美国陪审团制度PPT
陪审团制度PPT课件
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陪审团的评价
——没有一种制度是绝对完美的
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陪审团的评价：积极方面
有利于培养公民的法治精神
陪审团人数虽然不多，但是 他们是从上千人中遴选出来的， 这一过程本身就可以看成是很好 的法治宣传过程，民众无形中受 到了一次法治教育
保障了司法的公正，能有效遏制腐败
在案件的裁决上，陪审团在社会经验 和知识上显然要胜过已经具有职业习惯的 法官，他们的裁决来自于对案件最真切的 感知，这种不经过职业习惯和偏见扭曲的 感知，最有可能使得案件合情合理，使审 判更加公正
陪审团的裁决能力受到质疑
美国错案发生的几率几乎取决于陪审 团能力的高低和某些因人而异的不可捉 摸的因素，而这样不遵循常理的陪审团 是非常可怕的。
对陪审员个人私权利产生不利影响
在审理过程中，陪审团成员还可能会被隔 离而无法与家人相见，与案件有关的电 视节目和报纸评论也是不允许看的，这么做的 目的就是最大可能的杜绝陪审员受到外界不当 的干扰.(自由度)
陪审团的评价：消极方面
司法效率低下
程序繁琐，且耗时过长，直接降低了司法 效率，尤其在当代诉讼爆炸的时代，这种弊端 更是影响了案件的及时审理，间接地损害了当 事人的权益
审案成本居高不下
按照美国有关陪审团法律的规定，陪 审员参与案件的审理，能得到相应的补助， 其他与陪审有关的开支也可以报销，当然 在这种情况下，陪审员原来的工作肯定要 暂时停止，这无形中形成了对社会价值创 造的浪费
4. 2014年8月9日，美国密苏里州弗格森市，白人警察开枪射杀了黑人青年迈克.布朗。大陪 审团做出不起诉枪杀黑人警察(视频：四分钟了解陪审团制度)
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陪审团制度的概念
陪审团制度，是指由特定人数的有选举权的公民参 与决定嫌犯是否起诉、是否有罪的制度。
美国陪审团制度
美国实行的是陪审制度，每个公民都有义务和可能被选入陪审团。
法官只能帮助陪审团理解法律，无权干涉案件结果。
陪审团成员都是随机挑选的。
到了法庭还不知道会被选入哪个案例。
200多各个来自不同族裔不同年龄不同职业的候选人等待入选。
行贿受贿的可能几乎到了零。
美国法律其中一个重要的观念是陪审团制度，也是属於普通法传统，在美国宪法的第六条修订案里列明人民涉及刑事案时有权要求一个陪审团的审讯 凡入籍成为美国公民的人，有义务免费担当陪审员一职。
移民美国的人，对此要有一定认识。
陪审团在西方社会有悠久的历史。
早在希腊的城邦时期，陪审团制度经已确立和流行。
在阿里斯多德的名著《希腊宪法》中所述及的陪审团，与现在美国的陪审团制度十分相似，这实在使现代人十分惊奇。
当时希腊还没有审讯律师，人民是自我代表的，陪审员也是普通市民，可以说是真正的人民法庭。
当时一件案的陪审团由二百至三百个陪审员组成；著名哲学家苏格拉底的审判团，就是由五百零一个陪审员所组成，结果多数陪审员判他有罪。
开审前每个陪审员都分得两个小金属牌，一个铸著「有罪」，另一个「无罪」。
当控辩双方提出证据后，陪审员就作出自己的判断，把其中一个金属牌放进一个罐里，最后点算金属牌来决定被告人是否被定罪。
今日美国的陪审团定为十二人，这是英国在一一六六年英皇亨利二世时所开始，而在一三六七年正式确立的。
陪审员都是普通市民，他们要宣誓以公平客观的态度来听审，由法官主持和作有关法律上的指导，然后集体作出裁决。
刑事案和民事案的陪审制度大致相同，但判决的标准则有所分别。
在刑事案方面，按联邦政府和大部分州的制度，一件案件的十二名陪审员一定要达成全体一致的决定(unanimousdecision)，方能裁决。
(俄勒岗州的刑事案，十对二即可裁决。
)民事案的陪审员则只要达成大多数的共识，就可以判案。
美国各州的民事陪审法律都有不同，例如加州是九对三，俄勒岗州是十对二定案，佛州是十对二。
刑事和民事陪审制度的另一分别，是民事案的陪审员往往要对案中个别的问题分别作出裁决，英文叫做「特别的裁决」(Specialverdict)，例如案中某一事项判被告向原告赔偿，在另一事项上可能判决部分赔偿或毋须赔偿。
陪审团介绍课件
• 公元前509年——公元前508年，平民领袖克利斯提尼当选为执政官 。在克利斯提尼的立法改革中规定：每个公民都有选举权和参政权， 其中就包括公民有当选为陪审员的权利，当时规定每个部落从年龄超 过三十岁的雅典公民中选出若干陪审员组成陪审法庭参与重大案件的 调查，之后再由陪审法庭下设的委员会进行公平审判。 • 到公元前451年，经过伯里克利的司法改革，公民参与陪审活动较之 以前有了更为规范的规定：每年按每个部落选六百人的原则，以抽签 方式从年满三十岁的男性公民中选出六千人，组成陪审法院——赫里 埃。陪审法院内部又分十个陪审庭，每庭正式陪审员五百人，候补陪 审员一百人，审理各种诉讼案件并实行多数票表决制，陪审员还有出 席津贴。赫里埃既是重罪案件的第一审级，也是其他司法机关裁判案 件的上诉审机构，同时还参与部分立法工作，对民众大会的决议具有 最终的批准权。赫里埃的上诉审判决是终审判决，一经生效就不可再 行控诉和审判。
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• 在印度及非洲殖民地，陪审制则始终带有浓厚的殖民主义色彩和种 族主义色彩。陪审制在这些殖民地的唯一目的便是殖民控制和种族 奴役。 欧洲大陆的主动移植 1789年法国大革命后，英国陪审制首次登陆法国，并经由法国开始 在整个欧洲大陆传播与发展。（欧陆其它国家在移植陪审制时并非 直接参照英国蓝本，而是参照了法国蓝本。） 进入 20 世纪以后，欧陆多数国家（包括法国本土）又相继对法式陪 审团制度进行了改革，原来的“陪审法庭”渐渐变成了由职业法官 和陪审员共同组成“合议庭”，定罪的决定权不再专属于陪审员， 而由职业法官与陪审员分享，“陪审制”变成了“参审制”。
• 4、陪审员的职责豁免 • 履行陪审员职责是一项法定义务，但如下人员可豁免该义务：年龄超 过65岁的英国公民；正式受封的贵族及贵族夫人；担当上院议员或者 国会官员；欧洲议会代表；威尔士国民议会成员及威尔士审计委员会 成员；王室海、路、空军的现役军人；已经合法登记并正在执业的以 下专业人士：开业医师、牙医、护士、助产士、兽医外科医师、兽医 开业医师及兽医药剂师；教义与陪审制度不相兼容的宗教领域任职者 。需要指出的是，上述人员并非可主动豁免陪审员之职责，而需向刑 事法院提出申请。未提出申请而拒不履行陪审员之职责的，将承担法 律责任。 • 此外，不具备必要的语言(英语)能力或因身体状况所限而不能履行陪 审员职责的公民也可提出申请，要求豁免该职责。法官经必要的测试 后决定是否批准这一申请。 • 如果公民在近两年内一直履行陪审义务或一直参加某一陪审团或者法 庭已经豁免其一段时期担当陪审员的义务而这一期间尚未结束的，法 庭应豁免其担当或继续担当陪审员的义务。
美国陪审团制度
美国陪审团制度简介作者：陪审团制度是美国民主制度的重要组成部分。
在美国，刑事案件的审理和部分民事案件（主要是民事侵权案件）都有可能使用陪审团。
美国联邦宪法第三条规定，所有刑事案件的审判，除弹劾案外，都必须有陪审团出庭；宪法第六条修正案规定，刑事诉讼中，被告享受由公正的陪审团迅速和公开审理的权利；第七条修正案规定，在普通民事诉讼中，如果争执价值超过20美元，由陪审团审判的权利就应该得到保护。
部分民事案件（主要是民事侵权案件）都有可能使用陪审团。
美国联邦宪法第三条规定，所有刑事案件的审判，除弹劾案外，都必须有陪审团出庭；宪法第六条修正案规定，刑事诉讼中，被告享受由公正的陪审团迅速和公开审理的权利；第七条修正案规定，在普通民事诉讼中，如果争执价值超过20美元，由陪审团审判的权利就应该得到保护。
美国的陪审团分为大陪审团和小陪审团。
大陪审团只处理刑事案件，职责是听审证据，也就是根据检察官、当事人以及证人的陈述，决定是否对被告进行起诉；小陪审团在刑事诉讼中，通过对案件事实的认定，决定嫌疑人是否有罪，在民事诉讼中解决争议，并决定是否赔偿。
我们一般所说的陪审团主要是指小陪审团。
1、美国采纳陪审团制度的主要原因美国人之所以推崇陪审团制度，主要有几个原因。
一是历史原因。
一般而言，真正的陪审团制度起源于英国，英国人踏上美洲大陆，自然而然地将其所熟悉的法律制度带到了美国，陪审团制度便开始生根发展。
另外一个原因就是美国人的民主意识和参与意识比较强。
美国人认为陪审团制度是对政府权力的有效制约，允许一个独立的陪审团参加到司法裁判的过程中，可以防止政府在法律制度中滥用权力。
同时，美国人认为由于陪审团要反映社会的人口特征和价值观念，这就令他们感到自己通过代表参与到了法律制度的运作之中。
还有一个原因就是美国人认为所有人在这个制度中都是平等的，他们都将同样接受陪审团的评判。
2、陪审团制度的具体实施（1）选拔陪审员。
一般来说，陪审员是从社会上的大多数人口中挑选的，尽可能代表美国社会的各个阶层、各种人群。
美国陪审团制度
美国陪审团制度一、陪审团制度陪审团制度既是司法制度也是政治制度。
在美国陪审团主要有以下三种功能：判定事实；依据主审法官给予陪审团的指示中所阐释的法律后果对事实进行评价；以裁断的形式提出其评议结论。
美国的陪审团只负责事实方面的审理，法官则主要负责法律方面的审理。
陪审制存在陪审团制和参审制两种形式。
陪审团制是指由一定数量的陪审员组成陪审团参与案件的审判，决定案件的事实问题，而由专业法官决定案件的法律问题的一种陪审形式。
陪审制主要存在于英美法系国家。
陪审团制又分为大陪审团和小陪审团。
大陪审团负责审查重罪案件的起诉，小陪审团的职责是出席法庭审理并作出是否有罪的裁决；大陪审团有23人组成，小陪审团有12人组成。
但是现在大陪审团制度已经逐步消弱，其适用范围也在进一步缩小，只在一些重大和有特殊影响的案件中使用大陪审团调查起诉。
参审制是指由陪审员与专业法官共同组成合议庭，共同决定案件的事实问题与法律问题的一种陪审形式。
参审制多存在于大陆法系国家。
二、陪审团制度的历史陪审团已有超过两千年的历史，它的起源可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马，那时的陪审团最多可由6000人组成，并且当时对案件事实的认定方式仍然没有超越神判的范畴。
现代意义上的陪审团起源于公元九世纪的法兰西王朝。
1066年陪审团作为“邻里证人”制度传入英国。
亨利二世时期陪审团开始发挥司法职能。
1215年，《自由大宪章》以法律形式把陪审团制度固定下来。
1352年爱德华三世将负责起诉的陪审团与审判过程中的陪审团分立，审判过程中的陪审团主要在普通法诉讼中作出事实方面的裁决，现代意义上的陪审团制度由此建立。
