英语专业论文翻译教学论文
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文英语专业翻译方向毕业论文在当今全球化的时代背景下，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文成为了英语专业学生不可或缺的一部分。
这篇文章将探讨英语专业翻译方向毕业论文的重要性、选题方法以及写作技巧。
首先，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
通过撰写毕业论文，学生可以深入研究翻译理论和实践，提高自己的翻译能力。
同时，毕业论文也是学生展示自己专业知识和研究成果的重要机会，对于未来的职业发展具有积极的影响。
其次，选择一个合适的论文题目是写作的第一步。
在选择论文题目时，学生可以根据自己的兴趣和专业方向进行选择。
例如，可以选择研究某个具体领域的翻译问题，如文学翻译、商务翻译或法律翻译等。
此外，学生还可以选择研究翻译理论或翻译实践中的某个具体问题，如翻译策略、翻译质量评估等。
无论选择何种题目，都需要确保论文的研究问题具有一定的深度和独创性。
在写作过程中，学生需要遵循一定的写作技巧。
首先，要进行充分的文献综述，了解已有的研究成果和学术观点。
通过阅读相关文献，可以帮助学生深入了解论文的研究背景和理论框架。
其次，要进行合理的研究设计和方法选择。
根据论文的研究目的和问题，学生可以选择不同的研究方法，如实证研究、实证研究或文献分析等。
在选择研究方法时，需要考虑方法的可行性和适用性。
最后，要进行严谨的数据分析和结论归纳。
通过对研究数据的分析和解释，学生可以得出科学合理的结论，并对研究问题进行深入的思考和讨论。
除了以上的写作技巧，学生还可以借鉴一些写作范例和指导。
例如，可以阅读一些优秀的毕业论文，了解其结构和写作风格。
此外，学生还可以参考一些学术写作指南，如《英语论文写作指南》等，了解学术写作的基本规范和要求。
通过学习和模仿优秀的写作范例，可以提高自己的写作水平和表达能力。
总之，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
选择一个合适的论文题目、遵循一定的写作技巧以及借鉴一些写作范例和指导，都是撰写一篇优秀毕业论文的关键。
英语专业论文(5篇)
英语专业论文(5篇)英语专业论文(5篇)英语专业论文范文第1篇1.专业老师英语教学阅历不足，教学热忱不高。
国内大多数高校的专业英语老师始终由本专业老师担当，专业老师一般是非师范类院校毕业，虽然专业功底深厚，但英语教学技巧与水平有限，教学仅停留在专业英语课文阅读与重点句子翻译层面。
老师过分注意科研，忽视教学，没有全身心地投入教学，教学责任心不强，老师在专业英语教学上应付了事，教学质量差。
目前，专业英语老师采纳的教学方法多是传统的"一言堂、填鸭式'教学模式，缺少吸取新学问、提高学术水平的热忱和动力。
2.同学英语水平参差不齐，学习爱好不高。
国内农业院校绝大多数同学英语基础相对较差，英语水平参差不齐，英语基础差的同学学习专业英语很吃力，再加上对专业英语的重要性熟悉不够，学习爱好不高，简单产生厌倦心情。
有的同学专业词汇功底浅，很少并且很难进行外文资料的翻译和阅读，不能够准时猎取国际性的本专业的最新讨论动态。
3.教学内容设置不合理，教学形式平凡。
当前，各院校开设的园艺专业英语课程与综合性学术英语之间缺乏连接性，英语课程大多围绕专业英语词汇及文章内容的讲解，这种教学内容设置忽视了对同学专业英语技能层面和语言层面力量的综合培育。
各高校所用的教材主要有自选原版英文教材和自行选编教材两种形式，自编教材内容编排过于古板、陈旧，还有的教材内容难度偏高或者涉及的专业内容过于简洁，不能满意专业要求。
再有，各高校通常采纳传统的"填鸭式'教学模式，偏重于老师的讲解，教学内容枯燥，教学形式单一，忽视了同学的主动性和制造性，同学学习的乐观性不高，同学只是被动接受学问。
这种教学形式比较死板，同学无法参加到教学过程中，扼杀了同学的学习爱好与英语语感的培育，最终导致我国专业英语缺乏创新性的局面。
二、本项园艺专业英语教学改革特色与成效在园艺专业英语教学实践中尝试了一系列园艺专业英语教学改革并取得了肯定成效，详细改革如下。
英语专业全英毕业论文(汉英公示语翻译)
本科毕业论文题目：On English Translation of ChinesePublic Signs 院（系）：外语系班级：英语级班姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：汉英公示语的翻译摘要公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。
然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。
为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
基于以上原因，作者尝试从理论和实践的角度分析现今汉英公示语翻译中所存在的一些问题。
通过对大量标准以及问题公示语翻译的深入观察分析，作者对公示语的一般特征进行了总结并对公示语翻译中出现的问题进行了分类，从而在实践观察和对相关理论深入研究的基础上提出相应的翻译策略。
翻译并不仅仅是跨语言行为，它更是一种文化信息的传递。
公示语的翻译同样如此。
得体的公示语翻译不仅在语言上要无懈可击，在文化信息传递上也要雅俗共赏。
本文还对公示语的概念做出了解释，并根据目的需求与功能两种标准对公示语做了分类。
在介绍公示语的特征时，作者将其分为语言特征与功能特征，特征与分类不同，也决定了需要采取不同的翻译策略。
关键词：汉英翻译；公示语；问题；翻译策略On English Translation of Chinese PublicSignsAbstractPublic signs, which have alway s been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China. However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China. So,specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only belinguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function. And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features,which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation public sign problems translation strategyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)CHAPTER I Introduction (1)1.1 O bjective of the study (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Structure of the paper (2)CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs (3)2.1 Definition of Public Signs (3)2.2 Functions of Public Signs (3)2.2.1 Directing function (4)2.2.2 Prompting function (4)2.2.3 Restricting function (4)2.2.4 Compelling function (5)CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs (6)3.1 Linguistic translation problems (6)3.1.1 Spelling errors (6)3.1.2 Grammatical errors (6)3.1.3 Wrong dictions (7)3.2 Cultural translation problems (7)CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator (9)4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs (9)4.1.1 Clearness (9)4.1.2 Conciseness (10)4.1.3 Simple words (10)4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public S igns (11)4.2.1 Modification (11)4.2.2 Addition (11)4.2.3 Omission (12)4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negativee xpressions (13)4.3 Requirement for the t ranslators (13)CHAPTER V Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)Works Cited (17)CHAPTER I Introduction1.1Objective of the studyThe research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation. On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type. With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features (Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the studyPublic S igns affect people’s life in a tremendous way. When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him. In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge. Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paperThe paper is structured with five chapters：The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study. The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign. The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives. The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions. And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs2.1 Definition of Public SignsPublic Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.Ac cording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public SignsPublic signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver．2.2.1 Directing functionDirecting is the most basic function of public signs, t his type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:Take Away(外卖)，Gas Station(加油站),Emergency Exit(紧急出口),Business Hours(营业时间)，Pause(暂停)，Menu(菜单)，Airport Security(机场安检).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative．2.2.2 Prompting functionPromoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function. While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：Keep Clear(请保持清洁), Keep Silence(请保持安静),Wet Paint(油漆未干)，Fully Booked(客满)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting functionPublic Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：Pay In Cash(现金支付),Slow Out(减速慢行),Keep Silence(保持安静),30 Minutes Parking(限停30分钟),Seat By Number(对号入座), Stand In Line(排队等候).2.2.4 Compelling functionCompelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，that is to say that smoking iscompletely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+…”form，for example，“No Food禁止携带食物”．More examples：Don’t Touch(禁止触摸),No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步),No Trucks(卡车禁止通行),Dogs Not Allowed(禁止带狗入内).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function,but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation ofPublic Signs3.1 Linguistic translation problemsLinguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence (Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction (32).3.1.1 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs. The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified. For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errorsApart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example: 室内停车场(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place wherepeople can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”．3.1.3 Wrong dictionsWrong Dictions occur when t he translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers. In fact, many English words have more than one meaning. Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned. The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations. For example:请勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers. Here use“pick”to describe the gesture. In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”. But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”. “Pick”means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers. The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problemsAs we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages. In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example:古装照相It is ancient to pack photo“古装照相”is a typical Chinese term. In English, people don’t have the correspondent term. According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure. Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function. The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public SignsAs we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急转弯”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity. So we can know the principles in details as following:4.1.1 ClearnessDue to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“严禁客货混装Don’t put passengers and cargos together”. It is hazy and not clearness. So the sign“严禁客货混装”should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should notjust talk around the bush.4.1.2 ConcisenessAccording to William Strunk，Jr．and E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，“Open正在营业”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple wordsPublic Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景区环境卫生，需要您的维护”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs4.2.1 ModificationGenerally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign,the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．4.2.2 AdditionSome public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：谢绝游客入内Closed To Visitors禁止在墙上涂写No Scribbling On The Wall4.2.3 OmissionDue to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers (Duan 286). So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：1.Source Text：慢速行驶Version A：You must drive slowly．Version B：Drive slowly2.Source Text：前方学校Version A：There is a school ahead．Version B：School Ahead4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressionsMutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negativeexpressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values,negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．For example: “社会车辆禁止入内”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language. While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translatorsThe C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions. In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V ConclusionBased on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems. Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation. To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods. The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words. The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate. It is a long and hard way for us to go.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing. She has given me valuable instructions on my study. Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me. During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal. Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis. I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work CitedBaker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004：104.Nida, Eugene A.&C. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969：89-97.Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：77.Pinkham John．The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish[M]．Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000：99.Snell-Hornby, Marry. Translation Studies: an Integrated Approach[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：267-271.Wilss，Wolfman．The Science of Translation-Problems and Methods[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：125.包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002:78-86. 陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1988:271-275. 陈淑莹.标示语英译的语用失误探析[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2006 ,1:117-120.戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究---以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,6:38-42.何自然．语用学概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988:157.赖少华.浅谈公示语的翻译现状及对策----以广州地铁站公示语翻译为例[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2009,6:112-112.吕和发, 单丽平.汉英公示语词典[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2004:38．.倪传斌，刘治．标记语的英译原则及实例分析[J]．上海科技翻译, 1998,2:18-20.单爱民.谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,5:76-79.王晓娟. 从功能理论看公示语翻译---以南京城市公示语为例[J]. 湖北经济学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,4:119-120.。
英语专业翻译方向论文完整版 (1)
石河子大学毕业论文题目：如何处理英翻汉中的省略How to Deal with Ellipsis inEnglish-Chinese Translation院（系）：外国语学院专业：英语班级：20095学号：2009051431姓名：指导教师：完成日期： 2013年5月6日ContentsI. Introduction (1)II. Literature Review (2)III. The Principles of Ellipsis (4)A. Omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works. (5)B. The meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test. (5)C. Omitted words are self-evident. (5)IV. The functions and application of ellipsis (5)A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression (6)B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression (6)1. Ellipsis of Articles (6)2. Ellipsis of Prepositions (7)3. Ellipsis of Pronouns (7)a. Ellipsis of Personal Pronouns (7)b. Ellipsis of Impersonal Indefinite Pronouns (8)c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns (8)4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions (9)a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions (9)b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions (9)5. Ellipsis of Rhetorics (9)V. Conclusion (10)Works Cited (11)AbstractWith the development of globalization, the world's political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Meanwhile, the role of translation cannot be ignored. Due to language and cultural disparity, reasonable translation is particularly important. How to deal with ellipsis in translation is one of the important aspects. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipsis of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve the purpose of smoother and clearer communication among China and English-speaking countries.Key words: cultural disparity; translation; ellipsis摘要随着全球化的不断发展，各国之间的政治、经济、文化交流日渐频繁。
英语专业翻译方向论文
Yibin University本科生毕业论文题目在翻译目的论指导下英语介词的汉译研究院别外国语学院____________ 专业英语_______________学生姓名简汝梦______________ 学号 110405034 班级 2011 级 5 班指导教师徐文英职称讲师_____教务处制表年月日Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on SkoposTheoryJian Rumeng简汝梦SupervisorXu WenyingAn Essay Submitted as a Partial Requirement forthe Degree of B. A. in EnglishSchool of Foreign LanguagesYibin UniversityMay, 201×在翻译目的论指导下英语介词的汉译研究摘要：英语是一种介词的语言，英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中是比较难以处理的一种词类。
在翻译时需要从其基本含义出发，密切联系上下文灵活处理。
翻译目的论以人类行为理论为指导，把翻译置于人类行为理论的范畴研究。
目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。
目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。
因此，不难看出翻译目的论与英语介词的翻译有着千丝万缕的联系，目的论的提出无疑为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。
本文拟从目的论的角度对英语介词的汉译策略进行探讨，希望能在一定程度上证明目的论对英语介词翻译的实用性。
