2018年上海高三英语二模文章分析(10)
2018届黄浦区高考英语二模试卷和参考答案
黄浦区2017 学年度第二学期期终教学质量监控测试高三英语试卷2018.04考生注意：1. 考试时间120 分钟，试卷满分140 分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷( 共100 分)I. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the endof each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In a fruit store B. In a gym C. At a restaurant D. At a watch shop2. A. 4:30 B. 5:00 C. 5:10 D. 5:153. A. Boss and secretary B. Nurse and patientC. Salesman and customerD. Teacher and student4. A. The tickets are more expensive B. The tickets told online are cheaperC. It is difficult to get tickets on the spotD. It ‘ s better to buy tickoefftlsi ne5. A. He wants to be a musician in the futureB. He shows more interest in English learningC. He displays great music talent in the exhibitionD. He doesn ‘ t make enough efforts in English learning6. A. He wants to get some sleep B. He needs time to write a paperC. He has a literature class to attendD. He is troubled by his sleep problem7. A. It looks old B. It looks newC. It doesn ‘ t need paintingD. It doesn ‘ t run well8. A. Extremely dull B. Hard to understandC. Lacking a good storyD. Not worth seeing twice9. A. Plan his budget carefully B. Buy a gift for his motherC. Ask someone else for adviceD. Give her more information10. A. She didn ‘ t like telling jokes B. She went to school after 9 a.m.C. She may not have gone to school todayD. She may have been late for schoolSection BDirections:In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and theconversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following dialogue11. A. He found his TV was broken B. He missed a good TVC. He felt bored with the TV programD. He lost his meal tickets in the cafeteria12. A. He lost fifty dollars B. His time was wastedD. His brain wasn ve‘rytactive D. He watched just one program13. A. Part of the brain is not in useB. Part of the brain becomes more passiveC. It takes longer to process visual informationD. It processes complex information less activelyQuestions 14 through 17 are based on the following dialogue14. A. From the newspaper B. From her classmateC. From her friendsD. From the man15. A. Plant more trees in the school yard B. Organize a picnic on ThursdayD. Build a parking lot for students D. Protect the natural beauty on campus16. A. Attend a meeting B. Attend a classC. Visit her friendsD. Go to the parking lot17. A. Lend her pen to the man B. Go to the administrationC. Support the students action unionD. Give out the handoutsQuestions 18 through 20 are based on the following dialogue18. A. There are numerous languages in the existenceB. Most public languages are essentially vagueC. People differ greatly in their ability to communicateD. Big gaps exist between private and public languages19. A. It is a sign of human intelligence B. It improves with constant practiceC. It is something we are born withD. It varies from person to person20. A. How various languages are related to each otherB. How children learn to use language in particular waysC. How private languages are developed from public onesD. How people of different ages create their own languagesII. Grammar and Vocabulary Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Wildlife secrets of Nigeria's last wildernessResearchers from Chester Zoo, working with the Nigeria National Park Service, surveyed over1,000 square kilometres of the national park. Known （21）its mountain rainforests, savannah woodlands and rolling grasslands, it is home to some of West Africa's most endangered animals.The cameras （22）(spot) some animals that have never been recorded before in the area and others, like chimps, （23）are rarely seen. Stuart Nixon, the Africa Field Programme Co-ordinator at Chester Zoo, said confirmation of the locations of chimps was an important discovery." Gashaka's been regarded for many years as （24）(have)the biggest population of this Nigeria-Cameroon chimp, which is the rarest chimp subspecies,"he said." We consider it the most important population - that's really （25）we need to count it and see what the status of the chimp is right now - that will ultimately affect what we know about this subspecies elsewhere."The chimp （26） (endanger) across its range in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its total population is down to fewer than 9,000 individuals, of which about 1,000 are thought （27） (live)to live within the borders of the national park. "It's an incredible tool to use these camera traps and to reveal that this park - which is a （28）(forget)forgotten wilderness, really, for Nigeria- still has a really important reservoir of important species for Nigeria and Africa in general," said Stuart Nixon.Chester Zoo is funding guards for the rangers and providing training in wildlife onitoring and protection. "This work is helping us learn more about the secrets of one of our last wilderness areas and we must continue to work together to ensure （29）survival for future generations. "（30）all this beauty were lost it would be a terrible tragedy for all."Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only beWhy India's Pink City' is a Photographer's HeavenThe city of Jaipur is one of India's wonders. It 31 some of the country's most decorative royal palaces-elegant structures designed hundreds of years ago that still attract visitors today. Largely built in the 1700s, Jaipur is surrounded by a city wall and several 32 castles. Considered as a commercial center, it was ahead of its time due to the use of grid iron (网格状) city planning.A romantic dusty pink type-which has 33 the city since 1876, after it was painted pink towel come Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert-gives Jaipur its 34 as the "Pink City". This 35 beauty is what first brought HongKong-based photographers Victor Cheng and Samantha Wong to Jaipur.Walking in glass skyscrapers for century-old royal palacesand historic castles, the pair-who have 130,000 Instagram followers between them-said that the images they 36 in Jaipur received a lot of response online. "A lot of our followers hadn't seen this side of India, so we're happy we were able to show this side of the country." Cheng said.For the photographers, one of the city's most fascinating features is the light pink coloring of itsbuildings. “The first gate y ou see when you enter are pink, “ s aid Wang “Once you ‘ re through, everything around you varies in different 37 of the color--from bright pinks to reddish browns."The building is a(n) 38 of the City Palace, and its windows allowed royal women to observe street life without appearing in public. One of Cheng's most striking photos shows a straight front of the building and its hundreds of windows. The building's lively coloring also pushed Cheng to take a different 39 to editing than with images of other cities. "I toned down my usual editing process because the pink was so bright in reality," he said, "I wanted the photos to40 the actual color I was seeing myself and to maintain its tone."III. Reading Comprehension Section ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Concerns about the harm caused by “too much” screen time – particularly when it is spent on social media — are widespread. But working out what a “healthy”41 might be is far from easy.Some negative experiences on social media— like 42 how your appearance compares to others— do affect some children. However, this does not mean that technology use in 43 is harmful and it is difficult to make claims about how it will affect different people.Consider the picture painted by a UNICEF review of existing research into the effects of digital technology on children‘s 44 comforts, including happiness, mental health and social life. Rather than stating that social media was harmful, it suggested a more 45 effect.The UNICEF report highlighted a 2017 study that examined 120,000 UK 15-year-olds. Among those teenagers who were the lightest users, it was found that increasing the time spent using technology was linked to 46 comfort — possiblybecause it was important for keeping up friendships. 47 , among the heaviest users of technology, any increase in time was linked to lower levels of comfort. Overall, the UNICEF study suggested that some screen time could be good for children‘s mental health.A broader look at evidence provided by some other high quality studies again suggests the story is not 48 . An early study in 2013 looked at how the television and video game habits of 11,000 UK five-year-olds affected them two years later. It is one of few studies actually 49 the effects of technology over time. It suggested that, compared with children who watched one hour of television or less on a weekday, a small increase in conduct problems was seen among those who watched more than three hours each day. Playing e lectronic g ames, however, was not seen as leading to a greater 50 of friendship or emotional problems.So how much time should our children spend looking at screens? It i s difficult to be 51 as different people spend time online in such different ways. A useful comparison might be with sugar. Broadly speaking, people 52 that too much sugar can be bad for your health. But the effect it might have can depend on many factors, from the type of sugar to the person and the amount. We would not 53 trust anyone who claims to predict how someone is affected by consuming one gram of sugar. The same could be said for 54 usage: the outcomes depend on so many factors that only very 55 predictions are possible.41. A. amount B. comparison C. experience D. medium42. A. accounting for B. boasting of C. commenting on D. worrying about43. A. general B. particular C. private D. public44. A. domestic B. material C. physical D. psychological45. A. complex B. dramatic C. harmless D. predictable46. A. improved B. maximum C. relative D. small47. A. As a rule B. In contrast C. On the whole D. Worse still48. A. convincing B. definite C. probable D. true49. A. estimating B. experiencing C. reducing D. tracing50. A. connection B. power C. promotion D. risk51. A. balanced B. independent C. precise D. subjective52. A. agree B. forget C. object D. remember53. A. equally B. readily C. reluctantly D. weakly54. A. emotion therapy B. social media C. TV broadcasting D. video game55. A. confident B. optimistic C. rough D. wildSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The cold northern wind here in the streets of Petersburg strengthens my nerves and fills me with delight. I cannot think of the Pole as cold and empty; in my imagination it is a region of beauty and delight. Who knows what strange landscapes and creatures we may find there. I shall satisfy my curiosity with the sight of an unknown part of the world-and walk where no man has before. Thinking of it, I feel the same joy a child feels when he sails his little boat on a voyage of discovery up his native river.This voyage was the favorite dream of my early years. My education was neglected, yet I was passionately fond of reading. Uncle Thomas's library contained only books about exploration, which I read day and night. Finally my thoughts comes to the idea of making a voyage of discovery.Six years have passed sinceI decided on the present voyage. I can, even now, remember the hour when I committed myself to this great enterprise. I began by making my body used to hardship. I went on whale hunting voyages to the North Sea; I voluntarily endured cold, hunger, thirst, and lack of sleep. I often worked harder than the common sailors during the day. Then, at nights, I studied mathematics, the theory of medicine, and sciences of practical importance for a seagoing adventurer. Twice I took jobs as an officer on a Greenland whaling ship. I felt a little proud when my captain asked me to remain with the ship, so valuable did he consider my services. And now, do I not deserve to achieve some great task? My life might have been passed inease and comfort, but I preferred glory to every pleasure that wealth placed in my path.56. What does the author think of the Pole? A.It reminds him of his childhood.B. It must be a region full of surprises.C. It would fulfil his dream to be an adventurer.D. It's too cold a destination with almost nothing.57. To realize his childhood dream, the author got .A. physically prepared by experiencing great sufferingB. spiritually prepared by gaining captain's recognitionC. academically prepared by reading books on explorationD. financially prepared by serving on a whale hunting ship.58. According to the passage, the author is definitely a person full of .A. curiosityB. fancyC. perseveranceD.pride(B)Subject Art & Design, Craft & Creative, BeautyDelivery method OnlineStudy level Professional development, Short. AccreditedRef FACE-GUARDPrice￡30, was ￡299 . use code: GUARD90Face Painting Academy DiplomaStart a career in Face Painting or simply learn for fun. Do you have a love for entertaining people? Are you artistic and want to impress people with a new skill?Have you ever thought about doing a course in face painting so you can earn fantastic money?If so then with this course you could become a qualified face painter just like hundreds of other people who have taken our courses. For a one-off fee一(次性付款), you can study online and complete the diploma in about 28 hours.The comprehensive syllabus (教学大纲) is supported by 16 instructional videos so you can learn all the designs with ease, andyou will learn a wide range of designs including dog, rabbit and spider man. 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The course is intended mainly for those .A. keen on showing off new skillsB. eager to get an academy diplomaC. interested in learning face paintingD. equipped with a unique taste for art60. You can save￡if signing up for the course now.A. 30B.269C. 299D. 32961. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the course?A. It is presented both online and offline.B. It provides not only lessons on business.C. The diploma can be obtained in one day.D. Some clients will be invited to examine your qualification.62. In which module are you likely to learn how to advertise your business?A. Module 4.B. Module 6.C. Module 7.D. Module 10.(C)All across America, students are anxiously finishing their "What I Want To Be .." college application essays, advised to focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) by experts and parents who insist that's the only way to become workforce ready. But two recent studies of workplace success contradict the traditional wisdom about "hard skills". Google originally set its hiring systems to sort for computer science students with top grades from top science universities. In 2013, Google decided to test its hiring theory by quickly dealing with large amounts hiring, firing, and promotion data collected since the company's establishment. Project Oxygen shocked everyone by concluding that, among the eight most important qualities of Google's top employees, STEM capability comes in dead last. The seven top characteristics of success at Google are all soft skills: being a good coach; communicating and listening well; possessing comprehension into others, being supportive of one's colleagues; being a good critical thinker and problem solver, and being able to make connections across complex ideas.Those characteristics sound more like what one gains as an English or theater major than as a programmer. Could it be that top Google employees were succeeding despite their technical training, not because of it? After bringing in more experts to dive even deeper into the data, the company enlarged its previous hiring practices to include humanities majors, artists, and even the MBAs (Master of Business Administration).Project Aristotle, a study released by Google this past spring, further supports the importance of soft skill seven in high-tech environments. Project Aristotle analyzes data on inventive andproductive teams. Google takes pride in its A-teams, assembled with top scientists, each with the most specialized knowledge and able to throw down one creative idea after another. Its data analysis revealed, however, that the company's most important and productive new ideas come from B-teams comprised of employees who don't always have to be the smartest people in the room.Project Aristotle shows that the best teams at Google exhibit a range of soft skills: equality, generosity, curiosity toward the ideas of your teammates, understanding, and emotional intelligence. And topping the list: emotional safety. To succeed, each and every team member must feel confident speaking up and making mistakes. They must know they are being heard.STEM skills are vital to the world we live in today, but technology alone, as Steve Jobs famously insisted, is not enough. We desperately need those who are educated to the human, cultural, and social as well as the computational.63. The underlined word: “contradict” most probably means ““.A. add toB. back upC. bring aboutD. conflict with64. Google conducted the studies of workplace success in order to .A. determine what makes a workplace-ready studentB. check whether its hiring system serves the purposeC. prove soft skills are more important than hard onesD. impress its competitors with the employees ‘ excellence65. What can be inferred from Project Aristotle?A. Emotional safety enables people to express themselves freely.B. Listening and hearing helps develop problem-solving abilities.C. Learning from mistakes doesn‘t necessarily m ean improvement.D. Those without specialized knowledge can also make inventions.66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. STEM skills our society needs for better educationB. The principal focus students have on application essaysC. The surprising thing Google learned about its employeesD. The soft skills Google programmers lack for career growthSection CDirections: Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Car washes have been automated for decades, but companies developing fully autonomous vehicles must rely on a human touch to keep their cars and trucks in working condition.67 For example, soap residue or water spots could effectively "blind" an autonomous car. A traditional car wash's heavy brushes could jar the vehicle's sensors, disrupting their calibration and accuracy. Even worse, sensors, which can cost over $100,000, could be broken.68 Dirt, dead bugs, bird droppings or water spots can impact the vehicle's ability to drive safely.Avis, which has years of experience managing large fleets of rental cars, has been tasked with cleaning and refueling the self-driving van fleet of Waymo, the self-driving arm of Google's parent company. Avis modified three of its branches in the Phoenix area to tend to the Chrysler Pacifica vans." There are special processes that definitely require a lot more care and focus, and you have to clean [the vans] quite often,"69 But other self-driving car companies such as Toyota, Aptiv, Drive.AI and Uber described to CNN that they use microfiber cloths along with rubbing alcohol, water or glass cleaner for manual cleanings.70 This should alleviate some need for manual cleaning. But because autonomous vehicles can have dozens of sensors, Seeva CEO Diane Lansinger doesn't imagine products like this will be able to clean every camera, radar or LIDAR, a laser sensor that most experts see as essential for self-driving vehicles.IV ．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passagein no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.In one of my earliest memories, I‘m drawing. I don’t remember what the picture is supposed to be, but I remember the mistake. My marker slips, an unintentional line appears and my lip trembles. The picture has long since disappeared. But that feeling of deep frustration, even shame, stays with me.That‘s the thing about perfectionism, a crucially self-defeating way to move through the world. It makes you better at your career and relationships and life in general. Culturally, we often see perfectionism as a positive.But the disadvantage of perfectionism isn’t just that it holds you back from being your most successful, productive-self. Perfectionistic tendencies have been linked to a laundry list of clinical issues: depression and anxiety (even in children), self-harm, social anxiety disorder, eating disorders, and most damaging of all, suicide.“Based upon the 60-odd studies that we‘ve done,the higher the perfectionism is, the more psychological disorders you’re going to suffer,”says York St John University‘s Hill.“Factors often labeled ‘healthy’ perfectionism, like striving for excellence, aren‘t actually perfectionism at all. They’re just conscientiousness（尽职尽责）–which explains why people with those tendencies often have different outcomes in studies. Perfectionism isn ‘t defined by working hard or setting high goals. It‘s that critical inner voice.”Take the student who works hard and gets a poor mark. If she tells herself: “I’m disappointed,but it‘s o kay; I‘m still a good person overall,” th at‘s healthy. If the message is: “I‘m a failure. I‘m not good enough, “that‘s perfectionism.Perfectionists can make smooth sailing into a storm, a brief ill wind into a category-five hurricane. Eventually, the behaviours perfectionists adapt, actually, do make them more likely to fail.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.他一直提醒自己不要对他人太苛刻。