美国作为英国的殖民地，北美地区的早期开拓者继承了一系列英国的司法制度，其中也有陪审团制度。
陪审团在美国的历史发展中发挥了非常重要的作用。
1787年的美国宪法规定了陪审团制度，但是这部宪法只规定了刑事诉讼中的陪审团，而没有规定民事诉讼陪审团，民事诉讼陪审团的地位受到轻视。
美国陪审团制度PPT
一般的民事和刑事案件要求 裁决的投票结果达到9票
以上，不然，裁决就将无
效，陪审团就要重新审议。
• 陪审团成员确定
Step1：由法官随机抽取最初的陪审员候选人。 在美国，每个公民都有成为陪审团的义务， 法官可以直接从当地选民登记手册中随机抽出 候选人名单。 Step2：双方律师对抽取的候选人依次行使否 决权，决定最终的陪审员人选。 Step3: 选举产生陪审团主席
Jury System
不满18岁 不在本土居住
特定人数的有选举权的公民 决 定
嫌犯是否有罪，是否起诉
不通晓英语 听力有缺陷
有前科
精神病 酗酒，吸毒
美国的陪审团可分大陪审团和小陪审团。 大陪审团只处理刑事案件，职责是听审证据，也就是根据检察官、当 事人以及证人的陈述，决定是否对被告进行起诉；
小陪审团在刑事诉讼中，则通过对案件事实的认定，决定嫌疑人是否 有罪，在民事诉讼中解决争议，并决定是否赔偿。
陪审团投票
在一般刑事和民事案件中，需要多少票数才能获得有效的判决，
依各州法律规定而异，一般都要多于
9票，但是对谋杀等
重罪案件则要求一致通过。
在开庭前，法官将告知当事人及双方律师和陪审团将在下次开庭 时宣布裁决结果。开庭时，法官将询问陪审团主席是否形成裁决意见。 如果形成裁决意见，团主席将宣布裁决及投票结果。在陪审团主席宣 读裁决结果后，法官还将一一询问各位陪审员的意见，是同意，还是 反对。如果这时有陪审员反对，使 裁决就陪审员。 最终所需要的只是 。 自始至终，候补陪审员是和正式的陪审员一起参加法庭的审理活动的
12名陪审员和12名候补陪审员
陪审团听审
在美国不少重大的刑事案件和民事案件的审理中，法官会根据情况将陪审团与
英美法系的陪审团制度 PPT
由此可见，陪审团≠陪审员
英美法系的陪审团制度
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什么是陪审团制度？ 陪审团制度怎样实施？
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如何评价？
如何评价？
陪审制度（Jury system）是指法院在审判案件时吸 收普通公民参加庭审与法官共同行使审判权的制度。
英美法系的陪审团制度是一个非常著名的政治制度。
它由招募来的法律外行者组成，这些成员是在最广泛的 公民之中随机产生的；在特别的初审案件中将他们召集 起来；这些成员是由于被信任而被赋予的判决案件的伟 大权利；他们被允许对案件进行秘密热议并提供他们最 终的判决结果，陪审员主要凭良知和是非观对事实部分 进行认定，而可以不用给予任何理由；最后，他们在履 行完对这个国家的短暂的义务之后，这个组织中的成员 将被解散，并回归到他们正常的私人生活中。
The Jury system of common law system 英美法系的陪审团制度
Q:陪审团？陪审员
陪审员——本土化产物
各级人民法院设立人民陪审员工作指导小组，指导人民陪审员的管 理工作。人民陪审员管理工作包括人民陪审员人事管理工作和人民陪审 员参加审判活动的日常管理工作。人民陪审员人事管理工作由人民法院 政工部门负责。政工部门设立非常设机构或指定专人负责人民陪审员的 人事管理工作。人民陪审员参加审判活动的日常管理工作由人民法院根 据实际情况确定具体管理部门。 《中华人民共和国人民法院组织法（修正）》第九条第二款规定：人 民法院审判第一审案件，由审判员组成合议庭或者由审判员和人民陪审 员组成合议庭进行。 [1] 人民陪审员任期为5年。按照法律规定,除适用简易程序审理的案件和 法律另有规定的案件除外,人民陪审员可以参审的案件为第一审案件,具体 为:社会影响较大的刑事、民事、行政案件；刑事案件被告人、民事案件 原告或者被告、行政案件原告申请由人民陪审员参加合议庭审判的案件
陪审团制度(The Jury System)
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 陪审团制度（The Jury System）陪审团制度（The Jury System） The jury system refers to the system that a certain number of voting citizens participate in deciding whether to prosecute the suspect and to decide the case.A jury has the distinction between a grand jury and a small jury.A grand jury may hear several cases during its term, while a minor jury is a case. A small jury is usually composed of 6-12 people. According to American law, every adult citizen of the United States has the duty to serve as a juror. However, a person who is under 18 years of age, who is not living in the mainland, who has no knowledge of English and hearing impairment, who has criminal record, is not eligible to serve as a juror. Jurors are selected by court to draw out a number of residents with state identity cards as candidates. After that, each of them had to fill out a questionnaire about himself. The court notice, and then to the court for questioning and the selection of. Popularly speaking, juries are eligible citizens who have been randomly selected to be brought together and not allowed to contact the outside world during the trial. They are responsible for voting on a defendant: first, whether to prosecute; two, whether guilty?. In the United States, juries1 / 11may be used in criminal cases and in some civil cases (mainly civil cases). In Britain and Commonwealth countries, juries are no longer used in civil cases. As is known to all, the jury’s basic function is to determine the facts of the case. In a jury proceeding, the judge does not recognize the fact that the basic function of the judge is to control the proceedings and to apply the law in accordance with the facts held by the jury. For cases requiring jury trials, the first step is to select jurors and form juries. Jurors are often very complex, and jury selection is a highly skilled work. The jury’s selection is under the auspices of the presiding judge. The judge’s assistant randomly extracts the list of candidates from the local voter registration manual. Judges determine the number of candidates for initial jurors according to the circumstances of the case, and sometimes the number of candidates can be as many as two or three. The jury’s selection was made public. When selecting, both the judge and both attorneys should be present at the court. When the judges begin screening candidates, they should brief the candidate on the merits. With the consent of the judge, the others may sit in the court. The candidate of the jury determines the seat number in the court by drawing lots. The number of candidates for a jury is very---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ important because the jurors are chosen in numerical order. To determine