翻译理论与实践Week3-2
翻译理论与实践(笔译)课程理论辅导(第二章)
翻译理论与实践（笔译）课程理论辅导（第二章）1．翻译的定义：所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又自最然的对等语再现原语信息。
2．如何看待译语语言各有所长首先，译者必须认识到，每一种语言各有所长。
例如，每种语言都有独特的词法、语序、遣词造句方法、话语标记以及各种特殊的语言形式，如谚语和诗歌。
每种语言都有丰富的词汇以表达所属民族和文化的特征。
例如，苏丹以产牛著称，语言中就不乏“牛”的词汇；秘鲁的渔业很发达，语言中就有不少捕鱼词汇；西方各国科学技术发达，语言中就有丰富的科技词汇。
翻译必须尊重各自语言的特征应尊重语言的特征，尽可能地挖掘它的表达潜力。
例如，某种拉丁美语言没有动词被动式，有人便坚持要给该语言强加一个被动式。
当然，这种尝试是不会成功的。
有许多语言就没有被动式，在任何情况下都使用动词的主动式，并且照样能表达思想。
我们必须承认这个事实。
各种语言具有同等表达力有些翻译者不理解：人们如果没有见过雪，怎么能够理解诸如“白如雪”之类的语言表达法。
要回答这个问题，我们必须从多方面来看。
首先，许多人虽然没有亲眼见过雪，但他们却听说过下雪这种自然现象，因此语言中有“雪”这个词。
第二，有的地方的人虽然不知道什么是雪，但却有“霜”这个词，并用它来指霜和雪。
第三，许多语言具有与“白如雪”同义的比喻表达法，如“白如白鹭毛”、“白如蘑菇”。
第四，如果没有类似的表达法，人们则可以采用非比喻形式来表示“白如雪”的概念，比如可以说“白极了”。
要说明的问题是，在“白如雪”这个表达法中，雪作为一种物体对传达这个信息并不是关键所在。
必须指出，当某一信息的表达形式是该信息所含意思的实质性成分时，要把这种意思从一种语言译成另一种语言就很困难。
保存原作内容，必须改变形式语言之所以互不相同，主要是因为他们具有互不相同的形式，因此翻译中如果保存原作的内容，就必须改变表现形式。
为了保存内容而改变形式，其变动程度的大小，必须视不同语言之间在语言和文化上的距离大小而定。
英汉翻译理论与实践
不可以忽视通顺 From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing. (N. S. Momaday: The End of My Childhood) 原译：从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河 流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望 。 改译：从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、 河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。
忠实是翻译的首要问题 要忠实于原文的真正含义 忠实+通顺：抓住原文的真正含义，但不要 受原文结构形式的束缚，而是按照汉语习惯 用法来安排译文。（P7）
The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit…(E. B. White: The Three New Yorks) 原译：上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的 辉煌记录。 改译：上班族生中有着惊人的行程。
奈达: 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而 又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语 义上，其次是文体上。
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
翻译的基本标准 忠实与通顺 faithfulness and smoothness “Understanding translation is embedded in the concept of faithfulness. ” 忠实于内容vs忠实于形式 共核标准：信息传真、风格再现、可读性好 具体操作时：谁不瞄准目标以远的地方射击，谁就不 会击中目标 （ Cowley 考利 ）
week3-2翻译单位语篇
Mrs. Crane, the Spanish teacher, is a senior citizen.
西班牙语教师格莱恩太太年事已高。
Surprisingly, the senior consultant came to see if she was ready to return to her ward.
放眼语篇
衔接cohesion 连贯coherence
词汇衔接（语义）
{ 结构衔接
{
替省 代略
No Context No Text
This kind of wood works easily. 这种木料容易加工。 “work” 含义很广，但根据这里的语境，译为
“加工”较合适，可与“木料”一词搭配。 再如：“The machine works well.” 译为 “机器运转得很好。”
就要以语篇，即更大的语境来判断。又如：“他走 了”，“走”字既可以是“不在现场（leave）”的 意思，也可以解释为“死了(die)”。再如，“他累死
了”是“累得厉害”还是真的死了，要根据上下文 而定。
Economist Sees a Deeper Slump Than Predicted The long–awaited recession has apparently arrived and many economists are now saying that the downturn in the nation’s economic activity will be deeper and longer than previously forecast.
