2.严密地，密切地suck v.吸，吸收sap n.1.树液；2.元气，精气dissolve vt.1.（使）溶解，（使）融化；2.解散，取消turn aside from 离开be satisfied with 对…感到心满意足to take place 发生to lie in 在于to hold good for （对…）适用to Live on 靠…生活to take in 吸收；让…进入；接纳，接受to suck up 吸收，吸出，吸起to take up 1.拿起；2.吸收，溶解；3.占去（地方，时间，注意力等）英语（上）7课a单词definition n. 定义，释义marriage n.结婚，婚姻descend vi.1.传下，遗传；2.下来，下降ancestor n.祖先，祖宗household n.家庭，户；a.家庭的，家常的grandparent n.（外）祖父或（外）祖母relative n.亲属，亲戚；a.相对的traditional a.传统的security n.安全basically ad.基本上，从根本上说nuclear a.1.核子的，核能的；2.核心，中心的extended a.1. 展开的，扩大的；2.延伸的，延续的；3.广阔的，广泛的nucleus (复.nucleuses或nuclei )n.（原子）核；核心mother-in-law n.岳母；婆母agricultural a.农业的industrial a.工业的，产业的industrialize vt.（使）工业化post-industrial a. （经济基础已由重工业转为服务业，高技术等的）后工业化的earner n.赚钱者；获得收入者split vi.1.撕裂，裂开；2.分裂，分开；vt.劈开，使分裂；n.分裂，裂口divorce n./vi.离婚vt.与…离婚，使分裂social a.1.社会的；2.交际的，社交的remarry vt./vi.（使）再婚to care for 喜欢，对…中意；对…担心；照顾，照料to split up 1.分裂，分开；2.吵架，离婚to talk of 谈到，谈起英语（上）7课b单词structure n.1结构，构造；2.建筑物；vt.建造，建立generation n.1.一代（人）；2.产生，发生customary a.1.习惯上的，惯常的；2.合乎（或基于）习俗的partner n.1.配偶；2.搭档，伙伴，合伙人similarity n.相似，类似role n.1.角色；2.作用similarly ad.相似地，类似地physical a.1.身体的，肉体的；2.物理的，物理学的；3.物质的，有形的emotional a.感情的，情绪的provider n.1.供应者；提供者；2.养家糊口的人housework n.家务劳动；家事preparation n.准备，预备pregnant a.怀孕的，妊娠的primary a.最初的，初级的；首要的，主要的，基本的preschool a.学龄前的，入学前的baby-sitter n.代人临时照看小孩的人dependent a.依靠的，依赖的（on，upon）to provide for 赡养，为…提供必需品in addition 另外，加之to give up 交出，让出；放弃，抛弃，辞去instead of 代替；而不是…be busy doing 忙于做（某事）in conclusion 最后，在结束时英语（上）8课a单词telecommunication n.电信，远距离通信via prep.经由，经过，通过satellite n.卫星，人造卫星transmit vt.1.播送，发射；2.传送，传递；3.输送photography n.1.摄影，照相；2.摄影术telegraph n.1.电报机，电报（指通信方式）；2（一份）电报；vt.用电报发送；打电报给；vi.打电报establish vt.1.建立，创办，设立；2.确立，使确认signal n.信号，暗号vt./vi.（向…）发信号orbit vt./vi.绕（…的）轨道运行n.轨道visual a.视觉的，看得见的capable a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的（of）broadcast n./vt./vi.广播，播音computer n.计算机，电脑theory n.1.理论，原理；2学说access n.1.通道，入口；2.接近（或进入）的机会，享用机会unlimited a.1.无界限的，无边无际的；2.无限制的，无约束的；3.无数的，无限量的demonstrate vt.1.说明，演示；2.论证，证实；vi.示威游行educational a.1.教育的，教育方面的；2.有教育意义的remote a.1.遥远，偏僻的；2.（可能性）很小的isolate vt.使隔离，使孤立；a.孤立的transportation n.1.运输；2.运输系统，运输工具instruction n.教学，指导；命令，指示，用法说明conversation n.谈话，会话simultaneously ad.同时发生地，同时进行地channel n.频道；航道；渠道vt.通过…获得，传送risk vt.冒…的危险n.冒险，风险privacy n.1.私事，私生活；2.隐私；3.独处personal a.1.个人的，私人的；2.亲自的movie n.电影contact ， n.接触，联系vt.与…接触，使联系technology n.工艺，技术harm n./vt.伤害，损害，危害expert n.专家，能手；a.熟练的，内行的application n.1.申请，申请表；2.应用，实施be capable of （指人）有某种能力或倾向的to have access to 可接近，可进入to lead to 导致；通向Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会Tokyo 东京Olympics 奥林匹克运动会比赛项目（=Olympic Games）英语（上）8课b单词obvious a.显然的，明显的widely ad.1.广泛地，普遍地；2.广博地；3.大大地shelter n.1.掩蔽，保护；2.掩蔽处，躲避处；vt.掩蔽，庇护atmosphere n.1.大气，大气圈，大气层；2.（心理上的）周围情况，环境，气氛deadly a.致死的，致命的ray n.光线，射线atmospheric a.1.大气的，空气的；2.大气层的；大气所引起的automobile n.汽车tire n.轮胎gas 1.气体；2.煤气；3.汽油per prep.每，每一column n.1.柱，圆柱；2.栏，专栏（文章）electrical a.电的，电气的existence n.1.存在；2.生存，生活gaze vi./n.凝视，注视lightning n.闪电thorough a./ad.1.彻底的，完全的；2.仔细周到的，精心的radar n.雷达create （） vt.1.创造；2.创作；3.引起，产生hydrogen n.氢curve n.1.曲线，弧线；2.弯曲；vt./vi.（使）弯曲，（使）成曲线unending a.1.永无止境的，不尽的；2.不断的，不停的meantime n.同时，其间element n.1.成分，要素；2.元素atomic a.原子能的；原子的explosion n.爆炸，爆发in order to 为了to protect……from 防御（危险；敌人等）to rest upon 依赖，依靠in the meantime 在此期间，（与此）同时to pay attention to 注意Sydney Chapman 西德尼·查普曼（人名）英语（上）9课a单词learned a.1.有学问的，博学的；2.学术上的；a.经过训练学到的cultivated a.1.耕种的，耕作的；2.栽培的，非野生的；3.有修养的，文雅的concern n.1.关心，挂念；2.关系，关联；vt.1.涉及，有关于；2.使关心，使挂念stock n.1.备料，库存；2.股票，公债；3.有货；vt.储备，储存possession n.所有，拥有；所有物relatively ad.比较而言；相对地educated a.1.受过教育的，有知识的；2.有教养的occasion n.1.时刻；2.场合，重大（或特殊）的活动；3.时机，机会acquaintance n.1.认识，了解；2.相识的人，熟人formal a.1.正式的；2.形式的3.礼仪上的highly ad.高度地；极；非常topic n.1.题目，话题；2.主题elevated a.1.提高的，升高的；2.高贵，庄严的style n.1.风格；2.文体；3.式样importance n.重要（性）vivacious a.活泼的，轻快的case n.1.情况，事实；2.病例；案件；3.箱，盒noun n.名词Latin a.拉丁的，拉丁人的，拉丁语的；n.拉丁语，拉丁人derivative n.派生词；派生物；a.派生的，衍生的adjective n.形容词grown-up a.成熟的，成人的；n.成年人apply vi.1.申请，请求（for）；2.适用（to）；vt.应用，运用（to）absolute a.绝对的，完全的popularity n.1.普及，流行；2.名望，受欢迎classification n.分类；分级convenient a.方便的avoid vt.避免，避开misconception n.误解，错误想法；错误印象presence n.1.出席，到场；2.存在cultivation n.1.耕种，耕作；2.教养，修养literature n.1.文学，文学作品；2.文献，图书资料to make up 1.（由部分）组成，构成（全体）；2.弥补，补偿，赔偿（损失等）；3.捏造，虚构stock in trade 1.库存；2.常用手段to belong to 属于；是…的成员at large 1.普遍，一般地；2.自由地，（未被捕）逍遥自在地to come up 出现as to 至于，关于be due to 由于，因为rather than 与其…（不如）；不是…（而是）英语（上）9课b单词vocabulary n.1.词汇（量）；2.词（汇）表context n.上下文，语境interrupt vt.打断，打扰；终止，阻碍；vi.打断，打扰process n.1.过程，进程；2.工序，加工方法；vt.加工，处理productive a.1.生产的；2.多产的，富饶的；3.富有成效的swift a.快速的，敏捷的securely ad.1.安全地；2.牢固地，稳固地；3.信心十足地，有把握地intend vt.1.想要，打算（后接to do或doing）；2.意指，意思是specific a.1.具体的，明确的；2.特定的，特有的preference n.（for，to）1.偏爱；2.优先（权）prefix n.前缀suffix n.后缀insert ， vt.插入，嵌入apparently ad.1.显然地；2.表面上，似乎consult vt.1.请教，向…咨询；2.查阅，查看；vi.交换意见，商议tentative a.试探性的；尝试性的spark n.火花，火星；vi发火花，发电花；vt.激发，引起personally ad.1.亲自，当面；2.就个人而言；3.作为个人，个别地heighten vt.1.加高，提高，增高；2.增加，，加强formula formula 或 formula [-li:] n.公式maximum n.最大限度，最大量，顶点；a.最高的，最大的effectiveness n.效果，有效性sharpen vt.1.削尖，磨尖；2.使敏锐，使敏捷awareness n.1.意识，觉悟；2.懂事，明智contextual a.上下文的；取决于上下文的accuracy n.准确（性），精确（性）ease n.1.容易；2.舒适，安逸；vt./vi.缓和，减轻to build up 增长，增强；逐渐积聚，集结to come across 偶然遇见，碰上to begin with 以…开始，以…为起点to come up with 提出after all 毕竟；终究to provide somebody with 给某人提供…Sherlock Holmes 夏洛克·福尔摩斯英语（上）10课a单词scientific a.科学的attitude n.1.姿势，姿态；2.态度，看法（to，forwards）environment n.环境，周围状况，自然环境curiosity n.好奇（心）；求知欲imagination n.1.想象，想象力；2.空想，幻觉apart ad.分离，分开stimulate vt.刺激，激励scientifically ad.科学地relationship n.关系，联系phenomenon [（复）phenomena] n .现象，迹象unknown 未知的，不知名的open-minded a.1.无偏见的；2.虚心的open-mindedness 1.无偏见；2.虚心regardless a.1.不留心的，不注意的2.不关心的；ad.不论如何，不顾，不惜previously ad.在前地，早先地disagreeable a.让人讨厌的，不合心意的unpleasant a.使人不愉快的；不合意的failure n.1.失败；2.失灵，故障；3.没做到，不履行（to+v.）solution n.1.解答，解决办法；2.溶解，溶液thinking n.1.思想，思考；2.想法，见解adapt vt.1.使适应，使适合（to）；2.