上海市青浦区2018届高三二模英语试题---精校Word版含答案
考生注意：1.本试卷共13页。
满分140分。
考试时间120分钟。
2.答题前,考生务必在答题卡(纸)上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号,并用铅笔正确涂写准考证号。
3.答案必须全部涂写在答题卡(纸)上。
如用铅笔答题,或写在试卷上也一律不给分。
1. Listening ComprehensionSection A Short ConversationsII. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The kindness of Kiwi Lotte(乐透彩票) winners We’ve all dreamed of winning the Lotto but what actually happens when our numbers come up? The answer is rather heart-warming. New research out today from Lotto New Zealand reveals three-quarters of Powerball winners think of sharing (21)______ spending.One lucky Powerball winner from Tauranga was even thinking of others before his numbers came up. "A week before I won Lotto, I saw an ambulance(22)______ side bore the name of the donor, and I thought, ' if l ever win Lotto, that's what I will do' and then 10 days' later I won," he said. Having won $5.5 million dollars. he's now spending a part of the money on two ambulances for his local hospital. "They're going to say (23)_______ (donate) by a Lotto winner' on the side. I hope that it will inspire others to pay it forward if they ever find (24)_______ in a fortunate position like I have.""My life (25) ______ (save) many years ago by a St John ambulance and it's amarvellous feeling repaying back that kindness." It was this kind of behavior (26)_______ led to Lotto NZ's inspiring true story of a Kiwi man who won $15 million and, honouring a promise made long ago, went halves with his mate.2017 was the (27) ______ (lucky) year on record for Powerball winners. "Last year, there were 19 different Powerball winners—(28) ______ most of them had in common was the desire to share their good fortune," said Emilia Mazur, General Manager Corporate Communications."Another Tauranga man won $10 million with Powerball in July and once he got over the shock of winning, his first thought was his community and he has since shared some of his winnings to upgrade its facilities."Group players are natural sharers—not only (29) ______ they share the winnings among themselves but they also then want to help out other."Everyone is just so happy, it's created an amazing sense of freedom. " said one of the group leaders Tina. "For me personally, (30) ______ (know) how much of a significant difference you have made to your family and your circle of friends, I have a feeling that I have never experienced it's an unquantifiable feeling—it's magic."Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Swiss village bans tourists from taking photo because it’s too beautiful Located in the Swiss Alps, near the famous resort of St. Moritz, the commune of Bergan is one of the most beautiful mountain villages in Europe. So beautiful, in fact, that photos of it shared on social media may make people feel depressed that they cant visit, so local authorities banned tourists from taking photos.It may sound like a joke, but it's actually a new law adopted by the Bergan villagecouncil and 31 by its mayor. To discourage visitors from taking photos in Bergan, they plan to 32 a symbolic e5 fine for those caught breaking the new rules.According to a statement by the Bergan tourism authority, "It is scientifically proven that beautiful holiday photos on social media make the viewers unhappy because they cannot be there themselves."However, it seems unlikely that Bergun's new law was really thought of as a way to 33 Facebook or Instagram users of the depressing experience of seeing the beauty of the village. As the news went 34 online, many assumed that it was actually a clever marketing 35 , a theory that was at least partially confirmed by the village's director of tourism, Marc-Andrea Barandun."In the background of course the idea is that everyone is talking about Bergan," he told The Local. "So it's a combination of both we made the law and also there's some marketing aim behind it."To show that they were serious about the law, Bergin authorities 36 photos of the village from its Facebook and Twitter accounts, and declared their intention to delete them from the Bergan website too.If the new law was just a 37 strategy, it actually worked wonders, as people started 38 more photos of the beautiful mountain village soon after news of the photo ban started making news headlines.A few days ago, Mayor Nicolay 39 the debatable photo ban in a video, where he offered people visiting Bergan a special 40 to take photos. He reminded them to think twice before sharing the pictures online, though, as they could be making their friends depressed.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirection: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.A cliche is a phrase that has been used so many times that it comes out of the mouth or the computer without stirring up a wave in the mind of the speaker, the typist,the listener or the reader. The word was part of the technical term of the French printing trade in the 19th century, the name for a plate used in the printing process, and it is still used with that meaning in English and other languages. By the middle of the same century, the word was being used in French, shortly followed by English, as a simile(比喻) for 41 used expressions.Cliches can be 42 according to whether they were originally idioms, similes and proverbs, expressions from trades or 43 phrases.Many idioms have been so universally overused that they have been 44 —phrases like far and wide, by leaps and bounds or safe and sound. Our second category could be similes and proverbs that now fall off the 45 with little meaning, similes like as cool as a cucumber, which 46 around 400 years.A large category is 47 from the terms of trades and professions, sports and games, and other national concerns. Many are 48 cliches, as is fitting for the British, as an island nation, with examples like to leave a sinking ship, to know the ropes, to stick to one's guns.Our last broad category of cliche might be phrases which were 49 when they were first coined, but have become ineffective through constant use. When a football manager, asked how he felt about the 50 of his team, said that he was as sick as a parrot. Since then, it has been so overused that it has lost its 51 To explore every avenue and to leave no stone unturned are two political cliches of this class. No politician with any sensitivity for language could use either of those phrases 52 , yet you hear them still, all the time.No doubt we could specify the classes of cliches into further subdivisions until the cows come home. But there is no need to. We all agree that cliches are to be 53 by careful writers and speakers at all times, don't we? Well, actually, no, not I. Life, and language, are so full of cliches that silence will hold the position if you 54 us the use of cliche. So many millions of people have spoken and written cliches so 55 that it is almost impossible to find ideas and phrases that have not been used many times before.41. A. occasionally B. frequently C. technicallyD. grammatical42. A. confirmed B. quoted C. inferred D. classified43. A. invented B. customized C. recognized D. underlined44. A. highlighted B. tailored C. weakened D. enriched45. A. nose B. eyes C. lips D. forehead46. A. dates back B. catches on C. takes shapeD. gives out47. A. detected B. drawn C. excluded D. initiated48. A. remote B. temperate C. urbanD. oceanic49. A. boring B. striking C. entertaining D. annoying50. A. expense B. punishment C. defeatD. age51. A. origin B. shine C. statueD. humour52. A. seriously B. fluently C. flexibly D. properly53. A. adjusted B. adapted C. adopted D. avoided54. A. deny B. allow C. forbid D. promise55. A. casual B. decently C. reluctantly D. ceaselesslySection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AFree to SoarOne windy spring day, I observed young people having fun using the wind to fly their kites. Multicolored creations of varying shapes and sizes filled the skies like beautiful birds racing and dancing. As the strong winds blew against the kites, a string kept them in check.Instead of blowing away with the wind, they arose against it to achieve great heights. They shook and pulled, but the string and the tail kept them attached, facing upward and against the wind. The kites struggled and kept being dragged behind, facing upward and against the wind. As the kites struggled and trembled against the string. they seemed to say, "Let me go! Let me go! I want to be free!" They soared beautifully even as they fought the restriction of the string Finally, one of the kites succeeded in breaking loose. "Free at last," it seemed to say. "Free to fly with the wind."Yet freedom from restriction simply put it at the mercy of a cruel breeze. It flew ungracefully to the ground and landed in a messed mass of weeds and string against a dead bush. "Free at last", free to lie powerless in the dirt, to be blown helplessly along the ground, and to stop lifeless against the first obstruction.How much like kites we sometimes are. The heaven gives us misfortune and limitations, rules to follow from which we can grow and gain strength. Restriction is a necessary companion to the winds of opposition. Some of us resist the rules so hard that we never soar to reach the heights we might have obtained. We keep part of the order and never rise high enough to get our tails off the ground.Let us each rise to the great heights, recognizing that some of the restrctions that we may be annoyed at are actually the steadying force that helps us improve and achieve.56. According to paragraph 2, "Let me go!" is said by______.A. the kiteB. the windC. the birdD. the flyer57. Which of the following words has the meaning closest to the underlined word "obstruction" in paragraph 3?A. destructionB. miracleC. observationD. obstacle58. According to the writer, in what way is man similar to kites?A. Man will never reach the desirable height unless he breaks some rules.B. Man can be empowered by difficulties to go further and higher.C. Man desires freedom but only a few will succeed.D. Man is limited by his surroundings.59. By telling the story of kite flying, the writer wants to share the lesson that______.A. rules are made to be brokenB. flying a kite involves skills and patienceC. sometimes difficulties can be potential blessingsD. it's no use complaining about the difficulties we encounterB60. By searching the internal knowledge base, you can____.A. access the Help CenterB. enjoy user-friendly manualsC. create a secure resource centerD. learn the company's practices and policies61. The Knowledge Base Software can offer the following functions EXCEPT that_____.A. users of ProProfs can read the manuals on their mobile phonesB. the service that ProProfs offers to its users is accessible around the clockC. with ProProts, users can readjust the size of their documentation to their screensD different users can be grouped together on a central platform to share knowledge62. How does the software ProProfs tighten its security?A. By authorizing different users.B. By creating a central platform.C. By offering single sign-on settings.D. By building private knowledge bases.CThe largest-ever study of the link between city walkability and high blood pressure has been held up as evidence of the "invisible value of urban design" in improving long-term health outcomes, say researchers.The study of around 430,000 people aged between 38 and 73 and living in 22 UK cities found significant associations between the increased walkability of a neighborhood, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of high blood pressure among its residents.The outcomes remained consistent even after adjustments for socio-demographic(社会人口统计学) lifestyle and changing physical environment factors, though theprotective effects were particularly pronounced among participants aged between 50 and 60, women, and those residing in higher density and poor neighborhood.The paper was published in the international Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health this week. With high blood pressure a major risk factor for chronic(慢性的)and particularly heart diseases. researchers at the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University said the findings demonstrated the need to take notice of the health-influencing factor in urban design."With the increasing pace of urbanization and demographic shifts towards an ageing population, we become more likely to suffer from chronic diseases, "said Dr Chinmoy Sarkar, an assistant professor at the Healthy High Density Cities Lab of the University of Hong Kong and lead author of the study. "The action taken to improve public health must consider the invisible value of urban planning and design.”"We are spending billions of pounds in preventing and curing heart diseases—if we are able to invest in creating healthy cities through small changes in the design of our neighborhoods to make them more activity-friendly and walkable, then probably, we will have significant savings in future healthcare expenses."To measure a neighborhood’s activity-promoting potential, researchers developed a set of index of walkability containing relevant urban elements, including residential and retail(零售)density, public transport, street-level movement, and distance to attractive destinations.Poorly designed spaces generally reduced walking and physical activity, promoting the lifestyles of long time sitting down and not moving, and were harmful to social interactions, and as such associated with poorer mental and physical health.Because walkability was "based on the underlying design of the city", said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it "Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains as they are enduring and common."63. By considering "invisible value of urban design", people can_____.A. reduce the ageing populationB. slow down the pace of urbanizationC. promote activity-friendly and walkable citiesD. invest in preventing and curing heart diseases64. What can be inferred from the passage?A. A set of index is essential to ensure that urban design promotes walkability.B. Walkable cities can lower blood pressure and the risk of high blood pressure.C. Chronic diseases are becoming common due to peoples neglect of their health.D. middle-aged women living in poor areas are less likely to benefit from increased walkability.65. All of the following are the undesirable consequences of poorly-designed neighborhoods EXCEPT____.A. failing healthB. unhealthy lifestyleC. fewer social interactionsD. fewer neighborhoods66. According to Dr. Chinmoy Sarka, ________.A. cities should encourage the residents to engage in social interactionsB. the design of our neighborhoods should meet people's needs for retail densityC. money invested in creating healthy cities is money saved in future healthcare expensesD. chronic diseases will be common because of our lifestyle and the physical environmentSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Make traditiona measures come aliveThe Palace Museum Director Shan Jixiang delivered a cultural heritage speech on Feb 27 in Beijing, which was co-organized by the Beijing Diplomatic Service Bureau and Beijing Housing Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions. 67 On the theme The World of the Palace Museum and the Palace Museum of the World, the 64-year-old director shared his ideas about how to make traditional treasures come alive again. During the speech, which lasted two and a half hours, Shan touched on topics including upgrading museum infrastructure(基础设施), restoring cultural sites, digitalizing online museums, setting up restoration hospitals, providing better visitor experiences and promoting the Palace Museums cultural items."The abundant collection of cultural objects at the Palace Museum is the inspiration for the creative souvenirs and cultural items available," Shan said. "68 Throughout 2017, the total sales of Palace Museums cultural items have been more than I billion yuan ($158million), Explaining the huge success of Palace Museums cultural souvenirs, Shan said: "The museum opened a shop on the e-commerce website Taobao in 2008, but sales remained neither high nor low for years, as more than 80 percent of the souvenirs sold in stores in the past were not related to our museum." "Therefore, I wanted to change the situation Now, souvenirs from the Palace Museum cover almost every aspect of life. After all, what matters to a museum is not how many visitors they have, but how close they are to people's daily lives."69 Around 200 "doctors" are employed to analyze, examine, detect flaws or damage in ancient objects and restore them using more than 100 pieces of specialized equipment, including 3-D printers and scanners. The restoration hospital covers 13,000 square meters and boasts the nation’s most advanced restoration workshops.John Aquilina, M alta's ambassador to China said that Shan’s speech showed a totally different Palace Museum to foreign people. "China enjoys a long and profound culture and many of the national treasures have been preserved at the Palace Museum. It is no easy task to preserve them well. 70 ."IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Ban the bag!Standing in line at the grocery store last week, I watched the woman in front of me buy a tube of toothpast. As the clerk placed her purchase in a plastic bag, I couldn't help wondering how long it would take for that bag to end up in the trash. Then I noticed the big purse the woman was carrying and wondered why she had needed a plastic bag at all.People have come to rely on plastic bags as everything from shopping bags for groceries to trash-can bags. Although plastic bags can be recycled, only about one percent of those used in the United States are. Instead, after helping people transport items from one place to another, most are thrown away. They end up in landfills, where it can take a plastic bag up to a thousand years to decay. Some bags end up elsewhere n the environment, sticking to trees and fences, blocking rivers and oceans, or floating along city sidewalks.Plastic bags harm the environment in several ways. First they break down into particles that pollute our soil and water. Because most plastic bags are made of polyethylene, a product derived from crude oil (原油)or natural gas, they waste nonrenewable resources. Plastic bags can also harm animals. Scientists estimate that more than one million sea animals, including whales, seabirds, and turtles, die each year from intaking or becoming stranded in plastic.People all over the world are starting to recognize the problems associated with plastic bags. Countries such as China, South Africa, Switzerland, and Uganda are taking action and banning the hags. Other nations, including Italy and Ireland, have been trying to restrict the use of plastic bags by taxing them. In the United Statesmore and more communities are ridding themselves of plastic bags. Now more and more people are also purchasing inexpensive, reusable bags and using them when they shop. If we all take this simple step, we can be a part of a "green" revolution.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.全世界掀起了一股学中文的潮流。