Analyze and compare the following translations
翻译理论与实践教学课件
02 翻译技巧与实践
CHAPTER
理解与表达
理解
准确把握原文含义，包括词汇、语法 、语境等，是翻译的基础。
表达
将理解后的信息用目标语言表达出来 ，要求准确、流畅、符合目标语言习 惯。
直译与意译
直译
按照原文的词句、结构进行翻译，保留原文形式和意义。
意译
不拘泥于原文形式，以传达原文意义为主，更注重译文的流畅性和自然度。
03 翻译教学策略与方法
CHAPTER
翻译教学目标的设定
提高学生翻译技能
01
通过系统的翻译训练，帮助学生掌握基本的翻译技巧和方法，
提高翻译水平。
培养跨文化意识
02
引导学生理解不同文化背景下的语言差异，培养跨文化交流的
能力。
培养职业道德素养
03
强调翻译的准确性和规范性，培养学生的职业道德素养和责任
04 翻译实践案例分析
CHAPTER
文学翻译案例
总结词
注重语言艺术和文化内涵
VS
详细描述
文学翻译案例主要涉及诗歌、小说、戏剧 等文学作品，强调语言的美感和文化内涵 的传递。在翻译过程中，需要关注原文的 艺术风格、修辞手法和情感色彩，力求在 译文中保留原作的艺术魅力。
商务翻译案例
总结词
注重专业性和准确性
采用传统的讲授、练习和讨论相结合 的教学方法，确保学生掌握基本的翻 译知识和技能。
案例教学法
通过分析真实的翻译案例，让学生了 解实际翻译过程中遇到的问题和解决 方法。
合作学习法
组织学生进行小组合作，共同完成翻 译任务，培养学生的协作能力和团队 精神。
信息技术应用
利用现代信息技术手段，如在线学习 平台、智能翻译软件等，提高教学效 率和学生的学习效果。
week 3
二、以作者和读者为取向的翻译原则(the author-andreader-oriented translation principle)。 这一原则既考虑到作者又同时考虑到读者，比较全面。 十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大•泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814)在《论翻译的原则》(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了著名的 翻译三原则： （1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.） （2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.) （3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）
1.翻译就是翻译意义（Translation means 翻译就是翻译意义（ 翻译就是翻译意义 translating meaning.）。 ）。 意义分为1)指称意义（linguistic meaning）、 意义分为 指称意义（ ）、 指称意义 2)言内意义（linguistic meaning）和3）语用 言内意义（ 言内意义 ） ） 意义（ 意义（pragmatic meaning）。 ）。 指称意义是语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观 指称意义 世界或客观世界的实体和事件之间的关系，是 词语、句子和篇章所反映的客观世界。例如： father (父亲)，table cloth（桌布），The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东方升起。)
翻译理论与实践(英译汉)
——余光中
要想提高学生的翻译能力，最重要的是引导学生通过对比来研究两种语 言的特点。……我们的学生，母语就掌握得不好，外语更差，他们的汉
语和英语都是分开学的，从来没有作过比较，以为汉语可以这么说，英
语也可以这样说，而往往意识不到英语不一定能像汉语那样说，而有其
特有的说法。要解决这个问题，最好的办法就是引导学生进行两种语言
a. a. The criminal was hanged. b. b. Clark used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. c. c. Hadn’t the dam been built, there would have been a terrible
Modern English is both analytical and synthetical, while Chinese is typically synthetical.
synthetic language V.S. analytic language
世界上的语言大致可以分成两类：综合型语言 （synthetic language）和分析型语言(analytic language)。所谓综合型语言是指这种语言主要通过词 本身的形态变化来表达语法意义，包括格、数、时等， 如拉丁语、俄语、德语和古英语。现代英语是从古英语 发展而来的，仍然保留着综合型语言的某些特征，但已 逐渐向分析型语言演变过渡。所谓分析型语言是指这种 语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达， 而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示，汉语就是以分析型 为主的语言。
flood.