关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on SkoposTheoryAbstractEnglish is a language of English prepositions which are used frequently. With flexible meanings and usages, thus they are difficult to deal with in translation. When translating them, we need to proceed from its basic meaning, in close contact with the context of flexible processing. Skopos Theory regards human behavior theory as the instruction, and put translation a study of under it. The Skopos theory professors view that translation, in the role of the translator, is a cross-cultural human communication activities with clear purpose and intention based on the original text. Skopos Theory takes text purpose as the first criteria in the process of translation and holds that translation is a purposeful activity, which determines what translation strategies and methods the translator needs. It’The emergence of Skopos theory undoubtedly provided reliable guidance for the translation of English prepositions. This paper is going to discuss the translation strategies of English prepositions from the perspective of Skopos Theory, and hopes to demonstrate the applicability of Skopos theory guiding the translation of English prepositions in a certain extent.key words: English prepositions; translation; Skopos theoryAcknowledgmentsMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ×××, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.Content摘要 (i)Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i i Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... i ii Ⅰ. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... - 1 - Ⅱ. A Brief Review of Skopos Theory ..................................................................................... - 2 - A． The Development of Skopos Theory .......................................................................... - 2 -B. The Concept of Skopos Theory ...................................................................................... - 4 -1. The Definition of Skopos Theory ............................................................................... - 4 -2. Three Rules of Skopos Theory ................................................................................... - 6 -3. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions ............... - 7 -C. Remarks on skopos theory ............................................................................................ - 8 - Ⅲ. A Brief Review of English Prepositions ......................................................................... - 11 -A. The Concept of English Prepositions ........................................................................... - 11 -B. The Features of English Prepositions .......................................................................... - 11 -C. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions ................ - 12 - Ⅳ The Translation Strategies of English Prepositions in the Light of Skopos Theory ......... - 14 -A. Necessary Addition of Words ...................................................................................... - 14 -B. Necessary Omission of Words ..................................................................................... - 16 -C. Mutual Transformation of Affirmative and Negative Expression ............................... - 18 -D. Translation of Division................................................................................................. - 19 -E. Conversion of Parts of Speech .................................................................................... - 21 -1. Convert Prepositions into Connectives ................................................................... - 21 -2. Convert Prepositions into Adjectives and Adverbs................................................. - 22 -3. Convert Prepositions into Verbs.............................................................................. - 22 - V. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... - 26 - Works Cited ......................................................................................................................... - 27 -Ⅰ. IntroductionAs times pass, with China’s entering to WTO, Chinese and English seem to be equally important in the world, so the mutual transformation of the two languages is becoming a more and more important task for us. Here "one language transform into other" is called the mutual translation. In English, the number of English preposition is not large, but the constitution prepositional phrases in English can be seen here and there. They are versatile and with flexible position; play an important role in a sentence. So, it is very important for the correct translation of English prepositions, worthy of further research and analysis. However, the English prepositions’ flexible characteristic has brought a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, the translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of Skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions. Skopos Theory takes text purpose as the first criteria in the process of translation and holds that translation is a purposeful activity,which determines what translation strategies and methods the translator needs, namely "purposeful determinism". Therefore, if the translator can skilled grasp the purpose of translation and the translation method, it can translate high quality version. In view of this, this paper is going to discuss the translation strategies of English prepositions from the perspective of Skopos Theory, for the hope to help the translator better understand the features and functions of English prepositions, and provides guidance for translators in the Chinese translation of English prepositions, also hope to demonstrate the applicability of Skopos theory guiding the translation of English prepositions in a certain extent.Ⅱ. A Brief Review of Skopos TheoryThroughout the history of translation, people were constantly showing deliberation and exploration over many problems in translation, thus formulated different translation theories and study schools, various translation theories competing and exhibiting, provided new perspective for translation studies. From the beginning of the mid twentieth Century, western studies on translation theory has made great breakthrough. Theorists begin to interpret translation phenomena from point of views of hermeneutics, deconstruction, post colonialism, feminism, discourse right, aesthetics of reception, and reader response theory, etc. leading the emergence of manipulation, polysystem and functionalist and other fractions. Among them, the fundamental theory of functional translation theory is Skopos theory. (Tang 159) The immediate background of skopos theory is action theory. Before, translation had been seen mainly as a code-switching procedure. With the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics) as well as in communication theory in mind, Vermeer and the other skopos scholars, started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative activity between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator. “The social background was the growing need for professional translators and interpreters not only in industry and commerce but also in the international organizations established after World War II.” (Bian 44) As a core theory of functionalist, it is a new translation theory developed by a German