GRE作文Argument模板+错误分类
0723GRE写作Argument逻辑找错
near the freeway”和“the opposite side of the city”共同构建了以下哪种错误：
比较错误
the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over
per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an
“W图书馆最常被借出的书是mystery novel”，因此认为“人们并不喜爱literary
”，这属于以下哪种错误：
调查错误
整体个体
偷换概念
非此即彼
C
species that are found in the western preserve, though in larger numbers, and to the
salicylates and a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by study
At the time when the study concluded, food-processing companies had just
因果错误
D
years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program, the city of Transopolis
GRE argument 逻辑错误
1、Loose generalizations 过于宽泛的概括2、Drawing conclusions about groups of people on the basis of stereotypes.3、在原型的基础上得出关于整个群体的某个结论4、Example: French people are more romantic.5、Hasty generalizations 草率概括6、Arriving at a conclusion without enough evidence.7、没有足够证据得出一个结论8、Example: Asian-American students are better in math.9、Circular Reasoning 循环论证10、Restating in different words what has already been stated.用不同的词重新论证已经论述过的东西Example: Dieting is hard because it requires consuming fewer calories.4、Single cause-effect 单调因果Claiming that only one event caused another when there may be no real connection.声称只有一个事件引起另一个事件，而它们之间可能没有真正的联系Example: When I sat down at the computer it stopped working, so I must have done something wrong.5、Slippery SlopeAssumes a chain of cause-effect relationships with very suspect connections.以非常可疑的联系假定一个因果关系Example: Because I failed my exam, my parents were mad, I lost my wallet, my car wouldn't start, and I got fired.6、Non Sequitur 没有推理The first part of the idea does not relate to the other.观念的第一个部分和其他部分没有关系Example: I did well in school because I always wore nice clothes.7、Either/Or 非此即彼Suggesting only two alternatives when the issue may be much more complex.认为只有两个选择，非此即彼，然而可能复杂得多(有第三、四种可能)Example: America--love it or leave it!8、False Authority 错误的权威Draws attention away from the evidence and leans on the popularity of someone who may have little knowledge of the issue or product.将注意力从证据上引开，而依赖一些在这方面了解很少的流行人物Example: Kathie Lee Gifford, a popular TV celebrity, says that cruises are wonderful, so they must be.9、Ad Hominem 从个人偏好出发Attacking the person instead of the ideas.攻击人而非观点Example: Don't vote for Jerry Brown; he's a left-wing fanatic, a throwback to the 60s who meditates and eats health foods.10、Bandwagon ThinkingClaiming that most people agree so it must be right.声称大多数人赞成所以就一定是对的Example: I wouldn't have cheated on my income taxes, but everyone else does, so why shouldn't I11、Stacking the deckGiving a slanted view of the issue by focusing only on one side.仅集中在某一面，而得出一个关于这个问题的歪曲的观点Example: I deserve to get an A in the class because I like the teacher, work hard, and attend class.12、Appeal to Emotion 诉诸情绪Exploiting the audience's feeling in order to get them on your side.激起读者的情绪感受，以使他们站在作者这边Example: I believe I deserve a scholarship because I am an orphan who grew up in a dysfunctional foster family.13、Ignoring the question 忽略问题Changing the topic before it is really consideredExample: The criminal won't say where he was on the night of the crime, but he does remember being teased relentlessly as a child.14、Trivial objections 琐碎的缺陷(微不足道的反驳理由)Can be similar to ad hominem in that it focuses on things unimportant to the issue at hand.当“从个人偏好出发”关注于对这个问题不重要的东西时，Trivial objections的这种逻辑错误和其相似Example: I think Ross Perot would make a terrible president. His ears are huge.。
GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误分析
GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误分析GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误是GRE Argument 7种逻辑错误中的一种，这种逻辑错误经常伴有极端的逻辑思维，所以需要考生掌握其特点，然后对症下药，方能掌握该类错误的逻辑论证思路。
GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误分析，一起来看看吧!GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误是什么非此即彼类错误，从字面意思理解为不是A就是B，且没有其可能性。
这类错误显著的特征就是过于片面和偏激。
例如：中国近5年的人均收入整体呈上升趋势，因为得出中国近5年经济水平一直处于上升阶段，没有产生过下滑。
这个论断就犯了非此即彼的错误，人均收入的上升，并不能完全证明全国的经济水平没有下滑，也有可能是其他原因造成的，这样下结论，过于武断。
更多精彩内容请点击》GRE写作Argument无因果联系类错误分析GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误表现形式The author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results。
更多精彩内容请点击》Argument的“逻辑7宗罪”，你有吗GRE写作Argument非此即彼类错误显著特征1.极端思维，针对一个问题的结论，不是A就是B，只要一个错误，那么另一个绝对是正确的。
例如：某教职员工因为体罚学生，因此，必须马上辞退。
2. 非此即彼类错误往往应用于辩论中，通过先认定对方观点错误，然后提出自己的观点。
GRE中Argument 逻辑错误参考句式
Argument 逻辑错误参考句式1.Survey类A.The statistical figurequoted in theargument is obviouslynot so representativebecause the authorfails to offer theabsolute numberof…/because theauthor fails to offer therelative percentage ofthe number…B.The respondents appeared in the survey, namely the representatives of the group investigated, are not the required group/sample/samplin g concerning the conclusion/assumption because the author ignores the fact that…AWPC.Additionally, the time and the place in whichthe survey isconducted are notclearly demonstratedby the author.Meanwhile, whetherthe survey isconducted randomly isstill a puzzle.2.充分条件类错误A.Because of the lack ofthe reasonableevidence like…, thecondition regarded asthe sufficiency leadingto the outcome is obviously groundless.B.Even though the sufficient condition the author gives as….is necessary to result in the fact that…, the author still excludes some other factors like ….. Only when such factors are holistically considered in this argument can the conclusion bepersuasively drawn. 3.The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that ____ and the claim that ____.It is highly possible that other factors contribute to __B__.Based on the fact that __A__ on ccurred after __B__, the editor infers that __B__ should be responsible for __A__.However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the earlier development caused the later one. ….the real reasonsWithout ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between __A__ and __B__ upon which the editor’s recommendation depends.4.范围变化A.A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term.C. 