文献阅读与写作习题及答案

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(完整word版)文献检索试题和答案

文献检索试题和答案一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共30分，每小题仅有一项答案正确。

请将正确答案的序号填在括号内)1．目录、文摘和索引属于下列哪类文献?( B )A．一次文献B．二次文献C．三次文献D．零次文献2．下面哪种检索语言是后组式规范检索语言?( A )A．单元词语言B．关键词语言C．标题词语言D．自由词语言3．下列对MeSH描述错误的是( D )。

A．MeSH从1960年开始出版，每年再版一次B．MeSH中的主题词具有动态性C．倒置主题词是为了集中排列某一类主题词D．MeSH中的主题词可以一词多义4．图书馆为读者提供书刊外借服务的主要部门是( C )。

A．自动化部B．参考咨询部C．书刊流通部D．采访编目部5．以下哪项不是常用的文献传递服务方式?( B )A．电子邮件B．自助借阅C．特快专递D．FTP E传6．以下哪项不是NetLibray提供的检索运算符?( C )A．NOT B．引号(”，)C．？D．*7．中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)中通配符使用正确的是( B )。

A．肝炎* B．肝炎％疫苗C．肝炎*疫苗D．肝炎％8．PubMed自动转换匹配检索的转换顺序正确的是( A )。

A·MeSH表一期刊刊名表一短语表一作者索引B·MeSH表一短语表一期刊刊名表一作者索引C·短语表一MeSH表一作者索引一期刊刊名表D·短语表一MeSH表一期刊刊名表j作者索引9·《中华医学会期刊电子版》的检索方法支持的检索方式有( C )。

A·快速检索、高级检索、专业检索、二次检索、期刊检索B·初级检索、高级检索、专业检索、期刊检索、二次检索C·快速检索、简单检索、高级检索、专业检索、二次检索D·简单检索、高级检索、专业检索、二次检索、期刊检索10·web of Science数据库与其他文摘数据库的不同之处是其具有( C )。

2015年-2020年北京高考名著阅读和微写作汇编(带答案)

名著阅读和微写作汇编15-20年北京名著阅读和微写作真题1微写作从下面三个题目中任选一题，按要求作答。

（1）有的同学觉得阅读《红楼梦》《平凡的世界》等“大部头”名著太费时间和精力，不如读缩写本或连环画省时省力。

对此你有什么看法？请阐述自己的观点。

要求：观点明确，言之有据。

150字左右。

（2）学校举办“生活技能大赛”，同学们可展示烹饪、插花、做手工、修器具等技能。

请你介绍一项自己擅长的生活技能。

要求：语言简明，条理清楚。

150字左右。

（3）请为新冠肺炎疫情期间的快递小哥写一首小诗或一段抒情文字。

要求：感情真挚，有形象。

小诗不超过150字，抒情文字150字左右。

【答案】（一）基础等级基础等级分内容和表达两项，基础等级的评分，以题意、内容、语言、文体为重点，全面衡量。

内容项的重点是题意、内容。

对于内容要综合考虑，对于材料的把握虽然符合题意，但文章不好、中心基本明确、内容单薄、感情基本真实的，可以在三等上打分。

考生的考卷中所述论据的真实性要特别注意，如果是编造，或者有明显错误，或者不能佐证文章观点的，要适当扣分。

表达项的重点是作文的结构、语言、文体、卷面等，但也要综合考量。

1、根据表达项的细则，在“内容”评等的基础上，除了在相应的等级上评分外，还可以考虑在上一等或下一等打分。

2、在“内容”等级判分的基础上，表达项原则上不跨等给分，如内容判三等，表达不能在一等给分，只能在三等或二等或四等给分。

（二）发展等级基础等级分要与发展等级分相匹配，发展等级分不能跨越基础等级的得分等级。

1、发展等级分原则上随内容或表达的等次给分，如内容二等，表达三等，发展等级一般可在二等给分。

2、发展等级一般不在内容或表达的下一等给分，如内容一等，表达二等，发展等级一般在一等或二等给分。

3、发展等级在内容给分的基础上，一般不跨等给分，如内容三等，发展等级不能在一等给分。

4、内容在四等的，“发展等级”可以给1到2分；确为抄袭的，“发展等级”不给分。

参考答案及解析

参考答案及解析Part I WritingCity ProblemsNowadays, millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search of jobs and better living. However, with the sharp rise in the urban population, many problems arise in the development of cities.Firstly, cities become more and more crowded, putting much pressure upon transportation, housing, sanitation, education, employment and so on. City services and facilities have been strained to a breaking point. Secondly, a growing number of private cars emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide, leaving the air mercilessly polluted. What is more, the city is also threatened by an increase in crime. There is not a single day passing without the report of someone being robbed, kidnapped or even murdered.Last but not least, city-dwellers are not only separated from the nature but also isolated from each other, even not knowing name of their next-door neighbor.All these problems have harmed the attractiveness of the city. More people may seek to live in the suburbs if there isn't any improvement.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)1.Y 文章开头提到experts ponder how best to rebuild the devastated city,并在第三段简要介绍了重建的几种方案，随后文章详细地阐述了各种建议，由此可知该句正确。

