2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文15--2MassExtinctions物种灭绝-
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO15(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Mass Extinctions物种灭绝托福阅读原文【1】Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologicallyshort interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago).There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permianperiod (around 250 million years ago). The Permian event has attractedmuch less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.【2】The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many families of marine organisms died out. The rates of extinction happeningtoday are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction iscurrently in progress.【3】What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by theevolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposedmechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different timeson different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinctionmay have had a different cause.Evidence points to hunting by humansand habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.【4】American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was justone of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically hasgiven rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with along-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.【5】Of the various hypotheses attempting to account for the late Cretaceous extinctions, the one that has attracted the most attention inrecent years is the asteroid-impact hypothesis first suggested by Luis andWalter Alvarez. According to this hypothesis, Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10kilometers, or with several asteroids, the combined mass of which was comparable. The force of collision spewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere, darkeningthe skies for several years before the finer particles settled. The reducedlevel of photosynthesis led to a massive decline in plant life of all kinds,and this caused massive starvation first of herbivores and subsequentlyof carnivores. The mass extinction would have occurred very suddenly under this hypothesis.【6】One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir).Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris throwninto the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably containlarge amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currents would carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits that spanthe boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary. This iridiumanomaly offers strong support forthe Alvarez hypothesis even though no asteroid itself has ever been recovered.【7】An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater,even if the asteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact. The intenseheat of the impact would produce heat-shocked quartz in many types ofrock. Also, large blocks thrown aside by the impact would form secondarycraters surrounding the main crater.To date, several such secondary-craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.A locationcalled Chicxulub, along the Yucatan coast, has been suggested as the primary impact site.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about mass extinctions?A.They take place over a period of 70 million years.B.They began during the Cretaceous period.C.They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur.D.They occur every 250 million years.2.According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following?A.The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similarto the speed of past extinctions.B.The number of species that have died out since the last extinction eventis extremely large.C.Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time for another one.D.Fossil records of many marine species have disappeared.3.The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning toA.specific.B. unlimited.C.reasonable.D. long.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed asa possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPTA.habitat destruction.B.continental movement.C.fierce interspecies competition.D.changes in Earth's temperature.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about mass extinctions?A.Scientists know the exact causes of most mass extinctions.B.Mass extinctions are unlikely to happen again in the future.C.Insects, flowering plants, and bottom-feeding predators in the oceanstend to be the first organisms to disappear during episodes of mass extinctions.D.Some mass extinctions occurred on land and in the seas at the sametime.