the number of candidates in accordance with the number of seated, according to the instructions of the assistant judge, fill out the questionnaire in the help of assistant judges. The specific cases are different, and the questionnaire will also investigate the problems. On environmental litigation cases, the questionnaire may have you on environmental protection and industrial development to see, you are affected by environmental pollution violations ; on tobacco litigation cases, the questionnaire may have do you smoke , your friends have no patient and smoking related diseases ; in AIDS related litigation, there may be how do you see this problem on the questionnaire on homosexuality. The questionnaire will also cover the question of the relationship between candidates and lawyers in the case, such as whether or not to know which lawyer, whom to counsel, and so on. The relationship between candidates and witnesses is also an important issue to be investigated. The questionnaire will list the names of witnesses to appear in the subsequent suits. Judges and attorneys will screen candidates based on these findings.A judge may also direct a greeting to a candidate, such as asking3 / 11whether a candidate has any factors that will affect him or her and make a fair decision. The judge will remove the person who does not meet the legal requirements from the jury candidate. For example, non US citizens, criminal records, no voting rights, etc.. The candidate may also submit to the judge a reason not suitable for serving as a juror in the case, requesting not to serve as a juror, such as suffering from illness, etc.. For these reasons, the corresponding evidence is required to be proved, and may be allowed to exit after the judge’s consent. Since the jury is a duty of the citizen, the candidate shall not withdraw from the court when the judge does not agree to it. According to the survey, most Americans are reluctant to serve as jurors, and the main reasons are the delay, the impact on their work and life. Although there are subsidies as jurors, the amount is small, usually between $8 and $15. The judges reject the non qualified candidates, and the next procedure is to screen candidates from both sides of the bar.A lawyer may reject or reserve a candidate by number according to his own needs. In general cases, a lawyer may not exercise more than four or five times the veto power, but for special cases, it may be 6 or 7 times, up to 10 times, and the exercise of the veto power is decided by the judge. The composition of---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ the jury determines the case of victory. In the case of the famous Rodney King v. Losangeles police, the trial resulted in the prosecution losing the case because of the formation of a jury in favor of the defendant. However, the principle of screening is simple and will not be favorable to candidates who reject one party. For both candidates, both lawyers must take a serious look at the candidate’s situation. Both lawyers may ask questions about the candidates and judge whether or not to exercise their veto power based on what the candidates have answered. What kind of problem a lawyer designs is a highly technical one. But lawyers should not directly ask such questions as how candidates see the case. The judge should check the questions raised by the lawyer and reject it when the question is wrong. If the veto power is used, the jury does not meet the requirements of the jury - when the 12 jurors are numbered, they are determined by the judge. After the jury has been set up, several alternate jurors are needed to prevent the accident. A juror may be replaced by an alternate juror once the jury is unable to exercise the jury’s discretio n for illness or other reasons. The jury will wear a special jury badge. State jurors have different badges, mostly round, but5 / 11with different colors, some states are yellow, and some states are red, white and two colors. Before a formal court session, the judge informs the jury in detail of the notes. Tell what can be done and what can not be done. For example: in the jury not to discuss the case with anyone (including other jurors), are not allowed to leave the court, without the consent of the use of telephone, other people and jurors illegal contact should promptly report the judge on the case, can not read newspapers without approval. In general, jurors cannot talk to judges individually. If you want to talk to the judge, you must also have a lawyer from both parties present. The judge asked the jurors to pay attention to