改编，改写；vi.适应（to）perfect ， a.1.完美的，完满的；2.完全的，十足的；vt.使完美，改善acceptable a.可以接受的entirely ad.1.全部，完整地；2.完全地，彻底地frequently ad.经常地；频繁地evidence n.根据，证据finding n.发现（物）；［常pl.］（调查或研究）结果sprout vi.（种子，植物）发牙，抽条；vi.使发芽；n.新芽，嫩苗determine vt.1.决定；2.查明，确定；3.决心growth n.1.增长，增加；2.生长，发展lay aside 把…放在一边，把…搁置一旁；留存to take apart 拆散；拆开to carry out 1.实行；2.贯彻，执行to believe in 相信，信任regardless of 不顾；不管in advance 1.预先，事先；2.在前面to adapt……to 使…适应…to make up one‘s mind 下决心once and for all 永远地，一劳永逸地in the light of 1.按照，根据；2.鉴于to respect for 尊重laugh at 嘲笑；讥笑Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林（美国政治家及科学家）Thomas Edison 爱迪生（美国发明家）Galileo 伽利略（意大利物理学及天文学家）Louis Pasteur 巴斯德（法国化学家及微生物学家）英语（上）10课b单词solve vt.解决，解答arouse vt.1.引起，激起；2.唤起，唤醒procedure n.程序，手续，步骤obtain vt.获得，得到solution n.1.解答，解决办法；2.溶解，溶液arise ( arose arisen ) vi.出现，发生；（from）由…引起biological a.生物学（上）的engineering n.1.工程，工程学；2.操纵，管理microelectronics n.微电子学，超小型电子学account n.1.叙述，说明；2.账，账户；vi.（for）说明（原因等）related a.1.有关的，相关的（to）；2.有亲戚（或亲缘）关系的background n.背景logical a.逻辑（上）的，符合逻辑的mathematical a.数学（上）的analysis (复analys e s ) n. 1.分析；2.分解unanswered a.1.未予答复的；2.无响应的，无报答的indicate vt.1.指示，指出；2.表示，表明inference n.推论，推理，推断hypothesis 复hypotheses n.1.假说，假设；2（无根据的）猜测，揣测prediction n.1.预言，预计；2.预报confidence n.信任，信心probable a.很可能的，大概的unreliable a.1.不可靠的，靠不住的；2.不可信赖的modify vt.修改，更改accurate a.准确的，精确的variable n.变量；a.1.易变，可变的；2.变量的experimentation n.实验，试验a variety of 1.种种；2.若干不同的to result from 发生；因…引起，起因于in need of 需要to build up 增长，增强；逐渐积聚，集结to carry out 1.实行；2.贯彻，执行to turn out to be 原来是，（最后）证明是to check with 与…相符，一致英语（上）11课a单词garage n.车库；（常兼汽车修理，销售业务的）加油站unwanted a.没人要的；不需要的，无用的，多余的rid 使摆脱，使去掉（of）homemade a.1.家里做的；2.自制的；3.本国制造的neighborhood n.四邻，邻近地区，附近advertisement n.广告local a.1.地方性的，当地的；2.局部的buyer n.购买者；买主basement n.地下室wherever conj.无论在哪里，无论到哪里；ad.无论什么地方ever-increasing / a.不断增长的，持续增长的replica n.复制品stuff n.1.原料，材料；2.东西；vt.填满，塞满castoff a.1.抛弃的，丢开的；2.穿旧的；n.被抛弃的人（或物）seller n.1.卖者；2.销售物extra a.额外的ad.特别地n.额外的事物save vt.1.求助，搭救；2.储蓄，积攒；3.节省original a.1.起初的，原来的；2.独创的，新颖的；n.1.原作，原物；2.原文computerization n.计算机的使用；计算机化remnant n.残余，剩余；残余物，残存部分era n.时代，纪元hobby n.业余爱好weekend n.周末bargain n.1.交易；2.特价商品；v.讨价还价hunter n.1.猎人，狩猎者；2.搜寻者fabulous a.1.神话式的；2.惊人，难以置信的painting n.1.（一幅）画；2.绘画，绘画艺术；3.（上）油漆reporter n.1.记者；2.新闻广播员mercy n.慈悲，仁慈，宽容bless vt.1.赐福；2.祝福reluctant a.不情愿的，勉强的enthusiasm n.热情，热心recent a.新近的，近来的bound a.1.一定的，必然的（to+v.）；2.受约束的，有义务的；3.准备到…去的，开往（或驶往）…的（for）to sort through 整理，把…分类to get rid of 摆脱，解脱，除去to set out 1.出发，起程；2.宣布，发表，3.展示，陈列to put up 提出以供…；举起，抬起be fed up with 因多而厌烦；不满to search for 搜寻，搜寻，探察to turn （somebody）off （使）失去兴趣（或爱好，热情）；（使）不再喜欢（人或事物）；（使）厌烦to run across 1.偶然碰见，偶然发现；2.跑着越过，穿越；3.作短暂旅行（或访问）be bound to 一定；必须be faced with 面临，面对Charles Erickson 查理士·埃里克森（人名）Bloomfield Hills 布隆菲尔德山（地名）Michigan 密歇根（美国州名）Atlanta 亚特兰大（美国州名）Georgia 乔治亚（美国州名）Ford （美国）福特汽车公司；福特牌汽车Jerry McNeely 杰里·麦克尼利（人名）Houston 休斯敦（美国德克萨斯州东南部港市）Texas 德克萨斯（美国州名）英语（上）11课b单词urge vt.1.驱策，鼓励；2.催促，力劝；n.强烈的欲望，迫切的要求practically ad.1.几乎，简直；2.实际上normal a.正常的，正规的；n.正常状态confusing a.使人困惑的，令人费解的explore vt./vi.1.探险，勘探；2.探索，探究specialize vi.专门研究；专营（in）discount vt.打折扣；n.折扣dime n.1.（美国，加拿大的）10分铸币；2.小钱，少量的钱inexpensive a.花费不多的，价钱不贵的shopper n.购物者，顾客deliver vt.1.投递，送交；2.发表；3.（婴儿）接生purchase vt.买，购买；n.购买，购买的物品quantity n.量，数量likely a.可能的，有希望的；ad.很可能salespeople n.售货员，营业员，店员profit n.利润，收益，益处；vt.有益于，有利于；vi.得益（by，from）supermarket n.超级市场article n.1.文章，论文；2.条款，条文；3.物件；4.冠词vast a.1.巨大的，广阔的；2.大量的，极多的flavor n.味，味道；风味，特色vt.给…调味to specialize in 专门研究；专营to refer to……as 称…为…英语（上）12课a单词mainly ad.主要地；大部分地grammarian n.语法学家supreme a.1.最高的，至上的；2.极度的，最主要的authority n.官方，当局，当权者；权力，权威usage n.1.惯用法；2.使用，用法dispute vt./vi.争吵，争论（on或about）；n.争论，争端self-assurance n.自信regard vt.看待，考虑n.重视，关心；致意，问候eccentric a.（人，行为，举止等）古怪的，怪癖的；异乎寻常的editor n.编辑，编者peculiar a.1.特殊，独特的；2.奇怪的，古怪的occurrence n.1.发生，出现；2.发生的事情，事件edit vt.编辑，编选occupy vt.1.占用，占领；2.使忙碌，使从事decade n.十年，十年期alphabetize vt.按字母顺序排列，用字母表示quotation n.1.引文，引语；2.（交易）报价stack n.一叠（堆），堆栈vt.把…叠成堆，堆放illustrate vt.说明，阐明；给…作插图说明literary a.文学（上）的historical a.历史的discard vt.丢弃，抛弃according ad.（与to构成介词）按照，根据hard-and-fast a.明确的，不容改变的；ad.坚定地，不变动地reveal vt.1.揭露，泄露；2.展现，显示influence n.1.影响（on）；2.势力，权势；vt.影响authoritative a.1.权威性的；2.官方的，当局的author n.作者distant a.在远处的，远隔的，久远的immediate a.1.立即的，即刻的；2直接的，最接近的broadcast n./vt./vi.广播，播音scatter vt.1.撒，撒播；2.使散开，驱散；vi.分散，消散bind bound, bound ) vt.捆绑，捆扎invention n.1.发明，创造；2.捏造，虚构hood n.1.风帽，头巾；2.（连在修道士袍服上的）兜帽；3.（汽车的）发动机罩ordinarily ad.通常地，惯常地monk n.修道士，僧侣engine n.1.发动机，引擎；2.机车，火车头to get into 1.进入，陷入；2.染上（习惯）to look up 在字典、参考书中查找to bring to 教育，培养；提出（供讨论或促使注意）according to 根据…in front of 在…前面to the best of 就…所及England 英格兰Oxford 牛津（英格兰南部城市，牛津大学所在地）英语（上）12课b单词。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)200707

2007年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语阅读( 一) 试卷(课程代码0595)I．Careful Reading．(40 points，2 points for each)Directions：Read the following passages carefully . Decide on the best answer and write me corresponding letter on your Answer sheet.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage．The desire for friendship is always with us but we do not always have friends.In fact，the first thing that our own experiences，as well as any of the great philosophers，tell us about true friendship is that it is very rare．A lot of our associations seem 1ike friendships at first，Only to break down and disappear in time．These lack what might be called the “prerequisites(先决条件)”.In trying to set down what they are，we must begin by clearly distinguishing between relationships that are accidental and transient and those that are essential and enduring．Aristotle offers us substantial help here by pointing out that there are three kinds of friendship：the friendships based(1)on utility，(2)on pleasure，and(3)on virtue．The friendships of utility and pleasure go together and are no doubt the most common．everyone has experienced them．