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the underlined sentence （Paragraph 4）in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.B.David Raup and John Sepkoski studied extinction rates of numerous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceousperiod continued for 26 million years.C.Studies that paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski conductedof various fossil groups have revealed that extinction rates have increasedover the past 26 million years.D.The studies conducted by paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski of the fossil remains of species suggest that the extinction rateof species started to increase by the middle of the Cretaceous period.7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?A.Their location.B.Their frequency.C.Their duration.D.Their severity.8.The phrase account for in the passage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.describe.B.challenge.C.explain.D.test.9.According to paragraph 6, what made iridium a useful test of the Alvarez hypothesis?A.Its occurrence in a few locations on Earth against several locations onother planets.B.Its occurrence in limited quantities on Earth against its abundance in asteroids.C.Its ability to remain solid at extremely high temperatures.D.Its ease of detection even in very small amounts.10.In stating that no asteroid itself has ever been recovered, the author emphasizes which of the following?A.The importance of the indirect evidence for a large asteroid.B.The fact that no evidence supports the asteroid impact hypothesis.C.The reason many researchers reject the Alvarez hypothesis.D.The responsibility of scientists for not making the effort to discover theasteroid itself.11.The word intense（Paragraph 7）in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.sudden.B.unusual.C.immediate.D. extreme.12.What is the purpose of paragraph 7 in the passage?A.It proposes a decisive new test of the Alvarez hypothesis.B.It presents additional supporting evidence for the Alvarez hypothesis.C.It explains why evidence relating to the Alvarez hypothesis is hard tofind.D.It shows how recent evidence has raised doubts about the Alvarez hypothesis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence bestfit? In general, it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.■Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically shortinterval of time are called mass extinctions. ■There was one such eventat the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). ■There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). ■The Permian event has attracted muchless attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas inthe passage. This question is worth 2 points.There have been many attempts to explain the causes of mass extinctions.A.Asteroid impacts, evolutionary developments, and changes in Earth'sclimate and in the positions of the continents have all been proposed aspossible causes of mass extinctions.B.Researchers have observed 26-million-year cycles in extinction rates ofa number of fossil groups that could all be attributed to the same cause.C.According to the Alvarez hypothesis, much of the iridium originally present on Earth was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an asteroid impact that also caused a mass extinction.D.The unusual distribution of iridium on Earth and the presence of cratersand heat-shocked quartz are central to the theory that an asteroid impactcaused the late Cretaceous event.E.The collision between Earth and a large asteroid resulted in massive damage and generated enough heat to cause irreversible changes inEarth's atmosphere.F.There was a particularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250million years ago at the end of the Permian period, whose cause couldnot be determined.托福阅读答案1.以mass extinctions做关键词定位至第一句，说大量生物在短时间内灭绝的这种现象叫做大灭绝事件，C是原文的同义替换，所以是正确答案。
雅思阅读题物种灭绝3600
雅思阅读题物种灭绝3600（最新版）目录1.引言：物种灭绝的现状2.物种灭绝的原因3.物种灭绝的影响4.应对物种灭绝的措施5.结论：物种灭绝对地球生态系统的影响以及人类的责任正文1.引言：物种灭绝的现状地球正处于新一轮物种大消亡中，据科学家估计，当前每天有几十种动植物物种正在灭绝。
这一现象并非由小行星等自然灾害引起，而是人类活动所导致的。
生境破坏、环境污染、现代工业的恶果以及迅速的人口增长都是促使物种灭绝的原因。
2.物种灭绝的原因物种灭绝的原因有很多，但主要可以归结为人类活动对生态环境的破坏。
随着工业化和城市化的推进，森林砍伐、过度捕捞、土地开发等行为不断破坏着动植物的生存环境。
此外，环境污染、气候变化等也使许多物种无法适应新的环境，最终导致灭绝。
3.物种灭绝的影响物种灭绝会对地球生态系统产生严重的影响。
每个物种都在生态系统中扮演着重要的角色，它们之间相互依赖、相互制约。
一个物种的灭绝可能会影响其他物种的生存，甚至导致整个生态系统的崩溃。
此外，物种灭绝还会导致生物多样性的减少，影响人类对自然资源的利用。
4.应对物种灭绝的措施为了应对物种灭绝，我们需要采取一系列措施来保护生态环境和生物多样性。
首先，政府应加强环保法律法规的制定和实施，对破坏生态环境的行为进行严格监管。
其次，企业和个人也要承担起环保责任，减少污染物排放，保护生态环境。
此外，我们还需要加强科普教育，提高人们的环保意识，让更多人参与到环保事业中来。
5.结论：物种灭绝对地球生态系统的影响以及人类的责任物种灭绝对地球生态系统的影响是深远的，它不仅破坏了生物多样性，还可能导致整个生态系统的崩溃。
作为地球上最发达的物种，人类对这一问题负有重要责任。
新托福阅读动物类话题词汇及长句
生命科学类之其他话题
昆虫（蚂蚁信息素、蚂蚁交流、蜜蜂交流、蝴蝶多样性）
鸟类（始祖鸟、人工孵化、鸟类换毛、欺骗战术、筑巢、迁徙、鸣叫）
水生动物（浮游生物、鳟鱼、鱼类体液、海豚）
动物习性（认知能力、哺育后代、工具使用、保温机制、生物钟、拟态行为、摄食行为、蝙蝠和寄生虫、捕食最优化）
灭绝与进化（史前人类活动导致巨型动物灭绝、物种灭绝、动物体型进化、物种适应性）
2.At one time,the animalspresent in these fossil bedswere assigned to various modern animal groups,butmost paleontologists now agree thatall tommotian fossils represent unique body formsthat arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modernanimal groups.