2018届长宁区高考英语二模试卷和参考答案(不含听力)
2018年长宁区高考英语二模试题II. Grammar and VocabularySection AA Great FriendshipThomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? TheyJefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison's reply remind us that friends are friends until death. They also remind us that sometimes a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the friendship itself, for has there ever been a friendship of greater public consequence than this one?po1itical principles and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through that longvindicating to posterity the course that we've pursued for preserving to them, in all their purity, their blessings of self-government, which we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earthgeneral interest and happiness of those committed to it, one which, protected by truth, can neverpillar of support throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I should leave with you my last affections."harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. 29 they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren’t they not to be to me? We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with Which we discharge the trust committed to us and I indulgeafter we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here. "He is kindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed to have changed a lot from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to __31__ himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife __32__ me is far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists he finds it __33__ toproduce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The V egetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouraged him. He is still __34__ light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. Not one of them can tough his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and __35__ of character. He can become almost any kind of writer that his peculiarly restless character will __36__.Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a training camp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers. Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he __37__ great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist’s book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful __38__.Just what he will write in the future remains __39__. With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His coming novel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be __40__ the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AStandards for Schools: Developing Organizational Accountability(绩效) Quality teaching depends on not just teacher’s knowledge and skills but on the environment in which they work. Schools need to offer a coherent curriculum focused on higher-order thinking and performance across subject areas and grades, time for teachers to work __41__ with students to accomplish challenging goals, opportunities for teachers to plan with and learn from one another, and regular occasions to evaluate the outcomes of their __42__.If schools are to become more responsible, they must, like other professional organizations, make evaluation and assessment part of their everyday lives. Just as hospitals have standing committees of staff that meet regularly to look at evaluation data and discuss the __43__ of each aspect of their work – a practice reinforced by their accreditation(评定) requirements, - schools must have regular occasions to examine their practice and effectiveness.As Richard Rothstein and colleagues describe in Grading Education: Getting Accountability Right, school-level accountability can be supported by school __44__, like those common in many other nations, in which trained experts evaluate schools by spending several days visiting classrooms, __45__ samples of student work, and interviewing students about their understanding and their experiences, __46__ looking at objective data such as test scores, graduation rates, and so on. In some cases, principals accompany the inspectors into classrooms and are asked for their own evaluations of the lessons. In this way, the inspectors are able to make __47__ about the instructional and supervisory competence(能力) for principals. As described earlier, inspectors may also play a role in ensuring the __48__ and comparability of school-based assessments (as in England and A ustralia), as well as school’s internal assessment and evaluation process (as in HongKong).In most countries’ inspection systems, schools are rated on the quality of instruction and other services and supports, as well as students’ __49__ and progress o n a wide range of aspects, including and going beyond academic subject areas, such as extra-curricular, personal and social __50__, the acquisition of workplace skills and the __51__ to which students are encouraged to adopt safe practices and a __52__ lifestyle. Schools are rated as to whether they pass inspection, need modest improvements, or require serious intervention(介入), and they receive extensive feedback on what the inspectors both saw and __53__. Reports are publicly posted. Schools requiring intervention are then given more expert __54__ and support, and are placed on a more frequent schedule of visits. Those that persistently fail to pass may be placed under local government control and could be __55__ if they are not improved.41. A. occasionally B. closely C. strictly D. peacefully42. A. challenges B. competence C. curriculum D. practices43. A. effectiveness B. faults C. progress D. requirements44. A. instruction B. protection C. inspection D. consideration45. A. taking B. improving C. examining D. copying46. A. as far as B. rather than C. other than D. as well as47. A. judgments B. decisions C. inquiries D. suggestions48. A. quantity B. quality C. instruction D. support49. A. education B. performance C. attention D. interest50. A. responsibility B. structure C. resources D. benefits51. A. frequency B. consistence C. satisfaction D. extent52. A. comparable B. healthy C. different D. unique53. A. appreciated B. criticized C. recommended D. rewarded54. A. attention B. programs C. evaluation D. explanations55. A. set down B. put down C. closed down D. pulled downSection B(A)NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC NEWSWarning from ExpertsA growing amount of human-made orbital debris (太空轨道残骸)一from rocket stages and out-of-date satellite ---is circling the Earth. Scientists say the orbital debris, better known as space junk, poses an increasing threat to space activities. “ This is a growing environmental problem,” said Nicholas Jonson, the chief scientist and program manager for orbital debris at NASA(美国航空航天局) in Houston, Texas.Johnson and his team have developed a computer model capable of simulating past and future amounts of space junk. The model predicts that even without future rocket or satellitelaunches, the amount of debris in low orbit around Earth will remain steady through 2055, after which it will increase. While current efforts have focused o limiting future space junk, these scientists say removing large pieces of old space junk will soon be necessary.Since the first launch of satellite in 1957, humans have been generating space junk. The U.S. Space Surveillance Network is currently tracking over 13,000 human-made objects larger than ten centimeters in diameter orbiting t he Earth. “Of the 13 000 objects, over 40 percent came from breakups of both spacecraft and rocket bodies,” Johnson sand. In addition, there are hundreds of thousands of smaller objects in space. These include everything from pieces of plastic to bits of paint. Much of this smaller junk has come from exploding rocket stages. Stages are sections of a rocket that have their own fuel or engines.These objects travel at speeds over 35, 000 kilometers an hour. At such high speed, even small junk can tear holes in a spacecraft or disable a satellite by causing electrical shorts that result from clouds of superheated gas.Johnson believes it may be time to think about how to remove junk from space. Previous proposals range from sending up spacecrafts to grab junk and bring it down to using lasers to slow an object's orbit to cause it to fall back to Earth more quickly. Given current technology, those proposals appear neither technically nor economically practical, “Space junk is like any environmental problem. “Johnson admits. “It’s growing. If you don’t deal with it now, it will only become worse, and the solutions in the future are going to be even more costly.”56. What is this passage mainly talking about?A. Advanced technology is used to remove spaces junkB. NASA is responsible for the environmental problem.C. Cleaning up the space junk is greatly neededD. Human activities generate much orbital debris57. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?A. Rocket launches produce more debris than satellite launches Space Tech CultureB. Space junk is endangering human beings' space activitiesC. It's necessary to clean up the large pieces of old space junkD. Even a tiny piece of space junk can destroy a spacecraft58. What does John think of the previous proposals to grab space junk and bring it down to the earth?A. ReasonableB. UnbelievableC. ReliableD. Impractical(B)Eye Scan Technology Comes to SchoolsABC News: Parents who want to pick up their kids at school in one New Jersey district now can submit to iris(虹膜) scans, as the technology that helps keep our nation’s airports and hotels safe begins to make its way further into American lives.this high-tech security system on Monday with funding fromthe Department of Justice as part of a study on the system’seffectiveness.As many as four adults can be authorized to pickup each child in the district, but in order to be authorized tocome into school, they will be asked to register with the district’s iris recognition security and visitor management system. At this point, the New Jersey program is not a must.If someone tries to slip in behind an authorized person, the system causes an alarm and red flashing lights in the front office. The entire process takes just seconds.This kind of technology is already at work in airports around the country like Orlando International Airport, where the program has been in operation since July. It has 12,000 subscribers who pay $79.95 for the convenience of submitting to iris scans rather than going through lengthy security checks.An iris scan is said to be more accurate than a fingerprint because it records 240 unique details—far more than the seven to twenty-four details that are analyzed in fingerprints. The chances of being misidentified by an iris scan are about one in 1.2 million and just one in 1.44 trillion if you scan both eyes.Phil Meara, the Freehold District official, said that although it was expensive, the program would help schools across the country move into a new frontier in child protection. “This is all part of a larger emphasis, here in New Jersey, on school safety,” he said. “We chose this school because we were looking for a typical slightly urban sch ool to launch the system.”Meara applied for a $369,000 grant on behalf of the school district and had the eye scanners installed in two grammar schools and one middle school. So far, 300 of the nearly 1,500 individuals available to pick up a student from school have registered for the eye scan system.59. Why does the Freehold Borough School District adopt the eye scan security system?A. To ensure the school safety and efficiency of picking up children.B. To encourage more students to register in New Jersey urban schools.C. To test the effectiveness of school security and management system.D. To collect the information of the children and their beloved parents.60. What’s the advantage of the eye scan system over fingerprints?A. Having many more subscribers throughout the country.B. Authorizing the adults to pick up children more flexibly.C. Attracting parents in a larger proportion to register for it.D. Making almost no mistakes in identifying the authorized.61. How does Phil Meara help to protect the safety of children?A. By asking people to register with the security system.B. By applying for grant to install eye scanners in schools.C. By asking the department of justice to fund this program.D. By turning to Orlando International Airport for help.62. What is the best title of this passage?A. Parents Favor the Eye Scan SystemB. Security Management Needs Improving.C. High Technology Comes to SchoolD. Iris Scanners are Invented in the Country.(C)Dusty Nash, an angelic-looking blond child of seven, awoke at 5 one recent morning in his Chicago home and began to throw a fit. He cried and kicked. Every muscle in his 50-1b. body flew in violent motion. Finally, after about 30 minutes, Dusty Pulled himself together sufficiently to head downstairs for breakfast. While his mother was busy in the kitchen, the extremely excited child pulled a box of Kix cereal from the cupboard and sat on a chair.But sitting still was not easy this morning. After grabbing some cereal with his hands, he began kicking the box, scattering little round com puffs across the room Next he turned his attention to the TV set, or rather, the table supporting it. The table was covered with a check-board Con-Tact paper, and Dusty began peeling it off. Then he became interested in the spilled cereal and started smashing it into bits.It was only 7:30, and his mother Kyle Nash, who teaches a medical-school course on death and dying, was already feeling half dead from exhaustion. Dusty was to see his doctors that day at 4, and they had asked her not to give the boy the drug he usually takes to control his extreme excitement and attention problems, a condition known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It was going to be a very long day without help from Ritain, a powerful drug which some people take for pleasure, but which they can become addicted to.Karenne Bloomgarden remembers such days all too well The spirited, 43-year-old boss and gym teacher was a disaster as a child growing up in New Jersey. I did very poorly in school \wereconstantly on her case for tough behavior. \They just felt I was being bad---too loud, too physical, too everything \diagnosis\The athletic Bloomgarden managed to get into college, but she admits that she cheated her way to a diploma \she did fine in physically active jobs but was anxious about administrative work. Then, four yeas ago, a doctor put a label on her troubles: ADHD. “It's been such a weigh off my shoulders\says Bloomgarden, who takes both stimulant Ritalin and the antidepressant Zoloft to improve her concentration. “I had 38 years of thinking I was a bad person. Now I'm rewriting the tapes of who I thought I was to who I really am.”63. What does the phrase “throw a fit” in the 1st paragraph probably mean?A. turn oneself around casuallyB. fall down to the ground carelesslyC. lose one's temper suddenlyD. shout and complain loudly64. Why did Dusty Nash mess the room?A. He was reluctant to listen to his motherB. He couldn’t focus on anything f or a whileC. He forgot to take the medicine he usually tookD. He was afraid to see the doctor with his mother.65. The passage is chiefly concerned with _______________A. the visible symptoms of the disease ADHDB. the precise definition of the disease ADHDC. Dusty's experiences in his childhood and collegeD. Karenne's confessing of cheating to get a diploma66. What can be inferred from the passage?A. Dusty went to see his private doctor every week in the past years.B. Dusty's mother took care of him till he was admitted to a collegeC. A psychologist examined Karenne and cured her serious disease.D. Karenne didn't know herself well until she was diagnosed with ADHDThe Minoans: A Forgotten PeopleThe first advanced culture in ancient Greece was the Minoan culture. For thousands of years,knowledge of these people survived only in Greek myths. In the late 19th century, archaeologists began to unearth ruins. This inspired Arthur Evans to begin digging on the island of Crete near mainland Greece. On a dig in Kbossos, Evans found an ancient palace. Experts think that it was the palace of King Minos, a central figure in many Greek myths.____67____ With his team, he uncovered a vast structure, varied works of art, and many hieroglyphic records, These finds, together with later finds, comprise all that experts know about Minoan culture.From the evidence experts gathered, it is clear that the Minoans were ahead of their time. The palace at Knossos was five floors high with hundreds of rooms. Buildings throughout the ancient city had plumbing and flush toilets. Stone pavement lined the surfaces of the roads. In addition, the Minoans possessed a highly developed naval fleet for long-distance trade. ____68_____ These records confirm the central role of commerce in culture.Expert analysis of the evidence also offers insight into some aspects of Minoan society. ____69____ Ruins and artwork suggest that people of all classes enjoyed a high degree of social and gender equality. Religious icons show that Minoans worshiped bulls, the natural world, and many female gods.An unusual feature of Minoans culture was the pursuit of leisure interests. Sport and visual arts were central to Minoan life. Boxing and bull jumping, a sport in which players jumped over live bulls, were popular. Although bull jumping may have served some ritual purpose, experts believe that it was done mostly for fun. Similarly, although some works of art showed political and religious themes, other works served only as pleasant décor(装饰品). ____70_____ The Minoans met their demise after a series of natural disasters. Experts believe that group from the Greek mainland capitalized on these events and looked over the island.IV. Summary WritingThe Conflict of the OrdersThe types of people who served as officials in the Roman government changed over time. These changes stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the Orders.In the early republic, Romans were divided into two classes of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who made up most of the population, were mainly farmers and workers. For many years, plebeians had few rights. They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman laws because laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians served as judges.Over time, plebeians increased their power through demand and strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450, B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all to view.The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342 B.C., a plebeian always held one of the consul positions. By about 300 B.C. many plebeians had become so powerful and wealthy themselves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility.From that time on, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was not a important. Membership in the nobility was still very important, however, since government officials were not paid a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.V. Translation72. 我们必须尽快适应新环境。
2018年上海市黄浦区高考英语二模试卷
For the photographers, one of the city’s most fascinating features is the light pink coloring of its buildings. “The first gate you see when you enter are pink,” said Wong. "Once you’re through, everything around you varies in different（7）______ of the color—from bright pinks to reddish browns."