People are“friendly”to their business associates，neighbors，the members of their car pool，and even on trains，boats and air planes．This kind of good manners is，to some degree，a form Of friendship，the friendship of utility, of mutual convenience．These lower forms of friendship are not necessarily bad，but they are inadequate．One of their defects results from the fact that they depend on and vary with circumstances．This is why they can quickly arise and just as quickly disappear．By contrast，when the book of proverbs says，“A friend loves at all times,” it is referring to a higher form of friendship that does not depend on circumstance．In order to overcome me effect of time and chance occurrence，it must be based On the inherent qualities of the individuals involved. A friendship so secured cannot be a passing friendship．True friendship，then，is more than(although it often includes) both utility and pleasure．For Aristotle，such a friendship must be based on a good moral character．0noy in that way can it 1ast．Further , it must develop slowly，since it presupposes familiarity，knowledge，and eventually mutual trust.1．The subject matter of this passage is______.A．essential and enduring relationshipsB．friendshipC．friendship based On utility and pleasureD．accidental relationships2．Which Of the following is a form Of friendship Of pleasure，Of mutual enjoyment?A．People are friendly to their golf partners．B．People are friendly to those who entertain them.C．People are friendly to others at a cocktail party.D．All Of the above．3．One of the disadvantages of the friendship based on utility and pleasure is that ________.A．it is inadequateB．it is badC．it develops very slowlyD．it is unnecessary and lacks mutual understanding4．A form Of friendship based On _______ does not depend On circumstance.A．utilityB．pleasureC．virtueD．mutual convenience5．Next the author would probably discuss in detail _________ .A．perfect relationshipsB．perfect friendshipC．me weak points of perfect friendshipD．the essence of friendshipPassage 2Questions 6 to10 are based on the following passage．What do you know about the sea? We know that it looks very pretty when the sun is shining on it. We also know that it can be very rough when there is a strong wind．What other things do we know about it?The first thing to remember is that the sea is very big. when you look at the map of the world you will find there is more water than land．The sea covers three quarters of the world．The sea is also very deep in some places．It is not deep everywhere．Some parts of the sea are very shallow．But in some places the depth Of the sea is very great. There’s one spot，near Japan，where the sea is nearly l1 kilometers deep! The highest mountain in the world is about 9 kilometers high．If that mountain were put into the sea at mat place，there would be 2 kilometers of water above it! What a deep place!If you have swum in the sea，you know that it is salty. You can taste the salt．Rivers，which flow into the sea，carry salt from the land into the sea．Some parts of the sea are more salty than other parts．There is one sea，called the Dead Sea, which is very salty. It’s so salty that swimmers cannot sink! Fish cannot live in the Dead Sea!In most parts of me sea，there are plenty of fishes and plants．Some 1ive near the top of the sea. 0thers live deep down．There are also millions of tiny living things that float in the sea. These floating things are so small that it is hard to see them. Many fish live by eating these．The sea can be very cold. Divers，who go deep down in the sea，know this．on the top the water may be warm．When the diver goes downwards，the sea becomes colder and colder Another thing happens．When the diver goes deeper，the water above presses down On him．It squeezes him．Then the diver has to wear clothes made of metal. But he cannot go very deep．Some people who wanted to go very deep used very strong diving ship! They went down to the deepest part of the sea in it .They went down to a depth of eleven kilometers !6．When does the sea look beautiful?A．When it is calm．B．When the weather is fine．C．When there is a strong wind．D．When there is a storm．7．How much of the earth’s surface does land cover?A．15％．B．25％．C．30％．D．45％．8．Why does the author cite the sea somewhere near Japan?A．To show that the sea in some places is very deep．B．To show that the sea in some places is very shallow．C．To show that its depth is 9 kilometers greater than the height of the highest mountain．D．To show that its depth is 11 kilometers greater than the height of the highest mountain．9．Which of the following statements about the Dead Sea is NOT true?A．There are plenty of fishes in it.B．It is a safe place for swimmers．C．It is extremely Salty．D．No fish can be found in it．10．Why can’t people go very deep in the sea?A．Because the deepest part of the sea is very cold．B．Because the deepest part of the sea is very rough．C．Because me pressure of water at great depths is unendurable．D．Because fierce fish usually live there．Passage 3Questions 11 to 1 5 are based on the following passage.People travel for a lot of reasons．Some tourists go to see battlefields or religious shrines．others are looking for culture，or simply want to have their picture taken in front of famous places．But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on．Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot or inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it. Residents of cities like London，Copenhagen and Amsterdam spend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days the so short，and much of the rest of the year in the rain. This is the reason the Mediterranean has always attracted them. Every summer more than 25 million people travel to Mediterranean resorts and beaches for their vacation。

自考英语一单词总汇

