hills like white elephants人际语法隐喻研究
《白象似的群山》中人际隐喻功能的分析
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“Hills Like White Elephants”英文读后感
“Hills Like White Elephants”英文读后感“Hills Like White Elephants”英文读后感“Hills Like White Elephants”, one of Hemingways terrific works, is a story that happens at a train station in the Ebro River valley of Spain. An American and his girlfriend are drinking beers and having a conversation when they are waiting for the train. In the dialogue, the young mans attempt of convincing the girl Jig to take an operation has caused a lot of arguments. Though they are not explicit about what this operation really is, I consider this operation an abortion.The conversation between them suggests that they are talking about an abortion. In the text, the man says it is an awfully simple operation and “it is just to let the air in”(Hemingway, 373). “To let the air in”is a process of vacuum aspiration in America in the 1920s, which is commonly used as a method of induced abortion. What is more, in their argument, Jig says, “Once they take it away, you never get it back”(Hemingway, 374). The man also makes it clear that he does not want anyone else but her. And this statement indicates a third person is involved. What could be the thing taken away in an operation that you may still want it back? Who could come to get in their life if the girl does not take the operation? All we can come up with is a baby. The man does not want a baby before they settle down, before he is ready to take the responsibility of raising a family.And Jig is still struggling about whether to take this operation or not in their debates. So this is an operation to take the unexpected babyaway---abortion.Sceneries between the two lines of the rails are also indications of their two different choices in pregnancy. On one side, there is no shade and no trees but only barren land stretching toward the hills. On the other side, the land is covered with green, fertile fields and river. Barren is used to describe a woman who is unable to produce children while fertile represents females capability of producing babies. If Jig agrees to take the operation, then the baby will no longer exist and thus making her barren. But if she chooses not to, then she will be consider as a fertile woman who is able to produce babies. That is to say the two totally opposite views symbolize their dilemma of the pregnancy --- infertile or fecund, undergo the abortion or not.The title of this story itself is a metaphor implying this is an abortion. White elephant denotes something that is completely burdensome, although it may be precious enough. And here in this text, the white elephant is the symbol of a baby—valuable but troublesome. There is no doubt that the baby is a treasure. But the fact is that they are a young couple traveling around the world without a place to settle down. They have neither enough time nor energy to take care of a baby. Even if they dont have to worry about those material conditions, they are notpsychologically ready yet. Problems like “requirements of being qualified parents”has never occurred in their minds. Based on both physical and psychology circumstances of the young couple, we can see that the baby is precious but also a burden. Hence the white elephant here is an intimation of an abortion.The phrase “to let the air in”makes it quite clear that this is an abortion. And during their debates, we can get to know someone is involved in this young couple and the American is trying to get away from this third person by requesting Jig to take the operation. Furthermore, the two different landscapes on the two sides of the rails is also foreshadowing us the outcome of Jigs choice. Take it, she is barren. Reject, fertile. And the white elephant becomes emblematic of a baby that could be a sweet burden in their life. This symbol strengthen the operation that has been talked about in the whole story is an abortion. With all these factors integrated together, we can conclude this is an abortion.。
Hills like white elephant 中象征手法的使用
Symbolism Used in “Hills like White Elephants”A symbol is an object, action, or idea that represents something other than itself, often of a more abstract nature. Symbolism creates quality aspects that make literature like poetry and novels more meaningful. The story is talking a very sensitive topic at that time, because of that, Hemingway does not use a word of pregnant or abortion. Hemingway is good at “Iceberg Theory.”In this way, the short story does not disclose everything, we may find that a lot of things are symbolic in it.The title “Hills like White Elephants” contains three different symbols: hills, the color white, and the white elephants. Firstly, hills can be interpreted in two ways. The shape of the hills Jig sees is just really like a white elephant. “All right, I was trying. I said the mountains looked like white elephants. Wasn't that bright?”She uses the white elephants as a metaphor for the mountains. Another interpretation----Jig is pregnant, in her eyes, the rounded enlargement of her stomach with a baby is just like the hills, and it can also be thought of as the image of the swollen breasts. White is the color of pure snow or milk. It is the color of light that contains all of the wavelengths of the visible spectrum without absorption. In Western culture, white is the color most often associated with innocence, perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, lightness, and exactitude. In the girl’s eyes, the color white symbolizes the innocence and purity of her unborn child. As for the white elephant, it is a largely useless object that may be expensive to own and maintain, according to one of its definitions in standard dictionaries. From the perspective of Jig, one of the hills may represent the lifestyle of her and the American. There are also some other symbols of it. It represents a valuable possession which the owner can not dispose of. According to Asian legends, the possession of a white elephant was regarded as both a blessing and a curse. It was good because the animal was sacred and was considered to be a high-level gift. It was bad because the animal could not be used as a labor animal and would be expensive to own and maintain; It is a avoidance of a difficult topic (according to“an elephant in the room”).The phrase “an elephant in the room”is a euphemism for a topic painfully obvious that no one wants to discuss –it refers to a question, problem, or issue that is obvious but is being ignored; It symbolizes the strength and fertility. According to tradition, Buddha’s mother had a dream about a white elephant that brought her a lotus flower. The following day she gave birth to her son.The name of the girl, Jig, also implies and symbolizes a lot. A jig is a device used in wood working. Some have suggested that her name is symbolic because the man thinks of her as a tool –an object –rather than a person with emotions and feelings about her unborn child. A jig is also a traditional Irish dance. This nickname can show, in a subtle way, that the girl and man dance around each other and around the problem that exists without saying anything important or coming to any clear decision.Curtain is recurred seven times in the short story. “Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads,”“‘Dos cervezas,’ the man said into the curtain ” . “The girl looked at the bead curtain”, etc.Without any doubt, curtain must have a deep meaning. It symbolizes boundaries the couple is facing at this point in their life or the separation that exists between the couple.Another one is Anis del Toro. Anis del Toro is mentioned five times in the story. "Anis del Toro. It's a drink." This new drink that tastes like licorice can represent the innocence of Jig, since she has never heard of this drink before. “Coming back, he walked through the barroom, where people waiting for the train were drinking. He drank an Anis del Toro at the bar and looked at the people.” This powerful liquor can symbolize the excitement that her American boyfriend has to offer to Jig, but the drink fails to deliver.