2. Lexical difference
2. articles and quantity words 冠词与量词
翻译理论与实践Week3-2
Lecture 3 Dictionetter late than the late.(原文为美国高速公路上矗立的安全警示牌)Tension is building up.(I This war is becoming the most important story of this generatio n.(2 It is quite another story now.(3 Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4 He ' II be very happy if that story holds up.(5 The Rita Haywoth ' s story is one of the saddest.(6 A young man came to Scotti ' s office with a story.(7 Last Dec. the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.(8 The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.3.1 Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word3.1.1 Judging from the Word Formationpneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconio sis 3.1.2Judging from the Part of SpeechRight, open your mouth, let me have a look.He hoped to be absolutely right about thisissue.I must answer that phone, but I ' ll be back right awa y.The ship righted itself after the big wave had passedIn England , we drive on the left side of the road, not the right side.He exercised his legal right as Preside nt to haltthe investigation .3.1.3 Judging from the References1. I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable.3.1.4 Judging from the Context andCollocation1. Symptoms of SARS developed .2. We had hopes of developing light industry on quite a large scale.3. Land animals are thought to have developed from sea an imals.4. The local government is planning to develop the wester n areas5. The photographer develops all his films .6. I ' d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point .7. Scientists have succeeded in developing many new pla nts.Ano ther example “ as luck would have it1. As luck would have it , no one was in the hotel when the explosion took place .2. As luck would have it , there was rain on the day of the camp.Try to tran slate the followi ng senten ces1. observe the behavior of birds.2. Do they observe Christmas Day in that coun try?3. He observed that we should probably have rai n.4. The law obliges pare nts to send their childre n to school.5. They were obliged to sell their house in order to pay their debts.6. I ' m much obliged to you.如:please 〜me by closing the door.Oblig ing n eighbor delicate skindelicate porcela indelicate upbri ngingdelicate liv ingdelicate healthdelicate stomachdelicate vasedelicate diplomatic questi ondelicate differe needelicate surgical operati ondelicate ear for music delicate sense of smell delicate touch delicate foodraise fearsraise vegetablesraise a familyraise the deadraise a fleetraise a monumentraise an embargo3.1.5 Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties1. The lathe should be set on a firm base.2. As we all know , a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.3. A tran sistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.4. Line AB is the base of the trian gle ABC.5. He is on the sec ond base.hacker黑客3・2.3 Extensionbottleneckbrain trustbrain drainIt is more than transient everydayness.3.2.4 Substitutionto kill sb. as an examplePlease withhold the handout.He was indeed a good riddance.The same is not true with a mortal illness.3・2・5 Explanation mindlessness togethernessswan song a throwaway society3.2.6 Combinationso subtle and careful an observerhis mendacity and dishonestya grim and tragic Christmasthe body and mind cramped by noxious work身心困顿3・2・7 Pictographic TranslationH-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel 槽钢V-belt三角带X-brace交叉支撑Y-curve叉形曲线3.3 Extension of Word Meaning3.3.1 Conversion of Meaning1. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.2. Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to sta y. We are not going to reverse the trend.3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service.3.3.2 Abstract Extension of Meaning1. Everybody has his smiles and tears.2. The technological process was then a newcomer in the U.S., so application was not numerous.3. He was a man to let his heart rule his head.4. The matter was finally settled under the table.5. He Hamleted at a chance and regretted forit.6. The canoe Titanicked on the rock in the river.3.3.2 Concrete Extension of Meaning1. The interest rates have see-sawed between10 and 15 percent.2. Brain drain has been Kangding ' s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.3. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.4. He was a tough propositio n.3.3.3 Extension According to Idiomatic Way in Chinese1. So the swallow flew round and round her, touching the water with his wings, and making silver ripples.亚伯拉罕林肯亚伯拉罕林肯是美国第16任总统，1809年出生于肯塔基州，1865年遭一名南方邦联拥护者枪击，第二天逝世于华盛顿。
翻译理论与实践[汉译英]3.2语境与词汇的翻译
![翻译理论与实践[汉译英]3.2语境与词汇的翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c6bd6d7ac281e53a5902ff51.png)
3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词
（7）贾珍感谢不尽，说：“侍服满，亲带小犬到 府叩谢。”于是作别。
Chia Chen thanked him warmly and promised, "When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to your honorable mansion to kowtow his thanks." And so they parted.
改译：他为人正直，但名声不佳，我相信这个坏名声是莫 须有的。（贬义）
Should the couples split up or stay together for the sake of the kids?
这样的夫妻应该离婚还是应该为了孩子凑合着过下去？ （贬义）
学生很羡慕她的博学. Students admire her for her wide range of knowledge.（褒
语境与词汇的翻译
“词本无义，义随文生” 文（？） 文：context 词语的翻译应充分考虑到语境，确定词义时要注意词的搭
配(collocation) ，词义的褒贬(commendatory, derogatory) 等方面，表达时可以根据上下文和逻辑关系对词义进行引 申(connotative)，同时还要注意语体(stylistic)。
Good在不同collocation中的翻译
翻译理论与实践3
gas and gaiters：（口）废话连篇 be all jaw (like a sheep’s head) ： 全是空话，废话连篇 chewing the rag：闲聊 guts：肠子， （ 用作单）贪食者 cry cupboard：喊饿, 想吃东西
Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same compound. How many families live there, only God knows. Those who occupy two rooms are quite few. Besides, they are always on the go.
But if they should cut each other dead, nobody would care. When one’s knocked about from pillar to post for his bread day in and day out, he won’t find ginger enough for gas and gaiters. Of course, there’s those who are all jaw like a sheep’s head among us. But one can hardly be in a mood for rag-chewing when one’s guts cry cupboard.