分析：本句为并列句，由连词but连接；“the animalspresent in these fossil bedswere assigned to various modern animal groups”的主句为“the animals were assigned to various modern animal groups”“present in these fossil beds”为后置定语；“most paleontologists now agree thatall tommotian fossils represent unique body formsthat arose in the earlyCambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.”的主句为“most paleontologists now agree that…”，其中“thatall tommotian fossils represent unique body formsthat arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.”为that引导的宾语从句，做agree的宾语；“that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modern animal groups”为定语从句，做unique body forms的定语，关系词为that；“leaving no descendants in modern animal groups”为现在分词短语，在此定语从句中做伴随状语。
托福阅读生物爆发与灭绝的知识内容
托福阅读生物爆发与灭绝的知识内容我们一共经历了一次大爆发，和五次大灭绝。
但大家也要知道，我们现在正在经历第六次物种大灭绝。
寒武纪大爆发Cambrian explosion——5.4亿年前奥陶纪大灭绝Ordovician extinction——4.4亿年前泥盆纪大灭绝Devonian extinction——3.65亿年前二叠纪大灭绝Permian extinction——2.5亿年前三叠纪大灭绝Triassic extinction——2亿年前白垩纪大灭绝Cretaceous extinction——6500万年前寒武纪大爆发寒武纪大爆发Cambrian explosion被称为古生物学和地质学上的一大悬案!自达尔文以来就一直困扰着进化论等学术界。
大约5亿4200万年前到5亿3000万年前，在地质学上称作寒武纪的开始，绝大多数无脊椎动物invertebrate在这2000多万年时间内出现。
这种几乎是“同时地”、“突然地”在2000多万年时间内出现在寒武纪地层中的无脊椎动物化石节肢动物arthropod、软体动物、环节动物等，而在寒武纪之前更为古老的地层中长期以来却找不到动物化石的现象，被古生物学家称作“寒武纪生命大爆发”，简称“寒武纪爆发”。
这也是显生宙Phanerozoic eon的开始100多年以来，有两种基本观点一种观点认为，寒武爆发是一种假象，这是某些达尔文或新达尔文主义Darwinism者所支持的观点。
由于进化是渐进的，所谓“爆发”只是表明首次在生物化石记录中发现了早在前寒武纪就已经广泛存在并发展的生物，其他的生物化石群可能是由于地质记录的不完全而“缺档”。
造成这种“缺档”的原因是前寒武纪地层stratum经历着热与压力，其中的化石被销毁了。
由于发现钱寒武纪化石沉积层sedimentary formation中存在大量细菌bacteria和蓝藻blue-algae这样的原核生物prokaryotic organism，因而这一解释不再有说服力。
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：动物活动
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：动物活动Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity——sleeping, feeding,moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. (TPO13, 61)metabolize /m'tæblaz/ v. 新陈代谢enzyme /'enzam/ n.酵hormone /'hmn/ n. 荷尔蒙，激素rhythm /'rð()m/ n.节奏;节律，循环internal /n'tn()l/ adj.内在的，内部的我是分界线，大家先自己一遍速读哦。
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity(——sleeping, feeding, moving,reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——)are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers (that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms). (TPO13, 61)托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子主干部分：Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is insteaddependent somehow on internal timers.大家要在读的时候要注意忽略那些细节，尤其是破折号后面的。
2019考研英语精选长难句翻译100句(一)
2019考研英语精选长难句翻译100句（一）长难句是考研英语的一大难点，如何理解翻译好长难句，希望考生复习时多总结多练习。
凯程教育精选100个长难句翻译，希望大家看完能提升对长难句的理解和翻译能力：2019考研英语精选长难句翻译100句（一）1.Looking beyond the10-year period，the botanists estimate that some3，000native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than10percent of the approximately25，000species of plants in the United States.在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们估计，在未来可预见到的时间内，3000种本地植物——占美国近25000种植物的10%——将可能灭绝。
2.The annual mi grations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration，because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.野生禽类和许多其他动物每年的迁徙，当然不能被看做是一种探险行为，因为，这些迁徙活动实际上只是从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地，以躲避气候的季节性变化。
3.Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn ‘t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly fertilizers.转基因食物的倡导者指出，用生物技术生产食物有很多益处：它能加速作物和牲畜的生长速度，并使它们具有所要求的特点;它可以给食物增添以往不具备的特征;可以改进食物的营养价值;可以生产出廉价、环保效果更好的肥料。
托福100长难句(中文部分)
参考译文1. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
8. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
9. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
10. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12. Billie Holiday’s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15. 受当代灌溉（技术设施）之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。
小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。
1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 33—3 灭绝事件
托福考试 复习TPO 33—3 灭绝事件原文：【1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.【2】Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era “when dinosaurs ruled Earth,”when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches. However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. Paleontologists la bel this point in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period, often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in manyother types of organisms. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct. An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared, although they rebounded later. Among plants, the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and conifers and other gymnosperms. The number of flowering plants (angiosperms) was reduced at this time, but they then began to increase dramatically.【3】What caused these changes? For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible, with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because, like modern reptiles, they were ectothermic (dependent on environmental heat, or cold-blooded). It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms (animals that maintain a relatively consistent body temperature by generating heat internally). Nevertheless, climatic explanations for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic, because even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate.【4】Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plantphotosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.题目：1.The word "proliferation" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA.decline.B.extinction.C.increase.D.migration.2.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?A.Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.B.Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.C.The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.D.Few microscopic species existed.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.4.According to paragraph 2, why are dinosaurs popularly said to have "ruled Earth" during the Cretaceous period?A.Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period.B.Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period.C.Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period, whereas many otheranimal species did not.D.Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period.5.According to paragraph 2, which of the following species initially increased in number at the K-T boundary?A.Dinosaurs.B.Foraminifera.C.Ferns.D.Ammonoid mollusks.6.Why does the author note that "even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate"(paragraph 3)?A.T o argue that there was a significant climate at the time that endothermic dinosaurs became extinct.B.To argue that climate change caused some dinosaurs to evolve as endotherms.C.To support the view that at least some of the dinosaurs that became extinct were endotherms.D.T o defend climate change as possible explanation for the extinction of dinosaurs.7.The word "generated"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning toA.collected.B.produced.C.spread.D.added.8.The word "extensive"(paragraph 4) in the passage is closest in meaning toA.widespread.B.sudden.C.numerous.D.subsequent.9.According to paragraph 4, all of the following contributed to the massive extinctions of the K-T period EXCEPT:A.tidal waves.B.fires.C.insufficient solar radiation.D.iridium.10.According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements explains the importance of the discovery of high levels of iridium rocks?A.It provided evidence that overexposure to solar radiation led to the K-T extinction.B.It showed that more than one cataclysmic event was responsible for the K-T extinction.C.It suggested that the cause of the K-T extinction may have been a meteorite striking Earth.D.It provided evidence that the K-T extinction occurred 65 million years ago.11.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the Yucatan Peninsula?A.The circular formation there was caused by a meteorite impact 65 million yearsago.B.Sedimentary rocks from that area have the lowest iridium concentration of any rocks on Earth.C.There is evidence that a huge tidal wave occurred there 65 million years ago.D.Evidence found there challenged the meteorite impact theory.12.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the meteorite theory?A.The data originally presented as evidence for the theory were eventually rejected.B.Many scientists did not accept it when it was first proposed.C.It has not been widely accepted as an explanation for the K-T extinction.D.Alvarez subsequently revised it after a circular formation was found in the Yucatan Peninsula.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This focused on the chemical composition of ancient rocks.Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years ago Earth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a singlecataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. ■【A】Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. ■【B】At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. ■【C】Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth's surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. ■【D】Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concluded that it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created bya meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.14. Prose SummaryThe K-T extinction 65 million years ago is the best known of the five major extinction episodes since the Cambrian period.A.Collectively, the five major extinction episodes resulted in the elimination of a larger number of species than did all the minor extinction events.B.The K-T extinction eliminated the dinosaurs and ammonoid mollusks but was followed by the diversification of mammals and gymnospermous plants.C.An extreme cooling of the climate could not have caused the K-T extinction of dinosaurs, because, while most dinosaurs depended on environmental heat, some did not.D.The K-T extinction of the dinosaurs is the only mass extinction that has beenexplained by the impact of a meteorite.E.In 1980 Luis Alvarez proposed that the K-T extinction was caused by ecological disasters brought about by the impact of a meteorite striking Earth.F.A high concentration of iridium in sedimentary rocks at the K-T boundary and a large impact crater in the Yucatan Peninsula from 65 million years ago strongly support Alvarez' hypothesis答案：1.proliferation，繁殖，激增，对应C。