“Railroad Tracks” in the story divides line between the green, fertile land, and the brown, dry land, representing the division that exists between the couple. These are tracks that run side-by-side, yet never meet, and could represent the relationship between Jig and her boyfriend –being together –yet never coming together.“Hills Like White Elephants”is similar to many of Hemingway’s other short stories. He uses straightforward writing, simple prose, and skeletal sentences. Hemingway knows how to trim language and has been said to “get the most from the least.”He leaves information out of this story intentionally. This allows the readers to fill in the blanks and come to their own conclusion. Hemingway uses a style that analysts call the “Iceberg Theory.”For instance, in the story the word “abortion”is never mentioned although the male character seems to be attempting to convince his girlfriend to have an abortion. “Iceberg Theory.”is very evident in “Hills Like White Elephants.”His hard facts float above the water but most of the supporting structure, filled with symbolism, operates underwater. In conclusion, Hemingway's use of “Iceberg Theory.”is well applied through the symbols as I analyzed above.Work cited:“Elephant in the Room.”Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia./wiki/elephant_in_the_room. (4/6/10).Hemingway, Ernest. “Hills Like White Elephants.”./~acpjr/Blackboard/Common/Stories/WhiteElephants.html.(3/31/10).“Hills Like White Elephants.”Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia./wiki/hills_like_white_elephants. (3/31/10).“Hills Like White Elephants: A Study Guide.”Cummings Study Guide./Guides4/Hills.html. (4/1/10).“Hills Like White Elephants Symbolism, Imagery & Allegory.”Shmoop Beta./hills-like-white-elephants/symbolism-imagery.html“Hills Like White Elephants –Literary Analysis.”Virginia Community College Systems Literature Website./blog/hills-like-white-elephants-literary-analysis/. (4/1/10). “Hills Like White Elephants: Themes, Motifs, and Symbols.”SparkNotes./short-stories/hills-like-white-elephants/themes.html. (4/1/10). “White Elephant.”Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia./wiki/white_elephant. (4/6/10).。
Hills Like White Elephants赏析
• It may symbolize the baby, too costly to keep in that it demands not only material provision but also responsible nurture.
Introduction to Hemingway
Hemingway's birthplace in Oak Park, Illinois.
Hemingway fishing as a young boy.
The Kansas City Star building, where Hemingway took his first job as a cub reporter.
• Physically it is quite dangerous for it was back in the 1920s’, when medical condition for an abortion was not what it is today. Besides, this operation is practiced illegally in Spain, a rigid, pious, roman Catholic country that equals abortion to murder.
The American: Man traveling with Jig.
The Woman: Waitress at the train station.
Study Questions for comprehension and consideration
Study of Hills Like White Elephants 海明威的《白象似的的群上》文章分析
Study of Hills Like White ElephantsHills Like White Elephants(Ann, 2003) is a short story by Ernest Hemingway. It opens with a long description of the story‟s setting in a train station surrounded by hills, fields, and trees in a valley in Spain. A man known simply as the American and his girlfriend, whom the man calls as Jig, sit at a table outside the station, waiting for a train to Madrid, and then begin their conversation.Chinese scholar yanglu and her two other companions(2012) maintained that“Hills Like White Elephants”is one of Ernest Hemingway‟s famous short stories with a perfect manifestation of his Iceberg Theory, for that matter, in this story most of information hides beneath the surface. Hemingway does not put out anything directly, but presents the conversation emotionlessly, and lets the reader themselves perceive the hints and the characters of the novel. Therefore, though Hills like White Elephants seems only conversation between a man and a girl, we can find out their characters and their inner qualities through their conversation.From the beginning of their conversation, the girl comments the hills “look like white elephants”(Ann, 2003:475)①. White elephant symbolizes something no one wants. Here, the girl indicates their unborn baby. The girl‟s comment initially seems to be a casual, offhand remark, but it actually serves as a segue for her and the American to discuss their baby and the possibility of having an abortion. By making such comment the girl wants to test the man‟s respons e to their unborn baby. However, the man does not know the implied meaning of the girl,nor did he cares about such boring topic. So the girl later replies the man that “he wouldn‟t have”(475), which the girl implies that he hadn't had a child before, or hadn't allowed birth in the past. From this we can see the final fate of the unborn child. Later the girl change her view to the hills, she thinks the hills “don‟t really look like white elephants”(476), and “they‟re lovely hills”(476), which is a subtle hint that shows perhaps the girl wants to keep the baby after all. Nevertheless the man misses the hint and shows no interest on this topic at all and push aside the topic by saying “Should we have another drink?”(476).In the conversation, the author portrays several times the kinds of wines and beers they drink at the intervals of their conversation. What do the wines stand for? Do the man and the girl simply want to use wine to kill time when they are waiting for the approaching train? Actually, it is the wine that reflects the fact that there's something in trouble between the couple which hasn't been solved hitherto. Thetrouble which the couple felt bewildered was to do the abortion or not(Guoying,2009). As for the girl, she just wants to put off the topic of operation, and she is also hesitating. Actually, she wants to have the child and be together with the man. But for the man, he doesn‟t care about the would-be-born baby，what he only actually concerns with is his own interests and how to keep living as they did before. He didn't want to pay any responsibility to Jig(Guoying,2009). He even puts her in desperate position. Therefore, we can see that the man is really a relentless and selfish person.In this short novel, most of conversations are contributed to the man trying his best to persuade the girl to have the operation, while he is keeping the situation at hand and showing his gentleman and kindness. He says that “it‟s really an awfully simple operation”(476), and he even