由大变小The problem with this argument lies in the assumption the author draws that the nationwide situation equally and effectively applies to the every specific location(like…). Actually, this is not the case because of the following reasons involved. …D.E. Obviously, the author’s/arguer’s assumption/conclusion, based/depended/relied/est ablished on the given facts about the advantages/disadvantages of…, is groundless/one-sided/unpersuasive/unconvincing because he ignores/loses his sight of the relevant disadvantages/advantages included in this circumstance. …(merits/demerits,positive/negative effects, pro-side/con-side)The author’s/arguer’s assumption that by…..will the…be profitable/earn great profits is definitely groundless/unconvincingbecause, as the common sense goes, whether profits can be gained is determined by the balance between revenue and cost. However, not only does the author fail to offer the sufficient evidence about the revenue but also the cost required in operation and development is not included. …5.The author claims that 将来, because 过去/现在.This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time./things invariably change/alter over extended period of time and within different context.8. false analogy…..The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between __A__ and __B__. The analogyfalsely depends upon the assumption that the similarity between A and B lies in the fact that…./this false analogy is drawn by the arguer because …However, it is entirely possible that A and B are distinct in many respects. For example, …/however, the common sense tells that there exists large difference between A and B in manyspecific aspects. For instance, ….11. all-any-anything …However, it is highly possible that some exception/some other optional cases may be considered in this circumstance. To be specific, …。
GREArguement七种常见错误个人总结
一．经不起推敲的类推（f a l s e a n a l o g y）Thisargument relieson whatmightbea falseanalogy betweenAandBC.（开头）InorderforBCto serveasmodels thatAshould emulate,thearguermustassumethatall relevantcircumstances invol vedare essentiallythesame.(环境、背景不同)However,thisassumptionis unwarranted.（过渡）Forexample,theargument overlooks thepossibilitythat…..Perhaps…..（列举各种可能性）Thearguersimplyassumesthat…..buthedoes notprovideanyevidence that……areindeedcomparable. Asweknow,the…and…differconspicuously.Itistruethat both…...butevenhereexist fundamentaldifferences:….（两种东西本身不同）Therefore,eventhoughthe….provedeffectivein…..,thereisno guarantee thatitwill workjustaswellfor…..（结尾）二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confusecausalrelationshipwithcorrelation）Theargumentconcludedbasedona knowncorrelation betweenAandB.Yetthe correlationalone isonlya scantevidence oftheclaimed“cause-and–effect”relationship. Perhaps…..Moreover,theargument overlooks thefactthat….Thearguer hasnotaccountedfor thepossibilitythat….Ifthisisthecase,thantheconclusionwould lackanymeritwh atsoever.三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四．认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做2.按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)Therecommendationd ependsontheassumption thatno alternative meansof…areavailable.Yetnoevidenceisoffe redtosubstantiatethisassumption.Admitittedly,…..However,itis entirelypossible thatmeansotherthanthiswouldalso achievethedesiredresult.（指出替代选项的存在）Perhapsthedesiredimprovementcouldbe achieved if…..（列举替代选项）Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…..mustdo…inordertoachievethegoal.（收尾）b)Therecommendationdependsontheadditional unsubstantiated assumptionthat…..would byitself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absentevidencethatthisisthecase,itis equallypossible that…..Thus,withoutbetterevidencethat……,theargumentremainsunconvincing.（列举可能性一）Evenassumingthat….,thearguerprovides noclearevidence that…..The merefact that….hardlysufficestoprove …….,atleastnotwithoutmoreinformationabout….（让步，列举可能性二）Evenif…..,perhaps additionalmeasures—suchas…..—wouldalsoberequiredinordertoachieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五．基于可能不具代表性的统计数据Oneproblemwiththeargumentinvolvesthesited statistics about….Itis unreasonable to drawanyconclusions about….basedonstatisticsabout….（指出数据不可依赖）Thearguerfailstomakeclearthe exactnumber of….Ifonly smallportions ofthewholepopulationare…..thenthecasemightbethat…（数据太小）Evenifthe samplesize chosenfrom….islargeenough,thestatisticsmightalsobe incredible. Dependingonthetotalnumberof…..,itis entirelypossible that…..arenotrepresentativeof….Forexample,perhaps…..areparticularly….Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…（数据没有代表性）六．基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。
GRE作文Argument模板+错误分类
34，72，79，88，105，114，126，129，133，145，153，154，211，227，23223, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果The most important problem is the underlying assumption that it is ...that resulted in ... The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however, we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )Many other factors could also lead to ... which might include ... Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that ...is the actual cause of ...1，53，59，60，72，75，90，91，101，105，129，142，153，173，23824, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果The author concludes that ...is responsible for ... the assumption is based on the mere fact that ...occurred after ...however, the sequence of the two events, in itself, does not sufficiently prove that the former caused the later one.(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )...might has resulted from other factors, such as ...Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author could not establish a causal relationship between ...and ...2，9，16，25，30，92，99，102，110，119，123，170，180，195，205，215，218，230，237，239，242证据25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足The author claims that...by showing that....however, but this piece of information in itself is far from sufficient to demonstrate the assumption that...Although (the information provided by the author) may has some relation with ... (we need more critical important information about the case studied. ) More solid evidence are needed before we could be convinced that ...5，6，7，14，18，23，24，27，29，31，33，36，37，40，44，46，47，52，54，56，57，58，61，67，69，70，73，74，81，93，94，110，111，115，117，130，131，136，138，143，148，150，155，157，165，171，179，190，193，198，201，202，204，211，213，223，231，236，237，238，241Failing to consider the credibility of the evidence:46，47，66，72，76，88，118，136，151，176，22626, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption. (many other possibilities might render the assumption suspect. )Given other possibilities about... the author could not hastily assumes that...6，8，11，12，13，14，15，17，21，22，23，25，28，33，50，53，56，62，64，66，67，74，75，78，83，84，86，87，88，89，90，91，92，95，100，101，102，104，105，108，110，112，113，114，118，120，121，122，125，126，127，128，129，130，132，134，136，137，140，142，144，145，146，148，151，152，156，157，160，161，163，164，169，170，172，174，177，178，179，181，191，192，194，195，19 7，202，204，205，206，208，210，212，216，218，219，221，222，223，225，228，231，235，236，239，24227, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药One problem involves the definition of ...The author fails to give a clear definition of ... thus we could not evaluate if... (the definition might be different from what we commonly consider the term to be )As we commonly accept, ually means ... Therefore, if ...is defined as ... then ... is irrelevant to (the author’s conclusion)In one word, without a clear definition of ... it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.53，72，81，91，105，141，153，167，179，195，196，211，219，223，226，239。
GRE作文Argument模板之5错误类比
19.(错误类比或草率推广)Even if Ad Lib’s serves are necessary to chieve the manage’s goal, it is entirely possible that[the experiences/measures/policy in A]Ad Lib’s service would not suffice to ensure similar [the result in B] sucess elsewhere—due to the sort of factors mentioned above that might have contributed to[the result in A] the Megalopolis success but would not come into play in other cities.152.The mere fact that on nearby Batia replenishing beach sand has served to protect shore-line buildings is scant evidence that Tria would achieve its goals by following Batia’s example. Perhaps the same course of action would be ineffective on Tria due to geological differences between the two islands. Or perhaps Batia is in a far better position than Tria financially to replenish its sand on a continual basis. In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two islands are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of Batia’s experience that the proposed course of action would be effective in attaining Tria’s goals.155.The editorial continues by claiming that listening to audiocassettes will make children better readers beacuse when parents read aloud to their children these children become better readers. This argument by analogy is wholly unpersuasive.The latter allows for interaction between parent and child, while the former does not. The latter allows for the child to view written words as the parent reads—that is, to read—while the former does not. Besides, common sense and experience tell us that audiocassettes, which provide for passive listening, are likely to serve as crutches that dissuade children from active reading—instead of encouraging them to read.160.A threshold problem with the argument is that it assumes that what improves memory and learning in rats will also improve memory and learning in humans. Although this is entirely possible, the argument provides no evidence to support this assumption. Without such evidence the argument can be rejected out of hand.162.The argument assumes that the difference in soy consumption is the only possible explanation for this disparity in the occurrence of fatigue and depression. Yet the argument fails to substantiate this mon sence informs me that any one of a myriad of other differences—environmental, dietary, and genetic—might explain why North Americans suffer from these problems to a great extent than asians do. Without considering and ruling out alternative reasons for this disparity, the argument’s conclusion that soy is the key to the disparity is indefensible.168.Even assuming that the survey data accurately reflect the auto industry, the argument unfairly assumes that supervision affects worker productivity similarly at PPC. Perhaps PPC employscertain unique equipment or processes that require close worker supervision—even for older, more experienced workers. For that matter[同样] pehaps youth or inexperienced is an advantage in working productively at PPC, whereas in the auto industry either is a disadvantage. In short, without accounting for possible differences between PPC and auto manufacturers the director cannot convince me that his recommendation for PPC is sound.210.The argument depends on the hasty assumption that the kinds of tasks robots perform in space are similar to the ones they would perform in factories, and that there are no differences between the two environments that would render robots less effective in factory jobs than in space missions. Perhaps the effectiveness of robots in space missions is due largely to the weightless environment of space. Or perhaps the average space-mission robot performs less work than a typical factory robot would be required to work. In either case, the fact that robots are effective in space would amount to scant support for the author’s argument.214.(错误类比及总量和比例混淆)A Third assumption upon which the argument rests is that the percentage of residents who attend public schools is about the same in both cities.The argument indicates only that the total population of the two cities is about the same.If a comparatively small percentage of Blue City residents attend public schools, then the comparatively small amount of money Blue City devotes to those schools might be well justified despite an equal level of concern about the quality of public-school education among residents in the two cities.。
GRE写作Argument的7种逻辑错误