as many as dozens of items. Each juror, after reading these documents, signs his name to indicate that he has understood the notes. The jury has a coordinating and organizer, who can also be called the head of the jury. The head of a jury is elected by all jurors. In some major criminal and civil cases, the judge can isolate the jury from the outside world so as to avoid the jury from being disturbed by the outside world. The separation of juries is rare. The segregated jury usually lives in the designated hotel and has a guard. The jury can not leave the house without the permission of the judge. During the separation, jurors could---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ not read newspapers or watch TV so as not to be influenced by the outside world. In the case of the famous Simpson case, the jury was isolated from the outside world. Foreign trial cases are generally consecutive trials, from the court until the ruling, except the statutory rest, shall not be interrupted. In a court session, the judge keeps issuing instructions to the jury. For example: what evidence pointed out that illegal evidence is not evidence, instructed the jury in fact can not be used if the evidence, the jury accepted the evidence, the jury verdict is invalid. In order for the jury to make a fair decision, any act of bribing jurors is illegal, and jurors must comply with the relevant laws and regulations, and those who are severely punished will be subject to criminal sanctions. Court trials in the United States require cross examination, which means that judges and juries can not directly ask witnesses about the case and can only be questioned by lawyers from both parties. The lawyer’s enquiry for one of his own witnesses is called the main inquiry, and the interrogation of the other party’s witnesses is called counter questioning. The jury knows the facts of the case through questioning by both lawyers, and the judge controls the cross examination of both7 / 11lawyers. When the judge and the lawyer discuss the procedural matters in the case, the jury can not participate because the jury can not decide the procedural matters. When both witnesses appear in court, the judge may ask the jury to discuss and decide on the case. The jury formed a verdict on the plaintiff’s request and handed the jurors a vote. General civil and criminal cases require a vote of more than 9 votes. The murder is unanimous, unanimously agreed. When voting, 12 jurors are required to vote. Of course, in history there were 1 jurors absent, and 11 jurors were still valid. If a general case fails to establish the plaintiff’s claim to more than 9 votes, the jury will need to reconsider it until a majority verdict is formed. How the jury finds the facts and how to form the verdict is absolutely confidential, even when the case is decided, the jury will reveal the case and will be punished by law. In the trial of civil compensation cases, the jury can only make a ruling within the amount requested by the plaintiff, and shall not exceed the amount requested by the plaintiff. This is in the same spirit as the debate principle in the continental law system. Before the court session, the judge will notify the parties and both lawyers and the jury will announce the verdict at the next session. During the court session, the judge will---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ ask the jury leader whether to form an opinion. In the event of a verdict, the head of the regiment will announce the award and the result of the voting. After the chief of the jury read out the verdict, the judge will also ask one of the jurors whether they agree or object. If a juror has objected at this time, and the opposition will exceed 4 votes, the award will be null and void, and the jury will reconsider. The jury system is an integral part of the American rule of law and the American litigation system, and reflects the characteristics of the American litigation system. The national participation of the jury system is the most attractive aspect of the American litigation system, which fully embodies the democratization of the rule of law in the United states. The existence of the jury system has become the basis and premise of other system with American characteristics, such as cross examination system, lawyer system, and even affected the American legal education system and method. The charm of the jury system toppled many continental law countries, and with the strong American culture, some continental law countries tried to transplant the introduction, but in the end they