东北大学智慧树知到“工商管理”《文献检索与写作》网课测试题答案3

东北大学智慧树知到“工商管理”《文献检索与写作》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.参考文献的著录规则是()A.GB 7713-1987《学术论文编写规则》B.GB 7713.1-2006《学位论文编写规则》C.GB 7713.3-2009《科技报告编写规则》D.GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》2.标准文献可分为()A.国际标准B.国家标准C.行业标准D.企业标准3.在万方数据知识服务平台中，导出文献的支持格式包括()A.NoteExpressB.RefWorksC.EndNoteD.NoteFirst4.逻辑算符不包括()A.nearB.andC.orD.not5.“真假难辨”体现了信息的()A.传递性B.时效性C.真伪性D.价值性6.在著录参考文献时，电子公告的标志代码是()A.CDB.CPC.EBD.DB7.关于字段检索，下列说法错误的是()A.检索字段也称检索入口B.字段检索常用代码来表示C.各数据库基本检索字段标识符号完全相同D.检索时，系统只对指定字段进行匹配运算8.Web of Science平台上可以使用的通配符包括()A.*B.?C.!D.$9.在万方数据知识服务平台上，不支持的算符是()A.andB.orC.notD.same10.国内通用的分类法主要有()A.《美国国会图书馆图书分类法》B.《中国图书馆分类法》C.《中国科学院图书馆分类法》D.《杜威十进制分类法》11.关于三次文献表述正确的是()A.三次文献也称参考性文献B.三次文献来源于一次文献C.三次文献是一种再创性文献D.具体表现形式为词典、手册、百科全书、年鉴、教科书等12.西文数据库，字段检索常用代码来表示，下列说法错误的是()A.TI代表题名B.AU代表作者C.ISBN代表国际标准刊号D.ISBN代表国际标准书号13.一般来说，若要了解某学科、理论、课题、工艺过程等最新进展和动态，则要检索最近的文献信息，强调()A.查新B.查准C.查全D.误检14.下列选项中，可以检索到“地方志”的是()A.中国知网B.万方数据知识服务平台C.超星电子图书数据库D.Web of Science15.精确检索一般用于下列哪些情况?()A.人名B.地名C.机构名称D.专有名词第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.信息的具体表现形式包括()A.消息B.信号C.数据D.资料2.一次文献不包括()A.期刊论文B.索引C.专利说明书D.会议论文3.三大引文索引包括()KIB.SCIEC.SSCID.AHCI4.按出版类型划分，连续出版物包括()A.图书B.期刊C.报纸D.学位论文5.关于“网络电子文献”的著录格式，说法正确的是()A.[文献类型/文献载体]对电子文献是必须的B.没有作者的文献可不著录作者信息C.获取和访问路径对电子文献中的联机文献是必须的D.[引用日期]对电子文献中的联机文献不是必须的6.读秀学术搜索提供的获取全文的途径包括()A.本馆馆藏纸书B.本馆电子全文C.图书馆文献传递D.相似文献7.一般来说，若要解决研究中某具体问题，找出技术方案，则要检索有针对性、能解决实际问题的文献信息，强调()A.查新B.查准C.查全D.误检8.文献的基本属性包括()A.知识内容B.信息符号C.载体材料D.传递性9.在我国，专利可分为()A.发明B.创造C.实用新型D.外观设计10.按载体形式划分，连续出版物包括()A.图书B.期刊C.报纸D.学位论文KI常用的检索方式包括()A.快速检索B.作者发文检索C.高级检索D.专业检索12.关于超星阅读器的说法，错误的是()A.使用阅读器阅读需要下载安装超星阅读器B.使用下载功能时，匿名用户状态下载的图书只能在本机上阅读C.若将图书拷贝到其他电脑上阅读，不需要进行注册D.若将图书拷贝到其他电脑上阅读，需要进行注册13.按照加工程度划分，文献可划分为()A.零次文献B.一次文献C.二次文献D.三次文献14.评价检索效果时，最常用的两个评价指标是()A.查全率B.查准率C.漏检率D.误检率15.在web of science平台上，使用哪个数据库可以检索到专利?()A.Web of Science Core CollectionB.Derwent Innovations Index(DII)C.Scientific Electronic Library Online(SciELO)D.Korean Citation Index(KCI)第1卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案：D2.参考答案：ABCD3.参考答案：ABCD4.参考答案：A5.参考答案：C6.参考答案：C7.参考答案：C8.参考答案：ABD9.参考答案：D10.参考答案：BC11.参考答案：ABCD12.参考答案：C13.参考答案：A14.参考答案：B15.参考答案：ABCD第2卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案：ABCD2.参考答案：B3.参考答案：BCD4.参考答案：BC5.参考答案：ABC6.参考答案：ABCD7.参考答案：B8.参考答案：ABC9.参考答案：ACD10.参考答案：BC11.参考答案：ABCD12.参考答案：C13.参考答案：ABCD14.参考答案：AB15.参考答案：B。

《阅读和写作》作业参考答案

《阅读和写作》（1）作业参考答案一、名词解释1．社会学阅读（41页）社会学阅读就是用社会学的观点和方法阅读作品，研究具体作品与文章作者、社会环境的关系，从而发掘作品的时代意义、政治意义、社会意义和思想意义的阅读方法。

2．文化学阅读（46页）文化学阅读就是用文化学的观点和方法通过文字语言解读作品的文化内涵，通过习俗制度透视作品的思想原则，通过经济结构透视作品的价值观念，通过科学技术透视作品的哲学基础，通过文学艺术透视作品的审美趣味的阅读方法。

3．语义学阅读（54页）语义学阅读就是以文本为基础，从字、词、句含义的释读入手，细致分析表达技巧，层层解剖内在的结构层次，全力开掘多方面主题内涵的阅读方法。

4．接受美学（58页）接受美学就是以读者为中心，注重作品意义空白或不确定性，重视作品价值的两极组合。

5．非线性网络思维（52页）所谓非线性网络思维是指读者在网络中阅读电脑文本时因个性差异而表现出来的迥然不同的思维形式。

二、简答题1．如何理解阅读与写作是语文学习的“一体两面”？（6页）所谓“一体两面”，说的是阅读与写作在语文学习中都是不可或缺的。

离开任何一方，语文学习就会倾斜和失衡。

因为阅读是为了写作，写作必须依靠阅读。

而阅读就是主体由外而内的吸收和重构，写作是肢体由内而外的倾吐与表现。

阅读越丰富，吸收和重构的信息越多，写作是倾吐和表现的东西也就越多。

所以说阅读与写作是语文学习的“一体两面”。

2．文体阅读的基本方法。

（1）把握不同文体的表达方法。

（2）辨别不同文体的结构类型。

（3）驾驭不同文体的语言体式。

（4）再现不同文体的主体形态。

3．文化学解读的主要方法（49——53）（1）通过文字语言解读作品的文化内涵。

（2）通过习俗制度透视作品的思想原则。

（3）通过经济结构透视作品的价值观念。

（4）通过科学技术透视作品的哲学基础。

（5）通过文学艺术透视作品的审美趣味。

4．接受美学阅读的基本特征（58——60）（1）以读者为中心。

论文写作与文献检索试卷(带答案)

论文写作与文献检索试卷适用范围：__________ 出题教师：__________)1. 在论文的摘要项中，第一句话( )要使用"本文"、"作者"等语词。

（添要或不要）2. 利用维普资讯网--《中文科技期刊数据库》的题名与关键词途径，检索2005-2010年题名包含"世界读书日"的期刊论文共有相关记录( )条。

其中，"世界读书日前夕审视中国国民阅读"一文的作者是( )和( )，发表于中国图书评论 2007年第04期。

3. 有"打开世界化学文献宝库的钥匙"美称的化学化工专业的文摘刊物是( )刊。

4. ( )是《工程索引》（Ei）的网络版，是EI-Village的核心数据库。

5. 《美国工程索引Ei中国镜像站》是( )技术参考型数据库之一，其收录的世界范围期刊达到( )种。

6. 检索策略的调整，既可以是( )的调整，也可以是检索途径的调整。

7. 数据库的两大类型有( )和( )。

8. CNKI的《中国期刊全文数据库》的全文格式有( )和( )两种。

9. 中国知识资源总库--CNKI系列数据库的《中国期刊全文数据库》初级检索的检索项最多可增加( )项。

10. 检索语言是一种根据文献信息加工、存贮、检索需要而编排的( )，是一种人工语言。

二、判断题，以下各题只有对错两个选项(本大题满分10分,每小题2分)1. 国际标准书号的英文简称ISBN，新版国际标准书号2007年正式实施，国际标准书号由10位升至13位。