自考“英语（一）”单词总汇英语（上）1课a单词successful / sEk sesful/ a.成功的adult / AdQlt/ n.成年人；a.成年的，成熟的disagree / disE gri：/ vt.（with）1.有分歧，不同意；2.不一致，不符statement / steitmEnt/ n.声明，陈述guarantee / gArEn ti：/ n./vt.保证，担保，保修intelligent / in telidVEnt/ a.聪明的，明智的conversely / kRn vE：sli，kRnvE：s-/ ad.相反地similar / similE/ a.相似的，类似的；与…相似（to）independent / indi pendEnt/ a.独立的，自主的pattern / pAtEn/ n.1.型，模式，样式；2.花样，图案guesser n.猜测者clue / klu：/ n.线索，提示conclusion / kEn klu：VEn/ n.结论，推论communicate / kE mju：nikeit/ vi.通讯，交流，交际；vt.传达，传播communication / kE mju：nikeiFEn/ n.通讯，交流；传达；通讯联系，交通工具inexact / inig zAkt/ a.不正确的，不精确的incomplete / inkEm pli：t/ a.不完整的purpose / pE：pEs/ n.1.目的，意图；2.用途regularly / regjulEli/ ad.整齐地，经常地，定期地purposefully ad.有目的地，蓄意地technique / tek ni：k/ n.1.技术；2.技巧，手艺outline / aut-lain/ vt.概括，提出要点；n.轮廓；提纲disagree with 与…有分歧，不一致first of all 首先，第一depend on 依赖，依靠；依…而定be willing to 愿意，乐意be interested in 对…感兴趣on the other hand 另一方面英语（上）1课b单词instance / instEns/ n.例，实例deaf / def/ a.聋的；听力不佳的dumb / dQm/ a.哑的；无言的Englishman / iNgliFmEn/ n.英国人Italian / i tAljEn/ n.意大利人；意大利语waiter / weitE/ n.侍者，服务员beer / biE/ n.啤酒soda-water n.苏打水，汽水traveler / trAvlE/ n.旅客，旅游者macaroni / mAkE rEuni/ n.通心粉primitive / primitiv/ a.原始的exact / ig zAkt/ a.精确的，正确的consist / kEn sist/ vi.组成（of）simply / simpli/ ad.1.仅，只；2.完全地；3朴素地parrot / pArEt/ n.鹦鹉not only……but also 不但…而且neither……nor 既不…也不consist of 由…组成Italy / itEli/ n.意大利英语（上）2课a单词tax / tAks/ n.税（款）vt.对…征税generally / dVenErEli/ ad.一般地，通常，大体上federal / fedErEl/ a.联邦的type / taip/ n.类型，种类，品种；vt./vi.打字salaried / sAlErid/ a.拿薪水的，领工资的salary / sAlEri/ n.工资vt.[常用被动语态]给…发薪earn / E：n/ vt.1.挣得，赚得；2.获得，赢得percentage / pE sentidV/ n.百分比，百分率vary / vZEri/ vi.变化，有不同，差异；vt.改变，使不同graduated a.1.（税）累进的；2.分等级的；3.刻度的；4.毕业的sale / seil/ n.出售，卖；廉价出售charge / tFa：dV/ vt.1.索价；2.指控；3.装填，使充满；n.1.价钱，费用；2控告，指控；3.负责，主管；4.负荷item / aitEm/ n.条，条款，项目packet / pAkit/ n.小包，小盒；vt.打包，装行李；包装cigarette n.香烟，纸烟figure / figE/ n.1.数字；2.人物；3外形，轮廓；vt.（out）计算出；想出；理解addition / E diFEn/ n.1.加，加法；2.附加物revenue / revinju：/ n.1.（国家的）岁入，税收；2.收入，收益diverse / dai vE：s/ a.1.不同的，相异的；2.多种多样的confuse / kEn fju：z/ vt.使混乱，混淆property / prRpEti/ n. 1.财产，资产，所有物；2.性质，特性excise / ek saiz/ n.国产税；本国消费税fund / fQnd/ n.1.基金，专款；2.储备，贮存；vt.供以款项，提供资金department / di pa：tmEnt/ n.部，部门，系municipal / mju：nisipEl/ a.市的，市政的complain / kEm plein/ vt./vi.抱怨（of，about）protest / prE test，prEutest/ vt./vi.抗议，反对useless / ju：zlis/ a.1.无用的；2无价值的；3.无效的impractical / im prAktikl/ a.不切实际的，不能实行的program / prEugrAm/ n.1.计划，规划；2.程序；3.节目，节目单；vt.为…编制程序view / vju：/ n.1.看法，见解，观点；2.视野，眼界；3.景色，风景；vt.看待，考虑，估量issue / iFu：/ n.1.问题，争论点；2.发行；3（书刊的）期号；vt.发行，颁布，出版tend / tend/ vi.（to）易于，往往会；倾向于；vt.照管，护理be sure of 确信…；确定…have a corner on 垄断（某物）=to have a（the）corner （on）similar to 跟…类似的，与…同样的in addition to 加之；又；除…之外；并且tend to 倾向，有…的趋势，趋于California / kAli fR：njE/ 加利福尼亚（美国州名）North Dakota 北达科他（美国州名）英语（上）2课b单词advertise / AdvEtaiz/ vt./vi.为…做广告；登广告attract / E trAkt/ vt.吸引，引起…的注意design / di zain/ vt./vi.1.设计；2.预定，指定；n.1.设计；2.图样，图案；3.企图mail / meil/ n.邮件，邮递；vt.邮寄constantly / kRnstEntli/ ad.经常地；不断地；时常地product / prRdEkt/ n.产品，产物persuade / pE：sweid/ vt.1.说服，劝服；2.使相信；leisure / leVE/ n.1.空闲时间，空暇；2.悠闲，安逸activity / Ak tiviti/ n.1.活动，活跃；2.行动classified / klAsifaid/ a.1.分类的，被归为一类的；2.保密的，机密的edition / i diFEn/ n.版，版本section / sekFEn/ n.1.章节，部分；2.部门，科；3.截面，剖面announcement / E naunsmEnt/ n.通告，布告，告示available / E veilEbl/ a. 可利用的，可获得的amount / E maunt/ n.数量，数额，总数；vi.合计，共计（to）display / dis plei/ n./vt.1.陈列，展览；2.显示entertainment / entE teinmEnt/ n.（戏院，马戏团等的）娱乐，游艺，技艺表演；2.招待，款待audience / R：djEns/ n.听众，观众，读者limited / limitid/ a.有限的attractive / E trAktiv/ a.有吸引力的，引起注意的characteristic / kAriktE ristik/ a.特有的，典型的；为…特有的（of）；n.特性，特征slogan / slEugEn/ n.标语，口号identify / ai dentifai/ vt.认出，鉴定；认为…等同于（with）commercial / kE mE：FEl/ a.商业的，商务的；n.商业广告department / di pa：tmEnt/ n.部，部门，系responsible / ris pRnsEbl/ a.1.需负责的，承担责任的（for）2.有责任感的，负责可靠的3.责任重大的，重要的company / kQmpEni/ n.1.公司；2.同伴，陪伴particular / pE tikjulE/ a.特定的；特殊的，特别的n.详情，细节estimate / estimit，estimeit/ n.估计，估价；评价；vt.估计，估价management / mAnidVmEnt/ n.1.管理，经营；2.管理部门；3.资方approve / E pru：v/ vt.1.赞成，同意；2.批准，核准involve / in vRlv/ vt.1.使卷入，使参与（in）；2.牵涉；3.包含，含有for the most part 在很大程度上，多半be characteristic of 为…所特有，是…的特征catch the eye 引人注目no more than 仅仅identify……with 把…和…等同起来carry over 继续下去，遗留下来as well as 除…之外（也）；和over and over 反复put up with 忍受，容忍be responsible for 对…负责任的；对…承担责任的decide on 决定，选定be involved in 与…有关联，参与，介入英语（上）3课a单词sailor / seilE/ n.水手，海员unwilling / Qn wiliN/ a.不情愿的，不愿意的equator / i kweitE/ n.赤道km n.公里；千公尺bulge / bQldV/ n.不规则突起；鼓起之处unusual / Qn ju：VuEl/ a.不寻常的，与众不同的salty / sR：lti/ a.含盐的，咸的average / AvEridV/ n.平均数，平均；a.1.平均的；2.平常的，普通的；v.平均spot / spRt/ n.1.地点，处所；2.点，斑点；vt.1.点缀；2.认出，准确定位range / reindV/ n.山脉；幅度，范围；vi.（在某范围内）变动，变化；vt.把…排列成行peak / pi：k/ n.1.山峰；2.顶点mid-Atlantic a.大西洋中部的eastward / i：stwEd/ a.向东的；ad.向东vessel / vesl/ n.1.船，舰；2.容器，器皿crew / kru：/ n.全体船员，全体机务人员becalm / bi kB：m/ vt.1.（常用被动）（指帆船）因无风而停止前进；2.使平静，使安静gulf / gQlf/ n.海湾stream / stri：m/ n.小河，溪流；vi.流，涌current / kQrEnt/ n.1.（空气，水等）流，潮流；2.潮流；3.电流；a.当前的，通行的affect / E fekt/ vt.影响，打动climate / klaimit/ n.气候flow / flEu/ vi.流动；n.流furnish / fE：niF/ vt.1.供应，提供2.装备，（用家具）布置fishing / fiFiN/ n.捕鱼，钓鱼region / ri：dVEn/ n.地区，区域highway / haiwei/ n.公路；（水陆）交通干线iceberg / aisbE：g/ n.冰山float / flEut/ vi./vt.（使）漂浮steamship / sti：mFip/ n.汽船，轮船airplane / ZEplein/ n.飞机separate……from 使从…分离（分开，隔开）on average 根据平均标准；平均而言pile up 累积；（指若干车辆）碰撞在一起Atlantic / Et lAntik/ 大西洋（=the Atlantic Ocean）America / E merikE/ 美洲（前边加定冠词the）Pacific / pE sifik/ 太平洋（=the Pacific Ocean）Columbus / kE lQmbEs/ 哥伦布（意大利航海家，新大陆发现者）Puerto Rico 波多黎各（美国的一个自由联邦，实行自治）Azores / E zR：z，E zREz/ 亚速尔群岛Florida / flRridE/ 佛罗里达（美国州名）Sargasso Sea 马尾藻海（在西印度群岛东北）Gulf Stream 墨西哥湾流Labrador / lAbrEdR：/ 拉布拉多半岛（加拿大地名）Arctic / a：ktik/ 北极（the Arctic北极北区；北冰洋）Grand Banks 大浅滩（纽芬兰岛东南的大西洋浅滩）Newfoundland 纽芬兰（加拿大岛或省名）英语（上）3课b单词remain / ri mein/ vi.1.仍然是，依旧是；2.剩下，余留observation / RbzE：veiFEn/ n.注意，观察；观察物continually / kEn tinjuEli/ ad.不停地，频频地gravitational / grAvi teiFEnl/ a.吸引作用的，万有引力的，地心引力的diameter / dai AmitE/ n.直径disc / disk/ n.1.圆盘；2.唱片，磁盘artist / a：tist/ n.艺术家，美术家merely / miEli/ ad.