failed. In our country, there are a lot of people have the same jury system, for its splendor9 / 11in the. But we should note that the jury system is a product of the special history of the United States, and has a special background of general social, cultural and legal culture, especially the jury system is a very expensive system. Countries like ours are hard to enjoy, and it takes a few days to select jurors. Under the unique background of legal consciousness, the will of the jury is the will of the people, that is, God, must not question the jur y’s impartiality in the fact finding, and the jury’s decision is unquestionable. Based on our country’s legal consciousness background, I am afraid it is very difficult for society to accept. In fact, different jurors will have different verdict because of the difference of knowledge background, life background, method of cognition and racial consciousness of jurors. The jury system embodies a kind of regular game. The question of the abolition of the jury system has always been an issue that the Americans have been talking about. We must not be for the jury system face appearance and eye. As the Americans say, the jury system is at least as good as its advantages. Although the new constitution provides for the implementation of the jury system in criminal proceedings and will be implemented within the Russian Federation in 2003, it has faced many problems in the---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ trial. Moreover, the introduction of jury system in Russia also has its special political and historical background. As the court play is the color film 12 angry men took place in a scene, the 1 angry men questioned the psychological changes observed then 11 members of the jury, which is respect for life, reflect on the bias, the justice of responsibility, 12 angry men good and great in my opinion is reflected in the pursuit of humanitarian universal values,11 / 11。
US jury trial 美国陪审团制度
United StatesMain article: Trial by jury in the United StatesIn the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed." The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required, meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases.[28]Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government (prosecution) and court must consent to the waiver.In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.296 (2004), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision. A hung jury results in the defendants release, however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses.Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.It has been speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States.[29]English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.In America, it is understood that Juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact, while judges usually rule on questions of law, although the dissenting justices of the Supreme Court case Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 (1895), generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: “It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities … that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or not guilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power, to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue.” Jury determination of questions of law, sometimes called jury nullification, cannot be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy.[30] Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence, a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant.[31]It was established in Bushel's Case that a judge cannot order the jury to convict, no matter how strong the evidence is. In civil cases, a special verdict can be given, but in criminal cases, a general verdict is rendered, because requiring a special verdict could apply judicial pressure to the jury, and because of the jury's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case. For this reason, Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases.[32]There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system, the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact-finders, and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer.[33] The jury has been described as "an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs."[34]As fact-finders, juries are expected to fulfill the role of lie detector.[35]However, not all cases are eligible for jury trials. In most US states, there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights, such as divorce and custody modifications.[36][37] Only eleven states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation (Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin).[36]Mostof these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only. Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly, including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody.[36][37]But those who charged with a criminal offense, breach of contract or federal offence have a Constitutional right to a trial by jury.[36]。