( )2. 检索效果的评价指标主要有查全率和漏检率。

( )3. CNKI检索系统可以检索博硕士论文。

( )4. Google不具有学术搜索功能。

( )5. 专利文献根据发明创造的性质可以分为发明、实用新型和外观设计专利。

( )三、单选题，以下各题有多个选项，其中只有一个选项是正确的，请选择正确答案(本大题满分20分,每小题2分)1. 信息检索根据检索对象不同，一般分为：( )A. 二次检索、高级检索B. 分类检索、主题检索C. 计算机检索、手工检索D. 数据检索、事实检索、文献检索2. 二次检索指的是：( )A. 第二次检索B. 在检索结果中运用"与、或、非"进行再限制检索C. 检索了一次之后，结果不满意，再检索一次D. 以上都不是3. 世界上第一大联机检索系统是：( )A. STN 系统B. OBRIT系统C. OCLC系统D. DIALOG系统4. 利用baidu搜索信息时，要将检索范围限制在网页标题中，应该使用的语法是：( )A. site:B. inurl:C. info:D. intitle:5. 检索语言中，____是自然语言：( )A. 关键词B. 主题词C. 单元词D. 标题词6. 通过追溯检索获得的相关文献与原文献相比在发表时间上：( )A. 相同B. 不确定C. 晚D. 早7. 国际上评价期刊最有影响力的一个指标是：( )A. 引文量B. 读者统计数据C. 价格D. 影响因子8. 国际连续出版物编号：( )A. CSSCIB. ISSNC. ISBND. OCLC9. 《中文核心期刊要目总览》2004版的"农业经济"类核心期刊有____种：( )A. 20B. 19C. 17D. 1510. 在baidu搜索引擎中，要实现字段的精确检索，可以用____来限定：( )A. B．（）(括号)B. C．+(加号)C. D．-(减号)D. A．" "(双引号)四、简答题(本大题满分25分,每小题5分)1. 在EBSCOHOST数据库的检索规则中，截词算符有"？"和"*"两种，位置运算符号有"Wn"和"Nn"两种。

文献检索及论文写作》期末试卷

《文献检索及论文写作》期末试卷学号：姓名：一、简答题( 共30分)1、什么是科技文献？按文献载体的形式可划分为哪几种形式？各举一例说明。

（13分）答：1）科技文献是记录有科学技术知识或信息的一切载体。

通俗地说，科技文献就是除了社会科学文献以外的一切文献；2)划分形式：刻写型（金文、手稿）、印刷型（书本、文件）、微缩型（照片、图片）、声像型（唱片、电影片）、机读型（磁带、光盘）2、根据本学期所学的内容，简要说说有几种途径（至少四种）能够查到你所需要的中文期刊文献。

（12分）答：中国国家图书馆、?CSSCI数据库、维普数据库、中国知网数据库、万方数据库、发帖求助1）根据文章出处，去一些较大图书馆查找原文。

2）如果学校或单位有CNKI，维普，万方的话，中文文献就比较好办。

3）对于自然科学英文文献来讲，可在ACS、RSC、Wiley、Elsevier、Springe等检索。

这些数据库里面文献很多，可以为我们提供很多的文献资源。

“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文。

5)如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索，是因为很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。

第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者3、中国化学会是我国化学领域的一个权威学术团体，结合课程的学习，请你列出五种该学会主办的期刊名称。

（5分）答：分析化学、化学学报、物理化学学报、有机化学、高分子学报、无机化学学报、分子催化二、应用题( 共45分)1、用下划线标注说明下列各题中每一字段的含义。

（20分）（1）期刊出版物的文摘标头：129：248995z①Calculation of the Hydrodynamic Contribution to PeakAsymmetry in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using the Eequilibrium-Dispersive Model.②Stanley, Brett J.; Savag, Theresa L; Geraghty, Jennifer J. ③(Department of Chemistry Califonia State University, San Bernrdino, CA, 92407-2397, USA). ④Anal. Chem..⑤1998,⑥70(8),⑦1610-1617 ⑧(Eng), ⑨Americal Chemical Society.⑩答:①卷号和文摘号；②题目；③作者姓名；④第一作者单位（地址）；⑤刊名；⑥出版年；⑦卷（期）；⑧起止页码；⑨语种；⑩主办单位（2）期刊论文文摘全文示例：116：105900k ①A new approach for the synthesis of the chiral sex pheromoneof peach leafminer moth.②Chen, Zikang; Zhu, Jun; Cheng, Ying ③(Dep. Chem., Beijing Norm. Univ., Beijing, Peop. Rep. China 100875).④YoujiHuaxue⑤1991,⑥11(5),⑦530-3⑧(Ch).⑨The enantiomeric 14-methyl-1-octadecenes were prepd. by cross coupling reation between the Grignard reagent of 12-chloro-2-methylhexane from corresponding (R)-or (S)-2-methylhexanoic acid under the catalysis of Li2CuCl4. The overall yied of the each enantiomer is about 30% from the racemic 2-methylhexanoic acid and the optical purity is approx.100%. The (S)-enantiomer showed strong bioactivity as the sex pheromone of peach leafminer moth in field tests.⑩答:①卷号和文摘号；②论文篇名；③作者姓名；④作者单位；⑤来源期刊名；⑥出版年；⑦卷（期）；⑧页码；⑨语种；⑩摘要正文2、结合课程的学习，谈谈当你面临着查找一个研究课题的新颖性时，你该如何做？（15分）答：新颖性是一项发明或者实用新型专利申请获得授权的前提条件，是指该发明或者实用新型不属于现有技术；也没有任何单位或者个人就同样的发明或者实用新型在申请日以前向国务院专利行政部门提出过申请，并记载在申请日以后公布的专利申请文件或者公告的专利文件中。

【语文】议论文阅读专题训练专项习题及答案解析

【语文】议论文阅读专题训练专项习题及答案解析一、中考语文议论文阅读专题训练1．阅读下面一篇文章，完成后面小题从脸谱说起叶秀山①脸谱在京剧艺术中不可或缺，实在是我国艺术家对世界艺术作出的特殊贡献。