5．why，考查宾语从句，根据句意“这就是为什么我们பைடு நூலகம்要数数，看看黑猩猩现在是什么状态，这将最终影响到我们对其他亚种的了解”，用why引导表语从句．
6．is endangered，考查句子结构，主语为the chimp，用be +adj，构成主系表结构．
上海市闵行区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案
2018.5 闵行(松江)区高考英语质量抽查试卷(满分:140分考试时间:120分钟)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. He will review 2 more lessons. B. He will study the other 20 lessons.C. He will go over the 13 lessons.D. He will study all the 15 lessons.2. A. His injury kept him at home. B. He didn’t think it necessary.C. He was too weak to see the doctor.D. He failed to make an appointment.3. A. The post office. B. Monroe Street.C. The courthouse.D. Fourth Avenue.4. A. Disappointed. B. Approving. C. Concerned. D. Doubtful.5. A. He played his part quite well. B. He was not dramatic enough.C. He performed better than the secretary.D. He exaggerated his part.6. A. He wrote a book about great restaurants. B. He always makes reservations for dinner.C. He read a book while he was eating dinner.D. He always finds good places to eat.7. A. He is afraid he won’t be chosen for the trip.B. The boss has not decided where to go.C. Such a trip is necessary for the company.D. It’s not certain whether the trip will take place.8. A. It’s too expensive to get the apartment furnished.B. The furniture he bought was very cheap.C. The apartment was provided with some old furniture.D. It’s hard to find proper furniture for his apartment.9. A. She is intended to work for the school newspaper.B. The man can spare some time reading school newspaper.C. The man has a very tight schedule.D. The man should have taken more than five classes.10. A. Whether the meeting is certainly to be held on Monday.B. What bad news will be talked about at the meeting.C. What they are going to discuss at the meeting.D. Where the meeting is to be held.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Appropriateness of the programs. B. The operation of national programs.C. The incomes of the corporation.D. The welfare of the staff.12. A. By donations from the public. B. By selling its programs.C. By selling broadcasting devices.D. By getting support from the royals.13. A. Its humorous styles. B. The richness of its programs.C. Famous news announcers.D. Its neutral views on news.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Social progress and individual development.B. Human behaviors and social changes.C. General concepts about psychology and sociology.D. Relationship between cultures and human behaviors.15. A. What is the role of religion or art in a society?B. What is the main reason for revolution in a society?C. What are the causes of antisocial behavior?D. Why does one society progress more rapidly than another?16. A. Both psychology and sociology study human behavior.B. Mental problems should be dealt with by a sociologist.C. Sociology is the study of group behavior.D. Psychology pays more attention to individuals than to groups.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. It looks into opinions that people hold about old age.B. It is about how to keep healthy in old age.C. It investigates causes of old people’s unhappiness.D. It reveals the secret of living longer.18. A. Arise people’s awareness of caring for the old.B. Encourage people to be more responsible for the old.C. Help people change their feelings about old age.D. Ease people’s fear and anxiety about mental illness of the old.19. A. They are mostly among the 60-70 age group.B. They are mostly abandoned by their families.C. People do not become more lonely because of old age.D. People among any age group are not lonely at all.20. A. They are changing suddenly and completely at a particular age.B. It’s hard to recognize a person when he is turning old.C. Old people can’t deal with events and problems properly.D. People do not change in old age a lot more than in middle age.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Aunt Jane is now well over seventy, but she is still a great cinema-goer. The cinema in our town closed down years ago and sometimes she has to travel twenty miles or more to see a good film. And once a month at least she goes up to London to see (21)________(late) foreign films. Of course she could see most of these films on television, but the idea does not attract her. “It isn’t the same,” she says. “For one thing, the screen’s too small. Besides, I like going to the cinema!”However, one thing which has always puzzled us is that (22)________ Aunt Jane has lots of friends and enjoys company, she always goes to the cinema alone. We discovered the reason for this only recently—from Mother. “It may surprise you to learn that Aunt Jane wanted to be an actress when she was young,” she told us. “She used to wait outside film studios all day, just (23)________(appear) in crowd scenes. Your aunt has probably appeared in dozens of films. Sometimes she did not even know the name of the film they (24)________(make). Therefore, she couldn’t go to see (25)________ in the film at the cinema!“All the time, of course, she was looking for a small part in a film. Her big chance came (26)________ they started to make a film in our town. Jane managed to meet the director at a party and he offered her (27)________ role as a shopkeeper. It really was a very small part, but it was an important moment for Jane. Before the great event, she rehearsed for days. In fact, she turned the sitting-room into a shop! We all had to help, going to and out of the shop (28)_______ she could remember her words perfectly. And (29)________ the actual day she was marvelous. Jane thought that this was the beginning of her film career!“Unfortunately, in the end, they did not include the shop scene in the film. But nobody told Jane! When the film first appeared in London, she took all her friends to see it. And of course she wasn’t in it! It was a terrible blow! She stopped (30)________ (go) to film studios and gave up the idea of becoming an actress. She still loves the cinema, as you all know, but from that day she has always gone alone!”Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be(班卓琴) song, you’re probably (31)______ following the age-old advice that practice makes perfect. However, contrary to popular belief, doing the same thing over and over again might not be the most efficient way to learn foreign concepts.Traditionally, we’re taught using the “blocking” strategy. This instructs us to go over a single idea again and again until we’ve mastered it, before (32)______ to the next concept. But several new neurological (神经学的) (33)______ show that an up and coming learning method called “interleaving” improves our ability to keep and perform new skills over any traditional means by leaps and bounds.What interleaving does is to space out learning over a longer period of time, and it (34)______ the information we encounter when learning a new skill. So, for example, instead of learning one banjo chord at a time until you (35)______ it, you train in several at once and in shorter bursts.One of the practical ways you can use interleaving to train your brain to pick up new skillsquickly and effectively is to practice multiple (36)______ skills at once.Whether you’re trying to improve your motor skills or cognitive (认知的) learning abilities, the key to (37)______ how your brain processes new information is to break out of the habit of learning one part of a skill at a time. The advantage of this method is that your brain doesn’t get comfortable or store information in your short-term memory. Instead, interleaving causes your brain to (38)______ focus and problem-solve every step of the way, resulting in information getting stored in your long-term memory instead.Interleaving doesn’t cut any corners, so your brain is always on (39)______. Think of the difference between blocking and interleaving like a boxer who practices one (40)______ over and over again versus a boxer who practices by sparring in the ring. In the ring, you have to be ready for anything. It makes you faster and sharper.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Since 1960, considerable scientific researches have been done on chimps in their natural habitats. Astonishingly, scientists have found out that the social 41 of Chimps are very similar to humans. Chimps will 42 in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to 43 one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly 44 to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food？In the laboratory, chimps don’t 45 share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull 46 -- he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.Human children, 47 , are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this 48 in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally 49 in young children. One is that these 50 appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave 51 . Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence 52 in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the 53 world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can 54 what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a(n) 55 goal.41. A. structures B. policies C. behaviors D. responsibilities42. A. conflict B. cooperate C. offend D. negotiate43. A. trust B. contact C. isolate D. help44. A. decline B. manage C. attempt D. oblige45. A. curiously B. reluctantly C. naturally D. carelessly46. A. in turn B. at random C. with care D. in advance47. A. all in all B. as a result C. in no case D. on the other hand48. A. cooperativeness B. availability C. interrelationship D. attractiveness49. A. cultivated B. motivated C. possessed D. stimulated50. A. attitudes B. instincts C. experiences D. coincidences51. A. creatively B. formally C. socially D. competitively52. A. develops B. decreases C. changes D. disappears53. A. abstract B. invisible C. imaginary D. physical54. A. infer B. adapt C. absorb D. balance55. A. realistic B. shared C. specific D. ambitiousSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends.Nitrogen (氮) dissolved in his blood is suddenly liberated bythe reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubblesaccumulate (累积) in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, theconsequence can be death.Other air-breathing animals also suffer thisdecompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales,for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That theseancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and,most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr. Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (掠食性动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.56. Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends?A. A twisted body.B. A gradual decrease in blood supply.C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.D. A drop in blood pressure.57. The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see ________.A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bendsB. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompressionC. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodiesD. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones58. Rothschild’s finding stated in Paragraph 4 ________.A. confirmed his assumptionB. speeded up his research processC. disagreed with his assumptionD. changed his research objectives59. Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ________.A. failed to evolve an anti-decompression meansB. gradually developed measures against the bendsC. died out because of large sharks and crocodilesD. evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it(B)However wealthy we may be, we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want. Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someone’s time or money could be better spent on something else.Every hour of our time has a value. For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another, or be sleeping or watching a film. Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely, what they cost us in missed opportunities.Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium. Why not, you might reason, watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends? This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.For economists, every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up. By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. Consider that most famous economic rule of all: there’s no such thing as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging: imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable. Yet, in a sense it’s human nature to do precisely that we assess theadvantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.In the business world, a popular phrase is “value for money.” People want their cash to go as far as possible. However, another is fast obtaining an advantage: “value for time.” The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something, so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities, such as sleeping and eating. In return, however, this passage will help you to think like an economist, closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.60. According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to ______.A. making more moneyB. taking more opportunitiesC. reducing missed opportunitiesD. weighing the choice of opportunities61. The “leftover money and time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time ______.A. spared for watching the match at homeB. taken to have dinner with friendsC. spent on the way to and from the matchD. saved from not going to watch the match62. What are forgone opportunities?A. Opportunities you forget in decision-making.B. Opportunities you give up for better ones.C. Opportunities you miss accidentally.D. Opportunities you make up for.(C)Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud stated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised (伪装的) shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only influenced but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated (产生) during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life, we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events — until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over repeated bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has itsways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.63. By saying that “dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat” in paragraph 1, theresearchers mean that ______.A. dreams can help us keep our mood comparatively stableB. dreams can be brought under conscious controlC. dreams represent our unconscious desires and fearsD. we can think logically in the dreams too64. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ______.A. become worse in our unconscious mindB. develop into happy dreamsC. persist till the time we fall asleepD. show up in dreams early at night65. Cartwright believed with much practice, we can learn to ______.A. control what dreams to dreamB. sleep well without any dreamsC. wake up in time to stop the bad dreamsD. identify what is upsetting about the dreams66. Cartwright might advise those who sometimes have bad dreams to ______.A. lead their life as usualB. seek professional helpC. exercise conscious controlD. avoid anxiety in the daytimeSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Choosing the right time to sleep, the correct moment to make decisions, the best hour to eat—and even go into hospital—could be your key to perfect health.Centuries after man discovered the rhythms of the planets and the cycles of crops, scientists have learned that we too live by precise rhythms that govern everything from our basic bodily functions to mental skills. Man is a prisoner of time.But it’s not just the experts who are switching on to the way our bodies work. 67 Prince Charles consults a chart which tells him when he will be at his peak on a physical, emotional and intellectual level. Boxer Frank Bruno is another who charts his bio-rhythms to plan for big fights.68 Sleep, blood pressure, hormone levels and heartbeat all follow their own clocks, which may bear only slight relation to our man-made 24-hour cycle.Research shows that in laboratory experiments when social signals and, most importantly, light indicators such as dawn are taken away, people lose touch with the 24-hour clock and sleeping patterns change. Temperature and heartbeat cycles lengthen and settle into “days” lasting about 25 hours.In the real world, light and dark keep adjusting internal clock to the 24-hour day. But the best indicator of performance is body temperature. As it falls from a 10 p.m. high of 37.2°C to a pre-dawn low of 36.1°C, mental functions fall too. 69The most famous example is the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island in the US. The three operators in the control room worked alternating weeks of day, evening and night shifts.70 Investigators believe this caused the workers to overlook a warning light and fail to close an open valve.Finding the secret of what makes us tick has long fascinated scientists and work done over the last decade has yielded important clues. The aim is to help us become more efficient. For example, the time we eat may be important if we want to maximize intellectual or sporting performance. There is already evidence suggesting that the time when medicine is given to patients affects how well it works.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Quiet Virtue: The ConscientiousThe everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline. Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. Success in creative professions like art or advertising calls for a balance between wild ideas and conscientiousness. Without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.V. TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 请把这封信寄给负责售后服务的人。