translator and critic, Han Vermeer. This theory basically belongs to the external studies on translation, it focuses on the choice of purposes during the process of translation, so on doubt can compensate for the lack of traditional translation theory study, thus adding a new research perspective for the exploration to interdisciplinary translation.A． The Development of Skopos TheoryEmerge in an endless stream of Chinese and foreign translation theories, most of which take translation as linguistic behavior, the study focused on the language itself.For example: the idea of German Leipzig school: translation is a pure language semantic behavior, taking sentence as a unit, independent of special text, writer, wood and context. In 1972 Katharina first proposed the function models of translation, but she still made linguistic as the key point the translation. (Li 113) Skopos theory developed from the functionalist translation theory in the 1970's in German. The main contributors are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa Holz Manttari and Christiane Nord.The first stage: “Reiss published ‘Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism’, in which the prototype of the functionalist theory in translation was firstly mentioned.” (Wang, Zhao 360) On one hand, while she is still "adhere to the original text as the center of the equivalence theory"; on the other hand, she think one should evaluate a text based on "the relationship between both the original text and the version ", and points out that “the ideal version should be equal to the original text from the conceptual content, language forms and communicative function", she named this translation "comprehensive communicative translation". The second stage: Vermeer, student of Rice, inherited some of Reiss’ ideas, and at the same time also broke the equivalence theory in traditional translation theory; based on the theory of behavior, with the purposeful rule as the first law of translation, she created the Skopos theory. The purpose of Skopos theory refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, and has something to do with the translation recipient, text environment and the target functions and other factors. (Wang 144) According to Vermeer's point of view, the core meaning and the supreme law of the theory is "purposeful principle", that is to say the purposes of translation activities mostly determines the translation activity process, a direct result of which is to produce a target language that can achieve the expected function. In other words, the purpose of translation largely determines the translation strategies and methods. (Huang 73) The third stage: Mantari made a further study based on Vermeer's foundation, drawing on communication and behavior theory, she put forward the theory of translational action theory, pointed out that "translation is a complex behavior to achieve forspecial purpose". The object of study of Mantari's translation theory covers all forms of intercultural transfer, and she proposed to distinguish translation and translation behavior. Translation behavior refers to a process that conveys information for the realization of conversion design for the trans-culture and cross-language information; and translation is just a text form of cultural transformation activities, it is the specific operation of translation behavior. In addition, she also emphasized the behavior of translation process, the role of participants, and the occurrence environment in translation plays a important role in translation practice. (Wang 144) The fourth stage: In 1989, Nord bring the "function and fidelity principle" in the functionalist translation theory. He described the internal and external factors of the analysis of text in translation that need to be considered, and how to lay down translation strategies that satisfy the purpose of translation based on the function of the source language, so that made the Functionalist Skopos theory is scientific and as a guide.B. The Concept of Skopos TheoryHere I discuss three aspects of skopos theory: the definition of skopos theory, three rules of skopos theory, and the applicability of skopos theory of translation of English prepositions.1. The Definition of Skopos TheoryMost of the domestic scholars put the "Skopos Theory" and "functionalism theory" as the same theory, and use them abusively without distinction. In fact, "Skopos school" and "functionalism school" is not the same in specific meaning, which Nord had done to distinguish: "functionalism is a broad term for various theories of study text and the function of translation" (Chen 49) Skopos theory was firstly advanced by Hans Vermeer, a German theorist of translation. “It was the first time to dissertate the basic principles and rules of skopos theory and the relationships among these principles and rules in A Framework for a General. The theory of translation was published by Vermeer in 1978.” (Dang 135) “Skopos is a Greek word for "purpose".Skopos theory is a kind of translation theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation.” (Du 507) Skopos Theory regards human behavior theory as the instruction, and put translation a study of under it. The Skopos theory professors view that translation, in the role of the translator, is a cross-cultural human communication activities with clear purpose and intention based on the original text. Translation is a interactive activities with intention. The intention first refers to the aim to change the existing situation, at least let those who due to language barriers having difficulty in communicating achieve the communicative activities; secondly, refers to the more strict nature intention in communication, for instance, provides the content of source language expressed by the author to the target language receiver. According to that theory, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action. There possibly are three kinds of purpose in the field of translation:(1) The general purpose aimed at by the translator in the translation process (perhaps "to earn a living");(2) The communicative purpose aimed at by the target teat in the target situation (perhaps "to instruct the reader");(3) The purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure (for example, "to translate literally in order to show the structural particularities of the source language"). (Du 507)For this line of thought, translation cannot be considered a one-to-one transfer between languages.”" In Vermeer' s approach, translation is a form of translational action based on a source text, which may consist of verbal and/or nonverbal elements.” Vermeer explained that any action has an aim or purpose, for translation is considered as one of human actions, it should have its own aim or purpose. So he called his theory translation Skopos theory, which means this is a theory of purposeful action.2. Three Rules of Skopos TheoryAs the most important theory of functionalism, skopos theory has its own distinctive characteristics. “Three rules are put forward to govern and guide the translational action: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. These rules are used to accommodate translations to different functions.” (Wang 154)The first rule of translation is the skopos rule. Skopos rules refers to translation should