says that “we‟ll be fine aft erwards, just like we were before”(476). From this we know the man is really a tricky and selfish creature. He oversimplified the operation and relentlessly seduces girl to have such agony. When he sees the reluctance of the girl, he euphemistically says t hat “…if you don‟t want to you don‟t have to. I wouldn‟t have you do it if you didn‟t want to”(477), but he still emphasizes that “I think it‟s the best thing to do”(477). He is using all his sweet words to persuade the girl to do the operation, and is trying to make his persuasion reasonable.Through the conversation, we can see that the girl is so desperate to see the response of the man that she finally cries out “would you please please please please please please please stop talking”(478). The girl use s “please” for seven times to show that she doesn‟t want to continue the conversation any more. Actually, from this story, we know that the girl loves the man deeply; she even can sacrifice herself to maintain their relationship, for she says to the man,“And I‟ll do it and then everything will be fine”(477). She will do the operation so as to make up their relationship. However, the man doesn‟t think it that way. What he intends to do is to persuade the girl to have the abortion and break up with her and begins a new life. He says sweet words to the girl, and he goes to great length to persuade the girl to have the operation. He doesn‟t care about the feeling of the girl and just wants to end this relationship and begins a new life. Therefore, for the girl, a tragedy is unavoidable.Judging from the whole story, we may think that the girl seems weak, and dependent, and always controlled by the man. However, scholars Liu Xiyang and Liu Liu(2011) have different opinion on the girl. They believed that “Jig has h er ownconsciousness, who rises from a state of dependence, helplessness to hopelessness, and finally into an independent female during the forty minutes of waiting for the train”. As for me, I totally agree with Liu Xiyang and Liu Liu‟s opinion. Undoubted ly at the beginning of the story, the girl presents as weak and independent, and she even has to rely on the man to understand what the hostess of the bar is talking about. What‟s more, it seems that she does not show any of her disagreements to the man‟s persuading her to have the abortion. Nevertheless, the girl does have changed from her weak and dependent situation at last. At the final of the story, we notice that the girl smiles and says that “I feel fine”(478). There‟s nothing wrong with me. I feel fine”(478). The girl is actually get out of a kind of hopeless and illusive situation. At first, she illudes that the man will love her and she can have both the baby and the man, but finally, she realizes that the man‟ love to her is not so deep as she ha s expected. What‟s more, she has actually figured out the man‟s attitude when she perceives how the man tries to persuade her to have the abortion without caring her health and feeling. Therefore, the smile of the girl symbols the girl‟s character change. Though the girl still feels hopeless, and she still has to have the abortion, at least she figures out what kind of person the man really is, and finally she also has her own decision, that is, she will have the abortion, but she will not believe the man any more, and she will begin her own new life.All in all, Hills like White Elephants is really an excellent story. From those emotionless conversations, we can perceive clearly the man‟s relentlessness and selfishness , and the girl‟s weakness but toug hness in this story.References:[1] Ann, Ed. The Story and its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 6th Ed.Boston: Bedford/St. Martin‟s, 2003.[2] 杨璐, 吴媛媛等. An Analysis on the Iceberg Theory Used in “Hills Like WhiteElephants”[J]. 校园英语，2012,(8)[3] 郭莹. Symbols in Hills like White Elephants[J]. 民营科技，2009,(1)[4] 刘曦阳，刘柳. On Jig's Psychological Changes in the Short Story Hills LikeWhite Elephants of Hemingway[J]. 海外英语，2011,(9)。
hills like white elephants解读
hills like white elephants解读Hills like white elephants is a short story written by American author Ernest Hemingway in 1927. It has long been considered a perfect example of Hemingway's "iceberg" theory of writing - that is, revealing the most important information through innuendo and suggestion, rather than explicitly spelling it out.The story revolves around an American man and a woman identified only as ‘the girl’, who are travelling through Spain near Barcelona. The couple is drinking beer and anise liqueur from glasses on the table at a train station. Their conversation is mysterious and speaks of something that “the man wants” but the woman is reluctant to provide. Through indirect dialog, the characters discuss a key event that has been looming in their relationship for some time - an abortion.The name of the story comes from a simile used by the woman: “the hills look like white elephants.” By this, the woman implies that she is uncertain of what to do, she believes that both options—to keep the baby and to get an abortion— would leave them with entirely different lives, an irrevocable change in their relationship that she is unwilling to make.The two characters are powerfully depicted in this story; the man is shown as being insensitive and aggressive, whereas the woman is presented as being vulnerable and hesitant. She is asking for the man’s support, but he is not forthcoming. The man may be trying to persuade her to get an abortion, while the woman is struggling to come to a decision.Hills like white elephants portrays the battle of human emotions between two people in the face of a difficult decision. It is a story of a couple, who have to make a life-altering decision and are trying to find a way to live through it. Ultimately, the couple is left to ponder the consequences of their choices in life, as the author subtly leads us through their innermost thoughts, desires, and fears.。
Hills Like White Elephants英文讲义
Unit FiveThe StyleReading: Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White ElephantsStyle: The Words That Tell the StoryThe word style is understood to mean the way in which writers assemble words to tell the story, develop the argument, dramatize the play, or compose the poem.Style is also highly individualistic. It is a matter of the way in which specific authors put words together under specific conditions in specific works.In its most general sense, style consists of diction(the individual words the author chooses) and syntax (the arrangement of those words and phrases, clauses, and sentences), as well as such devices as rhythm and sound, allusion, ambiguity, irony, paradox, and figurative language.Diction: Choice of Wordsstylistic analysis begins with the attempt to identify and understand the type and quality of the individual words that comprise an author’s basic vocabulary. When used to connection with characterization, words are the vehicles by which a character’s ideas, attitude, and values a re expressed.The analysis of diction includes the following considerations: the denotative指示的(or dictionary) meaning of words, as opposed to their connotative隐含的meaning (the idea associated or suggested by them); their degree of concreteness具体or abstractness抽象; their degree of allusiveness影射; the