2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案最新一期的托福考试答案已经出炉了，难度到底有多大呢？还在等什么，快来看看2019年9月7日托福阅读考试真题及答案。
R1：insect senses 昆虫有多种感知世界的方式。
用compound eye来感知世界，探测movement，而Simple eyes对光敏感。
Antennae负责一个或多个感官功能，可以感知空气中的性引诱信息素，并起到声音接收器的作用。
R2：地震的测量方法R3：fresco，一种画教堂穹顶的美术形式。
说了米开朗基罗的西斯廷教堂，还有古代作品保护的争议。
R4：英国工商业发展，英国为什么经济领先于欧洲其他国家R5：中美洲阿兹台克的一种农业形式，在湖的浅水地带堆土分层种植。
有一张示意图，每个长方体间都有水渠，人们每年可以在土地上种植至少7种植物，因为可以transplant到别的地方以有效利用土地。
R6：密歇根的一种松树和一种鸟。
为了种植blueberry砍了很多松树，然后砍下来的树枝堆积引发了森林火灾，然后那种鸟增多了，因为烧死的松树适合这种鸟筑巢。
R7：生物进化论对求偶特征的影响。
基因突变导致物种生殖隔离，讲了各种导致生殖隔离的情形，如地理变化形成无法逾越的屏障，还说到当物种被分散成了小的部分就会更容易形成生殖隔离。
R8：昆虫的sense（compound eyes simple eyes 触角）。
R9：美国18世纪钢铁业和交通发展。
R10：一种在墙上painting的方式。
一个是湿涂一个是干涂。
干涂常用于修改，第一段讲了一些特点，然后说M被安排去绘制一个建筑，是一项很大的工程（这里考到了reluctant不情愿的）他完成的很快（有道题问为什么他这么有效）。
但后来颜料因为建筑外部下雨渗漏和内部candles等等而变黑了，于是就派人去修理，最后讲了有的专家认为修理反而会损害原本的意境。
R11：solar system形成模型。
R12：indo-European语言的发展和影响。
托福经典难句100句
TOEFL难句100句1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope(羚羊), or pronghorn(叉角羚).2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol(石灰酸) asa general antiseptic(防腐的) has been largely discontinued.5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery(华丽的) but vague(模糊的) expressions that only obscure(遮掩) one’s meaning.8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.9. The difference between libel(诽谤) and slander(诽谤) is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.11. Acids are chemical compounds that, in water solution, have a sharptaste, a corrosive action on metals, and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.12. Billie Holiday's reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.13. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.15. Thanks to modern irrigation, crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush(北美山艾树) could live. 16. The development of mechanical timepieces(钟表) spurred(激励) the search for more accurate sundials(日规) with which to regulate them. 17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.18. Fungi(真菌) are important in the process of decay, which returns ingredients to the soil, enhances soil fertility, and decomposes animal debris.19. When it is struck, a tuning(定音) fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.20. Although pecans(山核桃) are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois. 21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is oftencalled scape-goating(替罪羊).22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.23. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event's occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.26. By the middle of the twentieth century, painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art. 27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth, a major shipping and manufacturing center.28. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman medical doctor in the United States, founded the New York Infirmary(医务所), an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked, rosemary(迷迭香) became associated with the idea of remembrance.31. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.32. That xenon(氙) could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.33. Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events and thus to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.34. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of moneyused in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of moneyborrowed.35. Futurism, an early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.36. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.37. Lucretia Mott's influence was so significant that she has been credited by some authorities as the originator of feminism in the United States. 38. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than those of the domestic marketer.39. The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from those flowing into the Pacific.40. Studies of the gravity field of the Earth indicate that its crust and mantle yield when unusual weight is placed on them.41. The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than that of itsmining and farming combined.42. The wallflower is so called because its weak stems often grow on walls and along stony cliffs for support.43. It is the interaction between people, rather than the events that occur in their lives, that is the main focus of social psychology.44. No social crusade aroused Elizabeth Williams' enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the United States.45. Quails typically have short rounded wings that enable them to spring into full flight instantly when disturbed in their hiding places.46. According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees facially, with sloping(倾斜的) foreheads and protruding(伸出) brows.47. Not until 1866 was the fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.48. In his writing, John Crowe Ransom describes what he considers the spiritual barrenness of society brought about by science and technology.49. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.50. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and other crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.51. Using many symbols makes it possible to put a large amount of information on a single map.52. Anarchism(无政府主义) is a term describing a cluster of doctrines and attitudes whose principal uniting feature is the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.53. Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford a pioneer in automobile production.54. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes possible the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.55. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably began with the very first pictures ever made.56. Perfectly matched pearls, strung(排列) into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls told individually.57. During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became what is now Indiana and Ohio.58. Among almost seven hundred species of bamboo, some are fully grown at less than a foot high, while others can grow three feet in twenty-four hours.59. Before starting on a sea voyage, prudent(谨慎的) navigators learn the sea charts, study the sailing directions, and memorize lighthouse locations to prepare themselves for any conditions they might encounter.60. Of all the economically important plants, palms(棕榈) have been the least studied.61. Buyers and sellers should be aware of new developments intechnology can and does affect marketing activities.62. The application of electronic controls made possible by the microprocessor and computer storage have multiplied the uses of the modern typewriter.63. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments(韧带).64. The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.65. Although mockingbirds superbly mimic the songs and calls of many birds, they can nonetheless be quickly identified as mockingbirds by certain aural clues.66. Not only can walking fish live out of water, but they can also travel short distances over land.67. Scientists do not know why dinosaurs became extinct, but some theories postulate that changers in geography, climate, and sea levels were responsible.68. The science of horticulture, in which the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences。
托福阅读长难句精选400句(34)
托福阅读长难句精选400句（34）历年托福阅读考试中的句子，不仅可以出现在托福阅读中，挑选些有用的修改的书面化之后更可以出现于你的作文中为作文添彩，所以考生们可以多注意这些，在平时进行积累，觉得用得到的可以记下来。
这次为大家整理了托福阅读长难句精选400句(34)，这些句子都出自OG和TPO，大家可以在备考中进行学习。
1.Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata,but others occur only in a few strata,and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum.2.This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults'retrieval efforts.3.Conversely，improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events.4.Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf issue),necrosis(isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation(development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem),stunted growth,and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant.ter Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations:by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii,by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island,and by Melanesians.6.Contrary to these theorists,the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics,and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.7.The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building,sailing,and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place,domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions,and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.8.It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages(a group of several hundred related languages)and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about5000B.C.E.9.These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands,as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.10.Because all Polynesians,Micronesians,and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia,all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere.以上是本期为大家带来的托福阅读长难句精选400句(34)，阅读除了句型之外更不能忽略的就是托福词汇，大家可千万不要忘了这个重中之重，业余时间要多看看词汇书籍，多做几篇阅读，坚持下去便可在日后发现自己阅读能力的进步。
托福阅读长难句分析
托福阅读长难句分析托福阅读长难句解析：恐龙灭绝的原因Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs--except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence. (TPO42, 56)allegedly/ə'ledʒidli/ adv.据称，据传闻大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, (which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)--except (that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120million years of coexistence.) (TPO42, 56)托福阅读长难句100句分析：这个句子的主干就是：Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals修饰一：(which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs)，从句中文：据说它们吃掉了所有的恐龙蛋修饰二：(that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence.) ，从句注意这个从句里面还有一个从句：(that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence)中文：哺乳动物和恐龙同时出现在约190万年前的晚三叠世，没理由认为哺乳动物在和恐龙共同生活了120万年之后，忽然爱吃恐龙蛋了。
大量动物被灭绝英语作文