仅仅，只不过reflect / ri flekt/ vt.反射，反映；思考，考虑absolutely / AbsElu：tli/ ad.1.完全地，绝对地；2.肯定地uncomfortably ad.不舒适地，不安地inhabitant / in hAbitEnt/ n.居民，住户earthlight / E：Wlait/ n.地球光moonlight / mu：nlait/ n.月光lunar / lju：nE/ a.月亮的occasionally / E keiVEnEli/ ad.偶尔地，间或sunlight / sQnlait/ n.日光，太阳光except for 除了…外；除去；撇开keep……in mind 记住light up 使明亮，发亮speak of 谈起，提到英语（上）4课a单词psychological / saikE lRdVikEl/ a.心理（学）的focus / fEukEs/ vt./vi.（on）（使）聚集，（使）集中焦点n.（注意，活动，兴趣等的）中心basic / beisik/ a.基本的，基础的principle / prinsEpl/ n.1.原理，原则；2.主义，信念meaningfulness n.富有意义organization / R：gEnai zeiFEn/ n.1.组织；2.团体，机构association / E sEusi eiFEn/ n.1.联合，结合，交往；2.协会，社团；visualization / viVuElai zeiFEn/ n.想象，设想meaningful / mi：niNful/ a.富有意义的，意味深长的rhyme / raim/ n.韵，押韵ability / E biliti/ n.能力，能耐random / rAndEm/ a./ad.胡乱的，任意的，随便的；n.无目的或目标organize / R：gEnaiz/ vt.组织jumble / dVQmbl/ vt./vi. 混杂chunk / tFQNk/ n.一大块，一厚块；vt.分块，组块easily / i：zili/ ad.容易地categorize / kAtigEraiz/ n.分类following / fRlEuiN/ a.接着的，下列的category / kAtigEri/ n.1.门类，种类；2.范畴；3.（整个系统或组合中的）部门needless / ni：dlis/ a.不需要的，不必要的refer / ri fE：/ vi.提到，涉及；查阅vt.把…归类于relate / ri leit/ vt.1.叙述，讲述；2.使相互关联（…to）；vi.（to）有关联accurately / Akjuritli/ ad.准确地，精确地memorize / memEraiz/ vt.熟记，记住associate / E sEuFieit/ vt.把…联系在一起；交往n.同事a.副的improvement / im pru：vmEnt/ n.改进，增进visualize / vizjuElaiz/ vt.想象，设想imagery / imidVEri/ n.写作中直喻或比喻的使用；像或肖像的总称；意象repetition / repi tiFEn/ n.1.重复，反复；2.背诵integrated / intEgreitid/ a.成整体的，完全的，完整的image / imidV/ n.像，形象，映像，图像mental / mentl/ a.1.智力的，脑力的；2.精神的，思想上的preserve / pri zE：v/ vt.1.保护，维持；2.保存，保藏focus on 集中make sense 有意义make a difference 有影响，起（重要）作用needless to say 不用说refer to 提到，涉及；参考，查阅relate……to 与…有关系associate……with 把…联系在一起；与…常在一起，与…为友Mount Fuji 富士山英语（上）4课b单词short-term a.短期的long-term a.长期的recall / ri kR：l/ vt.1.回忆，回想；2.召回；3.撤消，收回contrast / kRntrAst，kEn trAst/ n.对比，对照vi.形成对比vt.把…与…对比dial / daiEl/ vt./vi.拨（电话号码），打电话（给）；n.1.钟（或表）面；2.标度盘；3.拨号盘interrupt / intE rQpt/ vt.打断，打扰；终止，阻碍；vi.打断，打扰unable / Qn eibl/ a.[后接动词不定式]不能的，不会的psychologist / sai kRlEdVist/ n.心理学家human / hju：mEn/ a.人的，人类的；n.人apparatus / ，ApE reitEs/ n.器械，器具，设备rat / rAt/ n.鼠release / ri li：s/ n./vt.1.释放，解放；2.发布，发行；3放开，松开reward / ri wR：d/ n./vt.1.酬劳，奖赏；2报答interval / intEvEl/ n.间隔，间距；幕间（或工间）休息represent / repri zent/ vt.作为…代表（代理）；表示；表现intermediate / intE mi：djEt/ a.中间的；中级的advanced / Ed va：nst/ a. 先进的，高级的native-speaking a.说本族语的，讲本国话的recording / ri kR：diN/ n.录制（尤指广播，电视等）节目speaker / spi：kE/ n.1.说话者，演讲者；讲某种语言的人；2.扬声器paragraph / pArEgra：f/ n.（文章的）段落，节alike / E laik/ a.同样的，相像的wither / wiTE/ vt./vi.（使）枯萎，凋谢method / meWEd/ n.方法，办法system / sistim/ n.1.系统，体系；2.制度，体制unrelated a.无关的，不相关的proficiency / prE fiFEnsi/ n.[U]熟练，精通in contrast 成对比look up 在字典、参考书中查找be unable to 不能做某事turn on 开，接通（水源，电源，煤气等）turn off 关，关断（水源，电源，煤气等）to begin 首先，开始Los Angeles 洛杉矶（美国加州西南一港市）英语（上）5课a单词fallacy / fAlEsi/ n.谬见，错误的信念；谬误推理，谬论quality / kwRliti/ n.1.质量；2.品质，特性deer / diE/ n.鹿savage / sAvidV/ a.1.野蛮的，未开化的；2凶猛，残酷的tribe / traib/ n.1.种族，部落；2.（植物，动物）族，类bravery / breivEri/ n.[U]英勇，勇敢；勇气man-eating n./a.食人；食人的eager / i：gE/ a.热切的，渴望的civilized / sivilaizd/ a.文明的，开化的ginger / dVindVE/ n.生姜，姜root / ru：t/ n.1.根（部）；2.根本，根源；v.（使）生根，（使）扎根magical / mAdVikEl/ a.1.魔术的，似魔术的；2.不可思议的，迷人的poisonous / pRiznEs/ a.有毒的overseas / Euve si：z/ ad.在（向）海外，在（向）国外；a.（在）海外的，（在）国外的widespread / waidspred/ a.分布（或散布）广的，普遍的muscle / mQsl/ n.1.肌肉；2.力量，实力chew / tFu：/ vt./vi.咀嚼helpful / helpful/ a.1.给予帮助的，肯帮助的；2.有益的，建设性的digestive / di dVestiv/ a.消化（食物）的juice / dVu：s/ n.汁，液digest / di dVest，daidVest/ vt.消化；n.文摘foundation / faun deiFEn/ n.1.根据；2.基金会；3.基础，地基mixture / mikstFE/ n.混合；混合物belief / bi li：f/ n.1.相信；2.信念，信仰acid / Asid/ n.酸，酸性物质；a.酸的curdle / kE：dl/ vi./vt.（使）结成凝乳；变成凝乳状indigestible / indi dVestEbl/ a.难消化的；不能消化的digestion / di dVestFEn/ n.消化；吸收cream / kri：m/ n.奶油，奶油色combination / kRmbi neiFEn/ n.1.结合，联合；2.化合，化合物protein / prEuti：n/ n.蛋白质carbohydrate / ka：bEu haidreit/ n.碳水化合物；[pl.]淀粉质食物chiefly / tFi：fli/ ad.大半，主要contain / kEn tein/ vt.包含，容纳be eager to 热切想做，渴望要做substitute for …的替代物have……to do with 与…有关as a matter of fact 事实上，其实；事实恰恰相反think of……as 把…看成英语（上）5课b单词insect / insekt/ n.昆虫ant / Ant/ n.蚂蚁hardworking / ha：d wE：kiN/ a.努力工作的wrestle / resl/ vi.角力或摔跤比赛mock / mRk/ vt./vi.愚弄，嘲弄；a.假的，模拟的engage / in geidV/ vi. （in）从事于，参加；vt.1.使从事于，使忙于；2.占用（时间等）sober / sEubE/ n.1.冷静的，镇定的；2.认真，严肃的frog / frRg/ n.蛙grave / greiv/ a.1.严重的；2.严肃，庄重的；n.坟墓owl / aul/ n.猫头鹰nest / nest/ n.巢，窝beaver / bi：vE/ n.海狸dam / dAm/ n.坝，堤arrange / E reindV/ vt.1.安排，筹划；2.整理，排列plaster / pla：stE/ vt.1.粘贴；2.涂灰泥于（墙等）；n.灰泥，石膏mud / mQd/ n.泥，泥浆spider / spaidE/ n.蜘蛛scarcely / skZEsli/ ad.几乎不，几乎没有creature / kri：tFE/ n.1.生物，动物；2.人imitate / imiteit/ vt.1.模仿，仿效；2.仿制，仿造shepherd / FepEd/ n.牧羊人improvement / im pru：vmEnt/ n.改进，增进fashion / fAFEn/ n.1.方式，样子；2.流行式样instinct / instiNkt/ n.1.本能，直觉；2.生性，天性hut / hQt/ n.小屋，棚屋cage / keidV/ n.笼variety / vE raiEti/ n.1.变化，多样化；2.品种，变种；3.种种，多种多样boot / bu：t/ n.靴etc. （=et cetera）［缩］［拉］以及其他，等等wit / wit/ n.智力，才智unlike / Qn laik/ prep.不像…，和…不同a.不相似的，不同的a great deal 大量，许多be true with 对…一样，对…也是真的engage in 从事，忙于be true of 对…一样，对…也是真的as if 好像，似乎仿佛search for 搜寻，搜寻，探察take care of 1.爱护；2.照顾，照料；3.处理，对付英语（上）6课a单词rare / rZE/ a. 稀有的，难得的substance / sQbstEns/ n.1.物质；2.实，本质；3.主旨，大意slight / slait/ a.轻微的，纤细的carbon / ka：bEn/ n.碳extreme / iks tri：m/ a.1.极端的，极度的；2.尽头的，末端的；n.极端ressure / preFE/ n.压力，压强liquid / likwid/ a.液体的，液态的；n.液体molten / mEultEn/ a.（melt的过去分词）（指金属）熔化的crack / krAk/ n.裂缝，裂口；vi.爆裂，破裂crust / krQst/ n. 1.地壳；2.面包皮，硬外皮，外壳crystal / kristl/ n.水晶；晶粒；a.清澈透明的，水晶制的，晶体的popular / pRpjulE/ a.流行的，通俗的，大众的；受欢迎的gem / dVem/ n.宝石，珠宝handful / hAndful/ n.一把，一小撮gravel / grAvEl/ n.碎石，砂砾formation / fR：meiFEn/ n.[地]岩层；形成，构成pipe / paip/ n.1.管子，导管；2.烟斗；3.火山筒；vt.用管道输送volcano / vRl keinEu/ n.火山somewhat / sQmwRt/ ad.稍微，有点blast / bla：st/ n.1.疾风，强风；2.爆炸；vt.炸，炸掉elevator / eliveitE/ n.电梯，升降机crush / krQF/ vt.1.压碎，碾碎；2.镇压，压倒destroy / dis trRi/ vt.1.破坏，毁灭；2.消灭grease / gri：s，gri：z/ n.油脂；滑脂impressive / im presiv/ a.给人印象深刻的，感人的greasy / gri：si/ a.1.