1. Woman, without her, man is nothing. 2. Woman without her man, is nothing.
1） Last night we watched a scary movie and none of us was able to sleep. 昨天晚上我们看了一部恐怖电影，谁也没睡 着觉。 2） Everyone felt sorry for poor little George and for a long time he felt sorry for himself. 每个人都为可怜的小乔治难过。在很长一段时 间里，他自己也为自己难过。 3）It’s raining heavily. I wonder when it will stop. 雨很大，不知几时能停。
《翻译理论与实践》课件
语言中蕴含的情感色彩是语用意义的重要组成部分，译者需要关注原文的情感色彩，并在译文中进行适 当的表达，以实现语用意义的完整传递。
语用等效与翻译策略
语用等效原则
在翻译过程中，译者应遵循语用等效原则，确保译文在目 标语言中产生与原文相同的效果，包括语言功能、语用意 义和修辞效果等方面。
翻译策略的选择
总结词
遵循法律文件的严谨性
详细描述
商务合同的翻译实践需遵循法律文件的严谨性。译者应仔 细核对原文，确保译文的准确性和完整性，避免因疏忽而 产生的法律风险。同时，在遇到法律术语时，译者应进行 深入研究，确保译文的准确性和专业性。
新闻报道的翻译实践
总结词
时效性是新闻报道的生命线
详细描述
新闻报道的翻译实践要求时效性极强，因为新闻报道需要 及时传递给目标语读者。在翻译过程中，译者应快速准确 地完成翻译工作，确保新闻报道的时效性不受影响。
为实现语用等效，译者需要根据具体情况选择合适的翻译 策略，如直译、意译、增译、减译等，以准确传达原文的 语用意义。
语用等效的评价
评价译文是否达到语用等效，需要考虑译文在目标语言中 的可接受度、表达的自然度以及读者反馈等因素，以确保 翻译质量。
05
翻译中的语言规范与风 格
语言规范与翻译
语言规范
在翻译过程中，需要遵循目标语言的语法、词汇和表 达习惯，以确保译文准确、流畅。
VS
异化
以源语文化为归宿，保留原文的异国情调 和文化特色，让译文读者了解不同文化。
增译与减译
增译
在翻译过程中，根据目标语的语言习惯和表达方式，增加一些词语或短语，以使译文更加完整、流畅 。
减译
在翻译过程中，删减原文中一些不必要的词语或短语，使译文更加简洁、明了。
翻译理论与实践（TranslationtheoryandPractice）
翻译理论与实践（Translation theory and Practice）This paper consists of the 8888 contributionPpt documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Translation theory and PracticeI., What, is, translation, II., Is, it, to, translate, easy, III.,, Can, all, the, translated, words, be?I., What, is, translation?1, the definition of translation? 2, translation is to translate the text or? E.g.1:, My, sister, went, to, school, at, 7., e.g.2:, have you eaten? Where to? E.g.3: you're beautiful today! -- where?!II., Is, it, easy, to, translate?Henchman? Go back to man in the? The? Street? Crow s feet a hen party '? Fog lock hill mountain fog water disappears in the sky with rain window, two East West three point cut to carve up the piece, seven horizontal eight vertical knife knife toward the sea towards towards falling towards long clouds long long.III., Can, all, the, words, be, translated?According to the nephew lanterns (old uncle)? East sunrise rain, is (clear) the situation is a (clear)? --The professor shouted:Gentlemen, order --The entire class yelled:! "" Beer! "--Why is the river very? Rich? --Because it has two banks.You can cage a swallow, but you can t swallow a "cage. --The secret is going to? Be exposed, and we ll look pretty silly. --You" already look pretty and silly. bathing on bikini? Girl, eyeing, boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl.Chapter 1The definition of translation, the purpose of translation, the type of translation, the standard of translation, the process of translation, the conditions for translationDefinition of translationTranslation is the practice of language in which the content of another language is re expressed in one language. Feng Qinghua? Translation is a kind of language (i.e., primitive) information in another language (the target language) express, so that the readers can get the original thoughts expressed by the author, are roughly the same as the original readers feel. - Fan Zhongying, translation is the translator's re understanding of the same thing and the use of another text. - Qiao HaiqingDefinition of translationTranslation is "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Translation is." Jakobson? "The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) byequivalent textual material in another language (TL). Catford Translation is the replacement of? A representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. HudsonThe purpose of translationA bridge of communication and communication between different languages and cultures.Types of translationIntra language translation (intralingual translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language (interlingual translation) translation? An interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language? Intersemiotic translation (intersemiotic translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal signs systemChinese translation theoriesYan Fu: Xindaya translation - Three: xindaya. It is hard to ask for a letter. Take care of the letter and fail to reach it,Even if you do not translate it, you will also interpret it. ? Lu Xun: faith, Shun - a course to make it easy, one is to preserve the original charm. / / faith rather than fluency? Qu Qiubai: the notion of equivalence translation should be the original intention, exactly China introduced to readers, make readers get China concept concept equal to other language from the textto the reader. Contradiction: to reproduce the artistic conception the highest task of literary translation is to reproduce the artistic conception so that the target readers can enjoy the beauty as much as the original.Chinese translation theoriesLiu Zhongde: letter, reach, cut letter: believe in content: as long as it is cut: to adapt to style, Zhang today: true, good, beautiful, truth: truth, principle, good: ideological principles: Beauty: artistic principlesForeign translation