大量动物被灭绝英语作文英文回答：Mass extinction is a significant decrease in the biodiversity of a planet or region over a relatively short period of time. These events are typically caused by catastrophic events such as asteroid impacts, volcanic eruptions, and global climate change.The most well-known mass extinction event occurred at the end of the Permian period, approximately 252 million years ago. This event is estimated to have wiped out 96% of all marine species and 70% of all terrestrial species.Other major mass extinctions have occurred throughout Earth's history, including:The Ordovician-Silurian extinction event (444 million years ago): This event is thought to have been caused by a combination of factors, including global cooling and adecrease in oxygen levels in the oceans. It resulted in the extinction of approximately 85% of all marine species.The Devonian extinction event (375 million years ago): This event was likely caused by a combination of factors, including asteroid impacts and global climate change. It resulted in the extinction of approximately 75% of all marine species.The Triassic-Jurassic extinction event (201 million years ago): This event was likely caused by a combination of factors, including volcanic eruptions and global climate change. It resulted in the extinction of approximately 50% of all marine species and 70% of all terrestrial species.The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (66 million years ago): This event is most likely known for the extinction of the dinosaurs, but it also resulted in the extinction of approximately 76% of all plant and animal species on Earth. It was likely caused by a combination of factors, including an asteroid impact and volcanic eruptions.Mass extinctions have had a significant impact on the evolution of life on Earth. They have created opportunities for new species to evolve and occupy empty niches, but they have also led to the loss of many unique and irreplaceable species.中文回答：大规模灭绝是指在相对较短的时间内，一个星球或区域的生物多样性出现重大下降。
托福美联英语 托福阅读 灭绝事件
小编给你一个美联英语官方免费试听课申请链接：/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0美联英语提供：托福英语托福阅读灭绝事件【1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.【2】Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era “when dinosaurs ruled Earth,”when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches. However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. Paleontologists label thispoint in Earth’s history as the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Tertiary period, often abbreviated as the K-T boundary. This time was also marked by changes in many other types of organisms. Overall, about 38 percent of the families of marine animals were lost, with percentages much higher in some groups Ammonoid mollusks went from being very diverse and abundant to being extinct. An extremely abundant set of planktonic marine animals called foraminifera largely disappeared, although they rebounded later. Among plants, the K-T boundary saw a sharp but brief rise in the abundance of primitive vascular plants such as ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and conifers and other gymnosperms. The number of flowering plants (angiosperms) was reduced at this time, but they then began to increase dramatically.【3】What caused these changes? For many years scientists assumed that a cooling of the climate was responsible, with dinosaurs being particularly vulnerable because, like modern reptiles, they were ectothermic (dependent on environmental heat, or cold-blooded). It is now widely believed that at least some species of dinosaurs had a metabolic rate high enough for them to be endotherms (animals that maintain a relatively consistent body temperature by generating heat internally). Nevertheless, climatic explanations for the K-T extinction are not really challenged by the ideas that dinosaurs may have been endothermic, because even endotherms can be affected by a significant change in the climate.【4】Explanations for the K-T extinction were revolutionized in 1980 when a group of physical scientists led by Luis Alvarez proposed that 65 million years agoEarth was stuck by a 10-kilometer-wide meteorite traveling at 90,000 kilometers per hour. They believed that this impact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth, shutting out much of the incoming solar radiation and reducing plant photosynthesis to very low levels. Short-term effects might have included huge tidal waves and extensive fires. In other words, a series of events arising from a single cataclysmic event caused the massive extinctions. Initially, the meteorite theory was based on a single line of evidence. At locations around the globe, geologists had found an unusually high concentration of iridium in the layer of sedimentary rocks that was formed about 65 million years ago. Iridium is an element that is usually uncommon near Earth’s surface, but it is abundant in some meteorites. Therefore, Alvarez and his colleagues concludedthat it was likely that the iridium in sedimentary rocks deposited at the K-T boundary had originated in a giant meteorite or asteroid. Most scientist came to accept the meteorite theory after evidence came to light that a circular formation, 180 kilometers in diameter in diameter and centered on the north coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, was created by a meteorite impact about 65 million years ago.【1】直到大约6亿年前的寒武纪时期才发生了宏观物种的巨大扩散，并产生了一个化石记录，使我们能够跟踪生物多样性的上升和下降。