涂有油脂的，油污的；2.油腻的，滑的pebble / pebl/ n.小圆石；卵石experienced / iks piEriEnst/ a.有经验的miner / mainE/ n.矿工immediately / i mi：djEtli/ ad.1.立即地，即刻地；2.直接地，紧密地be made of 由…构成be popular with 受…喜欢；受…欢迎run out 用尽sort out 分类，整理stick to 附着，粘住India / indiE/ 印度Brazil / brE zil/ 巴西Russia / rQFE/ 俄罗斯South Africa 南非英语（上）6课b单词beneath / bi ni：W/ prep.在…下面（或底下），低于haze / heiz/ n.薄雾morning-glory n.牵牛花aside / E said/ ad.在旁边，到（或向）一边magnify / mAgnifai/ vt.1.放大；2.扩大，夸大puzzle / pQzl/ vt.（使）迷惑，（使）为难；vi.迷惑，苦思；n.1.测验（智力，技巧等）的问题（或游戏），智力玩具；2.迷，seed / si：d/ n.种子observe / Eb zE：v/ vt.1.注意到，察觉到；2.观察；3.说；4.遵守，奉行seaweed / si：wi：d/ n.海草；海藻former / fR：mE/ a.在前的，以前的；n.前者latter / lAtE/ a.1.后者的；2.后一半的，接近终了的；n.后者inorganic / inR：gAnik/ a.无机的dwelling / dweliN/ n.住处；住宅fairy / fZEri/ n.神仙，仙人broad / brR：d/ a.1.宽的，阔的；2.广泛的delicious / di liFEs/ a.1.美味的；2.（味觉或嗅觉）使人愉快的closely / klEusli/ ad.1.紧密地；2.严密地，密切地suck / sQk/ v.吸，吸收sap / sAp/ n.1.树液；2.元气，精气dissolve / di zRlv/ vt.1.（使）溶解，（使）融化；2.解散，取消turn aside from 离开be satisfied with 对…感到心满意足take place 发生lie in 在于hold good for （对…）适用live on 靠…生活take in 吸收；让…进入；接纳，接受suck up 吸收，吸出，吸起take up 1.拿起；2.吸收，溶解；3.占去（地方，时间，注意力等）英语（上）7课a单词definition / defi niFEn/ n. 定义，释义marriage / mAridV/ n.结婚，婚姻descend / di send/ vi.1.传下，遗传；2.下来，下降ancestor / AnsistE/ n.祖先，祖宗household / haushEuld/ n.家庭，户；a.家庭的，家常的grandparent / grAndperEnt/ n.（外）祖父或（外）祖母relative / relEtiv/ n.亲属，亲戚；a.相对的traditional / trE diFEnl/ a.传统的security / si kjuEriti/ n.安全basically / beisikEli/ ad.基本上，从根本上说nuclear / nju：kliE/ a.1.核子的，核能的；2.核心，中心的extended / iks tendid/ a.1. 展开的，扩大的；2.延伸的，延续的；3.广阔的，广泛的nucleus / nju：kliEs/ n.（原子）核；核心mother-in-law n.岳母；婆母agricultural / Agri kQltFErEl/ a.农业的industrial / in dQstriEl/ a.工业的，产业的industrialize / in dQstriElaiz/ vt.（使）工业化post-industrial a. （经济基础已由重工业转为服务业，高技术等的）后工业化的earner n.赚钱者；获得收入者split / split/ vi.1.撕裂，裂开；2.分裂，分开；vt.劈开，使分裂；n.分裂，裂口divorce / di vR：s/ n./vi.离婚vt.与…离婚，使分裂social / sEuFEl/ a.1.社会的；2.交际的，社交的remarry / ri：mAri/ vt./vi.（使）再婚care for 喜欢，对…中意；对…担心；照顾，照料split up 1.分裂，分开；2.吵架，离婚talk of 谈到，谈起英语（上）7课b单词structure / strQktFE/ n.1结构，构造；2.建筑物；vt.建造，建立generation / dVenE reiFEn/ n.1.一代（人）；2.产生，发生customary / kQstEmEri/ a.1.习惯上的，惯常的；2.合乎（或基于）习俗的partner / pa：tnE/ n.1.配偶；2.搭档，伙伴，合伙人similarity / simi lAriti/ n.相似，类似role / rEul/ n.1.角色；2.作用similarly / similEli/ ad.相似地，类似地physical / fizikEl/ a.1.身体的，肉体的；2.物理的，物理学的；3.物质的，有形的emotional / i mEuFEnl/ a.感情的，情绪的provider n.1.供应者；提供者；2.养家糊口的人housework / hauswE：k/ n.家务劳动；家事preparation / prepE reiFEn/ n.准备，预备pregnant / pregnEnt/ a.怀孕的，妊娠的primary / praimEri/ a.最初的，初级的；首要的，主要的，基本的preschool / pri：sku：l/ a.学龄前的，入学前的baby-sitter n.代人临时照看小孩的人dependent / di pendEnt/ a.依靠的，依赖的（on，upon）provide for 赡养，为…提供必需品in addition 另外，加之give up 交出，让出；放弃，抛弃，辞去instead of 代替；而不是…be busy doing 忙于做（某事）in conclusion 最后，在结束时英语（上）8课a单词telecommunication n.电信，远距离通信via / vaiE/ prep.经由，经过，通过satellite / sAtElait/ n.卫星，人造卫星transmit / trAnz mit/ vt.1.播送，发射；2.传送，传递；3.输送photography / fE tRgrEfi/ n.1.摄影，照相；2.摄影术telegraph / teligra：f/ n.1.电报机，电报（指通信方式）；2（一份）电报；vt.用电报发送；打电报给；vi.打电报establish / is tAbliF/ vt.1.建立，创办，设立；2.确立，使确认signal / signEl/ n.信号，暗号vt./vi.（向…）发信号orbit / R：bit/ vt./vi.绕（…的）轨道运行n.轨道visual / vizjuEl/ a.视觉的，看得见的capable / keipEbl/ a.有能力的，有才能的；能…的（of）broadcast / brR：dka：st/ n./vt./vi.广播，播音computer / kEm pju：tE/ n.计算机，电脑theory / WiEri/ n.1.理论，原理；2学说access / Akses/ n.1.通道，入口；2.接近（或进入）的机会，享用机会unlimited / Qn limitid/ a.1.无界限的，无边无际的；2.无限制的，无约束的；3.无数的，无限量的demonstrate / demEnstreit/ vt.1.说明，演示；2.论证，证实；vi.示威游行educational / edju keiFEnl/ a.1.教育的，教育方面的；2.有教育意义的remote / ri mEut/ a.1.遥远，偏僻的；2.（可能性）很小的isolate / aisEleit/ vt.使隔离，使孤立；a.孤立的transportation / trAnspR：teiFEn/ n.1.运输；2.运输系统，运输工具instruction / in strQkFEn/ n.教学，指导；命令，指示，用法说明conversation / kRnvE seiFEn/ n.谈话，会话simultaneously ad.同时发生地，同时进行地channel / tFAnl/ n.频道；航道；渠道vt.通过…获得，传送risk / risk/ vt.冒…的危险n.冒险，风险privacy / praivEsi/ n.1.私事，私生活；2.隐私；3.独处personal / pE：sEnl/ a.1.个人的，私人的；2.亲自的movie / mu：vi/ n.电影contact / kRntAkt，kEn tAkt/ n.接触，联系vt.与…接触，使联系technology / tek nRlEdVi/ n.工艺，技术harm / ha：m/ n./vt.伤害，损害，危害expert / ekspE：t/ n.专家，能手；a.熟练的，内行的application / Apli keiFEn/ n.1.申请，申请表；2.应用，实施be capable of （指人）有某种能力或倾向的have access to 可接近，可进入lead to 导致；通向Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会Olympics / ou limpiks/ 奥林匹克运动会比赛项目（=Olympic Games）英语（上）8课b单词obvious / RbviEs/ a.显然的，明显的widely ad.1.广泛地，普遍地；2.广博地；3.大大地shelter / FeltE/ n.1.掩蔽，保护；2.掩蔽处，躲避处；vt.掩蔽，庇护atmosphere / AtmEsfiE/ n.1.大气，大气圈，大气层；2.（心理上的）周围情况,环境，气氛deadly / dedli/ a.致死的，致命的ray / rei/ n.光线，射线atmospheric / AtmEs ferik/ a.1.大气的，空气的；2.大气层的；大气所引起的automobile / R：tEmEbi：l/ n.汽车tire / taiE/ n.轮胎gas / gAs/ 1.气体；2.煤气；3.汽油per / pE：/ prep.每，每一column / kRlEm/ n.1.柱，圆柱；2.栏，专栏（文章）electrical / i lektrikEl/ a.电的，电气的existence / ig zistEns/ n.1.存在；2.生存，生活gaze / geiz/ vi./n.凝视，注视lightning / laitniN/ n.闪电thorough / WQrE/ a./ad.1.彻底的，完全的；2.仔细周到的，精心的radar / reidE/ n.雷达create / kri（：）eit/ vt.1.创造；2.创作；3.引起，产生hydrogen / haidridVEn/ n.氢curve / kE：v/ n.1.曲线，弧线；2.弯曲；vt./vi.（使）弯曲，（使）成曲线unending / Qn endiN/ a.1.永无止境的，不尽的；2.不断的，不停的meantime / mi：n taim/ n.同时，其间element / elimEnt/ n.1.成分，要素；2.元素atomic / E tRmik/ a.原子能的；原子的explosion / iks plEuVEn/ n.爆炸，爆发in order to 为了protect……from 防御（危险；敌人等）rest upon 依赖，依靠in the meantime 在此期间，（与此）同时pay attention to 注意Sydney Chapman 西德尼·查普曼（人名）英语（上）9课a单词learned / lE：nid/ a.1.有学问的，博学的；2.学术上的；a.经过训练学到的cultivated / kQltiveitid/ a.1.耕种的，耕作的；2.栽培的，非野生的；3.有修养的，文雅的concern / kEn sE：n/ n.1.关心，挂念；2.关系，关联；vt.1.涉及，有关于；2.使关心stock / stRk/ n.1.备料，库存；2.股票，公债；3.有货；vt.储备，储存possession / pE zeFEn/ n.所有，拥有；所有物relatively / relEtivli/ ad.比较而言；相对地educated / edVukeitid/ a.1.受过教育的，有知识的；2.有教养的occasion / E keiVEn/ n.1.时刻；2.场合，重大（或特殊）的活动；3.时机，机会acquaintance / E kweintEns/ n.1.认识，了解；2.相识的人，熟人formal / fR：mEl/ a.1.正式的；2.形式的3.礼仪上的highly ad.高度地；极；非常topic / tRpik/ n.1.题目，话题；2.主题elevated / eliveitid/ a.1.提高的，升高的；2.高贵，庄严的style / stail/ n.1.风格；2.文体；3.式样importance / im pR：tEns/ n.重要（性）vivacious / vi veiFEs/ a.