parts of speech词类they represent; their length and construction; the level of usage they reflect (standard or nonstandard; formal, informal, or colloquial); the imagery (形象化描述) they contain; the figurative devices比喻手段(simile, metaphor, personification) they embody.Syntax: Construction of SentencesWhen we examine style at the level of syntax, we are attempting to analyze the ways the author arranges words into phrases, clauses, and finally whole sentences to achieve particular effects.In looking at an author’s syntax we want to know how the words have been arranged and particularly how they deviate from the usual and expected.Sentences can be examined in terms of their length --- whether they are short, and economical or long and involved; in terms of their form --- whether they are simple, compound, or complex; and in terms of their construction --- whether they are loose(sentences that follow the normal subject-verb-object pattern, stating their main idea near the beginning in the form of an independent clause), periodic (sentences that deliberately withhold or suspend the completion of the idea until the end of the sentence), or balanced(sentences in which two similar or antithetical对偶的ideas are balanced).Reading:Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White ElephantsErnest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and his public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.About the AuthorErnest Hemingway (1898-1961) was born in Illinois, America. His family took him, as a boy, on frequent hunting and fishing trips and so acquainted him early with the kinds of virtues, such ascourage and endurance, which were later reflected in his fiction. After high school, he worked as a newspaper reporter and then went overseas to take part in World War I as an ambulance driver.After the war he lived several years in Paris, where he served as a foreign correspondent for some time and where he also began his serious writing career. He became part of a group Americans who felt alienated from their country. They considered themselves a lost generation. It was not long before he began publishing remarkable and completely individual short stories.Hemingway’s style of writing is striking. His sentenc es are short and declarative, his words simple, yet they are often filled with emotion. A careful reading can show us, furthermore, that he is a master of the pause. That is, if we look closely, we see how the action of his stories continues during the silences, during the times his characters say nothing. This action is often full of meaning. There are times when the most powerful effect comes from restraint. Such times occur often in Hemingway’s fiction. He perfected the art of conveying emotion with few words. Hemingway is a Classicist in his restraint and understatement. He believes that the stronger effect comes with an economy of means.He wrote:A writer’s problem does not change. He himself changes and the world he lives in changes, but his problem remains the same. It is always how to write truly and, having found what is true, to project it in such a way that it becomes a part of the experience of the person who reads it.“Hemingway Hero”We call this man the “code hero”(程式化英雄), because he represents a code. According to the code the hero would be able to live properly in the world of violence, disorder, and misery to which he has been introduced and in which he lives. The code hero offers up and exemplifies certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make and enable him to conduct himself well in the losing battle that is life. He shows, in the author’s favourate phrase for it, “grace under pressure”.The Lost GenerationThe best literatu re of the 1920’s was written by exiles, the majority of whom voluntarily left America and settled in Paris. All of them were “outsiders” who observed America society and culture objectively, from a distance. They shunned the false idea of success put forth by the social system and looked on art as both a refuge from bourgeois society and a mirror in which America could be shown its true face. Cut off from a sense of historical continuity by the First World War, they were named “the Lost Generation.”“The Lost Generation” is a term applied to the American writers, born around 1900, who fought in the First Word War and voluntarily exiled to Paris, forming a group against certain tendencies of older writers in the 1920s.The common ground that these writers share:1. They were youth from well-established families;2. They were white males;3. They were ex-soldiers;4. They lived in Paris for a period of time;5. They were disillusioned.The Iceberg Theory of HemingwayIf a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. The writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing.Meaning of the "white elephant."It generally means "a possession unwanted by the owner but difficult to dispose of," but it comes from the idea that Indian kings would give their enemies white elephants as gifts. These animals could not be killed, for the white elephant was sacred, and their upkeep was very expensive, so it was a potentially ruinous gift. So, the original meaning of white elephant would have been something like "sacred creature."Questions for Hills Like White Elephants:1. Why does Hemingway provide so little information about his characters?2. Does the girl misunderstand the man’s concern?3. Is the man’s reassurance of the other side of the picture convincing?4. Has the quarrel been resolved when the story ends? Why do they smile at each other by the end of the story?5.What is the significance of the setting?6. “Hills like white elephants” is a comment on the natural scenery. How many times is the remark brought up in the conversation? What can be the motivations?7. Hemingway is said to have a great ear for dialogue. Give examples to illustrate understated meanings in the various shifts of the conversation.8. Hemingway is celebrated for his precision of diction. His words are simple, and clear, yet they are often filled with intense emotion. The picture is clear, but the meaning is implicit. Give examples to illustrate the effect achieved through oblique implication.9. Why does the author choose the title as it is?10. Given the author’s purposes, is the chosen point of view an appropriate and effective one?。
hills like white elephants译文
hills like white elephants译文标题：《《白象一样的山丘》的译文准确性分析》引言概述：《白象一样的山丘》是美国作家海明威的一篇著名短篇小说，该作品中的译文准确性对于读者理解和欣赏原作的深度起着至关重要的作用。
本文将从五个大点出发，分析该译文的准确性，以期为读者提供更全面、准确的阅读体验。
正文内容：1. 主题表达的准确性1.1 译文是否准确传达了原作的主题1.2 译文中是否保留了原作的隐喻和象征意义1.3 译文是否准确地传达了原作中的情感和氛围2. 语言风格的准确性2.1 译文中的语言风格是否与原作一致2.2 译文中是否保留了原作中的修辞手法和句式结构2.3 译文中的语言是否流畅自然，符合原作的语感3. 文化背景的准确性3.1 译文是否准确传达了原作所处的文化背景3.2 译文中是否保留了原作中的文化元素和细节3.3 译文是否能够使读者对原作的文化背景有更深入的了解4. 角色形象的准确性4.1 译文中的角色形象是否准确地传达了原作中的个性和特点4.2 译文中是否保留了原作中角色之间的对话和互动4.3 译文中的角色形象是否能够引起读者的共鸣和情感共鸣5. 故事情节的准确性5.1 译文中的故事情节是否准确地传达了原作的发展和转折5.2 译文中是否保留了原作中的重要情节和细节5.3 译文中的故事情节是否能够引发读者的思考和想象总结：综上所述，译文的准确性对于读者理解和欣赏《白象一样的山丘》这一经典作品具有重要意义。
通过对主题表达、语言风格、文化背景、角色形象和故事情节等方面的准确性分析，读者能够更全面、准确地理解原作的内涵和意义。
因此，在进行译文阅读时，读者应关注译文的准确性，以获得更丰富、深入的阅读体验。
hillslikewhiteelephants
Contents
1.Background 2.Characters 3.Symbols
4.Theme 5.Summary
1.Background
• “Hills Like White Elephants” was written by Ernest Hemingway and was published in 1927 in a book titled “Men Without Women.”