GRE写作Argument的7种逻辑错误GRE写作Argument的7种逻辑错误在GRE写作中，最经常出现的`错误就是逻辑错误，那么下面店铺就来和介绍一下吧!1、结论无据(gratuitous assumption)The author falsely depends on gratuitousassumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to supportthis assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it ismore likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling outsuch possibility.2、无因果联系The author commits a fallacy of causaloversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred beforeB, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses thepositive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the factthat A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But thisis fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have beenconsidered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these eventsor perhaps B is caused by D.3、样本不足(Insufficient-sample)The evidence the author provides isinsufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logicallyunsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a fewrecent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless itcan be shown that A1 is representative of all A.4、二者择一(Either-Orchoice)The author assumes that AA and BB aremutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground.However,the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Commonsense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.5、错误类比 (based on a false analogy ) <横向>The argument rests on the assumptionthat A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, sincealthough there are points of comparison between A and B, there is muchdissimilarity as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likelymuch more difficult for B to do....6、时地全等 all thingsare equal <纵向>The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact thathappened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that....The author assumes without justification that the background conditions haveremained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it isnot clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same asthey used to be two years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....7、可疑调查(survey isdoubtful)The poll cited by the author is toovague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll,who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking informationabout the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it isimpossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 personswere surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highlysuspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kindof interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of thesurvey are worthless as evidence for the conclusion.。
2022GRE写作argument哪些逻辑错误最常见
2022GRE写作argument哪些逻辑错误最常见GRE写作中大部分中国考生都是ARGUMENT部分的得分更高，这是由于ARGUMENT作为驳论在写作思路的难度上还是较低的下面我就和大家共享GRE写作ARGUMENT高分写法思路实例解读，来观赏一下吧。
GRE写作argument哪些规律错误最常见?想要写好GRE习作ARGUMENT作文，大家首先需要了解在argument作文题目中存在哪些比较常见的标志性规律错误和漏洞：基本概念常识虽然GRE考试本身出于公正的原则并没有对各类学科的高深专业学问提出要求，但考生还是需要具备肯定的相关基础常识，比如GRE考试中常常涉及的社会、文化、经济、科技等常见主题的基本概念，都应当有所了解。
由于GRE作文中，经常会消失一些涉及这些基本学问的规律漏洞。
假如考生能够对这些学问有所了解，就能在文章题目中发觉更多问题。
极端态度观点假如大家读过一些专业性较强的原版杂志报纸，比如《纽约时报》、《华尔街日报》或《经济学人》，就会发觉其中许多文章都具备GRE 作文考试最喜爱的特质：思索全面，观点平衡，有理有据。
极端的观点和结论在GRE作文中鲜少有正确的时候，也往往会是最主要的攻击论点。
因此，假如考生在题目的结论中看到了诸如“must”或者“undoubtedly”之类的用词，那么这就是极端结论的最好证明。
不清晰的表述用词在GRE写作的题目中，诸如“few”, “many”, “more”, “less”, and“some”之类的用词常可以看到，这些词虽然在肯定程度上具备数字含义，本身却并无法表达出详细的数字，可以说是含义相对模糊不清的用词。
假如题目中的论述，特殊是涉及数据的部分是建立在这些模糊表达上而得出的结论，那么这个论述本身就存在问题，经常能成为可攻击的规律漏洞。
忽视个例的特别性有些题目，常会依据一个较小的例子来得出一个很大的结论。
这种以小见大的做法看似很好，但其实经常存在问题。
GRE写作Argument中常见错误
Argument【Common Fallacies in topics】1．Flaws in evidence1)Problems about survey/statistics/studya.Selective sample 选择性样本b.Do the statistics make any difference? 有意义？c.Quantity of the sample 样本数量d.What questions was asked in the survey? 问题是否恰当e.Who conducted the survey? 机构f.When was the survey conducted? 时效性g.Are the respondents forthright? 回应者是否诚实h.Are the respondents representative? 回应者代表性2)Problems about data/informationa.Vague data 模糊数据b.Incomplete information 信息完整性2．Flaws in the reasoning line1)False analogy 错误类比（A与B是否有可比性）2)Confusing comparison and variation 横向对比与纵向对比混淆3)Incomplete comparison and selective comparison 不完整对比4)Hasty Generalization 草率推广a.Unrelated concepts 无关概念b.Changing scopes 差异范围c.Inferring a future condition from a past condition 过去 将来5)Failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly/unexpected consequences 正负得失6)False dilemma 非此即彼，极端选择7)Cause-Effect fallacies 因果关系a.Non-causal relationship 直接无因果b.Confusing the cause and the effect 因果倒置c.Confusing concurrence with causal relationship 同时性混淆为因果性d.(after this, therefore because of this) 时间先后混淆为因果性3．Flaws in the conclusion1)Necessity and Sufficiency of the Solution 对策的充分性&必要性2)Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion 可行性。
GRE argument逻辑错误
调查总无效调查的意义：a.样本数量不具代表性，应包含样本总量和样本占总体比例两个关键数据。
b.调查过程必须针对性很强，不能有推广。
Eg:吃...暂时导致不了小病，但并不能说从长远上不得更严重的疾病。
调查结果的完整性:调查结果是否把需要的东西都摆出来了。
Eg:限速之后主公路车祸减少。
（非主公路呢？）调查的时间:采样时间是否足够长eg:修路后，一周内车祸增加（质疑采样时间过短。
）攻击关键词：respondent,many,several，...years ago,past,future等。
通用句：The argument does not indicate who conducted the poll,who responded,or how the poll was conducted.Until these questions are answered, the survey results are worthless as evidence for public opinion about....调查的时效:这个大家肯定都清楚。
Eg:原始人在采用石器作为生产工具后，劳动生产力大幅提高，所以我们也应该采用时期进行生产劳动。
模糊数据：So many,several,...percentage等被调查者是否坦言（小错误...算了吧。
）分析总不全因果将时间上的同时或先后混淆为因果：Eg:A地经济不景气，谁谁谁来了之后经济复苏。
（跟他的政策可能根本没关系）函数关系（混淆相关性和因果性）：y=a+b+c——已知a变化后，y也跟着变化，即a为y的原因（攻击点有二：1.a与y只是相关，无因果，y变化a也会随着变2.忽略了b,c的作用）假设无证据假设（即结论所依赖的假设无根据）：每顿饭少吃一个人就能减肥（可以多吃几顿啊....我就经常这样...(*^__^*)嘻嘻……）假设判断标准：eg:判断一个经济复苏政策是否应该实施，只看其能否刺激经济是否增长。
英语考试作文-GRE写作ARGUMENT5大常见逻辑错误分析 实例讲解驳论文正确写法思路
英语考试作文
GRE写作ARGUMENT5大常见逻辑错误分析实例讲解驳论文正确写法思路
GRE写作中ARGUMENT是两种题型中相对更容易得分的题型，不少中国考生拿到4分以上的GRE写作成绩也往往离不开ARGUMENT部分更高的得分。
所以GRE写作想要提分，从ARGUMENT入手来提升显然是一条更为便捷的快车道。
下面就结合GRE 写作ARGUMENT写法实例来分析作文高分写法套路。
GRE写作ARGUMENT5大常见逻辑错误分析
想要写好GRE写作的ARGUMENT作文，考生首先要对ARGUMENT作文题目中存在的常见逻辑错误漏洞攻击点有比较全面清晰的认识，以下5种逻辑问题几乎每道GRE写作ARGUMENT的题目中都存在：
基本概念常识出错
虽然GRE考试本身出于公平的原则并没有对各类学科的高深专业知识提出要求，但考生还是需要具备一定的相关基础常识，比如GRE考试中经常涉及的社会、文化、经济、科技等常见主题的基本概念，都应该有所了解。
因为GRE作文中，常常会出现一些涉及这些
基本知识的逻辑漏洞。
如果考生能够对这些知识有所了解，就能在文章题目中发现。
GRE_Arguement七种常见错误_个人总结