失控陪审团-陪审制度评析.ppt
三、人民陪审员制度的不足
1、陪而不审，或者成为编外法官 ； 2、陪审员名单相对固定，仍然无法彻底防止 人情案的发生 ； 3、产生方式、行使权力的程序不够明确 ； 4、立法上的不足，宪法上没有明确的规定， 而其他各法律又规定不一。
证据的三性
1、客观真实性 ；
2、证据的关联性 ； 3、证据的合法性 ；
《失控陪审团》请思考
1、你是否了解西方国家的陪审团制度？ 2、中国现存法律体制下是否存在类似美国的陪审团体制？ 3、中国的人民陪审员制度和西方国家的陪审团体制有哪 些异同？ 4、影片中反映了证据制度的哪些内容？
民众参与司法审判的方式
陪审制——以英、美国为代表的英美法系主要 采用，指由一定数量的公众按照特定的程序所 组成的参加诉讼案件的庭审并对诉讼案件的事 实问题做出裁决的团体。
首先是与案子有关的人员，包括与原告或 被告有关联的人不得入选。初选陪审团时， 法官为了公正，使建立的陪审团能够真正 代表最普遍意义上的人民，他的选择会从 选举站的投票名单或者电话号码本上随机 选择。
曾经轰动一时的辛普森一案，陪审团的初 选共选出了三百零四名候选人，这是因为 初选之后，还有一次严格的筛选，主要是 剔除一些由于环境和经历所造成的有心理 倾向的候选人，避免可能造成的不公正判 断
影片介绍：
本电影改编自美国著名的畅 销法律小说家约翰· 葛里辛的同 名小说，1996年，电影公司花费 了800万美元的高价买下了这部 小说的改编权，一举创下了改编 版权的新记录。
在新奥尔良的一起办公室枪杀案之后，当事者将 枪械制造商告上了法院，控告他们生产武器导致众 多暴力事件的发生，他要求法院裁定出售武器是一 种违法行为。案件如期开庭审理，此时，一个神秘 人物、本案陪审团成员尼克· 伊斯特开始暗箱操作， 他试图在这起枪械制造案中影响其他的陪审团成员， 使他们用“正确的方法”投票。与此同时，伊斯特 的女友玛丽，也想诱骗本案的两位律师，并且花费 几百万美元贿赂陪审团，要求他们使法院撤消对被 告枪械制造商的审问。于是，伊斯特和玛丽里应外 合，巧妙的操纵了这件枪械贩卖案，由12人组成的 陪审团处于一片混乱中，完全失去了控制……
陪审制度
陪审团制度的实施
4.陪审团裁决的终审性
陪审团对事实的认定，包括证据的可信性和证 明力，是该次刑事诉讼中终局的和决定性的裁 决。除非审判记录表明，没有初步的证据可供 陪审团作为认定的依据，或者诉讼中发生了法 律错误，或者出现了“陪审团不良行为”，否 则初审法官和上诉法官都不得撤销陪审团的裁 决。
十二怒汉
1994.7.27 1995.6.12 戈尔德曼亲属 尼科尔亲属
1997.2.4 民事陪审团作出裁决，一致认定辛普森对两名受害人 之死负有责任，裁决其赔偿金共计3350万美金
辛普森------抢劫案
• 2007年9月13日，在美国拉斯维加斯持枪抢劫。
• 2008年10月3日，陪审团裁定辛普森持械抢劫 及绑架等十二项罪名全部成立，可能面临终身 监禁。
陪审团之不同
杀妻案 （刑事）
审判地点 洛杉矶
杀妻案 （民事）
圣塔莫尼卡
抢劫案
拉斯维加斯
陪审团组成
8黑人 2中南美裔 1印第安人 1白人
9白人 1西班牙裔 1亚裔 1黑人和西 班牙混血
白人
凯西杀女案
• 2008.6 凯西·安东尼年仅两岁 的女儿凯莉在佛罗里达 州失踪 凯莉外祖母向警察局报 案 凯西被捕入狱，面临 一级谋杀等7项指控 凯莉尸体被侦查人员找 到 案件开始审理 陪审团裁决凯西一级谋 杀罪名不成立
美国法律规定，每个成年美国公民都有担仸陪审员的义务。
但是也有例外。 一旦成为陪审员，将在案件审理完毕之前受到一定的限制。 一旦成为陪审员，将有权接受国家按照其参与审判时间的长短 付给的补助。
法庭抽签
法庭询问
调查问卷
律师挑选
陪审团制度的实施
2.陪审程序：
正式开庭审理之前：法官将注意事项详细地以书面形式告知陪 审员。每个陪审员在阅读完这些文件后签上自己的名字，表示 已经了解了注意事项。 开庭：在开庭审理中，法官和陪审团都不能直接询问案件的证 人，只能由双斱当事人的律师询问。法官控制着双斱律师的交 叉询问。陪审团认真听完整个庭审过程。 讨论&裁决：陪审团根据庭审过程中了解到的证据对案件进行 讨论，形成裁决意见，并进行投票表决。
英美法系 陪审团制度
美国的陪审团是在公民里随即抽选12位公民组成的，权力相当于我们这里的法官。
在英美法系的审判程序里，法官的权力没有大陆法系大，最终裁决结果要靠陪审团内部投票决定。
以上是我的理解和简单的陈述，下面是载自清华大学法学院教授、博士生导师张卫平老师的详细解析：在美国，刑事案件的审理和部分民事案件（主要是民事侵权案件）都有可能使用陪审团。
而在英国及英联邦国家，民事案件基本不再使用陪审团。
众所周知，陪审团的基本作用是认定案件事实。
在有陪审团的诉讼中，法官不认定事实，法官的基本作用是控制诉讼程序，根据陪审团认定的事实适用法律。
对于需要陪审团审理的案件，第一步就是挑选陪审员，组成陪审团。
陪审员的产生往往十分复杂，陪审员的挑选是一项技术性很强的工作。
陪审员的挑选是在审理法官的主持下进行的。
法官的助手从当地的选民登记手册中随机抽出候选人名单。
法官根据案件的情况确定最初陪审员候选人数，有时候选人数可多达二三百人。
陪审员的挑选是公开进行的。
挑选时，法官和双方的律师都应在法庭现场。
法官在开始筛选候选人时，要向候选人简单介绍案情。
经法官同意，其他人可以在法庭内旁听。
陪审的候选人通过抽签确定在法庭中的座位编号。
陪审的候选人的编号是十分重要的，因为挑选陪审员时是按照编号顺序进行的。
确定编号，候选人按照编号坐定后，就要按照法官助手的指示，在法官助手的帮助下填写调查表。
具体案件不同，调查表所要调查的问题也有所不同。
在关于环境诉讼的案件中，调查表上就可能有“你对环境保护与工业发展如何看”、“你是否受到环境污染的侵害”等；在关于烟草诉讼的案件中，调查表上也许会有“你吸烟吗”、“你的好友中有无患与吸烟有关的疾病”等；在有关艾滋病的诉讼中，调查表上可能就有“你对同性恋如何看”这样的问题。
调查表还会涉及候选人与本案律师的关系问题，例如是否认识其中哪位律师，是否委托其中哪位律师等等。
候选人与证人的关系也是所要调查的重要问题。
调查表将列出以后诉讼中将出庭的证人名单。
USjurytrial美国陪审团制度
USjurytrial美国陪审团制度United StatesMain article: Trial by jury in the United StatesIn the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury, which arises in federal court from Article Three of the United States Constitution, which states in part, "The Trial of all Crimes...shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed." The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states in part, "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed." Both provisions were made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Most states' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters, though most have abrogated that right in offenses punishable by fine only. The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less, trial by jury is not required, meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases.[28]Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, if the defendant is entitled to a jury trial, he may waive his right to have a jury, but both the government (prosecution) and court must consent to the waiver.In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.296 (2004), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond themaximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines. This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on "a preponderance of evidence", where enhancement could be based on the judge's findings alone. Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision.A hung jury results in the defendants release, however charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses.Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers' license lists. A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship, disabilities, ability to understand the English language, and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror. If they are deemed qualified, a summons is issued.It has been speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States.[29]English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.In America, it is understood that Juries usually weigh the evidence and testimony to determine questions of fact, while judges usually rule on questions of law, although the dissenting justices of the Supreme Court case Sparf et al. v. U.S. 156 U.S. 51 (1895), generally considered the pivotal case concerning the rights and powers of the jury, declared: “It is our deep and settled conviction, confirmed by a re-examination of the authorities … that the jury, upon the general issue of guilty or notguilty in a criminal case, have the right, as well as the power, to decide, according to their own judgment and consciences, all questions, whether of law or of fact, involved in that issue.” Jury determination of questions of law, sometimes called jury nullification, cannot be overturned by a judge if doing so would violate legal protections against double jeopardy.[30] Although a judge can throw out a guilty verdict if it was not supported by the evidence, a jurist has no authority to override a verdict that favors a defendant.[31]It was established in Bushel's Case that a judge cannot order the jury to convict, no matter how strong the evidence is. In civil cases, a special verdict can be given, but in criminal cases, a general verdict is rendered, because requiring a special verdict could apply judicial pressure to the jury, and because of the jury's historic function of tempering rules of law by common sense brought to bear upon the facts of a specific case. For this reason, Justice Black and Justice Douglas indicated their disapproval of special interrogatories even in civil cases.[32]There has been much debate about the advantages and disadvantages of the jury system, the competence or lack thereof of jurors as fact-finders, and the uniformity or capriciousness of the justice they administer.[33] The jury has been described as "an exciting and gallant experiment in the conduct of serious human affairs."[34]As fact-finders, juries are expected to fulfill the role of lie detector.[35]However, not all cases are eligible for jury trials. In most US states, there is no right to a jury trial in family law actions not involving a termination of parental rights, such as divorce and custody modifications.[36][37] Only eleven states allow juries in any aspect of divorce litigation (Colorado, Georgia, Illinois,Louisiana, Maine, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin).[36]Mostof these limit the right to a jury to try issues regarding grounds or entitlement for divorce only. Texas provides jury trial rights most broadly, including even the right to a jury trial on questions regarding child custody.[36][37]But those who charged with a criminal offense, breach of contract or federal offence have a Constitutional right to a trial by jury.[36]。
西方陪审制度
西方陪审制度西方陪审制度是一种司法体制，其核心是由一组公民（陪审员）组成的小组，负责在法庭上听取案件并作出裁决。
这一制度在西方国家广泛使用，被认为是确保司法公正和民主的一个重要机制。
西方陪审制度的起源可追溯到古希腊，并在英国法律传统中得到发展和完善。
现代的陪审制度在美国尤其重要，被视为该国民主和司法制度的基石。
在西方陪审制度中，陪审团通常由12名公民组成，他们在案件审判过程中充当裁决者的角色。
这些陪审员通常是随机选取的，并经过严格筛选以确保其在案件中的公正性和中立性。
陪审员在法庭上仔细听取双方的辩护意见和证据，并在法官的引导下进行讨论和决策。
一般情况下，陪审团以多数决策原则作出裁决。
西方陪审制度的目的是确保案件审判过程的公正性和透明度。
陪审员作为普通公民的代表，在判断案件的事实与真相时发挥重要作用。
他们不受政府或司法系统的影响，对维护公众利益和防止滥用权力起着重要的监督作用。
此外，陪审员代表社会多元化，通常由不同背景、职业和生活经历的人组成，这有助于确保案件审判的多元视角和公正性。
然而，西方陪审制度也存在一些争议和缺陷。
一些人认为，陪审制度的效率和成本问题使得它不适用于所有案件。
此外，陪审员的決策可能受到个人偏见、群体压力和无法理性推理等因素的影响。
这可能导致不公正的裁决和错判的发生。
另外，陪审制度也容易被滥用为一种法务手段，以延长审判进程和增加诉讼成本。
尽管如此，西方陪审制度仍然被认为是司法公正和民主的重要组成部分。
它提供了一种监督机制，确保案件的审判过程是公开透明、公正合理的。
此外，西方陪审制度也有助于公众对司法系统的信任和参与感。
通过参与陪审团，普通公民可以感受到司法过程的公正性，增强对法律的认同和遵守。
总的来说，西方陪审制度是一种重要的司法机制，它确保了案件审判过程的公正性和透明度。
尽管它存在一些争议和缺陷，但陪审团作为公民的代表，在判断案件事实和真相时仍然发挥着重要作用。
美国陪审团制度
美国陪审团制度PAGE 4一般认为英国是现代陪审制度的发源地。
但英国的陪审制并非土生土长，而是从法兰克移植而来。
诺曼征服后，这种制度被带到英国。
1166年，亨利二世颁布《克拉灵顿诏令》，将陪审制正式确立下来。
诏令规定，发生刑事案件后，必须由熟悉情况的12名陪审员向法庭控告并证明犯罪事实，这就是所谓的起诉陪审团，即大陪审团。
但这种由同一批人既控告犯罪又证实犯罪的制度，极容易使被告陷入危险的境地，于是1352年，爱德华三世下令禁止起诉陪审团参与审判，要求另设一个12人的陪审团进行实体审理，这就是通常所说的小陪审团。
至此，英国出现了两个陪审团：大陪审团负责起诉，决定是否对嫌疑犯提出控诉；小陪审团负责审理，决定被告是否有罪。
大小两个陪审团在英国共存了几百年，并由此构成英国陪审制的重要特点之一。
随着英国殖民地的扩张，陪审团制度也来到美国，并成为主要的诉讼制度。