1.Background
• Hemingway uses a style that analysts call the “Iceberg Theory.” This is very evident in “Hills Like White Elephants.” His hard facts float above the water but most of the supporting structure, filled with symbolism, operates underwater.
3.Symbols
• Hills: the rounded enlargement of the girl's stomach with a baby
• White Elephants: A white elephant is a largely useless object that may be expensive to own and maintain, according to one of its definitions in standard dictionaries. From the perspective of Jig, one of the hills may represent the lifestyle of her and the American.
人际语法隐喻在《白象似的群山》人物对话中的体现-2019年精选文档
人际语法隐喻在《白象似的群山》人物对话中的体现一、引言隐喻是大家所熟悉的一个概念，就措词而言，隐喻通常被看作是与字面意思（literal meaning）相对的词的使用方法。
例如，在“The company is crippled with the burden of high cost”中，“crippled”表达的意思是“in a difficult situation”，这是该词原义上引申出来的比喻意义。
这是从词汇层面看隐喻，我们还可以从语法角度探讨隐喻。
语法隐喻理论是系统功能语法的一个重要组成部分，最近几十年从各个方面来探讨语法隐喻的专家也越来越多。
韩礼德（Halliday，1994）最早提出隐喻是意义表达的“变异”。
通过研究语法结构对语义的体现关系，韩礼德区分了两种体现关系，一种是一致式体现，即语言结构直接反映现实世界的结构；另一种是非一致式体现，即语言结构不直接反映现实世界，而是表现出一种扭曲的关系，这种不一致的关系是语言单位之间的隐喻过程，即不同的语法域中语言单位之间的转化。
他把这种不一致式的隐喻叫作语法隐喻。
韩礼德将语法隐喻分为概念语法隐喻和人际语法隐喻。
关于是否存在语篇隐喻，这在系统功能语言学界还是一个富有争议的问题。
但是汤普森和其他一些功能语言学家认为有语篇隐喻，其理由是：隐喻的存在可以通过是否需要双重及物分析来加以确认和证明。
这一点还需要今后的研究来证实。
本文在这里主要探讨人际语法隐喻在文学作品《白相似的群山》中的人物对话中的使用，分析其在意义表达上的特殊作用，加深对人际语法隐喻理论的理解。
二、人际功能功能语言学（Thompson， 2008）认为，一个小句可以同时表达三种既有联系又不尽相同的纯理功能，即：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。
其中，人际功能指的是人们用语言来与他们交往，建立和保持人际关系，用语言来影响别人的行为，并用语言来表达对世界的看法和改变世界。
在人际交往中，言语不外乎有这四种基本功能，即给予信息、索取信息、给予货物劳务和索取货物劳务，它们的功能标签分别是：陈述、提问、提供和命令。
英语阅读短篇小说赏析
The action takes place in the mid-1920s at a train station in Zaragoza, a major city in northeastern Spain on the Ebro River. Zaragoza isapproximately170 miles northeast of Madrid. The region aroundZaragoza receives scant rainfall.The greenery observed by Jig may have flourished through irrigation.
THEME
The white elephants is considered a sacredes and,therefore,Josefh
DeFalco explained how the term reflectes upon the man.”It not only means an annoyingly useless gift;it may also be possession of great value.In this context the child symbolizes the man’s inability to see that child might prove a meaning to life which he lacks.
2.The man
In my view,I don’t like the man .I think This man is a man who is irresponsible and cunning, and even does not love this woman at all. The man enjoys their lifestyle and wants it to continue. He pressures the woman to have an operation so they can be “just like before”she becomespfegnnt. He knows that she is reluctant, and he assumes she is canoemed about the operation itself.Like this:'Well, let's try and have a fine time.'
Hills Like White Elephants——人物分析,象征
4. Awaken and become indifferent.
Would you please please please please please please please stop talking? There's nothing wrong with me. I feel fine.
selfish, hypocritical and irresponsible
1.2 Analysis of two major characters (-- Jig)
1. Sound out（试探） her boyfriend with anxiety.
Especially all the things you've waited so long for, like absinthe.'
Hills like white elephants
1.1 Analysis of two major characters (-- man)
a) try his best to convince the girl to have an “awfully simple”
operation
b) Pass the buck （推卸责任）
2. Feel disappointed and keep silent.
The girl looked at the ground the table legs rested on. The girl did not say anything.