一．经不起推敲的类推（false analogy）This argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B C.（开头）In order for BC to serve as models that A should emulate, the arguer must assume that all relevant circumstances involved are essentially the same.(环境、背景不同)However, this assumption is unwarranted.（过渡）For example, the argument overlooks the possibility that…..Perhaps …..（列举各种可能性）The arguer simply assumes that ….. but he does not provide any evidence that……are indeed comparable.As we know, the …and …differ conspicuously.It is true that both…...but even here exist fundamental differences:…. （两种东西本身不同）Therefore, even though the….proved effective in….., there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…..（结尾）二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confuse causal relationship with correlation ）The argument concluded based on a known correlation between A and B. Yet the correlation alone is only a scant evidence of the claimed “cause-and –effect” relationship.Perhaps…..Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that….The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that…. If this is the case, than the conclusion would lack any merit whatsoever.三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四．认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做2.按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)The recommendation d epends on the assumption that no alternative means of …are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admitittedly,…..However, it is entirely possible that means other than this would also achieve the desired result. （指出替代选项的存在）Perhaps the desired improvement could be achieved if…..（列举替代选项）Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…..must do…in order to achieve the goal.（收尾）The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that…..would by itself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that….. Thus, without better evidence that……, the argument remains unconvincing.（列举可能性一）Even assuming that…., the arguer provides no clear evidence that….. The mere fact that ….hardly suffices to prove……., at least not without more information about….（让步，列举可能性二）Even if …..,perhaps additional measures—such as…..—would also be required in order to achieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五．基于可能不具代表性的统计数据One problem with the argument involves the sited statistics about….It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about….based on statistics about….（指出数据不可依赖）The arguer fails to make clear the exact number of….If only small portions of the whole population are…..then the case might be that …（数据太小）Even if the sample size chosen from….is large enough, the statistics might also be incredible.Depending on the total number of….., it is entirely possible that…..are not representative of….For example, perhaps…..are particularly….Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…（数据没有代表性）六．基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。
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Argument Example调查1, Selective sample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey. the author considers only...(selective sub-groups) although (the sub-groups the author studied) do constitute a significant part of (the whole general population), however, (many other sub-groups)are actually excluded from the survey. Perhaps...or...without ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not make any general conclusion about...merely based on (selective sub-groups).4，14，16，45，63，65，67，80，84，88，90，97，123，146，154，156，168，179，185，193，196，207，227，231，232，236，238，2392, Quantity of the sample样本数量( pointing out that the current sample is too small in its size)(the fact cited by the author) could hardly illustrate the assumption that... because the author provides only N samples of (the general population),however, (the limited sample) might not be representative of the whole general group. thus we cannot accept the author’s conclusion that...before he/she coul d provide more statistic data about (the situation of other sub-groups).10，14，33，40，53，69，95，115，123，132，139，150，154，158，167，179，180，188，191，2393, Do the statistics make any difference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分The information provided by the author is insufficient for the author to reach the conclusion. the survey only studies the situation of ...(an(some) insignificant case(s)), however, many other more essential cases (related to the final conclusion) were ignored in the survey.(we need to know the condition of some other cases about which we care more/ the current case studied in the survey makes little sense on the final conclusion, the author should provide some more important information about the case he studied. )Lacking further studies on these important issues, the author could not hastily conclude that...merely based on the insignificant study.158，165，183，202，211，217 17，115，147，2205, Who conducted the survey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益The reliability of the survey is also open to doubt due to the organization who conducted the survey. (the organization)has vested interest in the final decision/conclusion which was based on the result of the survey, and thus might distort the actual answers of the respondents.(the institution/individuals may benefit greatly from the result if the result was interpreted as was currently ) Thus, the author should cite a survey which is conducted by an independent institution to convince us that (the assumption).115，1566, When was the survey conducted:时间变化The effectiveness of the result of the survey cited by the author as main evidence is also open to doubt. The survey was conduct (during a special period, or a long time ago), thus may not reflect the current situations accurately. It is true that ( the survey may reflect the opinions or situations of respondents at the time when it was conducted), but people’s opinion toward (the subject surveyed)may have changed greatly during the past time (or, while this fact could not sufficiently illustrate that (the general group) will also...all the time)(many factors that could influence the validity of the survey will change in the future, or respondents may act differently during the period when the survey was conducted, thus the result of the survey could not represent the all-time situation. )Thus, a more recent survey, if a survey is needed at all, should be