活泼的，轻快的case / keis/ n.1.情况，事实；2.病例；案件；3.箱，盒noun / naun/ n.名词Latin / lAtin/ a.拉丁的，拉丁人的，拉丁语的；n.拉丁语，拉丁人derivative / di rivEtiv/ n.派生词；派生物；a.派生的，衍生的adjective / AdViktiv/ n.形容词grown-up a.成熟的，成人的；n.成年人apply / E plai/ vi.1.申请，请求（for）；2.适用（to）；vt.应用，运用（to）absolute / AbsElu：t/ a.绝对的，完全的popularity / pRpju lAriti/ n.1.普及，流行；2.名望，受欢迎classification / klAsifi keiFEn/ n.分类；分级convenient / kEn vi：njEnt/ a.方便的avoid / E vRid/ vt.避免，避开misconception / miskEn sepFEn/ n.误解，错误想法；错误印象presence / prezns/ n.1.出席，到场；2.存在cultivation / kQlti veiFEn/ n.1.耕种，耕作；2.教养，修养literature / litEritFE/ n.1.文学，文学作品；2.文献，图书资料make up 1.（由部分）组成，构成（全体）；2.弥补，补偿，赔偿（损失等）；3.捏造stock in trade 1.库存；2.常用手段belong to 属于；是…的成员at large 1.普遍，一般地；2.自由地，（未被捕）逍遥自在地come up 出现as to 至于，关于be due to 由于，因为rather than 与其…（不如）；不是…（而是）英语（上）9课b单词vocabulary / vE kAbjulEri/ n.1.词汇（量）；2.词（汇）表context / kRntekst/ n.上下文，语境interrupt / intE rQpt/ vt.打断，打扰；终止，阻碍；vi.打断，打扰process / prEuses/ n.1.过程，进程；2.工序，加工方法；vt.加工，处理productive / prE dQktiv/ a.1.生产的；2.多产的，富饶的；3.富有成效的swift / swift/ a.快速的，敏捷的securely ad.1.安全地；2.牢固地，稳固地；3.信心十足地，有把握地intend / in tend/ vt.1.想要，打算（后接to do或doing）；2.意指，意思是specific / spi sifik/ a.1.具体的，明确的；2.特定的，特有的preference / prefErEns/ n.（for，to）1.偏爱；2.优先（权）prefix / pri：fiks/ n.前缀suffix / sQfkis/ n.后缀insert / in sE：t，insE：t/ vt.插入，嵌入apparently / E pArEntli/ ad.1.显然地；2.表面上，似乎consult / kEn sQlt/ vt.1.请教，向…咨询；2.查阅，查看；vi.交换意见，商议tentative / tentEtiv/ a.试探性的；尝试性的spark / spa：k/ n.火花，火星；vi发火花，发电花；vt.激发，引起personally / pE：sEnEuli/ ad.1.亲自，当面；2.就个人而言；3.作为个人，个别地heighten / haitn/ vt.1.加高，提高，增高；2.增加，，加强formula / fR：mjulE/ n.公式maximum / mAksimEm/ n.最大限度，最大量，顶点；a.最高的，最大的effectiveness / i fektivnis/ n.效果，有效性sharpen / Fa：pEn/ vt.1.削尖，磨尖；2.使敏锐，使敏捷awareness n.1.意识，觉悟；2.懂事，明智contextual / kEn tekstFuEl/ a.上下文的；取决于上下文的accuracy / AkjurEsi/ n.准确（性），精确（性）ease / i：z/ n.1.容易；2.舒适，安逸；vt./vi.缓和，减轻come across 偶然遇见，碰上begin with 以…开始，以…为起点come up with 提出after all 毕竟；终究provide somebody with 给某人提供…Sherlock Holmes 夏洛克·福尔摩斯英语（上）10课a单词scientific / saiEn tifik/ a.科学的attitude / Atitju：d/ n.1.姿势，姿态；2.态度，看法（to，forwards）environment / in vaiErEnmEnt/ n.环境，周围状况，自然环境curiosity / kjuEri Rsiti/ n.好奇（心）；求知欲imagination / i mAdVi neiFEn/ n.1.想象，想象力；2.空想，幻觉apart / E pa：t/ ad.分离，分开stimulate / stimjuleit/ vt.刺激，激励scientifically / saiEn tifikEli/ ad.科学地relationship / ri leiFEnFip/ n.关系，联系phenomenon / fi nRminEn/ n.现象，迹象unknown / Qn nEun/ 未知的，不知名的open-minded a.1.无偏见的；2.虚心的open-mindedness 1.无偏见；2.虚心regardless / ri ga：dlis/ a.1.不留心的，不注意的2.不关心的；ad.不论如何，不顾，不惜previously / pri：vjEsli/ ad.在前地，早先地disagreeable / disE griEbl/ a.让人讨厌的，不合心意的unpleasant / Qn pleznt/ a.使人不愉快的；不合意的failure / feiljE/ n.1.失败；2.失灵，故障；3.没做到，不履行（to+v.）solution / sE lju：FEn/ n.1.解答，解决办法；2.溶解，溶液thinking / WiNkiN/ n.1.思想，思考；2.想法，见解adapt / E dApt/ vt.1.使适应，使适合（to）；2.改编，改写；vi.适应（to）perfect / pE：fikt，pE：fekt/ a.1.完美的，完满的；2.完全的，十足的；vt.使完美acceptable / Ek septEbl/ a.可以接受的entirely / in taiEli/ ad.1.全部，完整地；2.完全地，彻底地frequently / fri：kwEntli/ ad.经常地；频繁地evidence / evidEns/ n.根据，证据finding / faindiN/ n.发现（物）；［常pl.］（调查或研究）结果sprout / spraut/ vi.（种子，植物）发牙，抽条；vi.使发芽；n.新芽，嫩苗determine / di tE：min/ vt.1.决定；2.查明，确定；3.决心growth / grEuW/ n.1.增长，增加；2.生长，发展lay aside 把…放在一边，把…搁置一旁；留存take apart 拆散；拆开carry out 1.实行；2.贯彻，执行believe in 相信，信任regardless of 不顾；不管in advance 1.预先，事先；2.在前面adapt……to 使…适应…make up one‘s mind 下决心once and for all 永远地，一劳永逸地in the light of 1.按照，根据；2.鉴于respect for 尊重laugh at 嘲笑；讥笑Benjamin Franklin 富兰克林（美国政治家及科学家）Thomas Edison 爱迪生（美国发明家）Galileo / gAli leiEu/ 伽利略（意大利物理学及天文学家）Louis Pasteur 巴斯德（法国化学家及微生物学家）英语（上）10课b单词solve / sRlv/ vt.解决，解答arouse / E rauz/ vt.1.引起，激起；2.唤起，唤醒procedure / prE si：dVE/ n.程序，手续，步骤obtain / Eb tein/ vt.获得，得到solution / sE lju：FEn/ n.1.解答，解决办法；2.溶解，溶液arise / E raiz/ vi.出现，发生；（from）由…引起biological / baiE lRdVikEl/ a.生物学（上）的engineering / endVi niEriN/ n.1.工程，工程学；2.操纵，管理microelectronics n.微电子学，超小型电子学account / E kaunt/ n.1.叙述，说明；2.账，账户；vi.（for）说明（原因等）related / ri leitid/ a.1.有关的，相关的（to）；2.有亲戚（或亲缘）关系的background / bAkgraund/ n.背景logical / lRdVikEl/ a.逻辑（上）的，符合逻辑的mathematical / mAWi mAtikEl/ a.数学（上）的analysis / E nAlEsis/ n. 1.分析；2.分解unanswered / Qn AnsEd/ a.1.未予答复的；2.无响应的，无报答的indicate / indikeit/ vt.1.指示，指出；2.表示，表明inference / infErEns/ n.推论，推理，推断hypothesis / hai pRWisi：z/ n.1.假说，假设；2（无根据的）猜测，揣测prediction / pri dikFEn/ n.1.预言，预计；2.预报confidence / kRnfidEns/ n.信任，信心probable / prRbEbl/ a.很可能的，大概的unreliable / Qnri laiEbl/ a.1.不可靠的，靠不住的；2.不可信赖的modify / mRdifai/ vt.修改，更改accurate / Akjurit/ a.准确的，精确的variable / vZEriEbl/ n.变量；a.1.易变，可变的；2.变量的experimentation / eks perimen teiFEn/ n.实验，试验a variety of 1.种种；2.若干不同的result from 发生；因…引起，起因于in need of 需要build up 增长，增强；逐渐积聚，集结carry out 1.实行；2.贯彻，执行turn out to be 原来是，（最后）证明是check with 与…相符，一致英语（上）11课a单词garage / gAra：V/ n.车库；（常兼汽车修理，销售业务的）加油站unwanted / Qn wRntid/ a.没人要的；不需要的，无用的，多余的rid / rid/ 使摆脱，使去掉（of）homemade / hEum meid/ a.1.家里做的；2.自制的；3.本国制造的neighborhood / neibEhud/ n.四邻，邻近地区，附近advertisement / Ed vE：tismEnt/ n.广告local / lEukEl/ a.1.地方性的，当地的；2.局部的buyer / baiE/ n.购买者；买主basement / beismEnt/ n.地下室wherever / wZEr evE/ conj.无论在哪里，无论到哪里；ad.无论什么地方ever-increasing a.不断增长的，持续增长的replica / replikE/ n.复制品stuff / stQf/ n.1.原料，材料；2.东西；vt.填满，塞满castoff / kAstRf/ a.1.抛弃的，丢开的；2.穿旧的；n.被抛弃的人（或物）seller n.1.卖者；2.销售物extra / ekstrE/ a.额外的ad.特别地n.额外的事物save / seiv/ vt.1.求助，搭救；2.储蓄，积攒；3.节省original / E ridVEnEl/ a.1.起初的，原来的；2.独创的，新颖的；n.1.原作，原物；2.原文computerization / kEm pju：tErai zeiFn/ n.计算机的使用；计算机化remnant / remnEnt/ n.残余，剩余；残余物，残存部分era / iErE/ n.时代，纪元hobby / hRbi/ n.业余爱好weekend / wi：kend/ n.周末bargain / ba：gin/ n.1.交易；2.特价商品；v.讨价还价hunter / hQntE/ n.1.猎人，狩猎者；2.搜寻者fabulous / fAbjulEs/ a.1.神话式的；2.惊人，难以置信的painting / peintiN/ n.1.（一幅）画；2.绘画，绘画艺术；3.（上）油漆reporter / ri pR：tE/ n.1.记者；2.新闻广播员mercy / mE：si/ n.慈悲，仁慈，宽容bless / bles/ vt.1.赐福；2.祝福reluctant / ri lQktEnt/ a.不情愿的，勉强的enthusiasm / in Wju：ziAzEm/ n.热情，热心recent / ri：snt/ a.新近的，近来的bound / baund/ a.1.一定的，必然的（to+v.）；2.受约束的，有义务的；3.准备到…去的，开往（或驶往）…的（for）sort through 整理，把…分类get rid of 摆脱，解脱，除去set out 1.出发，起程；2.宣布，发表，3.展示，陈列put up 提出以供…；举起，抬起be fed up with 因多而厌烦；不满search for 搜寻，搜寻，探察turn （somebody）off （使）失去兴趣（或爱好，热情）；（使）不再喜欢（人或事物）；（使）厌烦。