上海市奉贤区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案
2017-2018第二学期奉贤区调研测试三高英语II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Time to End LonelinessUS author Henry Rollins once wrote: "Loneliness adds beauty to lift. It puts a special burn on sunsets and makes night air smell better."Indeed, in the eyes of artists, loneliness never seems togo out of style. There are paintings that portray loneliness, songs that(21) . (inspire) byloneliness, and many works of literature that center around this theme.In the eyes of UK economist Rachel Reeves, however, loneliness is far from romantic. Insteadit's a "giant evil" that's become a serious problem in the country.On Jan 17, UK Prime Minister Theresa May appointed politician Tracey Crouch as thecountry's very first "Minister for Loneliness". Her job is (22)(deal) with the lonelinessthat the country's been feeling--a problem which, according to UK government research, isaffecting more than 9 million people in the country, and (23)be more harmful to one'sphysical and mental health than smoking l5 cigarettes a day.Back in 2014, the UK was given the title of the "loneliness capital of Europe" by TheTelegraph. A survey carried out by the newspaper found that British people were (24)(likely) to get to know their neighbours or build strong relationships with people than those fromother European countries.But this doesn't mean it is the problem (25)(affect) Britons only. In fact, we're all suffering from loneliness now more than ever, in spite of most of theworld now being linked tothe internet,(26)_____has enabled us to be more connected than ever.(27). we need, accordingto Kim Leadbetter, sister of the lateUK politician Jo Cox,is to have“proper human connections"."Our lives nowadays are so busy.We spend the vast majority of our time on our phones, onour laptops. (28)busy we are,we need to press pause on that andactually sit down and speak to human beings," Leadbettersaid at an event last year.But the first steps toward (29)(fight) this problem are to accept its existence and notbe ashamed or frightened by it. After all,.(30) loneliness, many beautiful paintings,songs, and literary works wouldn't even exist. Whether it is "evil" or not, being lonely is simplypart of the experience of being human.Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be usedonlyRobots Writing NewspapersWhether it's robots working as hotel receptionists or artificial intelligence creating poetry, it'sbecoming more and more common to read about technology doing the jobs of humans. And now,it seems that software is even 31 of writing news stories-such as the very one you'rereading.BBC News 32 reported that the Press Association (PA), a UK news service, hascreated a computer program that's competent to create articles that are almost impossible to tellapart from those written by human journalists. Called "robo-journalism” by BBC News, suchsoftware "teaches" itself by 33 thousands of news stories written by humans. The PA'ssoftware is already so advanced that many UK newspapers and websites publish articles created by it.According to the Reuters Institute of Journalism,many publishers areusing robo-journalism to 34 interesting information quickly, from election results toofficial 35 on social issues.For example, US news organization The Washington Post has its ownrobo-journalism software, Heliograf.According to each website Digiday, Heliograf "wrote" over 850 articles in 2417, as well ashundreds of social media 36 . So what does this mean for regular journalists? "We'renaturally cautious about any technology that could replace human beings." Fredrick Kunkle,“Washington Post reporter, told Wired. "But this technology seems to have taken over only some ofthe work that nobody else wants to do."Indeed, it appears that robo-journalism software is 37 to help humans, rather thantake away their jobs."In the future, Heliograf could do things like searching the web to see what people are talkingabout, checking The Washington Post to see if that story is being 38 , and, if not, alertingeditors or just writing the piece itself, Wired reporter Joe Keoha wrote.However, Joshua Benton at Harvard University's Nieman Journalism Lab believes that whilerobo-journalism is 39 going to become more present in newsrooms, nothing can replacetraditional human creativity."Good journalism is not justa matter of inputs and outputs, it is a craft that has developedover decades," he told BBC News."The really difficultpart of what professional journalists do-carefully 40 information and presentingbalanced, contextualized(全景式的)stories-will be very hard formachines to master."III. Reading ComprehensionSectionADirection: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard 41 : keeping amoderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have onyour longevity? Do some kinds of personalities 42 longer lives?A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by 43 the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more 44 and lessneurotic(神经质的)than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympatheticand cooperative than women with a(n) 45 life span. These findings are in agreement withwhat you would expect from the evolutionary theory: Those who like to make friends and helpothers can gather enough 46 to make it through tough times.Interestingly, 47 . other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, 48 , were no more likely to live to be very old.Also,being 49 to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways.Whether you can successfully change your 50 as an adult is the subject of a longstandingpsychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life, you should 51 to be as outgoing as possible.Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother's personality may also help 52 your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely to feed their kids 53 diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when we're adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.Personality isn't destiny(命运)，and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isn't just matter of your physical health but of your mental health.Therefore, it might be 54 to form those personality traits contributing to longevity through health-related behaviours, stress reduction and 55 to the challenging problems.41.A. statements B. definitions C.applications D.explanations42. A. result from B. lead to C.rely on D.consist of43. A. assessing B. interviewing C.examining D.diagnosing44. A. active B. extensive C.persuasive D.sensitive45. A. agreeable B.normal C.changeable D.formal46. A. resources B.associations C.procedures D.interactions47. A, therefore B.however C.furthermore D.otherwise48. A. in other words B.as usual C.in addition D.for instance49. A. resistant B.open C.blind D.alert50. A. perspective B.ambition C.personality D.philosophy51. A, reject B.strive C.claim D.oppose52. A. extend B.restrict C.shorten D.determine53. A. unhealthy B.nutritious C.adequate D.moderate54. A. predictable B.advisable C.sustainable D.enjoyable55. A.temptation B.introduction C.adaptation D.objectionSectionBDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AOne Friday morning, before Michael was leaving for work he told his wife that lie had finally determined to ask his boss for a salary raise. All day Michael felt nervous and anxious as he thought about the upcoming showdown. What if Mr. Duncan refused to grant his request? Michael had worked so hard in the last 18 months and brought some great benefits to Braer and Hopkins Advertising Agency. Of course, he deserved a wage increase.The thought of walking into Mr Duncan's office left Michael weak in the knees. Late in the afternoon he was finally courageous enough to approach his superior. To his delight and surprise,the ever-frugal(一惯节省的)Rowland Duncan agreed to give Michael a raise!Michael arrived home that evening-despite breaking ail city and state limits-to a beautiful table set with their best china, and candles lit. His wife, Cassie, had prepared a delicate meal including his favourite dishes. Immediately he thought someone from the office had tipped her off!Next to his plate Michael found a beautiful lettered note. It was from Isis wife. Itread:"Congratulations, my love! I knew you'd get the raise! I prepared this dinner to show just how much I love you. I am so proud of your accomplishments" He read it and stopped to think about how sensitive and caring Cassie was.After dinner,Michael was on his way to the kitchen to get dessert when .he observed that a second card had slipped out of Cassie's pocket onto the floor .He bent forward to pick, it up. It read:"Don't worry about not getting the raise! You do deserve one! You are a wonderful provider，and I prepared this dinner to show you just how much I love you even though you did not get the increase.”Suddenly tears swelled in Michael's eyes. Total acceptance! Cassie's support for him was not conditional upon his success at work.The fear of rejection is often softened and we can undergo almost any setback or rejection when we know someone Loves us regardless of our success or failure.56. What was Michael's plan that Friday?A. To find a job with the Braer and Hopkins Advertising Agency.B. To ask for a wage increase from his boss.C. To celebrate his success.D. To ask his boss to come for dinner.57. On his way back home, Michael_.A. felt weak in the kneesB. was punished by the traffic policemanG. was too anxious to share the news with his wifeD. couldn't wait to enjoy a meal58. Which of the following statements about the story is FALSE?A. Michael was afraid that his request would lead to。
上海市青浦区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案
青浦区2017 学年高三年级第二次学业质量调研测试英语学科试卷2018.04（时间120 分钟，满分140 分）考生注意：1．本试卷共13 页。
满分140 分。
考试时间120 分钟。
2．答题前，考生务必在答题卡（纸）上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号，并用铅笔正确涂写准考证号。
3．答案必须全部涂写在答题卡（纸）上。
如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。
I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. To the bank. B. To the museum. C. To the clinic. D. To the restaurant.2. A. 10:07. B. 10:30. C. 11:00. D. 11:07.3. A. Use the woman’s phone. B. Pay for the phone call.C. Get some change from Jane.D. Go and look for a pay phone.4. A. He likes to wear clean clothes.B. He changes his job frequently.C. He is careless about his appearance.D. He is ashamed of his present condition.5. A. Whether he has time on Saturday.B. Whether he can get access to the concert.C. Whether the tickets will be too expensive.D. Whether the woman is available on Saturday.6. A. They are complaining. B. They are bargaining.C. They are negotiating.D. They are arguing.7. A. The window smells of fresh paint. B. The man will clean the air-conditioner.C. Sh e’d like to have the window open.D. She prefers keeping the air-conditioner on.C. She has some paper to bury.D. She questions the man’s purpose.10. A. His notebook is missing.B. His handwriting is difficult to read.C. He wasn’t in class this morning either.D. He’s already lent his notes to someone else.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the short passages and the longer conversation. The short passages and the longer conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Photos of polar bears.B. Photos heavily edited.C. Photos of fine quality to appear in print.D. Photos reflecting scientist s’ working life.12. A. A year’s personal subscription to Nature is another award to winners.B. Photos can be uploaded to Twitter with the tag ScientistAtW ork.C. Five winning photos will be published in one issue of Nature.D.All entries have to be sent to photocompetition@.13. A. To encourage people to work with scientists.B. To attract people to participate in a contest.C. To increase the sales of the magazine.D. To teach people how to take pictures.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Because no team invited him to play. B. Because he stopped training for a while.C. Because he appeared to be too tired.D. Because he suffered from a disease.15. A. 8.5. B. 19.2. C. 44. D. 53.16. A. Bosh’s great basketball career in NBA.B. The regular training Bosh took in NBA.C. Bosh’s repeated desire to return to NBA.D. The reason why Bosh couldn’t play at NBA.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.18. A. From his friends. B. From his father.C. From his training.D. From his university.19. A. By attending special schools.B. By getting a private license first.C. By getting into an airline company first.D. By passing a test for commercial license.20. A. His flying hours in total. B. His interview performance.C. His university degrees.D. His private pilot license.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The kindness of Kiwi Lotto (乐透彩票) winnersWe’ve all dreamed of winning the Lotto but what actually happens when our numbers come up? The answer is rather heart-warming. New research out today from Lotto New Zealand reveals three-quarters of Powerball winners think of sharing (21) spending.One lucky Powerball winner from Tauranga was even thinking of others before his numbers came up. “A week before I won Lotto, I saw an ambulance (22) side bore the name of the donor, and I thought, ‘i f I ever win Lotto, that’s what I will do’ and then 10 day s’ later I w on,” he said. Having won $5.5 million dollars, he’s now spending a part of the money on two ambulances for his local hospital. “The y’r e going to say ‘(23) (donate) by a Lotto winner’ on the side. I hope that it will inspire others to pay it forward if they ever find (24) in a fortunate position like I have.”“My life (25) (save) many years ago by a St John ambulance and it’s a marvellous feeling repaying back that kindness.” It was this kind of behaviour (26) led to Lotto NZ’s inspiring true story of a Kiwi man who won $15 million and, honouring a promise made long ago, went halves with his mate.2017 was the (27) (lucky) year on record for Powerball winners. “Last year, there were 19 different Powerball winners — (28) most of them had in common was the desire to share their good fort une.” said Emilia Mazur, General Manager Corporate Communications.“Another Tauranga man won $10 million with Powerball in July and once he got over the shock of winning, his first thought was his community and he has since shared some of his winnings to upgrade its facilities.”Group players are natural sharers —not only (29) they share the winnings among themselves but they also then want to help out others.“E veryone is just so happy, it’s created an amazing sense of freedom.” s aid one of the group leaders Tina. “For me personally, (30) (know) how much of a significant difference you have made to your family and your circle of friends, I have a feeling that I have never experienced. It’s anunquantifiable feeling — it’s magi c.”Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Swiss village bans tourists from taking photos because it’s too beautiful Located in the Swiss Alps, near the famous resort of St. Moritz, the commune of Bergün is one of the most beautiful mountain villages in Europe. So beautiful, in fact, that photos of it shared on social media may make people feel depressed that they can’t visit, so local authorities banned tourists from taking photos.It may sound like a joke, but it’s actually a new law adopted by the Bergün village council and31 by its mayor. To discourage visitors from taking photos in Bergün, they plan to 32 a symboli c €5 fine for those caught breaking the new rules.According to a statement by the Bergün tourism authority, “It is scientifically proven that beautiful holiday photos on social media make the viewers unhappy because they cannot be there themselves.”However, it seems unlikely that Bergün’s new law was really thought of as a way to 33 Facebook or Instagram users of the depressing experience of seeing the beauty of the village. As the news went 34 online, many assumed that it was actually a clever marketing 35 , a theory that was at least partially confirmed by the village’s director of tourism, Marc-Andrea Barandun.“In the background of course the idea is that everyone is talking about Ber gün,”he told The Local. “So it’s a combination of both — we made the law and also there’s some marketing aim behind it.”To show that they were serious about the law, Bergün authorities 36 photos of the village from its Facebook and Twitter accounts, and declared their intention to delete them from the Bergün website too.If the new law was just a 37 strategy, it actually worked wonders, as people started 38 more photos of the beautiful mountain village soon after news of the photo ban started making news headlines.A few days ago, Mayor Nicolay 39 the debatable photo ban in a video, where he offered people visiting Bergün a special 40 to take photos. He reminded them to think twice before sharing the pictures online, though, as they could be making their friends depressed.