3. Pose questions and struggle.
《白象似的群山》的语法隐喻分析 白象似的群山原文阅读
《白象似的群山》的语法隐喻分析白象似的群山原文阅读一、引言语法隐喻最早由系统功能语言学派的创始人韩礼德提出的通过研究语法结构对语义的体现关系,他区分了两种体现关系: 一致式和非一致式。
一致性指语言结构直接反映现实世界的结构，而不一致性是指语言结构并不直接反映现实而是表现出一种扭曲的关系，语言单位在不同的语法域中转化，这种不一致即语言单位之间的隐喻过程，也被称为语法隐喻。
韩礼德提出的语法隐喻只包括概念隐喻和人际隐喻（Halliday, 2000）。
《白象似的群山》是美国作家厄内斯特?海明威的一部短篇小说。
整篇文章采取对话的形式,表现了一对在火车站等待火车的情侣之间的对话。
这对情侣在一个小车站等待去往马德里的火车,女孩怀孕了而男孩极力劝说她接受堕胎手术并掩饰自己是在强迫对方;而女孩希望留下这个孩子,同时对男孩的态度感到伤心。
小说凭借其简介语言风格受到了评论界的赞赏。
对于这部小说的分析层出不穷，但大多都基于文学赏析和文学评论的角度，有些学者尝试利用言语行为分析和语篇分析等语言学理论从语用学和系统功能语法的视角来探讨这部小说。
本文决定从语法隐喻分析这篇小说的对话。
二、语法隐喻1.概念隐喻。
在功能语言学中,概念元功能主要通过及物性(transitivity)和语态(voice)得到体现。
及物性系统是人们对客观世界的表述。
韩礼德认为，人们可以通过及物性系统把人类的经验分成六种不同的过程：物质过程；心理过程；关系过程；言语过程；行为过程；存在过程（胡壮麟等，xx）。
在他看来，及物性过程中的各过程都可以隐喻化的,即一个过程可以隐喻为另外一个过程；随着过程变化，该过程的参与者、环境等功能角色相应发生变化；随着功能角色变化，它们在词汇语法层的体现方式也相应发生变化。
在词汇语法上也有隐喻化。
其中最常见的就是名词化(nominalization)。
名词化就是“过程（其词汇语法层的一致形式为动词）和特性（其一致式为形容词）经过隐喻化，不再是小句中的过程或修饰语，而是以名词形式体现的参与者。
(完整ppt)Hills Like White Elephants赏析
The Woman: Waitress at the train station.
Study Questions for comprehension and consideration
• 1. What is a “white elephant ” according to the dictionary definition? What does a “white elephant” symbolize in the story?
school, 1917
Hemingway in his World War I ambulance driver's uniform before his injuries.
Hemingway trying his hand at bullfighting in Spain
❖ Here, he can be seen (right of center, in white pants and dark sweater) confronting a charging bull.
Pulitzer Prize (1953)
❖ The Old Man and the Sea
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954
❖ "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
Repetitions in Hills Like White Elephants
2
1
Repetitions in Hills Like White Elephants
Repetition 2: “Well,” the man said, “if you don’t want to you don’t have to. I wouldn’t have you do it if you didn’t want to. But I know it’s perfectly simple. ”
Repetitions
in Hills Like White Elephants
By 任惠敏
Contents
Brief introduction to the theory of repetition
Repetitions in Hills Like White Elephants
1 Brief introduction to the theory of repetitio
Meir Sternberg & The Poetics of Biblical Narrative: Ideological Literature and the Drama of Reading Repetition of words or word-roots
Repetition of motif Repetition of theme Repetition of actions Repetition of type-scene
4 “I don’t want you to do anything that you don’t want to do---” 5 “You’ve got to realize,” he said, “that I don’t want you to do it if you don’t want to. I’m perfectly willing to go through with is if it means anything to you.”
HillsLikeWhiteElephants读后感
HillsLikeWhiteElephants读后感Fangyuan WangAppreciation of modern proseOctober 2，2011Reflection on“Hills like White Elephants ”by HemingwayThe story takes place at a train station in the Ebro River valley of Spain. The time setting is not given, but this particular day is oppressively hot and dry, and the scenery in the valley is barren and ugly for the most part. The two main characters are an American man and his female companion, whom he calls Jig.While waiting for the train to Madrid, the American and Jig drink beer and a liquor called Anis del Toro, which Jig compares to licorice, showing how young she really is. Their conversation is mundane at first, but quickly drifts to the subject of an operation which the American is attempting to convince Jig to undergo. Though it is never made explicit in the text, it is made clear, through phrases of dialogue such as "It's just to let the air in" and "But I don't want anybody but you," among numerous context clues, that Jig is pregnant and that the conflict in question is an