英语阅读一 Unit 2 重点词汇和短语课程代码00595

英语专业英语阅读一课程代码00595 重点词汇和短语V-I If something conforms to something such as a law or someone's wishes, it is of the required type or quality. (与法律、愿望等) 相符合V-I If you conform, you behave in the way that you are expected or supposed to behave. 守规矩vi. 符合；遵照；适应环境vi. 1.遵照；适应；顺从，一致(常与to 连用)：All students must conform to the rules.所有的学生都必须遵守校规。

2.符合；相似(常与with连用)：The design conforms with the regulations.设计符合规定。

vi.符合；遵照；适应环境accord with/ meet with vt.使遵守；使一致；使顺从accord / reconcile adj.一致的；顺从的united / consistent / matching / uniform / correspondingimperfection in a person or thing. n.缺点，[晶体][材]缺陷；不足之处other group, and join an opposing country, party, or group. vi.变节；叛变apostatize / rise up同根词：词根：defect adj. defective有缺陷的；不完美的adv. defectively有缺陷地；缺乏地n. defection背叛；缺点；变节；脱党defective有缺陷的人；不完全变化词defector背叛者；逃兵；叛离者defectiveness有缺陷；缺乏相关短语：cosmetic defect 外观不良; 外观缺陷; 外不雅不良; 外观没有良crystallographic defect 晶体缺陷; 结晶缺陷mass defect 质量亏损; 质量筐; 质量缺陷; 质量损失artificial defect 人工缺陷; 人工缺点; grinding defect 磨痕Coating defect 涂层缺陷; 涂布缺陷; 涂料缺陷; 缺点surface defect 表面缺陷; 皮下缺陷; 涂膜缺陷; 表面疵点zero defect零缺陷；零缺点；无差错ventricular septal defect[医]室中隔缺损birth defect天生缺陷（等于congenital defect）atrial septal defect 心房中隔缺损；心房间隔缺损no defect无缺陷Vacancy defect 晶格空位; 空位缺陷genetic defect遗传缺损defect rate 缺陷率；故障率；不良率fabric defect织物疵点；布疵point defect点缺陷inherent defect固有缺点internal defect 内部缺陷line defect线缺陷congenital defect先天性缺陷（等于birth defect）major defect主要缺点material defect 材料缺陷；布疵defect density缺陷密度minor defect小瑕疵coating defect涂层缺陷；涂料缺陷filling defect 充盈缺损; 充盈缺损征; 无灌注区speech defects语音缺陷cultivate 英 ['kʌltɪveɪt]美 ['kʌltɪvet] CET4 TEM4 (cultivating,cultivated,cultivates) [ 过去式cultivated 过去分词cultivated 现在分词cultivating ] If you cultivate land or crops, you prepare land and grow crops on it. 开垦; 种植If you cultivate an attitude, image, or skill, you try hard to develop it and make it stronger or better. 培养(态度、技巧等); 树立(形象、观念等) If you cultivate someone or cultivate a friendship with them, you try hard to develop a friendship with them. 建立(友谊) vt. 培养；陶冶；耕作vt.培养；陶冶；耕作rear / foster / plant / nurse 同根词：词根：cultivate adj. cultivated耕种的；有教养的cultivable可培养的，可教化的；可耕种的n. cultivation培养；耕作；耕种；教化；文雅cultivator耕者；栽培者；耕田机v. cultivated发展（cultivate的过去分词）；耕作；教化相关短语：cultivate talents培养人才cultivate creativity 培养创造性; 培养创造力Cultivate hobbies 培养业余爱好; 培养兴趣爱好cultivate Strategy 培养策略Cultivate temperament 陶冶性情cultivate cadres 培养干部cultivate drill 耕播机cultivate awareness 培养意识Cultivate Brands 培育企业品牌cultivate culture 培育Lesson 4 American Social Relationsdistinction 英 [dɪ'stɪŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n]美 [dɪ'stɪŋkʃən] CET4 TEM41.N-COUNT A distinction between similar things isa difference. 区别2.PHRASE If you draw a distinction or make a distinction, you say that two things are different.区分3.N-COUNT A distinction is a special award or honour that is given to someone because of their very high level of achievement. 荣誉4.N-UNCOUNT Distinction is the quality of being very good or better than other things of the same type. 卓越5.N-SING If you say that someone or something has thedistinction of being something, you are drawing attention to the fact that they have the special quality of being that thing. Distinction is normally used to refer to good qualities, but can sometimes also be used to refer to bad qualities. 特质n.区别；差别；特性；荣誉、勋章quality / identity / character / tang / discrimination 同根词：词根：distinct adj. distinct明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的distinctive有特色的，与众不同的distinguished著名的；卓著的；高贵的distinguishing有区别的distinguishable可区别的；辩认得出的；可辨识的adv. distinctively特殊地；区别地n. distinctiveness特殊性；区别性；辨别性distinctness不同；明显；有特殊性v. distinguished区别（distinguish的过去式）distinguishing区别；表现突出（distinguish的ing形式）vi. distinguish区别，区分；辨别vt. distinguish区分；辨别；使杰出，使表现突出相关短语：without distinction无差别with distinction以优异成绩，以杰出的表现class distinction阶级界限to make a distinction区别grumble 英 ['grʌmb(ə)l]美 ['ɡrʌmbl] CET6+ TEM4(grumbling,grumbled,grumbles)[过去式grumbled 过去分词grumbled 现在分词grumbling]1.V-T/V-I If someone grumbles, they complain about something in abad-tempered way. 抱怨2.N-COUNT Grumble is also a noun. 抱怨3.V-I If something grumbles, it makes ausually to do short and repeated actions. 用力的2.ADV 用力地vigorously3.ADJ A vigorous person does things with great energy and enthusiasm. A vigorous campaign or activity is done with great energy and enthusiasm. 精力充沛的(人); 强有力的(运动、活动) 4.ADV 强烈地vigorously同近义词：adj.有力的；精力充沛的male / live / energetic / mighty 同根词：词根：vigor adv. vigorously精神旺盛地，活泼地n. vigor [生物] 活力，精力compliment 英 ['kɒmplɪm(ə)nt]美 ['kɑmpləmənt]CET6 TEM4(complimenting,complimented,compliments)动词读作[ˈkɒmplɪˌmɛnt]。

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英语阅读（一）高频词汇
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英语阅读一高频词汇
1.passage['pæsɪdʒ]n.一段（文章）；走廊；
E.g.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?
根据文章，下面哪句表述是对的？
2.according[ə'kɔːdɪŋ]adv.依照；根据；按照（+to）
adj.相符的；一致的；相应的；和谐的；调和的
E.g.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?
根据文章，下面哪句表述是对的？
3.statement['steɪtm(ə)nt]n.声明；陈述，叙述
E.g.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?
根据文章，下面哪句表述是对的？
cation[edjʊ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n.教育；培养；教育学
higher education高等教育（指含大学以上的教育）
vocational education职业教育
physical education n.体育课；体育教育(P.E)
E.g.His rudeness rooted in his lack of education.他的粗鲁是由于缺乏教育而形成的。

(root in来源于；起因于)
cational[edʒʊ'keɪʃən(ə)l]adj.教育的；有教育意义的
E.g.Economic progress is closely bound up with educational development.
经济的发达与教育的发展紧密相连。

be(closely)bound up with与…有密切联系
6.coeducational[,koɛdʒə'keʃənl]adj.男女合校的
cate['edjʊkeɪt]vt.教育；培养；训练vi.教育；训练
E.g.It takes patience to educate children.教育儿童须要耐心。

8.progress['prəʊgres]n.进步，发展；前进vi.前进，进步；进行
progress in在…有进展。

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