1635年，弗吉尼亚建立了大陪审团制度。
大陪审团负责指控刑事案件与调查犯罪，并决定是否给法院移送案件。
在1641年，《马萨诸塞自由纲领》规定，民事案件中的当事人也可以选择法官或陪审团审判。
独立战争胜利之后，法官和陪审团的职能开始分离，陪审团负责裁定案件事实，法官负责如何适用法律。
随后，陪审团权利载入了宪法第七条修正案。
所以《马萨诸塞自由纲领》的条文可以视作是《小爸爸》里文章选择要求陪审团审判的初步依据。
但后来美国的联邦宪法中有更多的关于陪审团设立的条文规定：美国联邦宪法第三条规定，所有刑事案件的审判，除弹劾案外，都必须有陪审团出庭；宪法第六条修正案规定，刑事诉讼中，被告享受由公正的陪审团迅速和公开审理的权利；宪法第七条修正案规定，在普通民事诉讼中，如果争执价值超过20美元，由陪审团审判的权利就应该得到保护。
《美国宪法》及其修正案确立了刑事诉讼和民事诉讼中的陪审团制度。
一般说来，刑事案件被控刑期6个月以上，被告有要求陪审团审判的权利；民事案件的当事人没有要求陪审团审判的当然权利，但可以提出申请，经法官批准后设立。
美国陪审团制度
*陪审团制度的产生*陪审团制度是美国民主制度的重要组成部份。
两百多年前，美国的开国先父在制定宪法时补充了《权利法案》，以保障普通公民的权利不受政府权力的侵犯，有关陪审团的规定在宪法中出现了三次。
宪法第五条修正案规定，除非大陪审团提出公诉，否则人民不受死罪或其它不名誉罪的审判；第六条修正案规定，刑事诉讼中，被告享受由公正的陪审团迅速和公开审理的权利；第七条修正案规定，在普通民事诉讼中，如果争执价值超过20美元，由陪审团审判的权利就应该得到保护。
以上说的是涉及美国联邦法律的案件，因此要由联邦陪审团审理。
美国法律包括联邦和州两套系统，如果是涉及州法律的案件，由各州根据各州宪法，组成自己的陪审团审理。
大多数州给予刑事案件的被告由陪审团审理的权利，对于某些民事诉讼，各州给予原告和被告双方由陪审团审理的权利。
但无论是在联邦法庭，还是在各州法庭，被告都有权放弃由陪审团审理的权利而要求由法庭审理。
美国的陪审团可分大陪审团和小陪审团。
大陪审团只处理刑事案件，职责是听审证据，也就是根据检察官、当事人以及证人的陈述，决定是否对被告进行起诉；小陪审团在刑事诉讼中，则通过对案件事实的认定，决定嫌疑人是否有罪，在民事诉讼中解决争议，并决定是否赔偿。
*陪审员的挑选过程*那么，什么人可以做陪审员呢？华盛顿特区高等法院的资深法官迈兹说：“根据美国建国以来制定的法律，被传唤到庭的陪审员人选应该具有代表性，以体现法庭所在社区人口状况。
也就是说，法庭在从任何一天被传唤到庭的公民中挑选陪审员时，要使其反映当地人种的组成、经济状况的差距以及种族的不同。
因此，在挑选陪审员的过程中，全国各地的法庭和行政人员要采取特别的措施，确保被传唤的人包括最广泛的人群，从18岁的年轻人到老年人，人选应有尽有。
”为防止歧视，法庭要确保这些人以随机抽样的形式挑选，只要没有犯罪前科，精神正常并有能力断案的成年人，都可接受挑选。
公民一旦接到传唤，就必须到场，因为这是美国法律规定每位公民必须做的。
陪审团制度
作为法庭戏非常出彩的电影《12怒汉》就发生在一个场景中，通过1名怒汉提出了质疑，观察随后11位陪审团成员的心理变化，其中有“对生命 的 尊 重，对偏 见的反思，对公 正的责任”，《12怒汉》的出色与伟大在我看来是表现在对 人 道 主 义 普 世价 值的追寻，
通俗地说陪审团就是抽签随机选出的符合资格的公民，他们被集中到一起，案件审理期间不得和外界联系。他们负责投票决定对某一被告来说：一、是否起诉；二、是否有罪。 在美国，刑事案件的审理和部分民事案件（主要是民事侵权案件）都有可能使用陪审团。而在英国及英联邦国家，民事案件基本不再使用陪审团。众所周知，陪审团的基本作用是认定案件事实。在有陪审团的诉讼中，法官不认定事实，法官的基本作用是控制诉讼程序，根据陪审团认定的事实适用法律。
在开庭审理中，法官会不断地给陪审团发出各种指示。例如：指出哪些证据属于违法证据，不具有证据效力，指示陪审团在认定事实不能采用该证据，如果陪审团采纳了该证据，则该陪审团作出的裁决就是无效的。
为了使陪审团能公正地作出裁决，任何贿赂陪审员的行为都是违法行为，陪审员也必须遵守相应的法律规定，严重者将受到刑事制裁。
在某些重大的刑事案件和民事案件的审理中，法官可以根据情况将陪审团与外界隔离开来，以避免陪审员受到外界的干扰。将陪审团隔离的情形是很少发生的。被隔离的陪审员通常住在指定的酒店，有警卫看守，未经法官许可，陪审员不得擅自离开住处。在隔离期间，陪审员不能看报、看电视等，以防受外界影响。著名的辛普森案件的审理，其陪审团就是与外界隔离的。国外开庭审理案件一般都是连续审判，从开庭起一直到作出裁决，除法定休息以外，不得中断。
当双方的证人都出庭作证后，法官就可以要求陪审团对案件进行讨论并作出裁决。陪审员根据原告的请求初步形成一项裁决意见，然后交陪审员们投票表决。一般的民事和刑事案件要求裁决的投票结果达到9票以上。指控谋杀成立的案件则要求一致通过，全票同意。投票时，要求12名陪审员都要投票。当然历史上也曾有过诉讼中1名陪审员缺席，11名陪审员投票仍然有效的情形。一般的案件如果不能就原告的请求是否成立达到9票以上时，就需要陪审团重新审议，直至形成多数裁决意见。陪审团是如何认定事实以及如何形成裁决的过程都是绝对保密的，即使在案件判决生效后，陪审员将案件的讨论过程透露出去也将受到法律的制裁。在民事赔偿案件的审理中，陪审团同样只能在原告所要求的数额范围内作出裁决，不能超出原告请求的数额。这一点与大陆法系中的辩论原则的精神相同。在开庭前，法官将告知当事人及双方律师和陪审团将在下次开庭时宣布裁决结果。开庭时，法官将询问陪审团团长是否形成裁决意见。如果形成裁决意见，团长将宣布裁决及投票结果。在陪审团团长宣读裁决结果后，法官还将一一询问各位陪审员的意见，是同意，还是反对。如果这时有陪审员反对，使反对票超过4票时，裁决就将无效，陪审团就要重新审议。
美国陪审制度
Difficult sentence
Throughout the jury controversy there is at last one assumption on both sides that the decisions of the jury will sometimes and to some degree be different from those that would be given by the judge in the same case.
Critic of the jury
The jury employs laymen amateurs in what must be a technical and serious business. That 12 persons are brought in from the street, selected in various ways. They are lack of general ability, so they may have no capacity for deciding controversies between persons. There is no guarantee that members of a particular jury may be equally quite ignorant, credulous, slow-witted, narrow-minded biased or temperamental.
Unit 25
Jury (II)
• People’s Accessory System People’
The assessors, or jurors, works together with the judges. Both of them are in charge of examining evidences, discussing the cases ,and deciding whether the defendant is guilty or not.
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一般的民事和刑事案件要求 裁决的投票结果达到9票
以上，不然，裁决就将无
效，陪审团就要重新审议。
• 陪审团成员确定
Step1：由法官随机抽取最初的陪审员候选人。 在美国，每个公民都有成为陪审团的义务， 法官可以直接从当地选民登记手册中随机抽出 候选人名单。 Step2：双方律师对抽取的候选人依次行使否 决权，决定最终的陪审员人选。 Step3: 选举产生陪审团主席
Jury System
不满18岁 不在本土居住
特定人数的有选举权的公民 决 定
嫌犯是否有罪，是否起诉
不通晓英语 听力有缺陷
有前科
精神病 酗酒，吸毒
美国的陪审团可分大陪审团和小陪审团。 大陪审团只处理刑事案件，职责是听审证据，也就是根据检察官、当 事人以及证人的陈述，决定是否对被告进行起诉；
小陪审团在刑事诉讼中，则通过对案件事实的认定，决定嫌疑人是否 有罪，在民事诉讼中解决争议，并决定是否赔偿。
为了防止意外，还需要有几名候补的陪审员。 最终所需要的只是 。 自始至终，候补陪审员是和正式的陪审员一起参加法庭的审理活动的
12名陪审员和12名候补陪审员
陪审团听审
在美国不少重大的刑事案件和民事案件的审理中，法官会根据情况将陪审团与
外界隔离开来，以避免陪审员受到外界的干扰。陪审团被隔离一方面为了
保护陪审员安全，另一方面则是为了防止陪审团受外界干扰。被隔离的陪审员 通常住在指定的酒店，有警卫看守，未经法官许可，陪审员不得擅自离开住处。 在隔离期间，陪审员不能看报、看电视等，以防受外界影响。
陪审团投票
在一般刑事和民事案件中，需要多少票数才Fra bibliotek获得有效的判决，
依各州法律规定而异，一般都要多于
9票，但是对谋杀等
重罪案件则要求一致通过。
在开庭前，法官将告知当事人及双方律师和陪审团将在下次开庭 时宣布裁决结果。开庭时，法官将询问陪审团主席是否形成裁决意见。 如果形成裁决意见，团主席将宣布裁决及投票结果。在陪审团主席宣 读裁决结果后，法官还将一一询问各位陪审员的意见，是同意，还是 反对。如果这时有陪审员反对，使 裁决就将无效，陪审团就要重新审议。
反对票超过4票时，
利
• 保证民主性，从而能保证司法公正。 • 陪审团制度能促进优秀的律师的产生。 在陪审团审判中，律师的辩护对陪审 团对事实的认定起到很大的作用，因 此陪审团制度能促进一大批优秀律师 的产生。
弊
• 案件托的时间太长几个星期几个月； 有时案件听证一半，被告和原告可能 又采取庭下和解，浪费纳税人的的钱 • 12个陪审员自身素质、专业素质参差 不齐，只是体现该社区的民意，较让 人接受其观点