theoriesTytler: 1. The translation should the same effect on give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. style and manner of 2. The writing should be of the same character as that of the original. translation should have all 3. The the ease of the original composition.Federov: on Translation should produce a translation version which may be read with as much pleasure as the original, and yet remain faithful to its spirit, sense and style. Nida: dynamic equivalence theory readers get responses, and feelings with the original readers read the original income roughly equal. Newmark: text centered theoryProcess of translationIt is generally believed that the original text is understood expression Nida: original text testAnalytical translationTarget textRestructureFour steps: analysis, translation, reconstruction, testTranslation, from, English, to, Chinese:1., The, days, run, into, weeks., the days go by, for a few weeks.2. It, s, all, Greek, to, me., the translation condition, I do not understand at all. Mandarin Chinese is better than3. Mary has? A clever tongue. Marie (glib glib). English language ability is better than4., You, can, never, tell., wide knowledge, no one can say.5., My, memory, failed, me, at, that, moment., I can't remember that moment.6., Your, name, obstinately, escapes, me., I can't remember your name.7., To, think, that, you, should, fail., I don't think you will fail. 8., Would, it, were, otherwise, if that's not the case. There was more mischief than harm in him. he is only mischievous, and no harm. 10., I, never, go, past, my, old, school, but,, think, of, our, headmaster.. Every time I pass my alma mater, I remember our headmaster. 11., The, book, is, beyond, me., I can't read this book. 12., There, is, nothing, like, leather, for, shoes., leather shoes are great. 13., It, is, too, recent, to, be, forgotten., fresh in memory.14., The, mountain, is, not, valuable, because, it, is, high.,mountain is precious, not at its height. The "This is the last place I where expected to meet you." did not expect to meet you here. 16., He, is, nothing, if, not, stubborn., he's a stubborn man. 17., I, was, not, a, little, surprised., I was shocked.18., He, can, do, it, if, any, one, can., only he can do it.19. You cannot make something out of nothing. one can't make bricks without straw. 20., I, can, t, bear, the, sight,, of, that, man.I can't stand seeing that man.Similar sentences1. He had made a box., he has made a box. He had a box made., he told people to make a box.2. Foolishly he spoke. he was so foolish to speak. He spoke foolishly. he talks very stupid.3. Quite properly he was punished. he deserved to be punished. He was punished quite properly., he was properly punished.4., We, asked, him, to, speak, from, his, experience., we ask him to talk about it based on his experience. We asked him to speak about his experiences. we asked him to talk about his experience.Similar sentences5. He is behind time. he's late. He, is, behind, the, times., he's behind the times.6. His success is out of question. his success is beyond doubt. His, success, is, out, of, the, question, he's never going to be successful.7., They, went, to, sea., they're going to besailors. They, went, to, the, sea., they went to the beach. 8., It, has, been, raining, continually, for, two, days., rain, intermittent two days. It has, been, raining, continuously, for,, two, days rain continued for two days.Similar sentences9., He, has, no, more, than, ten, books., he has only ten books. He has not more than ten books., he has ten books at most.He is not a little afraid of it. he was very scared. He is not a bit afraid of it., he is not afraid at all. 11., I, didn, t, go, because, I, was, afraid., I am not afraid to go. I, didn, t, go, because, I, to., was, afraid, I did not go, because I dare not go. 12. She kept the house., she watches over the house. She kept house. her home.Similar sentences13., This, is, no, place, for, me, to, go., this is not whereI should go. There, is, no, place, for, me, to, go, I have nowhere to go. 14. I, had, a, good, talk, to, him, yesterday., I gave him a good dressing down yesterday. I had a good talk with him yesterday. I had a really good time talking to him yesterday. 15., Tom, escaped, prison., Tom escaped the jail. Tom, escaped, from, prison., Tom, jailbreak. 16., Is, there, any, difficulty, in, this? Do you have any difficulty with this? Is, there, some, difficulty, in, this? It's a bit difficult, isn't it?Similar sentencesWe are sure that man is mortal. we are sure that man will always die. We, are, sure, that, man, is, dead., we are sure the man is dead. 18., We, hired, the, boat, by, the, hour.. We ship by hour. We hired, the, boat, for, an, hour., we rented an hour boat.Similar sentences19., I, did, not, notice, him., I didn't notice him. I, took, no, notice, of, him., I don't care about him. 20., Happily, he, did, not, die., thankfully he did not die. He did not die happily., he died uneasy.The second chapter is semantic translationFirst, the choice of meaning in the understanding of polysemy (polysemy)The translation of runRun, a, car, run, shop, run, oil, run, message, a, fever, run, a, computer, run, run, a, meeting, run,, chickens, run, a, arms, advertisement, run, anHead translation10. He arranged his speech under five heads. his speech is divided into five parts. 