abortion.The American man is trying to convince the girl to terminate the pregnancy, so that he can terminate their relationship guilt-free while the girl is trying to figure out which is more likely to get him to stay, get an abortion or keep the baby. The character's personalities are very distinctive in this story: the American man is strong and smart, he takes control by ordering drinks and taking the initiative to begin the conversation. The girl is quiet, almost subservient on every issue except the pregnancy. And this is also a conflict in the article, on which the end is based.Jig's reference to white elephants could be in reply to the baby. The American could see the baby as a white elephant and not want to raise it because of the cost, while Jig could see the child as an extraordinary addition to her mundane life of drinking and mindless traveling."Hills Like White Elephants" is thematically rich, given its short length and sparsenarrative. On the surface, it deals with concepts such as the conflict between personal responsibility and hedonism, coming of age and so on. To my way of thinking, what Hemingway, an outstanding writer of his time, actually wants to express can be interpreted as a statement about the lifestyles and attitudes of "Lost Generation" of American in Europe, at a more abstract and general level.。
hills like white elephants
Hills Like White Elephants白象似的群山翟象俊译The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went on to Madrid.“What should we drink?” the girl asked. She had taken off her hat and put it on the table.“It’s pretty hot,” the man said.“Let’s drink beer.”埃布罗河①河谷的那一边，白色的山冈起伏连绵。
这一边，白地一片，没有树木，车站在阳光下两条铁路线中间。
紧靠着车站的一边，是一幢笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋，一串串竹珠子编成的门帘挂在酒吧间敞开着的门口挡苍蝇。
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《白象似的群山》中人物对话的人际语法隐喻研究摘要: 本文首先扼要介绍韩礼德的功能语法中的人际纯理功能,然后重点分析人际语法隐喻中的两个主要类型:语气隐喻和情态隐喻,并探讨人际语法隐喻研究在语篇分析中的作用。
人际语法隐喻是系统功能语言学中语法隐喻的组成部分之一,它包括语气隐喻和情态隐喻。
运用这一理论分析海明威的短篇小说《白象似的群山》( Hills Like White Elephants)中的人物对话,可以发现通过人际隐喻的使用, 小说中的人物性格被刻画得更加淋漓尽致。
关键词: 人际语法隐喻；语气隐喻；情态隐喻；语篇分析Abstract: This paper starts with a brief introduction of the interpersonal meta-function of the clause in Hallidayan Functional Grammar, and the focus on the discussion of the two major types of interpersonal metaphors, i.e. metaphors of mood and metaphors of modality. Implications for textual analysis are also outlined.Key words: interpersonal metaphors; metaphors of mood; metaphors of modality; textual analysis1．引言Halliday认为隐喻是意义表达的“变异”，功能语法中的语法隐喻也包含了词汇隐喻。
Halliday(1994: 343)将语法隐喻分为概念语法隐喻和人际语法隐喻两类。
有些功能语言学者认为,语法隐喻还应包括语篇隐喻（胡壮麟，2000）。
韩礼德系统功能语法主要将语法隐喻分为概念隐喻和人际隐喻。
通过对科技语篇的研究,他发现概念隐喻在此类语篇中大量存在,对于构建科技语篇,突出其技术性和客观性起到了重要的作用。
近年来,国内的一些学者也竞相研究其他语篇中的语法隐喻,尤其是人际隐喻现象。
如英语书面广告中的人际隐喻,新闻报道中的情态隐喻,以及通过对小说中人物对话的语气隐喻分析来揭示人物之间的关系等。
《老人与海》是海明威20世纪50年代的作品。
书中有两个主要人物,老渔夫桑提亚哥和男孩曼诺林。
他们之间的关系一直是评论家关注的问题。
本文试图以韩礼德(Ｈａｌｌｉｄａｙ)的语法隐喻为理论,以小说第一部分中桑提亚哥和曼诺林之间的行为性取向对话为例,进行分析论证,以寻找这个问题的答案,并为他们之间关系的变化提供一个较为合理和有说服力的解释。
海明威的小说以简洁、精练而著称。
由于海明威客观而具体的语言描述,许多评论家称,海明威作品的文体风格和Ｔ.Ｓ.艾略特的客观对应物表现手法有很大的相似性。
因而,很多读者会认为海明威是一个很少使用语法隐喻的作者。
但正如韩礼德(1994:340-343)所说,语法隐喻是成人语言中的一个突出特点一样,海明威的作品也不乏语法隐喻现象。
分析结果表明:概念隐喻、人际隐喻和篇章隐喻表现手法都能够以海明威著名的短篇小说《白象似的群山》中的人物对话为例，本文将重点分析表达人际意义的语气系统和情态系统的语法隐喻形式,并探讨人际语法隐喻研究在语篇分析中的作用。
在小说中得以发现。
但人际隐喻,具体的说,语气隐喻对于探讨桑提亚哥和曼诺林之间的关系作出了突出贡献。
因此,语气隐喻为本文所运用的主要理论。
2．人际语法隐喻理论功能语言学认为：形式是意义的体现,意义来自形式与功能的结合。
形式和意义之间并不存在着一对一的关系。
一种形式可以表示一种以上的意义,一种意义也可由两种或更多的形式体现。
韩礼德的语法隐喻通过研究语法结构对语义的体现关系, 区分了两种体现关系,一种是一致式体现（congruence）,即语言结构直接反映现实世界的结构;另一种是非一致式体现（incongruence）,即语言结构不直接反映现实,而是表现出一种扭曲的关系,这种不一致的关系是语言单位之间的隐喻过程,即不同的语法域中语言单位之间的转化，这种不一致式的隐喻被称作语法隐喻(Halliday, 1994: 342)。