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：气候变化下物质沉淀
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：气候变化下物质沉淀依然记得科比最经典那段对话：记者问：“你为什么能如此成功呢?”科比反问道：“你知道洛杉矶凌晨四点钟是什么样子吗?”记者摇摇头：“不知道，那你说说洛杉矶每天早上四点钟究竟什么样儿?”科比挠挠头，说：“满天星星，寥落的灯光，行人很少。
”科比本周四将会引来最后一场比赛，这是一个时代的结束。
科比、麦迪、卡特、艾佛森、皮尔斯、邓肯、帕克、吉诺比利……谢谢他们带我们青春的记忆。
同学们，第二十四句来了。
世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。
——老邪阅读速度绝大部分来于短时间内理解长难句的水平。
大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语，上过课的同学懂得。
大家别急，把一句一句弄明白，弄懂一个句子胜过模糊看懂十个句子。
希望大家认真看我的分析。
今天我们来看这样一个句子：Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at thetime can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. (TPO10, 44)property /'prpt/ n. 财产，资产;特质，性质;ambient /'æmbnt/ adj. (指空气等)环绕四周的, 周围的我是分界线，大家先自己分析哦。
(Over long periods of time), substances (whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate atthe time) can be deposited(in a systematic way)(to provide a continuous record)(of changes in those properties overtime), (sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years). (TPO10, 44)托福阅读长难句100句分析：修饰一：(Over long periods of time)，介词短语中文：经过很长一段时间修饰二：(whose physical and chemical properties changewith the ambient climate at the time) ，从句，修饰substances，大家一定要注意这里的substances和can be别从句隔开了，一定要注意主谓被从句或其它修饰隔开的情况中文：物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化修饰三：(in a systematic way) ，介词短语中文：以一种系统的方式修饰四：(to provide a continuous record) ，非谓语动词中文：提供了连续记录修饰五：(of changes in those properties overtime)，介词短语中文：这段时间的这些特征变化修饰六：(sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years) ，介词短语中文：这有时会是几百年或几千年主干：substancescan be deposited托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：经过很长一段时间，物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化的物质会以一种系统的方式沉淀，这提供了这些(物理和化学)性质在此段时间内变化的连续记录，这有时会是几百年或几千年。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：白垩纪灭绝事件
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：白垩纪灭绝事件大家在托福阅读的时候最怕遇到长难句了,又难理解意思还会浪费时间，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之长难句分析：白垩纪灭绝事件，供大家参考。
托福阅读备考之长难句：白垩纪灭绝事件Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world. (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreideieit). ( TPO42, 60)abbreviation /?'briv?'e??n/ n. 简略，缩短derive /d?'ra?v/ v. 获得，得到;源自，源于大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago (as part of a mass extinction) (known as the K-T event),(because it is associated with a geological signature) (known as the K-T boundary), (usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world). (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, (derived from the German nameKreideieit)).( TPO42, 60)托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子的主干就是：Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago 修饰一：(as part of a mass extinction) ，介词短语中文：成为大灭绝事件的一部分修饰二：(known as the K-T event) ，非谓语动词中文：称之为K-T事件修饰三：(because it is associated with a geological signature) ，从句中文：因为它与地质学上的标签有联系修饰四：(known as the K-T boundary) ，非谓语动词中文：称为之K-T边缘修饰五：(usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world) ，同位语中文：K-T边界通常是一块在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉积带修饰六：(derived from the German name Kreideieit)，非谓语动词中文：源自德国名字kreidezeit托福阅读长难句参考翻译大约在6500万年前，恐龙迅速地灭绝，成为K-T大规模灭绝事件的一部分，被称作K-T是因为它与地质学上的标签K-T边界有关，K-T边界通常是一块在世界各地都能找到的薄薄的沉积带。
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2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝
今天我们来看这样一个句子：
The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46)
recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发
periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地
hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设
deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划
meteor /'mit/ n. 流星
devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废
impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响
such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的
我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解
The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46)
托福阅读长难句100句分析：
这个句子的主干很简单：
The possibility has given rise to such hypotheses
注意这里的such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的
例如：
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
Such poets as Keats and Shelley wrote Romantic poetry.
修饰一：(that mass extinctions may recur periodically)，从句，解释possibility
中文：大量物种灭绝可能会周期性发生
修饰二：(of a companion star) ，介词短语
中文：一颗伴星
修饰三：(with a long-period orbit) ，介词短语
中文：有长周期轨道
修饰四：(deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits)，非谓语动词
中文：使其它天体偏离正常轨道
修饰五：(making some of them fall to Earthas meteors)，非谓语动词
中文：使一些天体作为流星落入地球
修饰六：(causing widespread devastationupon impact)，非谓语动词
中文：在撞击时造成大范围破坏
托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：
大量物种灭绝可能会周期性发生的可能性引起了像这样一个假说：一颗有长周期的伴星使其它天体偏离正常轨道，使一些天体作为流星
落入地球，并在撞击时造成大范围破坏。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词、介词短语，大
家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子
的结构。