不过，以前也常听批评家在贬义上使用这个词，说人物没有个性，有公式化、概念化的毛病，则斥之曰“脸谱化”。

②其实，脸谱与概念、公式是完全不同的。

概念、公式是抽象的，但脸谱却不能归结为抽象。

我想，批评脸谱公式化、概念化的，其中有一点未曾深察的是在那个“谱”字上。

③“谱”有标准、准则的意思。

我们常说某人说话、行事“没谱”，是言其做事说话不遵守一定的规则，无法沟通、交流，也无法理解。

“谱”是要大家都能遵守的，没有规矩，不成方圆。

“谱”还有谱系的意思。

谱系是历史性的，是一种传统。

历史不同，传统不同，谱系也就不同，于是有各种不同的家法、流派。

京剧的脸谱，也有不同的家法，同样是曹操的脸，勾画上也是大同中有小异。

此外，凡称“谱”的，都是有待去实现的。

“谱”自身是实践的“本”，好像是个具有普遍意义的设计方案。

光有个脸谱不能成为“活曹操”“活包公”，要成“活某某”，还看演员如何去演。

④现在书店里有许许多多菜谱，分属各种不同的菜系:四川的，淮扬的，上海的，广州的……但菜谱不是菜，不能吃。

菜谱给人一个规范，有的很详细，看起来也很死板，如加盐多少，文火炖半个小时等等。

这个指标，对于普通家庭主妇而言，是帮助她做出中等水平的菜肴来，不至于不堪入口。

但厨艺上乘，在于把握火候。

火候，是一个综合性的分寸，不是“30分钟”“35分零5秒”那样死板的，到时一定起锅。

“火”曰“候”，乃是一种征候，是靠操作者的经验体会感觉出来的。

把握火候不是理论性的，而是实践性的，因而不仅仅是实用性的，而且是艺术性的。

就实用性而言，做出来的菜，有个中等水平，能吃就行；但就艺术性而言，火候是必须掌握的。

舞台艺术中也有火候，是把各种“谱”——包括曲谱、身段、脸谱……都艺术地“兑现”出来，是要艺术家把这些“谱”用活了，塑造出活生生的人物形象来。

[东北大学]20秋学期《文献检索与写作》在线平时作业1

7.下列检索途径属于号码途径的是 A.专利号 B.著者 C.刊名
D.出版者正确答案：A
8.下列属于音像型文献的是 A.图书 B.报纸 C.电影胶片 D.缩微胶卷正确答案：C
9.在万方数据知识服务平台上，不支持的算符是 A.and B.or C.not D.same 正确答案：D
10.截词检索的作用与下列哪种算符的作用相同 A.near B.and C.or D.not 正确答案：C
6.评价检索效果时，最常用的两个评价指标是 A.查全率 B.查准率 C.漏检率 D.误检率正确答案：AB
7.标准文献可分为() A.国际标准 B.国家标准 C.行业标准 D.企业标准正确答案：ABCD
8.标准文献可分为 A.国际标准 B.国家标准 C.行业标准企业标准正确答案：ABCD
KI常用的检索方式包括 A.快速检索 B.作者发文检索 C.高级检索 D.专业检索正确答案：ABCD
10.信息的具体表现形式包括() A.消息 B.信号 C.数据 D.资料正确答案：ABCD
3.在著录参考文献时，电子公告的标志代码是 A.CD B.CP C.EB D.DB 正确答案：C
4.下列属于“显性知识”的是() A.经验 B.技巧 C.公式 D.直觉正确答案：C
5.一次文献不包括 A.期刊论文 B.索引 C.专利说明书 D.会议论文正确答案：B
6.关于超星阅读器的说法，错误的是 A.使用阅读器阅读需要下载安装超星阅读器 B.使用下载功能时，匿名用户状态下载的图书只能在本机上阅读 C.若将图书拷贝到其他电脑上阅读，不需要进行注册 D.若将图书拷贝到其他电脑上阅读，需要进行注册正确答案：C
20秋学期《文献检索与写作》在线平时作业1
一、单选题 1.关于读秀学术搜索的说法，错误的是 A.读秀学术搜索是由海量中文图书资源组成的庞大知识库系统 B.为用户提供深入图书内容的书目和全文检索 C.不能实现图书的全文检索 D.部分文献的全文试读，可通过Email获取文献资源正确答案：C

文献阅读问题答案【范本模板】

文献阅读问题Introduction1. How do heavy metals entry the soils？Answer：Entry of soil-borne metal（loid)s into the food chain depends on the amount and source of metal（loid）s input，the properties of the soil，the rate and magnitude of uptakeby plants，and the extent of absorption by animals。

2. Can you give a definition to heavy metal and give us the examples?Answer：The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic, highly toxic or poisonous at low concentrations。

Examples of heavy metals include mercury（Hg)，cadmium(Cd)，arsenic(As)，chromium(Cr），thallium（Ti）, and lead(Pb）。

Historically，heavy metal（loid)s toxicity to human health received attention primarily as a result of series of widespread poisoning。

3. Why human kind pays attention to heavy metal(loid）s toxicity?Answer：Historically, heavy metal(loid)s toxicity to human health received attention primarily as a result of series of widespread poisoning。

山东省2019年高考[语文]考试真题与答案解析

山东省2019年高考[语文]考试真题与答案解析一、现代文阅读（36分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共3小题，9分）阅读下面的文字，完成1~3题。

对文学艺术创作者来说，或早或晚，都会遭遇到这个问题——为谁创作、为谁立言？习近平同志强调，“文学艺术创造、哲学社会科学研究首先要搞清楚为谁创作、为谁立言的问题，这是一个根本问题。

人民是创作的源头活水，只有扎根人民，创作才能获得取之不尽、用之不竭的源泉。

目前，文艺界普遍认识到，只有与身处的时代积极互动，深刻回应时代重大命题，才会获得艺术创作的蓬勃生机。

然而，在创作实践中，还有许多作家、艺术家困惑于现实是如此宏大丰富，以至于完全超出个人的认识和表现能力。

我们常常听到这样的说法：现实太精彩了，它甚至远远走到了小说家想象力的前面。

是的，我们有幸生活在这样一个日新月异的时代，随时发生着习焉不察而影响深远的变化。

这就为作家、艺术家观察现实、理解生活带来巨大困难。

对于他们而言，活灵活现地描绘出生活的现象和表象，大约是不难的，难就难在理解生活复杂的结构，理解隐藏在表象之下那些更深层的东西。

那么，这“更深层的东西”是什么呢？去过天安门广场的朋友一定会对矗立在广场上的人民英雄纪念碑印象深刻，许多人都能背得出上面的碑文——“三年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！三十年以来，在人民解放战争和人民革命中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！由此上溯到一千八百四十年，从那时起，为了反对内外敌人，争取民族独立和人民自由幸福，在历次斗争中牺牲的人民英雄们永垂不朽！”在新中国成立70周年的今天，再次诵读这段话，我们就会意识到，这改天换地的宏伟现实是人民创造的，人民当之无愧是时代的英雄，是历史的创造者。

