(完整版)初中英语句子成分分析与讲解

初中英语句子成分分析与讲解

英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。

【问】什么是句子成分?英语句子包含哪些成分?

【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。

1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当.位于动词之前

The car is running fast.(名词)

We are students.(代词)

One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)

It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)

Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)

【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。

2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：

He works in a factory.(实义动词)

I felt cold.(系动词+表语)

How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词)

Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)

They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词)

【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。

3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象问什么谁。如：

He is doing his homework.(名词)

They did nothing this morning.(代词)

She wants to go home.(不定式)

We enjoy playing football.(动名词)

【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass，tell，leave等。如：

He bought me a book.

Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾)

直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如：

Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)

Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)

4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：

What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词)

She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)

There are two students in the classroom.(数词)

We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)

The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)

【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。

5.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。

I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather. Thank you very much.(副词)

I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)

He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)

We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)

【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：

He is old enough to go to school.

6.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become，smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：

They are workers.(名词)

Two and three is five.(数词)

The story is very interesting.(形容词)

M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)

She is at home.(介词短语)

I feel terrible.(形容词)

The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)

7.宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作或状态，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：

We elected him monitor.(名词)

I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)

The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)

He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)

They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)

一.指出下列句中主语

①The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

②There is an old man coming here.

③The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

二. 选出句中谓语的中心词

①I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

②The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus

④There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.