11., We, have, thirty, head, of, cattle.We have thirty cows. 12., Heads, or, tails? Heads or tails? 13., Where, is, the, head? Where is the toilet?The translation of head:1. head of the English Department, director of the English Department of2. head of the government head of the bed, head of government3.4. head of the staircase a of the needle at the top of the stairs5. head6. He was badly wounded in a the head. he was badly wounded in the head.7. He has a good head for maths. he has a lot of mathematical talent.8., You, should, use, your, head., you should use your head.9. The, dinner, cost, US, five, dollars, a, head., the meal cost us 5 yuan each.The translation of I. poor:1. The, cloth, is, poor, in, quality., this cloth is of poor quality.2. The, water, is, poor, in, oxygen., this water is anoxic.3. Her first concert had a poor audience., her first concert, with very few listeners.4. This, to, her, was, a, poor, consolation., this comfort does not work for her.5. In my poor opinion, you should let her go. in my humble opinion, you should let her go. Boat. She was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on on getting the she has seasickness problems, so always go to bed on board.The translation of II. runThe He will not be running in the next election., he is not ready to run for the next election. 2., The, train, is, not, running, today., that train is off today. 3. The film began to run. filmat the. 4. His face was running with sweat. he Sweat streamed down the face. 5., It, was, such, a, ran., hot, day, that, the, butter, the weather was so hot that the butter melted. 6., The, road, runs, north., this road extends north. The "The rumor runs that he is going to resign." is rumoured that he is going to resign. 8., The, monsoon, had, six, weeks, more, to, run., the rainy season will last six weeks.The translation of II. run9., The, car, repair, will, run, you, at, least, two, hundred., repair, at least you spend two hundred yuan. 10. The play ran for only a week in that theatre.. The play was only staged for a week in that theater. 11., Potatoes, are, running, large, this, year., potatoes grow a lot this year. 12., A, freezer, doesn, run., t, cost, much, to, the use of the refrigerator is not very expensive.The translation of III. liveShe needs to find somewhere to live. she needs to find a place to live. 2., Where, do, these, plates, live? Where are these dishes? 3., Spiders, can, live, for, several, days, without, food., spiders can live without food for a few days. 4., We, saw, a, real, rattlesnake, live! We saw a live rattlesnake.The translation of III. live5. The club has live music most nights., the club has live music most nights.6. The show is going on live., the show is being broadcast live.7., Pollution, is, still, very, much, a, live,issue. pollution is still a very interesting issue at the moment.8., This, is, a, live, and, interesting, book., this is a lively and interesting book.The translation of IV. like1., He, likes, mathematics, more, physics., than, he prefers mathematics to physics.2., Bananas, don, t, like, me., I ate a banana and my stomach was upset. (bananas do not fit my stomach.) Three它的味道像芒果。
翻译理论与实践2
1
I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east.
译文II：
（Tr. 覃 军）
他要格物致知，教书育人。
（Tr. 唐 婷 ） ：推究；致：求得。穷究事物原理，从而获得知
2021/11/14
25
大学之道，在明明德，在新民，在止 于至善。
The Way of the great learning is to rid oneself of self desires and develop further one’s inherent virtues. One should not only develop his own inherent virtues further, but should encourage all persons to do so also. Only then is it possible to reach the acme of perfection.
一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫
褴褛，瘸腿，满脸短鬓
（后置）
2021/11/14
20
1、定语的位置
（2）短语作定语
a building project of high-rise apartment
houses
翻译理论与实践 ppt课件 (2)
• Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
（ 阅读理论著作；专题论文；翻译教材；译品的前言后语）
2. 研究译作范本 从中摸索翻译的规律和技巧，对比不同译本的处理和效果。
研究典型译例，注意翻译技巧的说明和译句的得失，为翻译
实践打好基础
3. 不断进行翻译实践 （1） 依照词语---句子---段落---语篇的顺序； 2. （2） 选择不同题材和体裁的练习材料； （3） 难易循序渐进； 3. （4） 译文反复修改，不断提高译文质量； 1. （5） 选择有参考译文的文本，进行对比学习； 2. （6） 可请别人修改或校正。
Class 1
Thursday
Classroom
20:30—22:30 p.m. 会3-202
导学——课程要求
Course Description & Requirements
Description:
This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at cultivating the SS’ ability of translating between E-C and C- E—they have the ability to understand and master some basic theories and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first impression to English language and Chinese, and through these discussions they will have a higher ability in their English writing. It will take us at least a span of 2 lectures to finish one topic in the syllabus.