只有认识到人民的主体地位，才能感受到奔涌的时代浪潮下面深藏的不竭力量，才有可能从整体上把握一个时代，认识沸腾的现实。

认识人民创造历史的主体地位，是为了从理性和情感上把自己放到人民中间，是为了解决我是谁、我属于谁的问题。

科技文献阅读与翻译原文及答案-推荐下载

科技文献阅读与翻译原文红色字体为参考答案，自己酌情修改一下，以免雷同。

Section AI Read the text carefully, and try to sum up (in one sentence if possible) the two or three main points, which the writer is makingGun controlA student of the gun control issue will readily perceive the arena is indeed a broad one, in which we must struggle to preserve the right to keep and bear arms. It is a struggle which will test whatever there might be of genius in any of us and it is one which will merit the devoted efforts of every citizen who in the broadest sense can perceive the relationships which our Bill of Rights liberties bear one to another.I suggest we begin our affirmative role immediately in the area of crime control. The truth is that gun control does not equate with crime control. We have an advantage in this fact which we have neither exploited nor advanced convincingly. It is demonstrable that in those sections of the country where gun possession is most prevalent, crime is least. Encouragingly, many moderate and reasonable men among our opponents are beginning to see that our problem is crime control and that gun control is not going to have much, if any, effect upon it. Of course,for reasons-of their own, some of them still say gun control is desirable. For these people we can only wonder, as would any good citizen, what it is they have in mind for us that our possession of guns makes them so nervous.As long as we concur that any measure of gun control equates with some measure of crime control we are in agreement with those who would eliminate our rights. We would then again be backed into defensive position, held for forty years, always losing a little here and a little there unfit finally nothing would be left us.No group of good citizens has ever struggled more conscientiously along the narrow pathway, between hope and moderation on one hand, and the cold facts of efforts to abolish our rights on the other, than the leaders of the National Rifle Association. Every gun owner in America should applaud the action taken by the Executive Committee of the NRA in Washington, D.C. on July 12, 1974: ‘...the NRA opposes any proposed legislation, at any level of government, which is directed against the inanimate firearm rather than against the criminal misuse of firearms.A reasonable degree of order in society must prevail first. Criminals must be controlled first. we are the decent people. We try to be reasonable and we are not fools even though we have so often made mistakes in the past 40 years.many people turn to England as an example for crime control. The fact isthat in England, for hundreds of years, a man found guilty of any one of number of crimes was promptly hanged. Now that a more humanistic generation of Englishmen has lately abolished these stern but effective methods, crime-including armed crime - is sky-rocketing. Recently armed Englishmen, amid a hail of their own bullets, attempted to kidnap the eldest daughter of the reigning Queen of England! Unbelievable! (From an article in Guns and Ammo by Harlan Carter)Suggested answer.The writer believes that gun-owners are good citizens, and everyone should be free to own guns. If we wish to reduce crime, we should not ban guns, but impose harsher punishments for criminals.II In a paragraph of not more than 100 words, say simply what the witnesses thought happened, and what really happened.A séanceA good example of this technique of investigating the reliability of reports is an experiment reported by S·J Davey. He was interested in the kind of phenomena reported during séances and, using quite simple trickery, which he had planned in advance, he reproduced some of the effects popular among the mediums of the day. His audiences were asked to write down accounts of what they had witnessed, and these observations were then compared with what actually happened. Here is a report written by one witness of such a séance. `On entering the dining-room where the séance was held’, so the report runs, every article of furniture was searched and Mr. Davey turned out his pockets.The door was locked and seated, the gas turned out, and they all sat round the table holding hands, including Mr Davey. A musical box on the table played and floated about. Knockings were heard and bright lights seen. The head of a woman appeared, came close and dematerialized. A half-figure of a man was seena few seconds later .He bowed and then disappeared through the ceiling with a scraping noise..’Another witness also described the searching of the room, the sealing of the door, and the disposition of the medium and sitters round the table. the medium and sitters round the table, She alleged that a female head appeared in a strong light and afterwards a bearded man reading a book, who disappeared through the ceiling.A11 the while Mr. Davey’s hands were held tightly by the sitters on either side, and when the gas was relit the door was still locked and the seal unbroken.A third witness’s account was even more sensational. He reported that ‘nothing was prepared beforehand, the séance was quite casual’. Having described the locking and sealing of the door, he went on to say that he was touched by a cold, clammy hand and heard various raps. After that he saw a bluish-white light which hovered over the heads of the sitters and gradually developed into an apparition that was ‘frightful in itsugliness, but so distinct that everyone could see it .... The features were distinct ... a kind of hood covered the head, and the whole resembled the head of a mummy’. After this an even more wonderful spirit appeared. It began with a streak of light and developed by degrees into a bearded man of Oriental appearance. His eyes were stony and fixed, with a vacant listless expression. At the end of the séance the door was still locked and the seal was intact.So much for some of the reports. Now for the reality. The séance was not a casual affair at all, but had been carefully rehearsed beforehand. At the beginning, Mr Davey went through the motion of apparently locking the door, but he turned the key back again so that the door was actually left unlocked. The ‘props’ for the materializations had been stowed away in a cupboard underneath a bookshelf; this was not looked into by the witnesses who searched the room because, just as they were about to do so, Mr Davey diverted their attention by emptying his pockets to show that he had nothing hidden on his person. The phenomena were produced by a confederate who came in by the unlocked door after the lights had been turned out, and while the musical box was playing loudly to drown the noise of his entry. The ‘apparition offrightful ugliness’ was a mask draped in muslin with a cardboard collar coated with luminous paint. The second spirit was the confederate himself, standing on the back of Mr Davey’s chair, his face faintly illuminated by phosphorescent light fromthe pages of a book he was holding. The rasping noise made when the spirits seemed to disappear through the ceiling was caused accidentally, but interpreted by the witnesses according to their conception of what was happening. When the light was turned on the gummed paper that had been used to seal the door had fallen off, but Mr Davey quickly pressed it back into position and then called the witnesses’ attention to the fact that it was ‘still intact.’ Mr Davey’s performances were so convincing that some leading investigators, including the biologist A. R. Wallace, F. R. S., refused to believe him when he said that he had no mediumistic powers and it had all been done by trickery. In effect the conjurer was challenged to prove that he was not a medium!