也就是说，当语言形式和它所表达的功能意义相一致时,这种语言形式为一致式;反之,当语言形式和它所表达的功能意义不一致时,这种语言形式就称之为非一致式, 即隐喻式。
在小句中，人际意义所反映的是人们在与别人交往、建立和保持人际关系时,用语言来影响别人的行为、表达自己对事物的判断和评价等。
当语言形式和人际功能意义不一致时所形成的隐喻称之为人际语法隐喻，人际意义主要由语气和情态来表达, 所以就有语气隐喻和情态隐喻之分。
To be continued……..2．1 语气隐喻在言语交际中,讲话者可以扮演多种多样的语言角色,韩礼德认为其中最基本的是:给予和索取。
交换物也可归纳为两种最基本的类型:物品/服务和信息。
语言角色和交换物结合起来就构成了四种最基本的言语功能:陈述、疑问、命令和提供。
前三种言语功能分别是由陈述语气、疑问语气和命令语气来实现的。
提供可以由几种不同的语气来实现。
这些体现言语功能的一般形式称为言语功能的一致式体现(Halliday, 1994: 365)。
但事实上,由于交际中的种种原因,言语功能与语气系统之间并不呈现出一一对应的关系。
一种语言功能可以由不同的语气来体现,例如:1)Ｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｗｉｎｄｏｗ.2)Ｉ’ｄｌｉｋｅｙｏｕｔｏｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｗｉｎｄｏｗ.3)Ｃａｎｙｏｕｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｗｉｎｄｏｗ?这三个句子都可以表达“命令”的功能。
但1)是祈使语气,是命令功能的一致式体现。
2)、3)分别使用陈述语气和疑问语气来体现“命令”,属非一致式体现,即隐喻式。
反之,一种语气也可以体现一种以上的言语功能,例如:4)Ｉｗｏｎｄｅｒｉｆｙｏｕｃａｎｈｅｌｐｍｅｗｉｔｈｔｈａｔ.5)Ｙｏｕｓｈｏｕｌｄｔｅｌｌｍｅｔｈｅｔｒｕｔｈ.4）和5)都使用了陈述语气,但体现的言语功能却不是其对应的一致式陈述,而是分别体现了疑问和命令的功能,所以为隐喻式。
这些在语气系统里的变异现象,涉及到从一种语气域到另一种语气域的转移,被称为语气隐喻。
2．2 情态隐喻情态系统是表达说话人对事物的判断和评价的语义系统。
包括说话人本人对其命题的成功性和有效性所作出的判断,或在命令中要求对方承担的义务,或在提议中要表达的个人意愿。
韩礼德指出,情态意义的表达方式有主观和客观取向之分,即情态成分可以表明说话人对命题的主观态度或意愿,也可以表现某种客观存在的可能性或必然性。
又因为主客观取向有显性和隐性之分,就形成四种情态取向:明确主观、非明确主观、明确客观、非明确客观( Halliday, 1994: 355)。
情态取向不同,情态的各种类型就会出现不同的体现形式。
以情态化可能性这种情态类型为例就会出现四种不同的体现形式。
6)Ｍａｒｙ’ｌｌｋｎｏｗ.7)Ｍａｒｙｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙｋｎｏｗｓ.8)ＩｔｈｉｎｋＭａｒｙｋｎｏｗｓ.9)Ｉｔ’ｓｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｈａｔＭａｒｙｋｎｏｗｓ.一般来说,隐性情态取向通过情态副词、情态动词或谓语的其他延伸部分表示,而现行的情态取向则由小句形式表示。
6)和7)分别通过情态动词和情态副词来表达情态取向,是一致的词汇语法表达形式;而8)和9)则用小句Ｉｔｈｉｎｋ和ｉｔ’ｓｌｉｋｅｌｙ这些命题形式来体现情态取向。
Ｉｔｈｉｎｋ的使用增加了说话人的主观性,而ｉｔ’ｓｌｉｋｅｌｙ是使说话人的断言不再具有主观性,成为一个固有的特征。
这两种情况在词汇语法层上构成了隐喻式。
3．《白象似的群山》中人物对白的人际语法隐喻分析海明威的短篇小说《白象似的群山》,讲述了巴黎的一位作家收到一位女读者的来信,表达了期待与他在一个高档餐馆共进午餐的愿望。
作家虽囊中羞涩,终因情面难却,遂下定决心满足她的请求。
然而在约定的餐馆,那女郎虽清楚作家经济困窘却只钟情于价格不菲的美食,导致可怜的作家仅有的80法郎所剩无几。
小说的精彩之处在于男女主人公在餐厅里的对白,特别是女郎的话语中,使用了大量的人际语法隐喻。
从功能语言学的这一理论入手来分析人物的对话,有助于我们更好地理解小说中的人物性格。
1.“Ｉｎｅｖｅｒｅａｔａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇｆｏｒｌｕｎｃｈｅｏｎ.”这是女郎看过菜单后的第一句话,从语法看是用来表达信息的陈述句,意思是“我午餐是不吃什么东西的”。
然而依据上文:“…ｓｈｅｗａｓｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｍｏｒｎｉｎｇａｔｔｈｅＬｕｘｅｍｂｏｕｒｇａｎｄｗｏｕｌｄＩｇｉｖｅｈｅｒａｌｉｔｔｌｅｌｕｎｃｈｅｏｎａｔＦｏｙｏｔ’ｓａｆｔｅｒｗａｒｄｓ?”我们可以清楚地看到,是女郎主动提出要作家请吃饭的;如果把“Ｉｎｅｖｅｒｅａｔａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇｆｏｒｌｕｎｃｈｅｏｎ”作陈述句理解,显然与上文矛盾:一个要求别人请吃午饭的人说自己午饭什么都不吃是不可理喻的事。
借助于语法隐喻理论,我们发现女郎言中之意并非是判断为陈述句所获得的信息。
联系到作家与女读者所处的场景———一家消费不菲的高级餐馆,可以理解女郎要表达的意思,即一致式为:Ｄｏｎ’ｔｗｏｒｒｙａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｐｒｉｃｅｓ.意在安慰作家不要担心钱的问题,属于人际隐喻中的语气隐喻。
初次见面使用语气隐喻,女郎一方面想在作家面前展示她的矜持和礼貌,另一方面趁机试探他是否愿意为她解囊。
2.“Ｏｈ,ｄｏｎ’ｔｓａｙｔｈａｔ.”这是作家对女郎“Ｉｎｅｖｅｒｅａｔａｎｙｔｈｉｎｇｆｏｒｌｕｎｃｈｅｏｎ”的回答。
看似是表达命令的祈使句,实际上却是在传递信息,其一致式为:Ｉｃａｎａｆｆｏｒｄ.是语气隐喻。
这样的命令实际上是一种安慰。
很显然,作家也注意到了昂贵的价格,虽财力有限,但仍旧表现出在女士面前慷慨大方的绅士风度。
3. (Ｉｎｅｖｅｒｅａｔｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎｏｎｅｔｈｉｎｇ.Ｉｔｈｉｎｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｅａｔｆａｘｔｏｏｍｕｃｈｎｏｗａｄａｙｓ.Ａｌｉｔｔｌｅｆｉｓｈ,ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ.)“Ｉｗｏｎｄｅｒｉｆｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅａｎｙｓａｌｍｏｎ.”“午饭什么都不吃”的女郎点了她的第一道菜,使用的依然是隐喻的表达方式。
“Ｉｗｏｎｄｅｒｉｆ…”是语气隐喻,用陈述语气来表达提问的功能,其一致式为:Ｄｏｔｈｅｙｈａｖｅａｎｙｓａｌｍｏｎ?鲑鱼刚刚上市的季节,其不菲的价格可想而知。
使用语气隐喻揭示礼貌的语言背后深藏的贪婪,更显女郎其虚伪之深。
4.“Ｉｔｈｉｎｋｙｏｕａｒｅｕｎｗｉｓｅｔｏｅａｔｍｅａｔ,Ｉｄｏｎ’ｔｋｎｏｗｈｏｗｙｏｕｃａｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｔｏｗｏｒｋａｆｔｅｒｅａｔｉｎｇｈｅａｖｙｔｈｉｎｇｓｌｉｋｅｃｈｏｐｓ.Ｉｄｏｎ’ｔｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｉｎｏｖｅｒｌｏａｄｉｎｇｍｙｓｔｏｍａｃｈ.”女郎感兴趣的第二道菜是鱼子酱;作家尽管惴惴其昂贵的价格,却还是没有任何异议地满足了她,而自己“享受”的是最便宜的羊排。