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.A cli ché is a phrase that has been used so many times that it comes out of the mouth or the computer without stirring up a wave in the mind of the speaker, the typist, the listener or the reader. The word was part of the technical term of the French printing trade in the 19th century, the name for a plate used in the printing process, and it is still used with that meaning in English and other languages. By the middle of the same century, the word was being used in French, shortly followed by English, as a simile (比喻) for 41__ used expressions.Clichés can be 42 according to whether they were originally idioms, similes and proverbs, expressions from trades or 43 phrases.Many idioms have been so universally overused that they have been 44__ — phrases like far and wide, by leaps and bounds or safe and sound. Our second category could be similes and proverbs that now fall off the 45__ with little meaning, similes like as cool as a cucumber, which 46 around 400 years.A large category is 47 from the terms of trades and professions, sports and games, and other national concerns. Many are 48 clichés, as is fitting for the British, as an island nation, with examples like to leave a sinking ship, to know the ropes, to stick to one’s guns.Our last broad category of cli ché might be phrases which were __49__ when they were first coined, but have become ineffective through constant use. When a football manager, asked how he felt about the __50 of his team, said that he was as sick as a parrot. Since then, it has been so overused that it has lost its 51 . To explore every avenue and to leave no stone unturned are two political clichés of this class. No politician with any sensitivity for language could use either of those phrases 52 , yet you hear them still, all the time.No doubt we could specify the classes of clichés into further subdivisions until the cows come home. But there is no need to. We all agree that clichés are to be 53 by careful writers and speakers at all times, don’t we? Well, actually, no, not I. Life, and language, are so full of clichés that silence will hold the position if you 54 us the use of cliché. So many millions of people have spoken and written clichés so 55__ that it is almost impossible to find ideas and phrases that have not been used many times before.41. A. occasionally B. frequently C. technically D. grammatically42. A. confirmed B. quoted C. inferred D. classified43. A. invented B. customized C. recognized D. underlined44. A. highlighted B. tailored C. weakened D. enriched45. A. nose B. eyes C. lips D. forehead46. A. dates back B. catches on C. takes shape D. gives out47. A. detected B. drawn C. excluded D. initiated48. A. remote B. temperate C. urban D. oceanic49. A. boring B. striking C. entertaining D. annoying53. A. adjusted B. adapted C. adopted D. avoided54. A. deny B. allow C. forbid D. promise55. A. casually B. decently C. reluctantly D. ceaselesslySection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Free to SoarOne windy spring day, I observed young people having fun using the wind to fly their kites. Multicolored creations of varying shapes and sizes filled the skies like beautiful birds racing and dancing. As the strong winds blew against the kites, a string kept them in check.Instead of blowing away with the wind, they arose against it to achieve great heights. They shook and pulled, but the string and the tail kept them attached, facing upward and against the wind. The kites struggled and kept being dragged behind, facing upward and against the wind. As the kites struggled and trembled against the string, they seemed to say, “Let me go! Let me go! I want to be free!” They soared beautifully even as they fought the restriction of the string. Finally, one of the kites succeeded in breaking loose. “Free at last,” it seemed to say. “Free to fly with the wi nd.”Yet freedom from restriction simply put it at the mercy of a cruel breeze. It flew ungracefully to the ground and landed in a messed mass of weeds and string against a dead bush. “Free at last”, free to lie powerless in the dirt, to be blown helplessly along the ground, and to stop lifeless against the first obstruction.How much like kites we sometimes are. The heaven gives us misfortune and limitations, rules to follow from which we can grow and gain strength. Restriction is a necessary companion to the winds of opposition. Some of us resist the rules so hard that we never soar to reach the heights we might have obtained. We keep part of the order and never rise high enough to get our tails off the ground.Let us each rise to the great heights, recognizing that some of the restrictions that we may be annoyed at are actually the steadying force that helps us improve and achieve.56. According to paragraph 2, “Let me go!” is said by .A. the kiteB. the windC. the birdD. the flyer57. Which of the following words has the meaning closest to the underlined word “ob structi on”in paragraph 3?A. destructionB. miracleC. observationD. obstacle58. According to the writer, in what way is man similar to kites?A. Man will never reach the desirable height unless he breaks some rules.B. Man can be empowered by difficulties to go further and higher.C. Man desires freedom but only a few will succeed.D. Man is limited by his surroundings.59. By telling the story of kite flying, the writer wants to share the lesson that .A. rules are made to be brokenB. flying a kite involves skills and patienceC. sometimes difficulties can be potential blessingsD. it’s no use complaining about the difficulties we encounter(B)Products▼Tel:(855)776-7763 Get a Demo Login Sign Up Free ProProfsTour Pricing Solutions Integrations Blog Clients Examples Help KnowledgebaseKnowledge Base Software That Answers Questions Instantly Create help sites, knowledge bases, user guides, manuals, wikis & moreA. users of ProProfs can read the manuals on their mobile phonesB. the service that ProProfs offers to its users is accessible around the clockC. with ProProfs, users can readjust the size of their documentation to their screensD. different users can be grouped together on a central platform to share knowledge62. How does the software ProProfs tighten its security?A. By authorizing different users.B. By creating a central platform.C. By offering single sign-on settings.D. By building private knowledge bases.(C)The largest-ever study of the link between city walkability and high blood pressure has been held up as evidence of the “invisible value of urban desi gn”in improving long-term health outcomes, say researchers.The study of around 430,000 people aged between 38 and 73 and living in 22 UK cities found significant associations between the increased walkability of a neighborhood, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of high blood pressure among its residents.The outcomes remained consistent even after adjustments for socio-demographic (社会人口统计学), lifestyle and changing physical environment factors, though the protective effects were particularly pronounced among participants aged between 50 and 60, women, and those residing in higher density and poor neighborhoods.The paper was published in the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health this week. With high blood pressure a major risk factor for chronic (慢性的) and particularly heart diseases, researchers at the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University said the findings demonstrated the need to take notice of the health-influencing factor in urban design.“With the increasing pace of urbanization and demographic shifts towards an ageing population, we become more likely to suffer from chronic diseases,” said Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, an assistant professor at the Healthy High Density Cities Lab of the University of Hong Kong and lead author of the study. “The action taken to improve public health must consider the invisible value of urban planning and design.“We are spending billions of pounds in preventing and curing heart diseases —if we are able to invest in creating healthy cities through small changes in the design of our neighborhoods to make them more activity-friendly and walkable, then probably, we will have significant savings in future healthcare expense s.”To measure a neighborhood’s activity-promoting potential, researchers developed a set of index of walkability containing relevant urban elements, including residential and retail (零售) density, public transport, street-level movement, and distance to attractive destinations.Poorly designed spaces generally reduced walking and physical activity, promoting the lifestyles oflong time sitting down and not moving; and were harmful to social interactions, and as such associated with poorer mental and physical health.Because walkability was “based on the underlying design of the city”,said Sarkar, cities could be modified or designed to encourage it. “Such investments in healthy design are likely to bring in long-term gains as they are enduring and comm on.”63. By considering “invisible value of urban desig n”, people can .A. reduce the ageing populationB. slow down the pace of urbanizationC. promote activity-friendly and walkable citiesD. invest in preventing and curing heart diseases64. What can be inferred from the passage?A. A set of index is essential to ensure that urban design promotes walkability.B.Walkable cities can lower blood pressure and the risk of high blood pressure.C. Chronic diseases are becoming common due to people’s neglect of their health.D. Middle-aged women living in poor areas are less likely to benefit from increased walkability.65. All of the following are the undesirable consequences of poorly-designed neighborhoods EXCEPT.A. failing healthB. unhealthy lifestyleC. fewer social interactionsD. fewer neighborhoods66. According to Dr. Chinmoy Sarkar, .A. cities should encourage the residents to engage in social interactionsB. the design of our neighborhoods should meet people’s needs for retail densityC. money invested in creating healthy cities is money saved in future healthcare expensesD. chronic diseases will be common because of our lifestyle and the physical environmentSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A. I truly express my respect for Shan and his team for their contributions.B. With regard to cultural heritage restoration, Shan said the museum opened a restoration hospital atthe end of 2016.C. A total of 600 people from all walks of life, including over 100 foreign guests, participated in the activity.D. I will learn more about Chinese culture from the magnificent ancient objects.E. Our design teams often study consumer demands and create cultural items that are nice to look at and practical to use.F. Traditional craftsmanship is combined with modern methods, and the lives of ancient cultural objects will be lengthened by the so-called doctors.Make traditional treasures come aliveThe Palace Museum Director Shan Jixiang delivered a cultural heritage speech on Feb 27 in Beijing, which was co-organized by the Beijing Diplomatic Service Bureau and Beijing Housing Service Corporation for Diplomatic Missions. 67On the theme The World of the Palace Museum and the Palace Museum of the World, the 64-year-old director shared his ideas about how to make traditional treasures come alive again. During the speech, which lasted two and a half hours, Shan touched on topics including upgrading museum infrastructure（基础设施）, restoring cultural sites, digitalizing online museums, setting up restoration hospitals, providing better visitor experiences and promoting the Palace Museum’s cultural items.“The abundant collection of cultural objects at the Palace Museum is the inspiration for the creative souvenirs and cultural items availabl e,” Shan said. “68 ” Throughout 2017, the total sales of Palace Museum’s cultural items have been more than 1 billion yuan ($158million). Explaining the huge success of Palace Museum’s cultural souvenirs, Shan said: “The museum opened a shop on the e-commerce website Taobao in 2008, but sales remained neither high nor low for years, as more than 80 percent of the souvenirs sold in stores in the past were not related to our museum.”“Ther efore, I wanted to change the situation. Now, souvenirs from the Palace Museum cover almost every aspect of life. After all, what matters to a museum is not how many visitors they have, but how close they are to people’s daily lives.”69 Around 200 “doc tor s”are employed to analyze, examine, detect flaws or damage inancient objects and restore them using more than 100 pieces of specialized equipment, including 3-D printers and scanners. The restoration hospital covers 13,000 square meters and boasts the nation’s most advanced restoration workshops.John Aquilina, Malta’s ambassador to China said that Shan’s speech showed a totally different Palace Museum to foreign people. “China enjoys a long and profound culture and many of the national treasures have been preserved at the Palace Museum. It is no easy task to preserve them well. 70 ”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Ban the Bag!Standing in line at the grocery store last week, I watched the woman in front of me buy a tube of toothpaste. As the clerk placed her purchase in a plastic bag, I couldn’t help wondering how long it would take for that bag to end up in the trash. Then I noticed the big purse the woman was carrying and wondered why she had needed a plastic bag at all.People have come to rely on plastic bags as everything from shopping bags for groceries to trash-can bags. Although plastic bags can be recycled, only about one percent of those used in the United States are. Instead, after helping people transport items from one place to another, most are thrown away. They end up in landfills, where it can take a plastic bag up to a thousand years to decay. Some bags end up elsewhere in the environment, sticking to trees and fences, blocking rivers and oceans, or floating along city sidewalks.Plastic bags harm the environment in several ways. First, they break down into particles that pollute our soil and water. Because most plastic bags are made of polyethylene, a product derived from crude oil (原油) or natural gas, they waste nonrenewable resources. Plastic bags can also harm animals. Scientists estimate that more than one million sea animals, including whales, seabirds, and turtles, die each year from intaking or becoming stranded in plastic.People all over the world are starting to recognize the problems associated with plastic bags. Countries such as China, South Africa, Switzerland, and Uganda are taking action and banning the bags. Other nations, including Italy and Ireland, have been trying to restrict the use of plastic bags by taxing them. In the United States more and more communities are ridding themselves of plastic bags. Now more and more people are also purchasing inexpensive, reusable bags and using them when they shop. If we all take this simple step, we can be a part of a “g ree n” revolution.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72．全世界掀起了一股学中文的潮流。
上海市普陀区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案
普陀区2017 学年度第二学期期终教学质量监控测试高三英语试卷2018.04考生注意：1. 考试时间120 分钟，试卷满分140 分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第 I 卷(共100 分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection A 10%Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between tow speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. Af t er you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the f o ur possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Cold. B. Sunny. C. Rainy. D. Cloudy.2.A. 110 minutes. B. 120 minutes. C. 130 minutes. D. 140 minutes.3. A. Shop assistant and customer. B. Boss and assistant.C. Professor and student.D. Husband and w i fe.4. A.In a meeting room. B.In a reference room.C. At a booking office.D. At a police stat i on.5. A. A movie. B. A lecture. C. A play. D. A speech.6. A.The w o man shouldn't be so upset. B. He's an hour late for the interview.C. The w o man should be patient.D. He's too nervous to calm dow n.7. A. The man is intelligent enough. B. The man does not w o rk hard enough.C. The man should get some sleep.D. The man is hard-w o rking.8. A. He doesn't enjoy business trips as much as he used to.B. He w ants to spend more time w ith his family.C.He doesn't think he is capable of doing the job.D. He thinks the pay is too Iow to support his family.9. A. The w o man doesn't have money for her son's graduate studies.B. The w o man doesn't think her son w i ll get a business degree.C. The w o man insists that her son should major in science.D. The w o man advises her son to think tw i ce before making his decision.10. A.It ran into another car. B. It fell into a river and sank.C.It broke dow n on road.D. It Ieft the road and landed in a field.Section B 15%Directions: In Section B,you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages an d the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once.When you hear aquestion,read the f o ur possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following recording.11.A. Noise. B.Smoking. C. Litter. D. Drinking.12. A. A tour guide. B.A conductor. C. A teacher. D. A law y er.13. A. To prepare people for international travel.B. TQ make the laws of different kinds.C. To inform people of the punishment for breaking law s.D. To give advice to travelers to the country.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following recording.14. A. Conference w i th the course tutor. B. Active attendance and commitment.C. Punctuality and politen e ss.D. Debate and essay preparation.15. A. Inform the teacher in advance. B. Just do not choose the course.C. Drop out of the course.D. Make it up later16. A. One that is written by hand. B. One that is original.C. One that is revised by the tutor.D. One that keeps to the instructions.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. His knees and fingers ache. B. He doesn't feel like eat i ng.C. He.can't sleep very w e ll.D. His blood pressure is high.18. A. She asks him to have injections and a treatment w i th rays.B. She asks him to have an operation and a treatment w i th rays.C. She asks him to have a good rest and a treatment w i th rays.D. She asks him to have some herbal medicine and a treatment w i th rays.19.A.Every day for seven w e eks. B.Three times a w e ek for seven w e eks.C. Three times a w e ek for three w e eks.D. Tw e nty times for tw o w e eks.20. A. Use hot w a ter pads. B. Sit by the stove.C. Drink cold w a ter.D. Take cold baths.