英语国家概况_英国议会和政府(汇总)

British Parliament
The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where representatives (Members of Parliament) are elected to make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent interests of the people who vote for them.
The United Kingdom is a unitary , not a federal state (中央集权国家，而不 是联邦制国家 ). Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons (议会由 君主，上议院和下议院组成).
（上帝和神赐予的）“君权神授论” 联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王 或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛 下政府治理。
British Government
Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. While the official head of the state is the Queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.
British Parliament
Anyone who is eligible (有资格当选的) to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.
英国议会
英国议会渊源于古代的贤人会议,后来 发展为大会议, 1688年“光荣革命”后， 议会逐步获得至尊无上的地位; 议会代 表了英国民主政治的传统,成为反对专 制的坚强堡垒,英国议会的产生为人类 民主社会作出了贡献.人们把英国议会 称为“议会之母”。
英国议会
被称为“议会之母”的缘由: ①议会是现代资本主义政体中最重要的组 成部分之一，也是资本主义民主制度的主 要体现。 ②英国是世界上第一个建立议会制的国家。 ③美、法等国都效妨英国建立起各具特色 的议会制。
英国议会的地位： 英国议会的组成:
下议院
（至尊议会）
最高立法机关 （1）下议院 （2）上议院
立法权 财政权 司法权 监督权 监督下院工作 行政权力的最高来源
英国议会 （最高立法机关）
上议院 协助下院立法
（起辅助 作用）
英国最高司法机关
（受理民事、刑事上诉 修改和否决议案 案件，审理贵族案件）
British Parliament
British Parliament
The electoral campaigns Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns （advertisements, postal deliveries of leaflets, etc. ）in order to make their policies known to the public. These campaigns (attacking and criticizing the opponents’ policies )sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.
England in the 18th Century:
Robert Walpole (罗伯特· 沃波尔)
The first Prime Minister The most influential member in the Whig Party First Lord of the Treasury encouraging trade and industry and
Leabharlann Baidu
British Government
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy (君主立宪制),which is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the “divine right of kings”.
British Parliament
General Elections Periodic national general elections are very important in the western model of democracy （周期性大选在西方式的民主制度 中非常重要 ）. The election is seen as an opportunity for people to influence future government policy and to replace the incompetent political leader.
③首相控制国家财政大权，掌控预算决策权。 ④首相有权建议国王解散议会，宣布重新大选。
⑤首相是武装部队的实际最高领导人，可宣 布全国处于“紧急状态”。
内阁的权力：
①制定内外政策 ②向议会提交议案以及需要议会审议的政策 ③行使最高行政权力 ④协调和确定政府各部门职权 ⑤在国家处于紧急状态时，采取紧急行动 ⑥必要时宣布提前大选
立法机关 ，主要由上议院和 英国议会是最高_______ “议会之母” 下议院组成，有________ 之称。
核心领导机关 ，首相和内 内阁是英国政府的_________ 议会 负责。 阁要向_____
党、政、军大 首相拥有非常广泛的权力，集_________ 权于一身。
资产阶级 政权的一种组 君主立宪制本质是________ 织形式。
British Parliament
The main functions of Parliament are:
(1) to pass laws (通过立法 ); (2) to provide, by voting for, taxation (投票 批准税 ); (3) to examine government Policy and administrations (检查政府政策和行政管理 ); (4) to debate the major issues of the day (当天的议题辩论 ).
avoiding foreign entanglement “Any Peace is preferable even to successful war.” ——Robert Walpole
British Government
The party, which wins sufficient seats at a General Election in the House of Commons usually forms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The party, which wins the second largest number of seats, becomes the official Opposition组成反对党.
至尊的议会（“议会之母”）
是最高立法机关，主要由上议院和下议院组成
英 国 的 议 内阁与首相 会 和 政 府 君主立宪制 的实质
内阁是英国政府的核心领导机关 首相和内阁要向议会负责，而不 用对国家元首（国王）负责 内阁权力很大 首相拥有非常广泛的权力，集党、 政、军大权于一身 本质上是资产阶级政权的一种 组织形式
British Parliament
Life peers--终身贵族 appointed by the sovereign at the suggestion of the Prime Minister ( a practice began in 1958) 注：终身爵士。1958年英国议会通过了终身贵族 爵位法，对那些为英国社会作出杰出贡献的人--英国一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、总督、 高级大臣等，从现职退下来后，王室授封他们为 终身贵族。他们以其丰富的从政经验进入上院继 续参政议政，但其爵位不能传后代。
British Parliament
Britain is divided into constituencies (选区). Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”.
British Parliament
The House of Lords
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual (神职议员), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal (世俗议员), those who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers （hereditary peers世袭贵族） or （life peers终身贵族）have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.
君主立宪制的实质
为资产阶级服务，不是为全体人民服务，具有阶级性。
1、从英国君主立宪制的结构看
英王和王室 上院 议会 下院 保守党 政党 工党
右翼
保守党
工党
2、从政策层面看
左翼
首相的权利：
①首相掌握政府人事大权,包括任免内阁成员 和其他非阁员大臣(向国王提交任免名单). ②首相领导内阁，对重大问题作出最终裁决。