英语句子中谓语动词的语气有三种

英语句子中谓语动词的语气有三种：

1. 直陈语气（The Indicative Mood）直陈语气用于直截了当地陈述事实、描述状态：

He has published quite a number of essays this year .他今年已发表了好几篇论文。

2. 祈使语气（The Imperative Mood）

祈使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等：

Wait outside until you are asked . 请在外面等候，请你进再进去。

Let's just take a break, shall we ? 我们休息一会儿，好吗？

3. 虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood）

虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现出说话人的主观因素比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气。例如：

I wish you were more careful .但愿你更细心一些。

If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment.

我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。

Would you mind shutting the door ? 劳驾您把门关上。

一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的构成和用法

1. 表示一种与过去事实相反的假设情况，条件从句中的谓语动词要用“had+过去分词”，主句中的谓语动词要用“would / should / could / might+have+过去分词”。如：If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen him. 如果你昨天来到这里，你就会看见他了。

2. 表示一种与目前事实相反的假设情况，条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用一般过去式(be动词常用were)，而主句中的谓语动词则要用“would / should / could / might+动词原形”。如：If I had his telephone number, I would call him now. 如果我有他的电话号码，我现在就打电话给他。If I were you, I would not tell him that. 如果我是你，我就不把那件事告诉他。

3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反的假设情况时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词要用：1) should+动词原形，或2) 一般过去式，或3) were+不定式，主句中的谓语动词要用“would+动词原形“。如：If it snowed tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. = If it were to snow tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. = If it should snow tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. 如果明天下雪，许多庄稼都会冻死。

4. 有时候，条件和结果不是指同一个时间，这时，应根据上面谈到的几种情况，使用相应的形式，这种虚拟语气形式被称为错综虚拟语气。如：If you had listened to the teacher carefully yesterday, you would know how to do the exercise now. 如果你昨天认真听了老师的讲话，你现在就知道如何做这道题了。

5. 使用虚拟语气时，有时候可以省略引导条件状语从句的连词if。这时，从句部分要使用部分倒装，即将从句部分的助动词were / had / should等提到主语前面。如：Were I you, I would not tell him that. Should it snow tomorrow, many crops would die of cold. Had you listened to the teacher carefully yesterday, you would know how to do the exercise now. 二、含蓄性条件句

在表示假设的虚拟语气中，有时假设的条件并不以条件从句的形式出现，而是通过上下文或句中内在的逻辑关系，或用其它形式表达出来，这就是“含蓄条件句”。常用的有以下四种：1. 介词短语常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有without, with, in, under, but for等，他们表示的虚拟条件都可以被if从句替换。1) without, with without表示否定的条件，意为if…not；with 与without意义相反，表示肯定的条件。如：Without air (= If there were no air) , there would be

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no living things. 如果没有空气，就不会有生物。With his help (= If I had her help), I would do the experiment well. 如果有他的帮助，我会做好这个实验。2) under 如：Under the leadership of a less experienced person (= If there had been the leadership of a less experienced person), the experiment would have failed. 要是一个没有经验的人领导，这个实验就失败了。3) in 如：I would have lost my head in that position (in that position = if I had been in that position) 我处在那种情况下，是会丧失理智的。4) but for (如果没有) 如：But for their help (= If it were not for their help), we could not get over the difficulties. 要不是他们的帮助，我们是克服不了这些困难的。2. 连接词or / otherwise (否则，要不然), but, but that (要不是) 如：He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party. 他昨天很累，不然他就参加那个聚会了。He was having a meeting, otherwise he would have come over to help us. 他当时正在开会，否则他就会来帮助我们了。I should have returned the book last week, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so. 我本来应该在上周归还那本书的，但我太忙了，把这件事给忘了。But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned. 要不是你看见我掉在水里，我早就被淹死了。3. 分词短语如：United (= If they had been united), they wouldn’t have been defeated. 他们要是团结起来，就不会被打败。Seen from a high mountain (= If it were seen from a high mountain), the field in which wheat is growing would look like a great green sea. 倘若从高山上看，麦田就像一片碧绿的大海。4.“名词+and”结构如：One step further and you would be dead. (= If you took one step further, you would be dead.) 再往前走一步，你就会死。三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用

虚拟语气有时可用于主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，下面分别加以说明。

1. 主语从句

在主语从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等意，其谓语用should +动词原形，should 在口语中可省略。主要用于以下三种结构：1)Itis necessary/important/natural / strange/essential /advisable/desirable/urgent …+that... 如：It is necessary that he (should) get everything ready by tomorrow evening. 到明天晚上前把一切准备好是必要的。It is important that you (should ) read English aloud every morning. 你们每天早上朗读英语很重要。2) It is a pity (a shame, no wonder...)+that... 如：It is a pity that she (should )be so careless. 她这么粗心真是遗憾。It is no wonder that they (should) go there by air. 难怪他们要坐飞机到那里去。3) It is suggested( decided, ordered, requested, desired, demanded, required, proposed, recommended) that ...如：It is requested that that factory (should) stop polluting the river. 要求那家工厂停止对那条河的污染。It is decided that the sports meet (should) be put off till next week. 已决定运动会推迟到下星期。2. 宾语从句

1) 在表示命令、建议、劝告、欲望、要求、主张这一类动词后的宾语从句中，从句应用虚拟语气，其谓语用should+动词原形，should可省略，这类动词有suggest, insist, demand, request, desire, order, ask, advise, propose , command, recommend, require等，如：The teacher insisted that we (should) use an English-English dictionary. 老师坚持要我们使用英英词典。I suggest the invitation to the conference (should) be sent to Dr Baker. 我建议给贝克博士发出出席的邀请。2) wish 后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，表示不能实现的愿望。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去式；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用could/would+动词原形；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句谓语用“had+过去分词”。如：I wish I were a bird. 我要是一只鸟多好啊！I wish I had started to study English years ago. 我要是早几年开始学英语就好