(From Sense and Nonsense in Psychology by H. J. EysenckSuggested answer.The witnesses thought the room was locked, and that they were alone with Mr Davey. They believed that they saw various supernatural phenomena, such as the spirits of a man and a woman, accompanied by strange lights and noises. In fact, the door was not locked, and the effects were produced by a colleague of Mr Davey who came into the room under cover of darkness and the noise of the musical box. He used materials which had been hidden in a cupboard that was not searched because Mr Davey distracted people’s attention at a crucial moment.Read the following text and make notes.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.For a great many this failure is avowed and absolute. Close to forty per cent of those who begin high school drop out before they finish. For college the figure is one in three.Many others fail in fact if not in name. They complete their schooling only because we have agreed to push them up through the grades and out of the schools, whether they know anything or not. There are many more such children than we think. If we 'raise our standards' much higher, as some would have us do, we will find out very soon just how many there are. Our classrooms will bulge with kids who can't pass the test to get into the next class.But there is a more important sense in which almost all children fail: except for a handful, who may or may not be good students, they fail to develop more than a tiny part of the tremendous capacity for learning, understanding, and creating with which they were born and of which they made full use during the first two or three years of their lives.Why do they fail?They fail because they are afraid, bored, and confused.They are afraid, above all else, of failing, of disappointing or displeasing the many anxious adults around them, whose limitless hopes and expectations for them hang over their heads like a cloud.They are bored because the things they are given and told to do in school are so trivial, so dull, and make such limited and narrow demands on the wide spectrum of their intelligence, capabilities, and talents.They are confused because most of the torrent of words that pours over them in school makes little or no sense. It often flatly contradicts other things they have been told, and hardly ever has any relation to what they really know - to the rough model of reality that they carry around in their minds.How does this mass failure take place? What really goes on in the classroom? What are these children who fail doing? What goes on in their heads? Why don't they make use of more of their capacity?This book is the rough and partial record of a search for answers to these questions. It began as a series of memos written in the evenings to my colleague and friend Bill Hull, whose fifth-grade class I observed and taught in during the day. Later these memos were sent to other interested teachers and parents. A small number of these memos make up this book. They have not been much rewritten, but they have been edited and rearranged under four major topics: Strategy; Fear and Failure; Real Learning; and How Schools Fail. Strategy deals with the ways in whichchildren try to meet, or dodge, the demands that adults make on them in school. Fear and Failure deals with the interaction in children of fear and failure, and the effect of this on strategy and learning. RealLearning deals with the difference between what children appear to know or are expected to know, and what they really know. How SchoolsFail analyses the ways in which schools foster bad strategies, raise children's fears, produce learning which is usually fragmentary, distorted, and short-lived, and generally fail to meet the real needs of children. These four topics are clearly not exclusive. They tend to overlap and blend into each other. They are, at most, different ways of looking at and thinking about the thinking and behaviour of children.It must be made clear that the book is not about unusually bad schools or backward children. The schools in which the experiences described here took place are private schools of the highest standards and reputation. With very few exceptions, the children whose work is described are well above the average in intelligence and are, to all outward appearances, successful, and on their way to 'good' secondary schools and colleges. Friends and colleagues, who understand what I am trying to say about the harmful effect of today's schooling on the character and intellect of children, and who have visited many more schools than I have, tell me that the schools I have not seen are not a bit better than those I have, and very often are worse.How children fail by John Holt, Pitman, 1965Suggested answer.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.o High School - forty per cento College - thirty three per cent.o Others in fact if not name - complete becausepushed, know anythingo But, more importantly, fail to developfull capacity for learning.Why ? Fail because: afraid, bored, and confused.o afraid of failing, disappointing adultso bored because they given trivial, dull, thingsto doo confused because most of school makes littleor no sense, flatly contradicts other things ,no relation to what they really knowHow? Search for answers to questions:o Strategy - ways in which children try to meet, ordodge, the demands made on themo Fear and Failure - interaction in children of fearand failure, + effect on strategy and learning.o Real Learning - compares what childrenappear to know with what really know.o How Schools Fail - ways: schools foster badstrategies; raise children's fears; producefragmentary, distorted & short-lived learning;fail to meet real needsRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?The Discovery of X-raysExcept for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics.X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that theagency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3) X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitudeshorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known. Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct.In common with other electromagnetic radiations, X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths.AnswersRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?1.18952.Roentgen3.1. they travel in straight lines2. they are uncharged3. they are a wave motion phenomenon4. the waves are transverseSection DTranslate the following passage into Chinese:When you are researching, write down every idea, fact, quotation, or paraphrase on a separate index card. Small (5" by 3") cards are easiest to work with. When you've collected all your cards,reshuffle them into the best possible order, and you have an outline, though you will undoubtedly want to reduce this outline to the essential points should you transcribe it to paper.A useful alternative involves using both white and coloured cards. When you come up with a point that you think may be one of the main points in your outline, write it at the top of a coloured card.Put each supporting note on a separate white card, using as much of the card as necessary. When you feel ready, arrange the coloured cards into a workable plan. Some of the points may not fit in. If so, either modify the plan or leave these points out. You may need to fill gaps by creating new cards.You can shuffle your supporting material into the plan by placing each of the white cards behind the point it helps support.当你正在研究,写下每一个想法,事实上,报价,或意译在单独的索引卡。