翻译理论与实践2
翻译理论与实践2（汉译英）Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students（2005年9月）（2008年9月第3次修订）授课人：刘国忠Tel: 2578706E-mail: gzliu@前言（一）课程简介《翻译理论与实践3》为英语专业四年级学生必选课，旨在培养外向型人才，为改革开放，建设有中国特色的社会主义服务。
该课程在注重基础语言知识、基础翻译知识和基础理论学习和掌握的同时，强调基础与提高的关系，力图将本科生课程与研究生考试衔接起来，便于本科生毕业后从事翻译的相关工作或为继续深造打好基础。
（二）本课程教学在专业人才培养中的地位和作用根据我系英语专业（本科）的培养目标“培养具有坚实的英语语言基础、系统的语言理论知识和一定科研能力，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的英语高级专门人才。
”本课程主要承担着培养学生的基本的翻译能力，在实现我系英语专业人才培养目标的进程中，起着不可替代的重要作用。
（三）本课程所要达到的基本目标使学生初步了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同，并掌握常用的翻译技巧，培养基本的翻译技能，能将中等难度的汉语篇章或段落译成英语。
译文忠实原文，语言通顺，速度约为每小时200—250个汉语词语。
（四）学生学习本课程应掌握的方法与技能学生翻译技能的培养应包括以下五个方面：语言分析和运用能力；文化辨析和表现能力；审美判断和表现能力；双向转换和表达能力以及逻辑分析和校正能力。
素质教育的一个显著特点就是要使教育者能主动地学习、主动地发展，在课堂教学中就是要充分体现学生的主体地位，让学生积极地参与知识的获得过程。
要让学生明白翻译课是一门实践性很强的课程，强调自身的翻译实践在培养翻译能力过程中的重要性，没有足够量的翻译实践，翻译能力的培养将是一句空话。
3翻译理论与实践(二)教案2019年第三次课材料-PPT文档
英汉互译中四字格词语的翻译
The Translation of Four-Character Phrases 1. 四字格词语的美学价值 2. 《水浒传》中四字格的翻译 3. 《红楼梦》中四字格的翻译
I. 四字格的美学价值
1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡 情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于 处世判事之际。（王佐良 译）
3. She quietly and dreamily lowered herself into his arms, and Angel methodically marched off with her. (Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles) 她服服帖帖、悠悠忽忽地靠在他的肩膀上， 他不慌不忙、不紧不慢地抱着她向前 走去。 4. He was a voracious reader, spending much of his days and evenings devouring books. 他读起书来废寝忘食，夜以继日。
翻译练习讲解 英译汉练习（一）
Proverbs and epigrams form the nucleus of the wisdom of man. Those contained in this book (Treasury of Proverbs and Epigrams published in the United States of America) have been handed down through the ages by the great philosophers and teachers in the history of our world. While some of these men and women have all but been forgotten, their words are as fresh and new today as when first spoken; and their wisdom has grown and ripened with the passing of time. You who read this book can not help but reap ch rewards in knowledge and wisdom that will aid you as you go through life.
