生产函数决定成本函数
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12 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
– Firm can hire more labor
3 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Production in the Short Run
• Total product (TP) of labor
2 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Production and Costs in the Short Run
• Limited options in short run (SR) • Initial assumption
– Need total product curve – Need wage rate
• Price of hiring labor
– Multiply number of workers by wage rate to get variable cost PL×L=VC
– Curve relates total product, not number of workers, to variable cost
吾将上下而求索
EXHIBIT 6.2 The Stages of Production
11 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Variable Costs in the SR
• Constructing the firm’s variable cost curve
5 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Relation between MP and AP
TP
N
6 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
– Quantity of output produced by firm in a given amount of time dependent on labor hired
– Information graphically represented by production function
• Production function slopes upward • Production function is rule for determining how
吾将上下而求索
Calculating MP and AP
7 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
MPL&APL
8 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
– If MP > AP, MP lies above AP – If MP < AP, MP lies below AP – If MP = AP, AP at maximum or peak
10 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
• AP
– If number of workers large, additional workers cause average product of labor to decrease
– Inverted U-shape
• MP
– Inverted U-shape
• AP and MP relationship to one another
吾将上下而求索
EXHIBIT 6.1 Total, Marginal and Average Products
9 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Shape of MP and AP Curves
生产函数决定成本函数
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
2020年4月11日星期六
Introduction
• 生產函數決定成本函數，而(邊際)成本會影響供給函數； 因此，本章先介紹生產函數，然後說明成本函數。
• 生產函數在說明生產要素與產量之間的關係；生產要素分 為兩類，一類是短期即可變動其使用的數量的(以勞工為 代表)，另一類是長期才可變動其使用的數量的(以資本為 代表) 。
much output can be produced with a given basket of inputs
4 路漫漫其修远兮, LandsburBaidu Nhomakorabea, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Calculating MP and AP
• Marginal product of labor (MPL)
• 產量受到生產技術與生產要素的影響 • Where do cost curves come from • Depends on firm’s available technology • Determines production process • Production process determines firm’s costs
– Increase in total product based on hiring one additional worker
– Assume capital fixed – Slope of TP
• Average product of labor (APL)
– Total product divided by number of workers
– Firm can hire more labor
3 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Production in the Short Run
• Total product (TP) of labor
2 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Production and Costs in the Short Run
• Limited options in short run (SR) • Initial assumption
– Need total product curve – Need wage rate
• Price of hiring labor
– Multiply number of workers by wage rate to get variable cost PL×L=VC
– Curve relates total product, not number of workers, to variable cost
吾将上下而求索
EXHIBIT 6.2 The Stages of Production
11 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Variable Costs in the SR
• Constructing the firm’s variable cost curve
5 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Relation between MP and AP
TP
N
6 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
– Quantity of output produced by firm in a given amount of time dependent on labor hired
– Information graphically represented by production function
• Production function slopes upward • Production function is rule for determining how
吾将上下而求索
Calculating MP and AP
7 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
MPL&APL
8 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
– If MP > AP, MP lies above AP – If MP < AP, MP lies below AP – If MP = AP, AP at maximum or peak
10 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
• AP
– If number of workers large, additional workers cause average product of labor to decrease
– Inverted U-shape
• MP
– Inverted U-shape
• AP and MP relationship to one another
吾将上下而求索
EXHIBIT 6.1 Total, Marginal and Average Products
9 路漫漫其修远兮, Landsburg, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Shape of MP and AP Curves
生产函数决定成本函数
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
2020年4月11日星期六
Introduction
• 生產函數決定成本函數，而(邊際)成本會影響供給函數； 因此，本章先介紹生產函數，然後說明成本函數。
• 生產函數在說明生產要素與產量之間的關係；生產要素分 為兩類，一類是短期即可變動其使用的數量的(以勞工為 代表)，另一類是長期才可變動其使用的數量的(以資本為 代表) 。
much output can be produced with a given basket of inputs
4 路漫漫其修远兮, LandsburBaidu Nhomakorabea, Price Theory and Application, 6th edition
吾将上下而求索
Calculating MP and AP
• Marginal product of labor (MPL)
• 產量受到生產技術與生產要素的影響 • Where do cost curves come from • Depends on firm’s available technology • Determines production process • Production process determines firm’s costs
– Increase in total product based on hiring one additional worker
– Assume capital fixed – Slope of TP
• Average product of labor (APL)
– Total product divided by number of workers