be in the target language context and culture, and acts according to the anticipated means expected by the TL audience. The fundamental principle that can decide the process of the whole translation activity is skopos, which is further divided into three types: 1) the basic purpose of the translator; 2)the communicative purpose of the translated text; 3) the purpose that specific translation strategy or method want to achieve. But skopos is a term often refers to the purpose of the original text, namely, communicative purposes. Besides skopos, Vermeer also mentioned several related concept: they are aim, purpose, intention and function. Aim is the final result behavior is to achieve; purpose refers to the phase and result of the process to reach the target; function refers to the meaning that the text conveys in the eyes of recipients; intention refers to the purposeful action plan, including the sender producing text purposefully in a proper way and the recipient has his goal when understands the text. To distinguish the purpose and intention of the sender and receiver is very important, because the sender and recipient is in different cultural background and context from the definition. Among the five concepts, skopos is a class concept, the remaining four are subordination concept. Skopos is determined by the translation initiator. (Duan 82)After the Skopos rule is the coherence rule, “Coherence rule is also called the intra-textual coherence. It means that the target text should have full coherence so that the target readership can be able to understand the text in an easy and clear way.” (Li 115) Nord said that a translator can offer information of the target text in the target culture and language, and it was much like someone else in the source culture andlanguage to offer information. “Fidelity rule is also called ‘inter-textual coherence’, which means that the target-text should conform to its source-text, or it should hear some relation with the source text.” (Sun, Wang 154) It is somewhat alike to equivalence theory. But in Functionalism, fidelity rule should he subordinate to skopos rule and coherence rule. Neglecting the fidelity rule is not the purpose. In fact, we can see that the consistency in translation is important. Functionalism argues against the hidebound consistency between the source-text and the target-text. But it still insists on the relationship between them. So, we can have a conclusion that fidelity rule should he flexible used. It is not an absolutely preciseness conclusion for any kind of translation.The relationship among these three rules is: fidelity rule subordinate to the coherence rule, and the two were subjected to the objective rules. If the translation purpose requires to change the original function, translation is no longer the original text of the interlingual coherence, but appropriate or conform to the purpose of translation; if the translation purpose requires the interlingual be incoherent, then the intertextual coherence rule is no longer valid.3. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English PrepositionsThe differences among different languages of their parts of not only in their numbers and semantics, but also in their forms of combination; therefore, the translator must often, from the form to the semantic structure, reorganize the original information to meet the requirements of the target language. Translation is an interlingual transformation process, there are big differences between English and Chinese both in language structures and means of illustration, in rare cases can we use Chinese directly express the meaning of original text just according to the English forms and structures; in most cases, we need appropriate adjustments to the forms and structures of the original sentences the in order to make the translation smooth and loyal. (Yu 117)The main function of Preposition is its syntactic function. Prepositions in thesentence generate semantic relations between words. Therefore, the most importance to translate prepositions is to grasp the most accurate logical semantic relationship between word and word in certain context that prepositions appear. For the preposition that can directly remain, literal translation is the most convenient way, namely, according to the form and structure of the original language, translate English prepositions into Chinese prepositions or prepositional phrase. In many cases, conversion of parts of speech is a flexible mean to transform the original sentence pattern, and to make text more smooth and coherent. (Wang, Li 65)English prepositions are flexible, which brings a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions.Skopos theory get rid of the constraint of the equivalent translation or translation equivalence, began to emphasize the translator's initiative, thus it solves the problem of other translation theories failed to solve, broaden the translation study fields, give the translation more meanings, put f translation on the framework of behavior theory and cross-cultural communication, give western translation theorists which lead by linguistics, the mainstream, a new exploration of the road. According to the intended purposes of the target text, the translator should accommodate forms and stylistic conventions of the target language, in the translation process, using means of omission or transformation to deal with the original text to produce infection influence on the target language receiver.C. Remarks on skopos theorySince the Skopos theory came into being, there had been some criticisms. With the development of the translation theory in China, some scholars have studied this theory and began to bring forward their disagreement or doubt. For example,Professor Peng Changjiang working at Hunan Norma University wrote an article published in the "Journal of Foreign Languages"criticizing the skopos theory. He thinks that skopos theory based their interpretation of translation on the wrong basis. “He said, the skopos theorists mistakenly include all the work done by the translators into the conception of translation, but in fact, translators work should be limited to the dealing with words.” (Wang, Zhao360)"Skopos Theory" pays more attention to the various factors of behavioral theory. Although some people think that “Skopos Theory" proposed by Hans and the concept of cultural translation cannot be fully applied in the translation of literary works, but for some of the contextual factors in non-literary translation can not be ignored. "Skopos theory" has interpreted in a new, creative view. "Skopos theory" advocate that definite translation from the macro view, from a new angle, it broke the translation equivalence theory, put the expected goal of translation to a higher level, and give more emphasis on the stylistic function and role of the translator in the translating process, lead the translation shifts the focus from the the representation of the source text to the text creation. "Skopos theory" put translation included in the category of intercultural communication study, provides a new perspective for translation studies, has positive significance in guiding translation practice. (Li 114) Skopos theory highlights the participants of the translation activities， especially the role and influence of the initiator