provided to sufficiently illustrate the author’s assumption that...7, Vague data:数据模糊—没有基数The information concerning ...is not accurate enough for us to evaluate the actual condition of ...The author only informs us that (the percentage/fraction of sub-groups which...but we do not know the base amount of (the general group) (if the base amount or corresponding fractions vary, the conclusion would be different. )For lack of detailed information about ( the base amount / fraction of) ... we can hardly assess ...4，5，8，9，11，12，14，16，20，22，23，25，27，31，32，39，42，44，49，52，55，68，70，71，73，77，79，87，89，100，103，120，122，124，130，133，134，135，141，143，144，145，155，159，165，175，177，182，183，189，194，196，199，200，203，204，206，211，212，214，216，222，223，231，236，238 8,Incomplete information:数据不完整The author does not provide complete information concerning ...in illustrating that ...The author only informs us that... but what we care more about is that... which is not provided by the author. (some other substantial information are needed for us to assess the soundness of the argument, and the conclusion would vary greatly when other conditions varied. ) For lack of detailed information about ... we can hardly evaluate ...6，7，8，10，14，15，17，18，20，21，24，27，29，30，32，35，36，38，39，42，43，44，46，49，52，54，64，65，66，68，70，71，73，77，79，81，82，83，84，85，87，88，89，90，91，92，94，95，96，97，98，99，100，103，104，105，107，108，116，117，119，120，127，130，135，137，141，143，144，145，147，150，152，155，161，165，166，167，168，169，170，171，172，174，175，179，180，181，183，184，185，191，192，193，198，199，200，203，205，206，211，212，213，214，215，216，217，218，219，221，222，224，225，226，228，229，231，232，233，235，237，238，239，240，241，2429, Are the respondents forthright when answering the questions:回答者不真实The reliability of the respondents...answers to the survey’s question is not sufficiently justified to support the conclusion...There is possibility that the respondents may not tell the truth about..(answering the questions honestly may lead to some undesirable consequences for the respondents, thus they may evade the crucial point, or even lie in their answers. ) Under such circumstances, it is almost impossible for us to expect the respondents to provide accurate information about their opinion toward...92，199，211，24210, Are the respondents representative:回答者没有代表性We should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of ...We all know that in many cases, people who are interested in ...might be generally more likely to respond to the survey than other people are, or are more willing to express their own opinions and positions on the issue of ...(other people who did not respond may hold a totally different position toward the issue studied, and the author should include those people in the study to present a more convincing result. )Without considering the situation of other groups of people, the result of the survey in itself could not justifiably illustrate that ...11，15，17，28，34，40，43，52，55，57，62，65，76，95，102，111，115，117，153，154，161，167，168，174，194，201，206，212，218，224，235比较11, False analogy:错误类比AB，A适合BIn the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies, actions, solutions on ... as B, but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated. The author fails to illustrate that A and B are similar enough at every aspect and are indeed comparable. While it is true that A and B share some commonground on ...there are still some obvious differences between them. (many differences exist between A and B and these differences may well render the policies(actions, solutions, etc) proved to be effective for A might not have the same effectiveness for B )Before A decide to copy B’s experiences, the author should take t hese differences into account and make careful study on the comparability of the two (cities, companies, schools, etc).2，4，9，12，13，16，18，20，25，26，28，29，31，35，38，39，41，42，43，44，55，56，67，72，89，91，92，94，97，99，102，108，109，110，116，119，124，125，131，132，133，149，152，155，160，162，169，177，180，182，186，187，192，198，204，205，209，210，211，212，218，226，230，232，235，236，237，238，23912, Incomplete comparison /selective comparison /ex parte information:错误对比AB，A不一定比B 好The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in ... but the comparison between A and B is incomplete. The author only compares ... however, there are myriad of factors which, if differ in these cases, would bring about totally different result for the comparison. (many other factors would influence the result while ignored by the author in the argument ) Without any further consideration about these factors, the author could not convince us that (A is better than B in certain aspect)merely based on an incomplete comparison.13, Confusing comparison and variation:只对比了一部分的变化or vice versa.In the argument the author provides the variation in ...to illustrate that ...Although the variation in ...could partly prove that ... however, we all know that to demonstrate ...the comparison between A and B is actually more convincing and necessary.:(the comparison between those entities could be more convincing in illustrating the conclusion ) Lacking comparison between ... we could not assess if ...23，48，63，85，106，132，135，168，173，179，180，186，188，206，216，224，240Incomplete comparison/exparte information:2，4，17，24，34，49，51，57，60，63，64，77，81，82，85，93，96，98，101，103，105，109，114，126，129，131，132，139，151，159，162，166，167，172，173，179，186，187，188，193，200，203，211，212，214，216，220，222，231，233，234，238，24114, Unrelated concepts:偷换概念In illustrating the assumption that ...the author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.: The author cites A to prove B, however, A is not a good indication of B. (there are basic differences between A and B, thus A could not be properly used to illustrate B ) The author ought to make careful and clear differentiation between A and B before we could evaluate if the inference that ...is justified.1，3，4，10，11，16，20，23，29，31，34，35，36，38，40，44，48，49，53，55，58，63，67，68，72，77，80，81，85，87，88，89，91，93，96，101，105，106，107，114，120，121，124，130，132，133，134，139，140，143，146，153，155，156，160，161，166，167，172，173，175，181，183，187，188，190，193，194，196，198，199，200，201，Hasty generalization: 38，54，56，59，61，66，81，89，98，137，140，154 203，212，214，215，216，217，218，220，221，223，231，233，234，235，239，24115, Changing scopes:偷换范围The fact that ...could sufficiently substantiate the conclusion that...since the argument is based only on (some special cases) and the author does not differentiate between the ...of (different subjects) .Although th e author’s inference that ...might be true for some cases, for example, ...Unfortunately, this is not true of every individual (in the general group).