2021年安徽大学615语言文学基础807阅读与写作考研真题及答案

安徽大学615语言文学基础+807阅读与写作2021年硕士研究生入学考试试题第一部分语言文学基础部分（共150分）一、名词解释（3*10=30）1、普通话调值2、平面型文字3、联绵词4、脱文5、五四文学革命6、《随想录》7、永明体8、话本9、视角10、反讽二、问答题（10选8，8*15=120）1、同音字产生的原因2、词组的功能作用302第四节,词组和句法分析 308,词组的功能类别3、古汉字增多的原因4、如何辨别本义，有什么意义？5、《绿化树》《男人的一半是女人》（大致是谈谈这两部作品，记不太清了）6、在现当代散文中，为什么说写母亲的比写父亲的更加生动，更加形象？7、建安诗歌的特征8、《牡丹亭》的主题和时代意义9、谈谈对艺术灵感的理解10、文学形象的特征第二部分阅读与写作部分（共150分）一、翻译下面一段古文，然后从中提炼出一个观点，并对这个观点谈谈自己的理解和认识。

（40分）《诗》总六义，风冠其首，斯乃化感之本源，志气之符契也。

是以怊怅述情，必始乎风；沈吟铺辞，莫先于骨。

故辞之待骨，如体之树骸；情之含风，犹形之包气。

结言端直，则文骨成焉；意气骏爽，则文风清焉。

若丰藻克赡，风骨不飞，则振采失鲜，负声无力。

是以缀虑裁篇，务盈守气，刚健既实，辉光乃新。

其为文用，譬征鸟之使翼也。

故练于骨者，析辞必精；深乎风者，述情必显。

捶字坚而难移，结响凝而不滞，此风骨之力也。

二、阅读下面一首诗，题目自拟，写一篇赏析文章。

（40分）《故乡》刘牧没有离开故乡的时候,故乡是一幅铺在地上的画。

我在画中走来走去,只看到天边遥远的云霞。

远远地离开了故乡的时候,故乡是一幅挂起来的画,一抬头,便能看见.每当月下,透过一层薄薄的纱。

三、以”说说传统”为题,写一篇文章,不少于800字.(70分)安徽大学615语言文学基础+807阅读与写作2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题参考答案及解析第一部分语言文学基础部分（共150分）一、名词解释（3*10=30）1、普通话调值答案：用5分法5最高 1最低第一声（阴平） 55第二声（阳平） 35第三声（上） 214第四声（去） 512、平面型文字答案：前通行的一些《现代汉语》教材，在讲到汉字的特点时，往往都会说汉字相对于拼音文字而言是平面型文字，意思是汉字是上下左右呈平面型展开的，而拼音文字则是呈线性排列的。

文献检索题库整理版(含答案)

??超星图书浏览器是[B]，cnki专用阅读器是[C]，阿帕比图书浏览器是[A]A 的正确答案：?ApabiReaderB 的正确答案：?SSReaderC 的正确答案：?CAJViewer??中文社会科学引文索引的英文缩写为[B]、是由[A]大学创办的、包括的学科类别有[C]种B 的正确答案：?CSSCIA 的正确答案：?南京C 的正确答案：?24??在参考文献着录时，网络资源的文献类型用[1]表示，网上电子公告的文献类型用[2]表示，网上期刊的文献类型用[3]表示，联机网上数据库的文献类型用[4]表示。

正确答案：在参考文献着录时，网络资源的文献类型用?OL表示，网上电子公告的文献类型用?EB/OL表示，网上期刊的文献类型用?J/OL表示，联机网上数据库的文献类型用?DB/OL表示。

??按从上到下的顺序选择，Science direct数据库中，下列检索途径属于文献外部特征的有[1]、[2]，属于文献内部特征的有[3]、[4]。

正确答案：按从上到下的顺序选择，Science direct数据库中，下列检索途径属于文献外部特征的有?AUT、?AFF，属于文献内部特征的有?ABS、?KEY。

??不能进行跨库检索的是[2]，能按会议举办方检索文献的数据库是[1]，维普数据库中任意字段用[3]表示正确答案：不能进行跨库检索的是?维普数据库，能按会议举办方检索文献的数据库是?万方数据库，维普数据库中任意字段用?U表示??"《人民日报》的国内统一刊号是[1],《浙江日报》的国内统一刊号[2]，杂志《读者》的国内统一刊号是[3]。

"正确答案："《人民日报》的国内统一刊号是?CN11-0065,《浙江日报》的国内统一刊号?CN33-0001 ，杂志《读者》的国内统一刊号是?CN62-1118/Z 。

"??"信号只是信息的[1],信息是信号所载荷的[2],[3]指公开出版发行的、通过正常渠道可以得到的常规文献,[4]是记录有信息和知识的一切有形载体."正确答案："信号只是信息的?载体,信息是信号所载荷的?内容,?白色文献指公开出版发行的、通过正常渠道可以得到的常规文献,?文献是记录有信息和知识的一切有形载体."??按从上到下的顺序选择，题列的四种文献中，二次文献有[1]、[2]，三次文献有[3]、[4]（英语单词）。

高考语文现代文阅读提升专练(第315练)(含解析)

（第315练）基础题组现代文阅读I阅读下面的文字，完成1-5题。

材料一：传统文献学是一门建立在文献获取、分类、整理与研究基础上的学术门类，在大数据时代，它正面临着前所未有的大转型。

随着电子化、数字化尤其大数据技术应用于人文研究，更具方法论和本体论的信息科学的出现已是不争的事实。

近年出现的“电子文献学”“数字文献学”“数字目录学”“人文计算”“数字人文”等概念，其内涵无不体现了大数据技术与传统文献学血脉相承而又功能各异的特征。

大数据时代的文献学将拓展到古籍字符识别与编码、数字文本处理、图文设计与制作、元数据标准、数据挖掘、文献数据库设计、古籍信息系统与智慧平台开发等领域。

传统文献学的目录、版本、校勘、典藏等知识门类都将得到升级迭代，可以说是继秦汉以来最大一次文献、文本、知识的管理变革。

大数据“重新定义何为我们所认为的遗产，并要求我们找到新的方法和工具来概念化和管理这些日益增长的物质”，它极大拓展了人类的经验范畴和知识能力，是对以内省式研究为主的传统研究范式的超越。

传统文献学常以笔墨书写或刻印在纸上。

历史上的字书、韵书、类书、丛书，哈佛燕京学社编摹的各种“引得”以及中法汉学研究所编慕的各种“通检”，乃至作家的研究资料汇编等，都是传统文献学时代的“数字化”，可以看成小样本时代的大数据技术，而大数据技术则是大样本时代的文献学。

文献学和大数据技术都有方法论与知识本体特征，大数据时代的文献、文本与知识以数据形式存在，而数据不仅最终仍然要转换为文献、文本和知识，毋宁说，数据也是文献，是现代文献学赖以生存和发展的新型文献。

从知识的发现、组织、管理及应用来看，二者目的和功能一致，实质相通，都反映了人们对知识挖掘、组织、管理与再造能力的追求。

大数据技术是一场知识革命与思维革新，促进了传统文献学的转型与拓展。

通过改变知识的切分、标引、聚类与呈现方式，大数据技术可以让原本庞大的文献及其间蕴含的知识变得更加浩瀚无穷，同时也为学者提供更多差异化、整体性、趋势性研究的可能。

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练习一
1）科技文献检索的意义
答：1、是继承前人经验，加快科研步伐的需要；2、进行科研创造的需要；3、申请科研经费必不可少的基础工作。