in translation activities during the whole process of translation, and lift the subject role the translator, the active participator. Skopos theory demands the translated text realizing its communicative function in the culture of target language, so the target cultural context, such as the politic, economic, social and historical culture, ideology, dominant genre of literature, literary norms of a specific historical period plays an indispensable role in translation activities, it restricts choice of translation materials, the purpose of translation, the choice of translation strategies of the translator, and the production of the target text and the role of the target text played in the target language and culture status. Skopos theory trys to coordinate the cultural function of translation and the effect and mechanism oftarget culture on translation activities. The source language is rectifying the target language, and at the same time vice versa.In addition, with broad practical, skopos theory focuses on the features of text type, which helps to improve the translator’s awareness of language signs of communicative function and functional translation units and improve the translation efficiency. However, the skopos theory pays much attention to the research of the function of target text and largely rewrites the version for the effect of target text, thus greatly weakening the original text function. In a word, skopos theory provides a new perspective for translation studies, is conducive to the study of translation variants, promote the development of translation theory. (Mao 120)Ⅲ. A Brief Review of English PrepositionsEnglish preposition is empty words, but it is also an important “function words". It has its unique characteristics. When it comes to the the applicability of skopos theory of translation of English prepositions, we have to consider both the features of skopos theory and English prepositions.A. The Concept of English PrepositionsFrom the perspective of linguistics, English preposition is empty words, but it is also an important “function words", is one of the important ligament to form sentences and articles. It is used to explain the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other elements of the sentence, cannot make components of the sentence alone. Prepositions, according to the position of English word, also interpreted as words put forward, is used in front of nouns, pronouns and some noun phrase, it makes up of preposition structure, expressing the direction, object, place, time of an action or behavior. Although there is only about 100 simple prepositions and complex preposition in the English vocabulary; however, they are used very frequently. Almost one of every eight words is a preposition. (Gu 66) Most prepositions’ meanings are very flexible, in different language environment, a preposition can be with various meanings and multipurpose, plays a very important role in English sentences. (Xu 78)B. The Features of English PrepositionsEnglish preposition has the following characteristics:First, from the history of the development of English, the emergence of English prepositions is the degenerated results of morphological changes on English suffix. Disappearing of the English suffix made preposition has become an indispensable link words, and gradually increased its activity in the long process of development, namely the ability of collocation and combination. Especially the frequently used prepositions, can match with verbs, adjectives, and nouns, expressing different。
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日，我们一行16人，乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校，开头了为期一个月的实习生活。
在这一个月里，我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性，它使我的教学理论变为教学实践，使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。
与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同，在这里，要求我们的真正力量，最重要的是要有一颗责任心！一个月的实习，令我感慨颇多。
我实习的班级是五班级一班，记得我刚到课室的第一天，班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话，我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己，并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过，同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声，看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸，我的心里泛起深深的感动！新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多，刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。
但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利，班主任老师要求我多听课，多向阅历丰富的老师学习。
爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。
我深知这一点的重要，必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来，使他们在欢乐中主动学习。
无论是上英语还是语文，我都本着work hard,play harder的理念，以欢乐教学的方式，把嬉戏和教学融为一体，教他们唱英语儿歌，一个月的时间里，我教会了他们四首英文儿歌，同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。
学校五班级又是毕业班级，除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好，更重要的还是在于成果的要求，所以，在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后，我又转变把战略变为力量教学，应校长的要求，教给他们一些生活化的英语口语，于是，我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节，每天晚上回家的第一任务，就是翻查资料，找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语，比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。
在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节，同学们都说：这样的英语既好玩又有用！一个月的时间，他们的口语有了明显的提高，无论课上还是课下，同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好，看着他们有这样的成果，我想，我胜利了！此外，由于班主任的信任，我除了英语教学以外，还负责全学年的语文写作课程，一个月的时间里，作文讲解课10余堂，同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右，对作文的爱好也大大提高，课下同学主动找到我说：老师，我现在觉得作文一点都不难！听到这样的话语，我真的兴奋极了。
商务英语毕业论文 [商务英语翻译类论文]
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商务英语毕业论文 [商务英语翻译类论文]商务英语是一门新兴的学科,商务英语翻译既是该学科中的关键一环,又是教学考的难点。
下文是为大家整理的关于商务英语翻译类论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!商务英语翻译类论文篇1高职商务英语翻译教学刍议摘要：突破传统翻译教学模式，培养出精通国际商务知识并具有高翻译技能的实用型商务英语人才，是目前高职商务英语翻译教学的重要任务。
本文探讨了高职商务英语翻译教学的现状、改革目标及教学方法。
关键词：高职商务英语翻译教学1.引言目前，国际间经济贸易等领域的交流与合作日益密切，对外语人才的需求日益增加，市场更加需要复合型外语人才。
商务英语专业便是适应这一趋势而产生的一个较新的专业。
该专业研究的就是运用英语解决商务实践问题，是商务知识与语言应用相结合的一门复合型学科。
培养更多符合时代和市场要求的商务翻译人才已成为翻译教育工作的重中之重。
高职高专的商务英语专业更强调培养高技能应用型人才。
今年，高职高专的商务英语翻译教学总体而言仍处于起步阶段，具体的教学目标、培养模式、课程设置、师资培训等标准尚未确立，很多问题值得探讨。
2.我国高职商务英语翻译教学现状2.1教学模式陈旧，教师角色有待转换。
传统翻译教学普遍以教师为中心。
正如豪丝(House)在其著作中描述的：“翻译课程的老师，常常是一位说目的语的人，发给学生一个篇子(为什么选了这篇文章一般是不解释的)。
这种篇子中满是陷阱，也就是说，教师从一开始就不打算培养学生从事复杂、难度较大的翻译的技巧，而是迷惑他们，让他们出错……在以后的几节课上，全班同学逐句讨论文章中的每一个句子，最后由老师给出一个‘正确’的译文。
”这种以教师为中心的教学法，将改错作为教学手段，将教师提供的参考译文作为翻译课的终极目标，不符合真实情况下翻译的本质特点，在一定程度上扼杀了学生学习翻译的主动性与创造性。
(林克难，2000：56)陈葵阳也指出：“在教学过程中，常常是教师在台上一板一眼，学生在台下四平八稳。
硕士毕业论文英文翻译硕士毕业论文
硕士毕业论文英文翻译硕士毕业论文硕士毕业论文英文翻译篇1中英文翻译的现代教育方法一、引言21世纪经济全球话是全球化的首要表现，而全球化面临的一个重大障碍就是语言交流的障碍。
全球化大环境下的中国又处在经济全面对外开放的形式下，这就更加激起了外语学习的热潮。
如果说在我国改革开放初期国家主要需要的是专门学习外语翻译的人才，那么在经济全球化的今天，需要与外国人打交道的就远远不止是英语口语交流那么简单，现在的英语交流时全方位的多层次，涉及各个领域的交流，这就需要专门的英语翻译人才，从中英双反的文化背景的差异入手，真是的最大限度的还原交流双方所要表达的意思，起到促进中西方之间各方面的交流，那么怎样从中英文化差异入手进行翻译呢二、语言文化的差异在全球化与多文化背景的推动下，翻译活动越来越认同为一种文化传播与文化阐释。
三、英汉文化差异对翻译的重要影响(一)不同文化环境对翻译的影响环境文化指的是由于所处地域、自然地理环境不同，不同民族形成不同的思维定势以及文化。
比如，居住在西亚，北非的广大沙漠地区的阿拉伯人，长期的沙漠生活铸就了他们独特的沙漠文化，在阿拉伯语中与沙漠生活有关的词语极其丰富。
羊与骆驼是他们日常生活中重要的组成部分，是赖以生存的工具。
所以阿语中有关羊的名称很多，骆驼的名称更是多得惊人，据统计，阿语中的骆驼及与骆驼有关的事物名称共5644个。
玛雅人是中美洲印第安人的一个种族，他们常年生活在热带地区，一年当中只有两个季节，即旱季(laèche)和雨季(l’humide)，所以在玛雅语中就不会出现通过温度、降雨量等差别来区分的“四季”“春、夏、秋、冬”(quatreaion，leprintemp，l’été，l’automne，l’hiver)这样的气候词语。
显然一个民族，一个国家的地理条件在不同程度上对文化以及语言发展起着很重要的作用。
如果不深入了解译语国环境文化，就会造成翻译的非等值，继而不能达到文化传真的目的。
毕业论文英文翻译