(other subjects may have totally different situation thus the author’s inference could not be properly ap plied to them. ) Unless the author can demonstrate that (the condition of other subjects is similar to that of the case studied), the general conclusion cannot be reached merely basing on these special and limited cases.3，6，8，10，19，22，23，28，29，40，41，44，45，49，51，60，70，80，83，84，87，90，91，93，94，95，96，97，98，113，115，116，117，118，119，121，126，129，130，131，134，135，145，147，148，150，154，156，158，165，171，172，175，176，180，185，187，188，193，194，195，203，205，206，207，211，213，217，218，220，223，230，233，234，24216, Inferring a future condition from a past condition:过去不能推未来In the argument the author suggests that we can (solve current problems or achieve current goals) through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors upon which the effectiveness of (the method) depend have remained unchanged during the past (N years).However, many factors could have been changed during the past years. (many conditions and factors could have varied, which might render the solutions which were proved to be effective in the past might not have the same effectiveness in current days or in the future. )Without taking into account all these constantly changing factors, the author could not convince us that the proposed solution could be used to solve current problems successfully.1，2，4，5，8，11，13，15，18，20，21，22，23，25，30，32，36，37，48，52，61，62，65，67，68，73，78，85，87，93，94，95，100，116，119，130，134，136，138，140，146，151，158，161，167，168，171，183，190，201，204，208，209，213，216，218，219，225，226，230，237，240，24130, Lack of controlled experiment/ comparison:没考虑其他变量The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in ... The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that might affect ...remained constant during the same period.(pointing out that corresponding controlled experiment is needed, or explaining how the experiment should be conducted.)Specifically, we need to know (the experiment result of one group of the subjects), Without appropriate comparison between A and B, the assumption that ...is unwarranted.18，23，41，59，75，76，85，103，122，128，153，167，168，175，176，180，206，207，224，236，237，241，242解决办法17, Sufficiency and necessity of a solution:解决办法不够有力The author assumes that the proposed actions are both sufficient and necessary for (achieving certain goal).To solve the problem successfully, many other fundamental requirements must be fulfilled. (many other important works must be done. ) Furthermore, many other available methods besides (the author’s proposal) could also be used to achieve the same purpose. (many other effective methods could also be adopted. )Before the author make a careful and thorough comparison between the effectiveness of his own pro posal and other possible methods, the author’s proposal should not be hastily carried out.3，7，8，9，10，12，18，19，20，24，25，26，28，30，39，41，42，43，48，52，54，59，60，64，65，68，69，74，79，80，82，83，85，86，87，90，91，94，96，97，98，99，100，102，104，105，106，107，108，110，111，112，115，116，117，122，123，124，125，127，128，129，131，134，135，136，137，139，140，141，145，146，147，149，152，153，155，157，159，161，162，163，164，166，168，169，170，172，173，175，177，178，181，183，185，187，188，189，190，191，192，194，195，196，197，200，201，204，205，206，208，209，211，212，213，215，217，219，222，224，225，226，227，228，229，230，232，236，237，238，239，240，24218, Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion:解决办法没有可行性The feasibility of the arguer’s proposal can also be cast doubt on. The proposal relies on an assumption that (the proposal could be successfully carried out)however, the assumption might be unwarranted due to some critical obstacles. (possible obstacles to the effectiveness of the solution. )Unless the author could demonstrate that those obstacles could be effectively overcome, the proposal might be practically unfeasible.2，24，28，29，39，42，43，51，64，71，86，90，99，102，125，129，132，137，139，141，143，155，163，164，169，172，175，176，178，187，189，191，194，195，204，208，209，210，211，212，217，226，228，230，232，23319, Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:没考虑解决方法带来的坏处In claiming that ... the author needs to do more comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the proposal. Although the proposal could be adopted to (solve the problem) to a certain degree, however, carrying out the proposal may actually bring about more harmful effects.(possible harmful effects ignored by the author. )Under such scenario, adopting the author’s proposal would harm, rather than benefit, (the author’s purpose).Incomplete thought:1，10，11，15，17，24，27，29，31，32，34，35，37，47，49，50，51，52，53，54，58，59，66，69，71，73，78，84，86，87，90，95，97，98，100，104，107，108，110，111，120，123，124，125，126，128，130，134，136，142，143，144，145，147，151，169，177，193，202，236，239Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:1，2，5，9，13，14，21，22，23，24，38，39，40，43，44，52，55，60，62，63，65，67，69，71，72，76，80，82，84，86，89，92，94，96，98，101，102，104，105，107，108，111，112，114，118，119，122，124，125，127，128，129，133，136，151，152，157，160，163，164，168，169，170，172，173，174，176，178，180，181，182，184，185，186，188，189，191，192，193，200，201，204，206，208，210，213，215，217，218，221，224，226，227，228，229，230，231，232，234，237，24220, False dilemma:两者选一，没考虑其他解决办法In explaining ... the author is presenting a false dilemma. The author simply assumes that (the situation would be either A or B), while the two...are not necessarily mutually exclusive.(many other solutions/explanations could be more justifiable.) Before ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible explanations for us to accept.5，33，41，47，82，93，108，113，138，148，150，166，175，182，184，185，190，195，196，202，204，205，213，218，220，233因果关系21, Non-causal relationship:没有因果关系，其他因素的影响The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in ...:But we can find no concrete evidence to substantiate the inevitable relationship between ...and ...