2) 概念: 信息、知识、情报和文献 ,一次文献,二次文献,三次文献,零次文献
答：从字面上理解，信即信号，息即消息，通过信号带来消息就是信息。

信息具有差异和传递两要素。

知识是人们在社会实践中积累起来的经验，是对客观世界物质形态和运动规律的认识。

情报是被传递的知识，它是针对一定对象的需要传递的，并且是在生产实践和科学研究中起继承、借鉴或参考作用的知识。

情报是知识的一部分，即被传递的部分。

文献是记录有用知识的一种载体。

凡是用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频记录下来，具有存贮和传递知识功能的一切载体都称为文献。

一次文献即原始文献，凡是文献著者在科学研究、生产实践中根据科研成果、发明创造撰写的文献，称为一次文献。

二次文献是将分散的、无组织的原始资料经过加工整理、简化、组织等工作，使其成为系统的文献，以便查找与使用。

三次文献是在利用二次文献的基础上，选用一次文献的内容，进行分析、概括、评价而产生的文献。

零次文献是形成一次文献之前的文献。

3)十大情报源具体有哪些
答：1. 科技图书；2. 科技期刊；3. 科技报告；4. 会议文献；5. 专利文献；6. 学位论文；7. 标准文献；8.政府出版物；9. 产品样本；10.技术档案。

4)科技文献的特点
答：1 、文献分布离散、内容重复交叉；2 、科技文献有效期缩短、更新频繁。

5)检索工具的基本结构
答：一部完整的检索工具通常由：使用说明、著录正文、索引和附录几部分组成。

练习二
一、填空题
1．文献的三大要素是指知识、载体、记录。

2．按文献载体形式分类，文献类型可分为印刷型、机读型、缩微型、电子出版物、声像型五种。

3．科技文献的级别按内容性质，可以分为零次、一次、二次、三次。

二、简答题
1简述文献检索的步骤
答：1 分析课题-明确检索范围及要求2 选择检索系统-确定检索标识3 确定检索途径和方法 4 查找文献线索 5 查找和获取原始文献。

2. SCI 包括哪几种索引举出三例我国被SCI 收录的化学有关期刊。

答：包括作者引证索引；2.专利引证索引；
3. 轮排主题索引；
4.机构引证索引；
5.来源索引。

我国被收录的化学期刊有：无机化学学报、物理化学学报、分析化学、高分子科学等。

3. SCI 网络版提供那些检索方式
答：提供Easy Search （简单检索）、General Search （常规检索）和Cited Reference Search （引文检索）三种检索方式。

4什么是科学引文索引（SCI ）科学引文索引所收录期刊的影响因子是如何计算的
答：《科学引文索引》(Science Citation Index,简称SCI)创刊于1969年，由美国科学情报研究所（Institute for Scientific Information, 简称ISI ）编辑出版。

《SCI 》报道国际范围多学科和跨学科的科技文献，是大型综合性检索工具，其内容包括生命学科、医学、农业、生物、物理、化学、工程技术等，它收集的主要是期刊文献，还有少量专著、会议论文、书评等。

5. 简述 SCI 的作用.(自想象着回答)
答：1)可以从多个方面来反映学科间的交叉、渗透关系；
2)可以用来进行期刊评价、人才预测，科研调查和规划.
3)是引文统计的重要工具，在文献计量学中具有特定作用。

6. 文摘号前 B, P, R 表示什么意思
答：文摘号前的B 、P 、R 分别表示该文献为图书、专利、综述。

7. 期索引具体有那几种检索方式
答：关键词索引、专利索引、著者索引。

练习三
1. 卷索引有几种方式累积索引有几种方式
答：卷索引有：（1）化学物质索引、（2）普通主题索引、（3）著者索引、（4）专利索引、
（5）分子式索引。

累积索引与卷索引相同。

2.什么是索引指南, 有什么用途
答：索引指南是1968年第69卷起创刊的。

它是主题索引的辅助工具，76卷以后则是化学物质索引和普通主题索引的辅助工具，以前各卷是直接分散地编排在主题索引之中的参见条目。

索引指南的用途如下：（1）
凡在主题索引中找不到的名称，用此索引指南可以找到
统一主题词；（2）索引指南还指出相关主题词。

3.化学物质索引和普通主题索引有什么不同
答：这两种索引的前身是主题索引。

CA社从1972年76卷起把主题索引分成了这两种索引，它们是姊妹篇。

化学物质索引包括组成明确的一切化学物质。

普通主题索引则包括原主题索引不能列入化学物质索引的全部内容。

4.关键词索引与主题索引有什么不同
答：关键词与主题索引中的主题词有所不同，关键词选择比较自由，不受命名规则的约束，关键词索引一般是根据原始文献中作者所用名词汇集起来的，有的关键词与主题词一致，有的则不能作主题词。

索引种类很多, 应选用什么索引为好
答：应该选用什么索引，这要根据不同情况而定：
（1）如果査最近期动向，还没有卷索引，则査每期后附的关键词索引。

（2）若要普査文献，最好用卷索引或累计索引。

用累计索引的优点是省时间，文献集中，但累计索引遗漏很多，没有卷索引全。

（3）已知分子式，而不知物质名称，用分子式索引最方便。

但分子式索引著录较简单，不利筛选，因此通过分子式索引，掌握主题名称后，还是改用主题索引和
化学物质索引检索为好。

（4）假如通过分子式索引査不到，很可能是所排的分子式有错误，那么可先查杂原子索引或环系索引。

从中找到正确分子式或主题词，再用分子式索引或化学物
质索引检索。

（5）已知化学物质登录号，则用登录号索引，查处主题词和分子式，再用化学物质索引和分子式索引检索。

（6）用常用的名词在主题词索引和化学物质索引中查不到时，则要询问索引指南。

然后根据它所指定的词检索。

练习四
1. 专利有哪三种类型专利的“三性”是什么
答：①发明专利；②实用新型专利；③外观设计专利。

专利的三性是指：新颖性、创造性、实用性。

2. 分别写出3种国内外专利文献数据库检索系统名称。

答：国内：（1）国家知识产权网、（2）中国专利信息网、（3）中国专利信息中心；国外：（1）欧洲专利局专利数据库检索系统、（2）美国专利商标局、（3）德温特世界专利数据库。

3. 分别写出与你所学专业有关的国内外3种期刊的名称并指出主办单位或出版商.
答：国内：（1）化学学报，主办单位是中国化学会、（2）化学通报，主办单位是中国化
学会和中国科学院化学所、（3）化学世界，由上海市化学化工学会编辑出版；国外：（1）化学评论，由美国化学会出版、（2）化学研究评述，由美国化学会出版、（3）英国化学，由英国化学会出版。

4. 在辽宁大学校园网上可获得有那些与化学有关的电子资源有那些检索途径
答：。