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Af ter reading the passage below, f ill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, f ill in each blank with the proper f orm of the given word; f o r the other blanks, use one word that best f i ts each blank.Jim ThompsonJim Thompson’s life story is one of success, achievement, and finally mystery because no oneknow s how it ended.Thompson w as born in Delaw are (2l)the east coast of the United States in1906. Afterfin ishing h igh school, Thompson w ent to Princeton Univ ersity and later studied architecture at theUnivers ity of Pennsylvania. After graduation, Jim Thompson w orked as an architect in New Y orkCity until 1940. Not long after this, he volunteered (22) _(serve) in the U.S. Army. During World War II, Thompson gathered intellig ence for the army in Thailand, It w as this first taste of life in the Far East (23)changed Thompson's life. He saw opportunities to develop tourism there,becoming (24)(involve) in an amb i tious scheme to restore the Oriental Hotel.While the hotel plan fell through, by that time Thompson had hit upon another schemethatw o uld eventually make him a million a ire. While traveling around Thailand, he came across (25)he considered exquisite(精美的)samples ofhandw o ven Thai silk, a product that (26)(become) rare. He persuaded the w e avers to w o rk w i th him and marketed the silk in New York, (27)it became very popular. As a consequence, the Thai silk industry w a s revived(复兴)and thebusiness made Thompson and some of the w e avers very w e althy.With his success in the silk business, Jim Thompson continued his orig inal interest in architecture on the side. He found six tradition al Thai houses and had (28) brought to Bangkok and reassembled there as one magnificent house. Today, not only is it a beaut iful house inside and out, (29) it is also filled w i th the w o rks of art Thompson collected.In 1967 during a holiday in Malaysia, he w ent for a w alk in the Jungle and disappeared forever. To this day, no clues (30)(find) as to w hat happened to this w ealthy Amer ican businessman w h o is credited w i th single-handed l y reviv i ng the Thai silk industry.Section BDirections: Complete the f o llowing passage by using the wo r d s in the box. Each word can onlybe used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. ConcernB.dramaticC. equivalentD. frequentlyE.impactF.imposedG. representative H. observed I.residents J. signif i cantly K. strategiesMentally and Intellectually HarmfulLast month, the Indian Med ical Association declared a public health emergency in New Delh iof high levels of air pollution. Schools w ere shut and emergency traffic restrictions put in place.New Delhi is far from alone. Our research into the31of air pollut i on in Chin a shows that, in addit i on to the more obvious physical price, air pollution can also have serious negative effectson mental health and cognition(认知),32reducing a person's happiness and their scores in verbal and mathematical tests.Such harmful mental effects have serious negative consequences for livelihoods and humancapital development, suggesting that development 33 should go beyond the tradition al focus ofboosting GDP in the develop i ng w o rld.India’s recent pollut i on emergency is the most 34 incidence （发生率）of dangerous air pollut i on, but smoggy skies have been a cause of grow i ng 35 in most developing countries.Major cities across the developing w orld — from Thailand, to Brazil, to Nigeria —36 experience pollut i on at several times the WHO safe lim i ts. In fact, 98% of cities w i th more than 100,000 37 in low and middle- income countries fail to meet the WHO’s air quality guidelines.India’s extreme levels of air pollut ion are w ell recognized, and examin ing the effects provides clear w a rnings for other countries seeking fast grow t h through rapid industrializat i on.We used nationally38 longitud i na（l纵向）surveys on mental health and cognition, matched w ith daily air quality data for the time and place of interview s, to see w hat pollut ion does in a given time to indiv idual happiness and cognitive performance. Because each person in our survey w as 39 multip le times, w e can control for the effect of indiv idual characteristics on the outcome variables.We found that w o rsening air quality led to a decrease in happiness that day40 to about 10percent of the reduced happiness one w ould experience from a negative major life event such as divorce.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the f ollowing passage there are f our words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best f i ts the context.Glo b alization: Good or Bad?Globalizat ion is defined in many w ays. One simple 41 is that it is the rapid increase in internat ional free trade, investment, and technological exchange. It is argued that this internat ional trade has been one of the main causes of w orld economic 42 over the past half century.Although there is litt le doubt that the global economy has developed enormously in the last 50 years, some people believe that this trend has only benefited certain countries, and that others havesuffered as a result.Improved income?An argument43globalization is that the benefits of increased international trade areshared among everyone in the country. An example of this is China, w here per capita income( 人均收入)rose from about $1400 in 1980 to over $4000 by 2000. 44_, per capita income rosy byover 100% in India betw een 1980 and 1996. It w ould appear that countries w hich open their doorsto w o rld trade tend to become45 .How ever, these sorts of 46 might not be giving a true picture. They are "average", anddespite the fact that there has been a substantial increase in income for a small minor ity of people,the vast major i ty have only seen a47 improvement.More imports, more exportsSupporters of free trade point out that there is another direct benefit to be gained from anincrease in internat ional trade: exports 48 imports. Take coffee as an example. Countries w hichproduce and export coffee import the packaging for it : a(n) 49 trade w hich enables commerceto develop in tw o countries at the same time.50 maintain that, in general, it is poorer countries that produce and export food such ascoffee, and richer countries that produce and export manufactured goods such as packagingmaterials. Furthermore, it is the richer countries that control the price of goods and, 51 , farmersmay be forced to sell their produce at a low price and to buy manufactured goads at a high price.52 developmentFinally,globalization often 53 a country to concentrate on industries w hich arealready successful. Thesecountriesdevelop expertise(专门技能) and increasetheir share in the international market. On the other hand, those countries w hich_54 to support all their industriesusually do not develop expert ise in anyone. Consequently, thesecountries do not finda w orldmarket for their foods and do not increase their gross domestic product (GDP).Ant i-glob alists claim that there is a serious problem in this argument for the_ 55 of industry.Countries w hich onlyconcentrate onone or two main industries are forced to import other goods. Theseimported goods are frequentlyoverpriced, and these countries, therefore, have a tendency toaccumulate huge debts.41. A. ind i cation42. A. systems43. A. in favor of B. princip l eB. solutionB. on account ofC. definit i onC. crisesC. w i th regard ofD. factorD. grow t hD. in honor of44. A. Fortunately B. Sim i larly C. Undoubtedly D. Unusually45. A. freer B. greater C. stronger D. w e althier46. A. figures B. descriptions C. countries D. benefits47. A. severe B. slight C. further D. general48. A. overtake49. A. tw o-w a y B. qualifyB. all- inclusiv eC. fightC. officialD. requireD. legal50. A. Supporters B. Advocates C. Critics D. Authorit i es51. A. otherw i se B. nevertheless C. therefore D. besides52. A. Global B. Industrial C. National D. Economical53. A. encourages54. A. stop B. restrictsB. continueC. forbidsC. failD. forcesD. refuse55. A. globalizat i on B. transformation C. specialization D. identif i cationSection B 22% .Directions: Read the f ollowing three passages. Each passage is f ollowed by several questions or unf inished statements.For each of them there are f our choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that f i ts best according to the inf o rmation given in the passage you havejust read.(A)The Harlem RenaissanceThe w o rd "renaissance" means "rebirth." The Harlem Renaissance took place during the 1920s.It w as a time w hen the African American artistic community grew and flour ished, producing a ton of w ork in a short period of time. The w ork celebrated African American culture and spoke to their experiences as minorities ---both the good parts and the bad parts.After the Civ il War, many African Americans left the South to escape unfair treatment and Iaws that discriminated against them. Betw een 1910 and 1920, massive numbers of black Southerners moved from the rural south into the urban North. and West in th e Great Migrat ion. The African American popu lat ion of Chicago more than doub led during th at time! And in New Y ork, African Americans flocked to uptow n Manhattan, settling in a neighborhood called Har lem. Forming a community w ithin the big city let African Amer icans keep their cultural ident ity in a w hite-dominated society. It w as a good thing, and a lot of important cultural issues w ere brought to light during the Harlem Renaissance. One of the most important figures of the time w as the African Amer ican w riter, W.E.B. Du Bois. In his book, The Souls of BlackFolk, in 1903, Du Bois w rote that African-Americans_suffered from something_called“doub le consciousness”. They had their ow n self-image w hile they saw themselves through the eyes or w hite Amer icans. And performers likeJosephine Baker and Paul Rob eson brought African Amer ican culture to all New Y orkers. The Renaissance w a s so influential that "Har l em " grew into something of a brand name, African Americans w ere pushing boundaries across all aspects of s ociety. Black business began to flourish, creating a grow ing middle class, like Madame CJ. Walker w ho turned her cosmetics line into a million do llar empire. All together, the artists, and thinkers of this period j helped mob i lize the larger black population. Y oung African- Americans took advantage ofimproved access to higher education. This opened up new career paths and opportunities to attain advanced degrees. Perhaps most importantly, people - black and w hite - began the push for racial integrat i on, planting the seeds of w h at w o uld eventually become the civil rights movement of the 1960s.56. Why did many African Amer i cans leave the South after the Civil War?A. To escape slavery.B. To find jobs in agriculture.C. To avoid racial discrimin a tion.D. To gain citizenship.57. How did W.E.B. Du Bo i s contribute to the Harlem Renaissance?A. He led to movement to return to Africa.B. He composed.folk music.based on African American theme.C. He w r ote plays about the African-American experience.D. He w r ote about the struggleforAfrican-Amcrican identity.58. What can you infer about the economic status ofAfrican American prior to the Harlem Renaissance?A. Nearly all w e re unemployed at that time.B. The vast majority w e re considered low e r class.C.Most w e re regarded.as.middle class. ~D. A large percentage w e re recognized as w e althy,59.What factor allow e d many more African Americans to pursue careers in fields like medicine and law ?A. Spread of black businesses.B. Access to higher education.C.Shift from agriculture toindustry.D. Push for unity among all Afr i cans.(B)We offer three different tours of this iconic build i ngs.The Essential T our brings to life the story behind the design and constructionof one of the w orld's most ing interactive audio-v isual technology, your guide w ill take you on a memorable journey ins ide the youngest budding ever to be WorldHer i tage listed.Afterw a rds, w h y not stay around and eat at the Studio Cafe, w i th its modern Australian menu? Y ou can both enjoythe best views in Sydney and claim a 20% reduction on the total cost of yourmeal. (Don't forget to show your ticket in order to claim your discount.)Language: English, French, GermanT ak e s place: Daily betw e en 9am and 5pmPrices: Adult $35/Online $29.75Concessions: Australiansen i ors and pensioners; students and children of 16 and under $24.50 Prior bookings are not essential.The Backstage T our gives you backstage access to the Sydney Opera House.It is a unique opportunity to experience the real- life dramas behind the stage! Y ou might ev e n get to stand onthe concert hall stage, take up a conductor's baton in the orchestra pit and imagin e you are leading the performance. Y ou w i ll also get to see inside the stars' dressing rooms.The tour concludes w ith a compliment ary breakfast in the Green Room, The private din i ng area of performers past and present.T ak e s place: Dally a t 7amPrices: $155. No concessions.T o purchase: Bookings are essentiaL.Lim i ted to 8 peopIe per tourOnline sales expire at 4:30 pm tw o days prior.Notes: The tour includes up to 300 steps. FIat, rubber-soled shoes must be w orn, For safety reasons, children of 12 years old and under are not permitted.Opera High T ea consists of a tour w here you w ill w alk in the footsteps of w orld-class singers, dancers and musicians, follow ed by finefood and music in the spectacular surroundings of the Bennelong D in ing Room. What could be better than a treat of delicious light snacks and soft drinks follow e d by a live recital by a leading A ustralian singer!An unforgettable treat for young and old!T akes place: Every second Wed., 2pm .Duration:1.5 hoursPrices: $145 per person ,Book online or visit the Guided Tours Desk60.A traveler w i ll en j oy a performance if he choose .A.the Essential TourB.the Backstage TourC. Opera High TeaD.any of the tours61.Joiningthe Backstage Tour, a traveler .A.is allow e d to w e ar sneakers ' w h en standing on the stage. .B. w i ll have an opportunity to be the conductor ofthe orchestra.C. can take his big family of 8 members to free breakfast.D. can buy the discount ticket the day before the tour.62. If a couple w ho travelled w ith their 17-year-old son joined the Essential Tour and had a meal of$150 there. w h at w o uld the low e st cost be if paid in cash?A.$203.25.B.$214.5.C.$225.D.$239.25.(C)A sensational new scientific discovery in the ocean near Australia may explain the most massive extinction of liv ing th ings in Earth's history. For years, scholars have been frustrated in trying to analyze w hy 90 to 95 percent of sea life and 75 per cent of land life van ished about 250 million years ago. The extinctions w ere so enormous that they are called The Great Dying. To date ,some authorities on ancient life thought that a volcanic eruption or a sudden change in the environment affected all life on Earth. Other specialists have doubted these theories, maintaining that it w as not plausible that a solo volcano could bring about such chaos. From the outset, critics believed these claims w e re exaggeratedBy contrast, there is w i de acceptance of the idea that a meteor (流星) w h ich hit Mexico's Y ucatan peninsula 65million yearsago w a s the primary cause of the dinosaurs'extinction.Nevertheless, until now they had no evidence of an intense meteor impact 185 million years earlier.Now they do.American geolog i sts have been examining rock samples from a deep sea crater （火山口）nearthe northw est coast of Australia. The samples w ere init ially collected and preserved by petroleum technicians seeking o il. Now the geologists and their colleagu es believe that the precise splits in therocks' structure show a typical pattern for meteors. There is a clear distinction from volcanicpatterns. In fact, a spokesperson w ent so far as to say that these rocks completely rev ise the w ay scientists perceive the mass extinctions from the ancient era. Academics say that the meteor's crater is the size of Mount Qomolangma, the highest mountain on Earth! Literally, the meteor made a mark on Earth as it drow ned in the sea. The Earth could not absorb such a harsh blow w ithout sustaining glob al devastation. Things must have come to a standstill. Evid ently, the blow w a s fatal for many forms of life.Bear in mind that all this w as long before mammals ---including humans-emerged in Earth's history. Still, w e w ould be w ise to pay attention to the damage a meteor can cause. Fortunately,meteor strikes on Earth are few and far betw e en.63.The w o rd "plausib l e" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to .A.availab l eB.incredib l eC.reasonableD.ridiculous64. Why didn't the meteor affect human being?A. Because they w e re very resistant.B, Because there w e ren't any then. .C. Because they lived in isolated areas.D. Because they hid themselves in the caves.65. Which of the follow i ng is TRUE according to the passage?A. Scholars agreed that a single vo l cano caused The Great Dying.B. 75 percent of land life continued 250 million years agoC, V olcan i c rocks and meteors have different patterns.D. When the meteor hit land, Mount Qomolangma sprang up. .66. What is the best title for the passage? .A. The Dinosaurs' End.B. Crater on Qomolangma.C. Contradictory Claims.D.A Meteor'slmpact .SectionC 8%Directions: Read the passage caref ully. Fill in each blank with a proper senten ce given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two moresentences than you need.A. In daily life, imitat i on can hurt us if w e subconsciously hold poor role models.B. Creative people have an endless resource of ideas.C. Itis how to use imaginat i on creatively that troubles us.D. Why follow someone else's w a y of cooking w h en I could create my ow n?E. But if you begin to enter this field,im i tat i on proves useful. -F. If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character orunacceptablebehaviors.Blind imitat ion is self-destruction. To those w ho do not recognize their unique w orth, im i tat i on appears attractive; to those w h o know their strength, imitation is unacceptable.In the early stages of skill or character development, imitat ion is he lpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. But soon I grew bored. 