(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )In short, the author could not hastily conclude that ...is the only possible reason for ...before taking above factors into account.1，3，4，6，7，9，12，15，18，19，20，22，26，27，28，33，35，38，39，42，43，44，45，47，48，49，54，55，56，62，63，64，69，70，74，76，77，78，79，80，81，85，88，90，94，96，97，98，106，109，110，112，113，116，119，120，121，122，124，125，131，132，133，135，136，137，139，141，144，145，147，149，150，156，158，159，160，162，167，168，169，171，172，176，181，187，190，192，193，194，199，201，207，209，212，218，220，221，222，223，224，225，228，231，232，235，236，24122, Confusing the cause and the effect:不是A导致B，而是B导致A(少见)In the process of reasoning the author assumes that A is the reason for B.However, the author may confuse the cause and the effect. (there is possibility that it is B that actually causes A )The author fails to rule out the possibility that (B results in A). Since the author has not adequately take this possibility into account, the assumption that ...is untenable.34，72，79，88，105，114，126，129，133，145，153，154，211，227，23223, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果The most important problem is the underlying assumption that it is ...that resulted in ... The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however, we all know that merely a coincidence of two events could not sufficiently demonstrate a causal relationship between them. (many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )Many other factors could also lead to ... which might include ... Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that ...is the actual cause of ...1，53，59，60，72，75，90，91，101，105，129，142，153，173，23824, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果The author concludes that ...is responsible for ... the assumption is based on the mere fact that ...occurred after ...however, the sequence of the two events, in itself, does not sufficiently prove that the former caused the later one.(many other factors could also lead to the result/the author should conduct controlled study to demonstrate the causal relationship )...might has resulted from other factors, such as ...Without ruling out these possible scenarios, the author could not establish a causal relationship between ...and ...2，9，16，25，30，92，99，102，110，119，123，170，180，195，205，215，218，230，237，239，242证据25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足The author claims that...by showing that....however, but this piece of information in itself is far from sufficient to demonstrate the assumption that...Although (the information provided by the author) may has some relation with ... (we need more critical important information about the case studied. ) More solid evidence are needed before we could be convinced that ...5，6，7，14，18，23，24，27，29，31，33，36，37，40，44，46，47，52，54，56，57，58，61，67，69，70，73，74，81，93，94，110，111，115，117，130，131，136，138，143，148，150，155，157，165，171，179，190，193，198，201，202，204，211，213，223，231，236，237，238，241Failing to consider the credibility of the evidence:46，47，66，72，76，88，118，136，151，176，22626, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption. (many other possibilities might render the assumption suspect. )Given other possibilities about... the author could not hastily assumes that...6，8，11，12，13，14，15，17，21，22，23，25，28，33，50，53，56，62，64，66，67，74，75，78，83，84，86，87，88，89，90，91，92，95，100，101，102，104，105，108，110，112，113，114，118，120，121，122，125，126，127，128，129，130，132，134，136，137，140，142，144，145，146，148，151，152，156，157，160，161，163，164，169，170，172，174，177，178，179，181，191，192，194，195，197，202，204，205，206，208，210，212，216，218，219，221，222，223，225，228，231，235，236，239，24227, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药One problem involves the definition of ...The author fails to give a clear definition of ... thus we could not evaluate if...(the definition might be different from what we commonly consider the term to be )As we commonly accept, ually means ... Therefore, if ...is defined as ... then ... is irrelevant to (the author’s conclusion)In one word, without a clear definition of ... it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.53，72，81，91，105，141，153，167，179，195，196，211，219，223，226，23928, Negative evidence:自相矛盾的证据The author cites the evidence that ...to convince us that ...(the information provided by the author could be used to refute the author’s conclusion.)However, this piece of evidence may well suggest that... and couldserve to refute the author’s assumptionThe author should provide more convincing information to reconcile this apparent self-contradictory claim.6，21，62，100，138，139，145，158，173，178，183，189，190，192，200，203，210，216，217，218，225，234，240，241利润问题29, Profit-cost analysis:Even if the author’s proposal could be carr ied out effectively, we still could not hastily assume that ...will necessarily earn a substantial profit, as the author predicted. To evaluate the profitability of ...we should consider the function of both revenue and expense. However, the author does not provide any single piece of information about the possible cost of (carrying out the author’s proposal).(many key steps of the proposal may involve great expense, if the cost of carrying out the proposal exceeds projected revenue, the institution would be profitless. )Without more information about production costs, it is impossible to assess whether (carrying out the author’s proposal will be profitable).经济因素30, Economical factors:通货膨胀+需求变化Also, some economical factors should be taken into account in the argument. First, we need to know how much did the price of ...actually increase after adjustment for inflation.(if the rate of inflation exceeds the increase in the price of the product, then the increase is reasonable.)Second, the author fails to consider the variation in the demand for ... during the same period. If the supply of ...falls short of demand, then there is good reason for the increased price of ... The soundness of the speaker’s claim is significantly weakened by the lack of above-mentioned economical consideration.。