翻译理论与实践
安德烈· 勒弗维尔
• 安德烈· 勒弗维尔的著作：《翻译、重写和文学名 声的操纵》、《翻译、历史与文化:原始资料集》。 • 他的总体文化思想核心就是把翻译研究与权力、 思想意识、赞助人结合起来，重点考察一定历史 条件下，翻译和制度、学说、政府、学术界支持， 以及资助等方面的密不可分的联系，触动了翻译 的政治经济基础。他认为，翻译必定受译者或当 权者的意识形态和诗学支配，必定不能真实地反 映原文化的面貌。
奈达
• 奈达认为翻译是交际活动，翻译主要是译意。等 值（效）理论是其核心思想。奈达明确了翻译的 科学概念，认为翻译是一种艺术、一种技巧、而 且是一种科学。 • 他借鉴了乔姆斯基的转换生成语法理论，提出了 四步式的翻译过程，这一过程包含了分析、转换、 重组、检验四个步骤，即逆转换翻译理论。 • 他的代表著作《英语语法概要》、《从圣经翻译 看翻译原则》、《翻译理论与实践》、《翻译科 学探索》、《从一种语言到另一种语言:论圣经翻 译中的功能对等》。
九、形似、神似及化境
形似与神似是翻译的两种要求与结果，也是一对矛盾体。翻 译难，难在理解，难在表达，难在“信达雅”，难在形神兼 备。好的译作应“形神兼备”，应该：《翻译、历史与文化》， 他系统阐述了文化翻译思想，其中一条非 常重要的原则就是：翻译绝不是一个纯语 言的行为，它深深根植于语言所处的文化 之中。翻译并不只是一个简单的解码重组 过程，更重要的还是一个交流的行为，也 是指文化内部或文化之间的相互交流。
一、关联理论
• 美国哲学家格赖斯提出了著名的会话“合作原则”。 • 关联理论两大基本原则：认知原则和交际原则。 • 认知原则认为人类的认知心理是往往力求以最小 的心理投入产出最大的认知效果，所以倾向于最 佳关联； • 交际原则认为关联的程度取决于话语所具有的语 境效果。 • 两大原则相结合得以让受话者以最小的心理投入 获取最大的语境效果是关联理论的首要原则。所 以也有学者把关联理论称作“最小最大理论”。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Lecture 3 DictionBetter late than the late. (原文为美国高速公路上矗立的安全警示牌）Tension is building up.(l) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) He’ll be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The Rita Haywoth’s story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story.(7) Last Dec. the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.3.1 Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word3.1.1 Judging from the Word Formation pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis3.1.2Judging from the Part of SpeechRight，open your mouth，let me have a look．He hoped to be absolutely right about this issue．I must answer that phone，but I’ll be back right away．The ship righted itself after the big wave had passed．In England，we drive on the left side of the road，not the right side．He exercised his legal right as President to halt the investigation．3.1.3 Judging from the References1. I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable.3.1.4 Judging from the Context and Collocation1．Symptoms of SARS developed．2．We had hopes of developing light industry on quite a large scale．3．Land animals are thought to have developed from sea animals．4．The local government is planning to develop the western areas．5．The photographer develops all his films．6．I’d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point．7．Scientists have succeeded in developing many new plants．Another example “as luck would have it”.1．As luck would have it，no one was in the hotel when the explosion took place．2．As luck would have it，there was rain on the day of the camp．Try to translate the following sentences1. observe the behavior of birds.2. Do they observe Christmas Day in that country?3. He observed that we should probably have rain.4. The law obliges parents to send their children to school.5. They were obliged to sell their house in order to pay their debts.6. I’m much obliged to you.如：please ~ me by closing the door.Obliging neighbordelicate skindelicate porcelaindelicate upbringingdelicate livingdelicate healthdelicate stomachdelicate vasedelicate diplomatic questiondelicate differencedelicate surgical operationdelicate ear for musicdelicate sense of smelldelicate touchdelicate foodraise fearsraise vegetablesraise a familyraise the deadraise a fleetraise a monumentraise an embargo3.1.5 Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties1. The lathe should be set on a firm base.2. As we all know，a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.3. A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.4. Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.5. He is on the second base.3.2 Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word3.2.1 DeductionStopoutcommunitychallenge3.2.2 Transplant·Microwave ·Supermarket ·Splashdo wn ·dataphone3.2.8 Transliteration·Wall Street·The Times·Pentium 奔腾·Citroen 雪铁龙·clone·Internet·hacker 黑客3.2.3 Extension·bottleneck·brain trust·brain drain·It is more than transient everydayness. 3.2.4 Substitution·to kill sb. as an example·Please withhold the handout.·He was indeed a good riddance.·The same is not true with a mortal illness.3.2.5 Explanation·mindlessness·togetherness·swan song·a throwaway society3.2.6 Combination·so subtle and careful an observer·his mendacity and dishonesty·a grim and tragic Christmas·the body and mind cramped by noxious work 身心困顿3.2.7 Pictographic Translation·H-beam 工字梁·O-ring 环形圈·U-steel 槽钢·V-belt 三角带·X-brace 交叉支撑·Y-curve 叉形曲线3.3 Extension of Word Meaning3.3.1 Conversion of Meaning1. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.2. Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’ service.3.3.2 Abstract Extension of Meaning1. Everybody has his smiles and tears.2. The technological process was then a newcomer in the U.S., so application was not numerous.3. He was a man to let his heart rule his head.4. The matter was finally settled under the table.5. He Hamleted at a chance and regretted for it.6. The canoe Titanicked on the rock in the river. 3.3.2 Concrete Extension of Meaning1. The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.2. Brain drain has been Kangding’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.3. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.4. He was a tough proposition.3.3.3 Extension According to Idiomatic Way in Chinese1. So the swallow flew round and round her，touching the water with his wings，and making silver ripples．亚伯拉罕·林肯亚伯拉罕·林肯是美国第16任总统，1809年出生于肯塔基州，1865年遭一名南方邦联拥护者枪击，第二天逝世于华盛顿。