毕业论文英文翻译把汉语译成英语或把英语译成汉语是一种语言活动，它既涉及汉英两种语言本身的知识，也涉及多方面的文化背景知识。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英文翻译毕业论文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英文翻译毕业论文篇1英文翻译本质浅析【摘要】尽管翻译是人类最早从事的智力活动之一，但是对“翻译到底是什么”这个本质的问题人们至今也没达成共识。
实际上，译学上的许多重大问题，如翻译的标准问题、直译或意译的问题、翻译是科学还是艺术的问题，最终都可以归结为对翻译本质认识的不同。
笔者在拜读过一篇篇高论后，认识到对翻译本质的讨论集中起来涉及两点，一是翻译是一种怎样的活动，二是翻译是一种什么性质的活动;前者讨论翻译的定义，后者涉及翻译的概念、分类和性质。
【关键词】英文翻译定义性质一、翻译的定义许多人曾为翻译下过定义。
卡特福德给翻译下的定义是：the replacement of textual material in one language (SL)by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)。
(Catford，1965)即“一种语言(译出语)的话语材料被另一种语言(译入语)中的对等的话语材料替代”。
在这里，翻译似乎主要是两种存在状态，一种是源语，一种是译语，既不讲翻译主体，也没有提到翻译过程，很难说它说中了翻译活动的实质。
费道罗夫认为“翻译是用一种语言手段忠实、全面地表达另一种语言表达的东西。
”可以看出上面定义中的等值论观点来自费道罗夫的“忠实”、“全面”。
在揭示翻译活动的本质方面，它们都有一个共同的缺点，就是没能明示翻译与其实活动的根本区别。
其实，摘译、编译等活动都是翻译，因为上述活动都主要表现为语言间的意义转换。
在对翻译本质的认识上，威尔斯比以上二位又进了一步：“翻译是将源语话语变为尽可能等值的译语话语的过程”。
(蔡毅，1995)这里没有硬性规定，只是说“尽可能等值”。
英语专业优秀毕业论文
英语专业优秀毕业论文随着世界经济的发展,我国与世界各国之间的商务联系越来越密切,商务英语作为经济往来的重要桥梁也越来越重要。
下面是店铺为大家整理的英语专业优秀毕业论文，供大家参考。
英语专业优秀毕业论文范文一：高职商务英语翻译教学：问题和对策摘要：商务英语翻译是商务英语专业的一门核心课程。
审视当前高职院校的商务英语翻译教学，现状不尽如人意。
本文在简要分析商务英语翻译教学的现状和存在的问题之基础上，提出了改进的途径。
论文关键词：商务英语,翻译教学,问题,对策一、高职商务英语专业翻译教学现状商务英语作为特殊用途英语(ESP)的一种，从根本上讲既是一门语言教学，又是一种技能培训。
它培养学生在国际商务环境下的商务沟通能力和英语交际能力，它要求学生熟悉国际贸易业务涉及的主要相关文件和单证编制。
而目前高职院校学生的来源主要有两种：一是普高生，具有一定的英语基础，但比本科院校的学生的英语基础要弱。
二是中专、技校和职高毕业生，他们仅有初中三年的积累，英语基础相当弱。
因此要有效完成商务英语的教学任务，难度不小。
而且绝大多数的同学的商务知识为零，要让学生在三年的时间里有一个大的提高，能够在毕业的时候有较强的竞争力，任务确实艰巨。
商务英语翻译教学具有范围广、专业性强的特点，而且重严密性和科学性。
但由于很多高职院校是由中专、技校升格的，教师的教学模式比较单一，只注重语言点的讲授，没有结合文化背景与学生的应用能力，加上教学基础设施简陋落后，教学资源缺乏，已经远远不能适应高职教育的发展目标。
此外，长期以来高职商务英语翻译的教学安排没有很好地体现实用性特点，翻译教学的总学时为60左右，且多排在三年级上学期，学生很难进行系统的理论把握和翻译实践。
而学生忙于准备实习，这也势必影响翻译教学的效果。
二、商务英语翻译教学中普遍存在的问题1. 商务英语翻译教学缺乏整体的计划安排。
翻译教学的整体计划非常重要，因为它决定着该课程的教学目的、方法、教材的选择和课程的设置等诸多方面。
关于英汉翻译论文范文
关于英汉翻译论文范文浅谈英汉翻译、英汉语言特点对比【摘要】在当今日趋全球化的时代里，翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。
事实上，翻译已经成为了一种普遍性的活动，当今的人们直接或者间接都有意或无意地从事着翻译活动。
【关键词】翻译语系形合意合英语和汉语分属于不同语系，英语属于印欧语系Indo-European language Family，是拼音语言，而汉语属于汉藏语系Chinese-Tibetan language family，是表意的语言ideography，所分属的语系不同也就导致了英汉两种语言的差别。
对于广大应试四、六级的考生来说，如果平时学习中了解英汉语言特点，在翻译应试中能满足翻译标准――“信、达、雅”即忠实准确、通顺流畅和贴切原文，这对于想要取得较高翻译分数会有很大帮助，下面本文就将对英汉语言的特点从下几个方面作对比。
一、英语的形合和汉语的意合相对于汉语来说，英语是一种更加注重形式化的语言，主要体现在运用词汇来联系各个分句，如我们熟知的“and”用来表示并列连接;“if”用来表示假设条件关系;“because”用来表示因果关系，虽然说汉语句式也有一定数量的连接词连接，但是使用频率较之英语小得多。
在汉语中，我们通常不用或者少用连接词来表达意思，英汉两种语言的这种区别就是我们所说的形合――强调结构的完整性和形态的严谨性，结构严密紧凑，主次分明;意合――强调内容和表意的完整性，靠语意的逻辑将句子串起。
为了更加清楚明了，我们试举几个例句：1跑得了和尚，但是跑不了庙。
The monks may run away，but the temple cannot run away with him.2Althoughhe has aged physically， he remains young at heart.尽管他人老但是心不老。
本科毕业论文关于英文翻译
本科毕业论文关于英文翻译自改革开放以来，不同国家的人急于了解他国的文化，电影作为跨文化交流的一种方式，为电影界迎来了春天。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于本科英文翻译毕业论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!本科英文翻译毕业论文篇1英文电影片名翻译初探摘要：电影作为一种艺术形式，深受大众喜爱。
国与国之间的文化交流，电影也是一个重要组成部分。
把国内的好影片介绍出去，把国外的好影片引进来，翻译是重要一环，而首先吸引观众的就是片名。
片名的翻译起着重要的作用。
翻译片名，要以传递信息和唤起美感为目的。
在文字转移过程中，应切实保留原作的信息价值和美学价值。
既要忠于原片内容，还要注意文字优美、言简意赅，具有强烈的吸引力和感染力，本文针对目前英文电影片名翻译的现状，对英文电影片名翻译的有关理论展开讨论，同时提出了翻译片名的几种基本方法。
关键词：电影;英文电影;片名翻译;方法电影是人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式，它能传播信息、抒发感情、反映丰富多彩的生活。
给人们带来艺术上的享受。
一部好的影片之所以能吸引成千上万的观众，除了演员的精湛演技、富有哲理的对话以及绚丽多彩的画面外，与其寓意深刻、回味无穷的片名有着直接的联系。
片名，是影视片的品牌商标，看似简单却是作者颇费神思的产物，寥寥数词凝聚着整个作品的精髓。
电影片名翻译是一项重要而富于创造性的工作。
佳译能够为影片锦上添花。
对丰富国内观众业余文化生活，促进国际间文化艺术交流起到不可忽视的作用。
翻译片名大多直译，形式与内容皆相似，朴实明了又贴切。
但是片名的翻译也是语际交流，是不同文化之间的交流。
观众对象不同，文化和欣赏习惯也有差异，原语与译语的表达方式和习惯有同有异。
片名翻译时，也应深入理解影片的内容蕴涵和风格，揣摩措词用语，力求准确把握原语与译语的表层意义和联想意义，既要考虑对等，更要考虑到译名的传意性和可接受性。
一、英文电影片名翻译现状(一)一片多名的问题日前，电影片名翻译中存在着混乱、不规范的现象，一片多名的问题较突出。
合作学习高职高专英语翻译教学论文
合作学习与高职高专英语翻译教学摘要：合作学习的特点及高职高专的翻译课程教学现状决定了将合作学习应用于翻译教学，能够让学生积极参与，形成良好的教学互动，提高教学效果。
关键词：合作学习高职高专翻译教学策略一、合作学习的内涵合作学习（cooperative learning）是20世纪 70年代初兴起于美国，并在70年代中期至80年代中期取得实质性进展的一种富有创意和实效的教学理论与策略。
合作学习鼓励学生为了完成共同的任务，有明确的责任分工而进行互助性学习。
由于它能改善课堂气氛，提高学生的学业成绩，促进学生形成良好非认知品质等，实效显著，很快引起了世界各国的关注，并成为当代主流教学理论与策略之一，被誉为近十几年来最重要和最成功的教学改革。
二、高职高专英语翻译教学现状1.学生英语基础较差，水平参差不齐，翻译能力欠缺高职高专院校学生主要来自普通高中、职业中学、中专学校、技工学校等，因此，高职高专学生的英语基础较差，水平参差不齐，他们的英语和汉语基本功都比较薄弱，语法知识缺失。
在翻译教学中，大部分学生只能拘泥于原文句子的结构和次序进行直译，常常在翻译中出现英文理解不准确、汉语表达不到位的窘境。
2.教学指导思想不明确有的翻译教师把翻译课当“理论课”来教，认为在教学中，对翻译理论的探讨应占据主导地位，把传统的“练习+讲评”的教学模式为经验主义教学模式。
还有的翻译教师把翻译课当作“实践课”来教，认为只要在翻译教学过程中给学生以足够的练习，就能提高他们的翻译水平。
这样必然导致翻译教学缺乏理论支撑，其结果是学生难以从理论高度对翻译进行宏观把握，这样就不利于翻译技能的提高。
3.教学模式单一高职英语教学基本上还处于以应付过级考试为核心的阶段，大多数教学仍然以课堂为中心，以书本为中心和以教师为中心。
教学过程是以教师传授知识为主，学生只是被动的接受知识，缺乏主观能动性。
课堂气氛也比较沉闷。
这种教学模式在高职这样的特殊环境下，不能有效提高学生的学习兴趣和教学效果，与高职注重学生应用能力的培养目标也有一定的距离。
高校外语翻译教学论文
高校外语翻译教学初探摘要：社会的前进与发展，对于翻译的需求越来越多。
然而受翻译的大环境的影响，当前外语翻译教育教学却面临着很多问题，这些问题已经成为翻译界关注的焦点。
本文从高校外语翻译教学的实质出发，分析了翻译教育教学所面临的问题，探讨了在教学中解决这些问题的具体举措。
关键词：高校；外语翻译；教学中图分类号：g64 文献标识码：a文章编号：1009-0118（2012）07-0279-02社会的发展对于翻译的需求越来越多，由于语言是文化的载体，学外语的最终目的是为了实现跨文化交际，而跨文化交际离不开翻译，因此学生的翻译能力在外语教学中的重要性越来越得到重视。
而受各种主客观因素的影响，我国当前外语翻译教育教学现状很不容乐观。
翻译课是外语专业开设的一门主要课程，它的主要任务是培养和提高学生的翻译实践能力。
目前外语专业的毕业生，除少数从事语言、文学研究和外语教学工作之外，大多数都要从事文化科技交流、经济合作和对外贸易等领域的外语工作。
较强的翻译能力是从事外语工作必不可少的条件。
因此，翻译课教学在很大程度上是学生就业前的一项重要任务。
着眼于社会的需求，高等院校外语专业重视和加强翻译课的教学，无疑是实现对学生进行目标培养的重要保障。
一、高校外语翻译教学的实质高校外语教学目标是一定时期内制定的目标体系，具有可操作性的特点。
外语教学的目的是教师主体进行描述的，是对教师的活动的一种期望，也是对学生完成学业后整体品质的评价，比如培养各个专业从事国际交流的双语人才、培养具有世界公民意识的国际交流人才等等，这样的人才在语言方面要求至少是双文化的语言能力。
这种能力不是母语加外语的拼接，它需要强化训练。
同时，双语能力培养具有阶段性。
中国人学习外语的进程，可以说大致有三个境界。
（一）有意识或无意识地依靠本族语（对大多数学生来说是汉语）学习外语的境界，如借助本族语的讲解、注释,依靠口头、笔头或心头的翻译，使用带有翻译的词典及参考书等来理解外语。
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向英语专业毕业论文翻译方向随着全球化的发展，英语专业毕业论文翻译方向成为越来越多学生选择的方向。
翻译作为一门语言学科，不仅需要掌握语言的基本知识，还需要具备一定的文化素养和专业背景。
本文将从翻译的定义、翻译方向的选择、翻译技巧和翻译的前景等方面进行探讨。
首先，翻译是将一种语言转化为另一种语言的过程。
翻译的目的是为了使不同语言之间的信息得以传递和理解。
翻译的难度在于不同语言之间的差异，包括语法、词汇、语义和语用等方面。
因此，翻译需要翻译者具备良好的语言能力和跨文化交际能力。
在选择翻译方向时，应根据个人的兴趣和专业背景进行选择。
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向可以包括文学翻译、商务翻译、法律翻译、科技翻译等。
文学翻译要求翻译者具备良好的文学素养和文化背景，能够准确传达原文的意境和风格。
商务翻译要求翻译者具备商务知识和跨文化交际能力，能够准确传达商务文件和会议内容。
法律翻译要求翻译者具备法律知识和专业术语的掌握，能够准确传达法律文件和合同条款。
科技翻译要求翻译者具备科技知识和专业术语的掌握，能够准确传达科技文献和研究成果。
在进行翻译时，需要掌握一些翻译技巧。
首先，要注意语言的准确性和流畅性。
翻译不仅要准确传达原文的意思，还要使译文符合目标语言的语法和习惯用法。
其次，要注意文化的适应性。
不同语言和文化之间存在差异，翻译者要根据目标读者的文化背景进行适当的调整。
再次，要注意上下文的理解和转化。
翻译不仅要理解句子的表面意思，还要理解句子的语境和语用功能，以便进行准确的转化。
英语专业毕业论文翻译方向具有广阔的前景。
随着全球化的深入发展，跨国公司和国际组织对翻译人才的需求越来越大。
翻译人才不仅可以从事翻译工作，还可以从事口译、笔译、翻译管理、翻译教学等相关工作。
同时，随着互联网的普及，网站翻译和软件翻译也成为热门的翻译方向。
因此，选择英语专业毕业论文翻译方向将为学生提供广阔的就业机会和发展空间。
总之，英语专业毕业论文翻译方向是一门既有挑战性又有前景的学科。
英语翻译论文范文
英语翻译论文范文In the contemporary era, the role of technology in education is undeniably significant. The integration of digital tools and platforms has transformed the way educators teach and students learn. This paper aims to explore the multifaceted impact of technology on modern education, focusing on bothits advantages and challenges.Firstly, technology has democratized access to education. With the proliferation of online learning platforms, students from diverse backgrounds can access a wealth of educational resources. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have made it possible for individuals to learn from renowned professors without the constraints of geographical location or financial limitations.Secondly, the use of technology in classrooms has enhanced the interactive and collaborative nature of learning. Interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and virtualreality (VR) are some of the tools that have made learning more engaging and immersive. These tools not only cater to different learning styles but also promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its drawbacks. One of the primary concerns is the digital divide, where unequal access to technology can exacerbate existing educational disparities. Additionally,there is a risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of essential skills such as critical reading and analytical thinking.Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement presents challenges for educators. It requires continuous professional development to stay abreast of new tools and pedagogical approaches. The balance between traditional teaching methods and technology-assisted learning must be carefully considered to ensure that the educational experience remains holistic and well-rounded.In conclusion, technology has undeniably reshaped the landscape of modern education. While it offers numerous opportunities for enhancing learning experiences, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed. The key lies in harnessing the power of technology to supplement, not supplant, the educational process, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowering students to become lifelong learners.。
英语翻译硕士生毕业论文
英语翻译硕士生毕业论文翻译是将一种语言所表达的思想内容，全面、忠实、流畅地转换成另一种语言，英语翻译对于我们来说具有一定的难度。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英语翻译硕士生毕业论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译硕士生毕业论文篇1浅议实用英语翻译【摘要】本文探讨了实用英语翻译的理论和应用。
【关键词】实用英语翻译;看易写;模仿-借用-创新1.实用英语翻译的定位对于翻译的分类，有两种分法即将翻译分为文学翻译和非文学翻译。
按照这样的分类，给实用英语下的定义是“应用文体翻译以传达信息为目的(同时考虑信息的传递效果)，它区别于传达有较强情感意义和美学意义的文学翻译。
”(方梦之，2003：47)德国翻译理论家Mary Snell-Hornby将翻译分为三类：文学翻译(Literary Translation)，普通言语翻译(General Language Translation)，以及专门用途言语翻译(Special Language Translation)。
(Mary Snell-Hornby，2001：32) 其中的普通言语翻译就是我们所说的实用英语翻译，包括新闻、广告、电影、公示语翻译等。
“三分法”对于促进实用英语翻译研究意义重大，以往学者都对文学翻译关注更多，“两分法”就是以文学翻译为重心和出发点的，将翻译分为文学，普通，专门之后，可以使学者平等地对待这三类翻译，促进它们共同发展，尤其对近几年来问题较多，亟待改善的实用英语翻译给予特殊的关注。
2.“信”与实用英语翻译赵元任先生在《论翻译中信、达、雅的信的幅度》一文中认为“信”是“翻译中的基本条件”，但是翻译中的“信”度受多种因素制约，“信”有很多幅度，如意义和功用上的幅度，直译和意译的幅度，必具的范畴，语言的音调等等。
其中意义和功用的幅度即照字义翻译和按功用翻译，照字义翻译能说明原文说了什么，而按功用翻译则是去做原文相同情境中要做的事。
他指出，同样一句话，按字面翻译和按同样情形下译入语国习惯说法来翻译，经常会出现两种截然不同的情况。
关于英语翻译方向的论文范文
翻译在跨文化、跨民族之间的交流和合作中功不可没，英语翻译，它既是语言之间的相互转换，同时也是不同文化间的交流。
下文是为大家整理的英语翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英语翻译的论文篇1文化空缺与英汉翻译摘要：不同民族的语言产生于不同的文化背景，所承载的文化也不尽相同，这就必然导致两种语言在表达方式上存在很多相异之处，文化空缺就是这些差异的极端表现，它是一个民族语言和文化与其它民族语言和文化的异质性的充分体现，这无疑增加了翻译的难度。
所以文化空缺的翻译不仅是语言的迁移，更是文化的传播。
关键词：文化空缺英汉翻译翻译作为人类最早进行的交流活动之一，一直在不同的语言集团间沟通信息，对人类社会的发展和进步有非常重要的作用。
正是由于翻译所起的中介作用，民族间才可以互通有无、互相学习、共同发展。
跨文化交际学和文化语言学的兴起与发展，为语言与文化的研究带来了勃勃生机。
而作为跨文化交际的翻译，也因此而更加受到重视，对它的研究也呈现出多角度、多侧面、开放性的特点。
翻译作为不同语言之间人们交流思想和文化不可或缺的手段，在传播文化信息、促进不同民族间的相互了解与民族融合的过程中的重要作用已日益凸显。
翻译界对翻译理论研究的重心从译意到译信息再到以文化为导向的翻译，正说明翻译实质是文化的翻译。
如Banet&ameacroagreatmanoungfriend，2Brightanddiigent，3Doeceedingweintudie，4buttheareratherweainChinee，5evencan’，the’athearenotinteretedinChinee请看张培基先生的译文：Ihavecomeacroagreatmanbrightanddiigentoungfriendwhoha vedoneeceedingweintheirtudie，，theaidthewerenotinteretedintheChineeanguage英语的从句前必须根据其语法功能用when，where，who，that，的一种表现。
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英语专业论文翻译教学论文摘要：培养学生的思辨能力目前已成为外语教育工作者的共识。
翻译是逻辑活动的产物，本文从理解、表达、和校核三个阶段阐释了活动对学生思辨能力的要求，并进一步探讨翻译课程中培养学生思辨能力的途径。
关键词：英语专业；翻译教学；思辨能力一、引言目前，社会对人才的要求越来越高，许多大学生一踏入校门便把考研作为下一步奋斗的目标，而每年考研的报名人数也是持续增长。
2011年研究生报考结束后，来自教育部的消息称2011年全国151万人报名参加研究生考试，研究生报名人数连续四年持续增长，增幅达7.9%。
越来越多的学生选择考研深造，客观上要求大学本科阶段的教育不仅要注重学生职业技能的培养，更要注重对学生思辨能力的培养，为学生以后从事研究工作打下良好的基础。
如何培养和提高英语专业学生的思辨能力，是每一个从事英语专业教学教育工作者都应该思考的问题，翻译教师也不例外。
二、当前外语专业本科教育存在的问题国内学界一般有着英语专业学生思辨能力普遍低于其他文科专业学生的先入之见，虽然文秋芳等学者通过研究否定了这一先入之见，但研究结果同时也证明英语专业学生在本科学习阶段思辨能力的提高上不及其他文科的学生，这足以说明本科阶段提高对英语专业学生思辨能力的培养也迫在眉睫。
为了更全面地反映我国各语种外语教育的现状和存在的问题，教育部在广泛调研的基础上于1998年出台了《关于外语专业面向21世纪本科教育改革的若干意见》，《若干意见》中也指出我国外语专业本科教育存在的问题之一便是“在语言技能训练中往往强调模仿记忆却忽略了学生思维能力、创新能力、分析问题和独立提出见解能力的培养”。
并指出当前外语专业课程建设主要面临的任务之一便是“在开设新课和改造现有课程的过程中，重点摸索如何培养学生的语言实际运用能力，锻炼学生的思维能力和创新能力。
”三、新《大纲》对培养外语专业学生能力的要求为贯彻和落实《关于外语专业面向21世纪本科教育改革的若干意见》的精神，教育部于2003年批准实施了《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》。
新《大纲》提出了新的培养目标和人才规格，即具有扎实的基本功、宽广的知识面、一定的相关专业知识、较强的能力和较高的素质、面向21世纪的复合型外语人才。
新《大纲》尤其强调强调培养学生的创新能力。
明确提出了应培养学生获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力，并在教学原则、教学方法与教学手段等方面有专门阐述。
教学原则上要加强学生思维能力和创新能力的培养，要有意识地训练学生分析与综合、抽象与概括、多角度分析问题等多种思维能力以及发现问题、解决难题等创新能力，在教学中要正确处理语言技能训练和思维能力、创新能力培养的关系，两者不可偏废。
教学方法与教学手段上要做到课外学习和实践活动应以课堂教学的内容为基础，激发学生的学习兴趣，以及培养学生的学习能力、语言综合运用能力、组织能力、交际能力、思维能力和创新能力。
四、翻译活动对学生思辨能力的要求及培养匈牙利拉多·久尔吉曾指出翻译是逻辑活动，翻译作品是逻辑活动的产物。
作为翻译活动的实施者，译者本身具有主体性，逻辑分析是翻译过程中不可缺少的思维过程。
翻译是一种实践，译者所进行的活动不仅是跨语言的，而且还是跨文化的，同时又具有跨学科性，译者可以会面临源于不同学科的翻译任务，因而对译者的思辨能力有着较高的要求，这贯穿翻译过程中理解、表达和校核的各个环节。
（一）准确理解原文，消除语言歧义在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，不能正确的理解就谈不上正确的表达。
作为译者，当原语对于译者来讲是非母语的情况下，正确把握原文意义是翻译中的关键，是避免误译的第一步，但是作为第二语言的原语对于译者来讲存在太多的“陷阱”。
当调动所有的语言知识和文化知识仍然不得原文要义的情况下，译者必须进行充分发挥思辨能力的作用，适当的进行推理。
比如：例1. 原文：i have read your article; i expected to meet an old man.误译：我读过你的文章，我本料想会见到一个老人。
改译：我读过你的文章，没想到你这么年轻。
在翻译课堂上，本人拿此例来考察学生，但是能够马上做出反应的学生寥寥无几，学生们开始“交头接耳”，这就说明他们在理解上出现了问题。
按照字面来理解，原文的意思是“我读过你的文章，我本料想会见到一个老人”。
译文两个分句初看没有什么联系，逻辑上讲不通。
正确的理解应该是“我读过你的文章，没想到你这么年轻。
”这样的理解是建立在逻辑分析的基础上的，根据原文可以推理出作者的文风比较老成。
原文中“expected”用的是过去式，就表明不第二个分句表达的内容是过去的事情，不是现在。
经过逻辑推理与引申便可得出一个结果“没想到你这么年轻”。
由此可见，学生发挥思辨能力能消除理解中模糊现象。
同样也可以借助逻辑分析的方法消除语言歧义，避免误译。
（二）运用辩证思维，做到恰当表达表达是理解的结果，但正确的理解并不意味着必然能正确表达。
要做到正确的表达还需要许多具体方法和技巧，这都需要译者在翻译的过程中进行析辩。
英译汉时为了使译文符合汉语逻辑，常常要调整语序。
比如：例 2 .原文： i will not go unless i hear from him.译文一：我不去，除非他通知我。
译文二：他不通知我，我就不去。
译文一按照原文语序翻译，表述欠妥；译文二在逻辑分析的基础上调整了译文的语序，通顺流畅，符合汉语逻辑思维习惯。
英汉两种语言在按照逻辑思维组句时有同有异。
英语的语序比较灵活，其状语从句的位置可前可后，有时还可以置于句中。
汉语语序主要靠逻辑思维而定，多按逻辑顺序由因到果、由假设到推论，由事实到结论、由条件到结果排列。
在翻译的过程中，译者需要运用逻辑分析的方法，按照译入语读者的思维方式等对译文进行重组，才能做到合乎译入语表达习惯的恰当表述。
再如：例3. 原文：知己知彼、百战不殆。
译文：you can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.原文充分体现了汉语言简意赅的特点，为了使译文符合英语的表达习惯，译文增加了表示逻辑关联词“if”，并增补主语“you”，同时根据逻辑分析调整了语序，把重要的信息放在句首，译文通顺流畅，符合英语表达习惯。
（三）校核译文，做到正确传译校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化，是对原文进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段。
尽管译者在翻译时十分小心，但译文难免会有错漏或字句欠妥的地方，甚至还会发生严重的误译。
因此校核仍然是翻译过程中非常重要的一环。
译者可以运用逻辑分析来避免一些错误。
例4.原文：（现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化，）他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。
译文一：their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride.译文二：they are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.译文一保留原文主语，译文二用“他”做主语。
从语法角度看，两个译文都正确。
但运用逻辑分析校验译文一，就会发现以无生命的“their words and actions” 做主语，与谓语“are filled with confidence and pride”组成句子时，不合英语的逻辑习惯，语义搭配不当，因而不可取，应改译为译文二。
五、培养学生思辨能力的途径既然翻译活动的每一环节都要求学生调动逻辑思维，通过思辨来解决问题，那么作为翻译课堂教学的组织者，翻译教师应采用多种手段，实现课堂教学的优质化，探索来培养学生的思辨能力的新途径。
在授课内容上，要注重对学生思辨能力的培养，结合翻译课程的特点，有针对性地设置能够培养学生思辨能力的要求的学习内容。
首先应当重视对英汉语言对比相关的内容的讲解，帮助学生培养对比分析的思维方式和独立思考的能力。
其次，引入文化内容的学习，帮助学生拓宽知识面，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，从而引导学生积极思考，使他们能够做到由此及彼，举一反三。
再次，在讲解翻译技巧的同时，增加译文赏析的内容，通过对比赏析不同的译文，鼓励学生勤于思考、勇于质疑，这不仅可以提高学生的翻译能力，同时也是培养其思辨能力的一个绝佳的途径。
在授课方法上，需要改变传统的“一言堂”的教学模式，以交际式教学为原则，采取多种有力于培养学生思辨能力的授课方式。
结合翻译课堂的特点，首先我们可以鼓励学生合作学习，通过一些翻译任务的设置，鼓励学生们合作完成，在合作的过程中所出现的一些翻译问题能够激励学生积极思考，相互讨论。
再次，我们可以采取引导式的授课方式，翻译课程的主要任务是培养能力，而不是传授知识，翻译课上不能是翻译方法的机械性讲解，而应该是对翻译过程中出现的问题进行分析，从而找出解决的途径，这就要求教师首先要提出翻译过程中可能会遇到的问题，鼓励学生观察、思考，学生通过自身的努力获得解决问题的途径。
再次，对于翻译课堂来说，研讨式的授课方式非常必要，也十分有效，在讲解翻译练习，鉴赏优秀译文时，可以组织学生先进行小组讨论，让学生各抒己见，使他们在讨论中积极思考，增强理解，之后教师点评，引导学生做出正确的判断和分析。
六、结语翻译是一个及其复杂的过程，不仅仅是语言转换问题，涉及范围广，牵涉因素多，这需要译者充分发挥其主体性，克服原文语言中的一些非逻辑现象，在译文中以符合逻辑的语言形式表达出来。
正确的理解是正确翻译的前提，而校验则能够解决在理解和翻译阶段遗留下来的问题，尽可能的减少误译的发生，因此逻辑分析是贯穿整个翻译过程中不可缺少思维过程。
要提高学生的翻译能力，首先必须提高学生的思辨能力。
而要提高思辨能力，翻译又是一种极佳的途径。
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