67 .Imitating role models is like using train ing w heels on a child's bicycle; they help you get going,but once you find your ow n balance, you fly faster and farther w i thout relying on them.68 .If, as a child, you observed people w h ose lives w e re bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow w hat they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you w i ll get the results of the w e ak choices of others.In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebr ities. Those stars took great on screen. But w h en they step off screen, their personallives may be disastrous. 69 .Blessed is the person w i lling to act on their sudden desire to create something unique, Think ofthe movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations w ere motivated by inspirat ion, not desper ation.The w orld is changed not by those w ho do w hat has been done before them,but by those w ho do w hat has been done inside them. 70 . The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is w hat to do w i th the material knocking at the door ofimaginat i on.Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind w hat does not serveyou. Then you can say, "I stand on the shoulders of my ancestors' tragedies and declare victory, and know that they are cheering me on."IV. Summary Writing 10%Directions: Read the f o llowing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own wo r dsas f a r aspossibleBetter Memory Causes BoredomA new study show s that the better your short-term memory, the faster you feel fed up and decideyou’vehad enough.the findings appear in the Journal ofConsumer research.Noelle Nelson, assistant professor of marketing and consumer behavior at the University of Kansas School of Business. She and her colleague Joseph Redden at the University of Minnesota tried to think outside the lunch box. "Something that w as interesting to me is that some people get tired of thingsatvery-different rates. When you think about pop songs on the radio, some people must still be enjoy ing them and requesting them even after hearing them a lot. But a lot of other people are really sick of those same songs." The difference, the researchers supposed, might have to do w i th memories ofpast consumption.The researchers testedthe memory capacity of undergraduates. The students then view ed a repeating series of three classic paintings...like The Starry Night, American Gothic, and The Scream...or listened and re-listened to a series of three pop songs...or three pieces of classicalmusic. Throughout the test, the participants w e re asked to rate their experience on a scale of zero to ten. And the better a participant scored in the memory test, the faster they got bored."We found that people w ith larger capacities remembered more about the music or art, w hich led to them getting tired of the music or art more quickly.So remembering more details actually made the participants feel like they'd experienced the music or art more often." The findings suggest that marketers could cope w ith our desire for their products by figuring out w ays to distract us and keep us from fully remembering our experiences. We could also trick ourselves into eating less junk food by recalling the experience of a previous snack. As for kids easily bored, just tell them to forget about it-it mjght help them_have more fun.V. T ranslation 15%Directions: Translate the f o llowing sentences into English. using the words given in the brackets.72.比起节食,我宁愿多做运动来减肥。
2018上海各区高三英语二模——Summary
【2018-宝山区-二模】IV. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) ofthe passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time.Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices -- playing computergames, using social media, texting and video chatting -- were less happy than those who investedmore time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, andface-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn't lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among thosewith no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said. “could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on soc ial media.” It is alsopossible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said —teens with special needs or in specialeducation, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digitalmedia a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness risessteadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion."Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase theamount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising -- two activities reliablylinked to greater happiness." Twenge said."By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount oftime they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities andsleep," the leading researcher said. "The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonableexplanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological well-being."Researchers found Teens who spent less time in front of screens and more time in non-screenactivities were happier. But totally avoiding/breaking away from screens can be unpleasant.Limited use of digital media along with non-screen activities works better. The arrival ofsmartphones brings about teens’ negative psychological effects.【2018-崇明区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Do Smartphones Make Us Smarter?Should teachers allow cellphones in a classroom? A recent study on the way smartphonesdisturb learning might help explain the issue. Researchers published findings showing howstudents were affected by their phones in the classroom. They explored the differences in studentperformance in four situations: open phone use allowed, phones allowed in the classroom butcould not be used, no phones in the classroom and a no-instruction control group. After watchinga 20-minute video, students took a short quiz. The result was that the students in a room withoutany cellphones performed significantly better on the test. Scientists believe the way we attachourselves to our phones could be the problem.Smartphones have become so strongly established in society that many people are lostwithout them. We are now in an age when many people can’t imagine life without a phone. There is even a name for the anxiety caused by not having one—nomophobia, which is the powerfulfeeling people get when they don’t have signal, their battery is about to die, or they are separated from their phones. Their fear of missing out on important information or connections can have acontrolling effect on their lives and can divide their attention from other important things likelearning.So does information technology help or block the way we think? In the past, people relied heavily on specific knowledge and knew who in their circle of friends would be most likely toknow things in different subjects. Now, our friend with all the information is the Internet. Indications are that people don’t remember information as well if they know they can use a computer or phone to recall it quickly. So it may be more difficult to move information from the Internet into our long-term memory.all bad. Reports show that But the impact of being exposed to so much information isn’tfrequent Internet use can strengthen fast-paced problem solving and can speed up the ability to spot patterns in a lot of data.Researchers recently found smartphones influenced learning. For one thing, smartphones have become an essential part of life, without which people feel at a loss, thus distracting their attention from learning. For another, people rely so heavily on smartphones that their long-term memory can be affected. However, having access to a large amount of information also benefits people in some aspects. (60 words)【2018-奉贤区-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The sharing economy has grown in recent years to include everything from apartment sharing to car sharing to community tool sharing.Since 2009, a new form of the sharing economy has been emerging in neighbourhoods throughout the US and around the world –Little Free Libraries. The libraries are boxes put in neighbourhoods from which local people can take out and put in books. Little Free Libraries comein all shapes and sizes. Some libraries also have themes, focusing on books for children, adults or tour guides.In 2009, Tod Bol built the first Little Free Library in the Mississippi River town of Hudson,Wisconsin, to honour his mother, who loved reading. When he saw the people of his communitygathering around it, exchanging conversation as well as books, he knew he wanted to take hissimple idea further.Since then, his idea has become a movement, spreading from state to state and country tocountry. According to , there are now 18,000 of the little boxes around theworld, found in each of the 50 US states and 70 countries in Europe, Africa and Asia.The Internet has helped to spread Little Free Libraries. But an Atlantic article said that theyare something different in a world of e-reader downloads. The little wooden boxes arerefreshingly physical and human. When you open the door of the box, chance and yourneighbours’ tastes determine what you’ll find. You might find a graphic novel, a cookbook or atour guidebook.main appeal. “A g irl For many people, this sense of discovery is Little Free Libraries’ walking home from school might pick up a graphic novel that gets her excited about reading; aman on his way to the bus stop might find a book of poetry that changes his view on life,”The Atlantic article. “Every book is a potential source of inspiration.”71.Little Free Libraries, composed of all sizes of boxeswith various themes, have sprung up inneighborhoods across the world. Tod Bol established the first one to honor his mother fond ofreading. After that, the idea spread internationally online. Different from e-reader downloads,books inside the wooden boxes can make readers excited or change their views etc. by inspiringthem.【虹口区-高三英语-二模】IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71. Clearly if we are to participate in the society in which we live, we must communicate withother people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by thesimple means of speech. If we travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, we are。
2018届嘉定区高考英语二模试卷和参考答案(不含听力)
2018嘉定区高考英语二模II. Grammar and VocabularySection AStephen Hawking: Science’s Brightest StarHis family released a statement in the early hours of Wednesday morning confirming his death at his home in Cambridge.Hawking’s children, Lucy, Robert and Tim, said in a statement: “We are deeply saddened that our beloved father passed away today. He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man (21)______ work and legacy will live on for many years.”For fellow scientists and loved ones, it was Hawking’s intui tion and wicked sense of humor (22)______ marked him out as much as the fierce intellect that, coupled with his illness, came to symbolize (23)______ unbounded possibilities of the human mind.Hawking was driven to Wagner, but not the bottle, when he (24)______ (diagnose) with motor neurone disease in 1963 at the age of 21. Doctors expected him (25)______ (live) for only two more years. But Hawking had a form of the disease that progressed more slowly than usual. He survived for more than half a century.Hawking once estimated he worked only 1,000 hours during his three undergraduate years at Oxford. In his finals, he came close (26)______ a first- and second-class degree. (27)______ (convince) that he was seen as a difficult student, he told his examiners that if they gave him a first he would move to Cambridge to pursue his phD. Award a second and he threatened to stay. They opted for a first.Those who live in the shadow of death are often those who live most. For Hawking, the early diagnosis of his terminal disease, and (28)______ (witness) the death from leukemia of a boy he knew in hospital, aroused a fresh sense of purpose. “(29)______ there was a cloud hanging over my future, I found, to my surprise, that I was enjoying life in the present more than before. I began to make progress with my research,” he once said. Taking up his career in earnest, he declared: “My goal is simple. It is a complete understanding of the universe, why it is (30)______ it is and why it exists at all.”He is kindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed to have changed a lot from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to __31__ himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife __32__ me is far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists he finds it __33__ to produce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The V egetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouragedhim. He is still __34__ light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. Not one of them can tough his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and __35__ of character. He can become almost any kind of writer that his peculiarly restless character will __36__.Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a training camp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers. Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he __37__ great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist’s book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful __38__.Just what he will write in the future remains __39__. With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His coming novel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be __40__ the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AStandards for Schools: Developing Organizational Accountability(绩效) Quality teaching depends on not just teacher’s knowledge and skills but on the environment in which they work. Schools need to offer a coherent curriculum focused on higher-order thinking and performance across subject areas and grades, time for teachers to work __41__ with students to accomplish challenging goals, opportunities for teachers to plan with and learn from one another, and regular occasions to evaluate the outcomes of their __42__.If schools are to become more responsible, they must, like other professional organizations, make evaluation and assessment part of their everyday lives. Just as hospitals have standing committees of staff that meet regularly to look at evaluation data and discuss the __43__ of each aspect of their work – a practice reinforced by their accreditation(评定) requirements, - schools must have regular occasions to examine their practice and effectiveness.As Richard Rothstein and colleagues describe in Grading Education: Getting Accountability Right, school-level accountability can be supported by school __44__, like those common in many other nations, in which trained experts evaluate schools by spending several days visiting classrooms, __45__ samples of student work, and interviewing students about their understanding and their experiences, __46__ looking at objective data such as test scores, graduation rates, and so on. In some cases, principals accompany the inspectors into classrooms and are asked for their own evaluations of the lessons. In this way, the inspectors are able to make __47__ about the instructional and supervisory competence(能力) for principals. As described earlier, inspectors may also play a role in ensuring the __48__ and comparability of school-based assessments (as in England and A ustralia), as well as school’s internal assessment and evaluation process (as in Hong Kong).In most countries’ inspection systems, schools are rated on the quality of instruction and otherservices and supports, as well as students’ __49__ and progress o n a wide range of aspects, including and going beyond academic subject areas, such as extra-curricular, personal and social __50__, the acquisition of workplace skills and the __51__ to which students are encouraged to adopt safe practices and a __52__ lifestyle. Schools are rated as to whether they pass inspection, need modest improvements, or require serious intervention(介入), and they receive extensive feedback on what the inspectors both saw and __53__. Reports are publicly posted. Schools requiring intervention are then given more expert __54__ and support, and are placed on a more frequent schedule of visits. Those that persistently fail to pass may be placed under local government control and could be __55__ if they are not improved.41. A. occasionally B. closely C. strictly D. peacefully42. A. challenges B. competence C. curriculum D. practices43. A. effectiveness B. faults C. progress D. requirements44. A. instruction B. protection C. inspection D. consideration45. A. taking B. improving C. examining D. copying46. A. as far as B. rather than C. other than D. as well as47. A. judgments B. decisions C. inquiries D. suggestions48. A. quantity B. quality C. instruction D. support49. A. education B. performance C. attention D. interest50. A. responsibility B. structure C. resources D. benefits51. A. frequency B. consistence C. satisfaction D. extent52. A. comparable B. healthy C. different D. unique53. A. appreciated B. criticized C. recommended D. rewarded54. A. attention B. programs C. evaluation D. explanations55. A. set down B. put down C. closed down D. pulled downSection B(A)Eye Scan Technology Comes to SchoolsABC News: Parents who want to pick up their kids at school in one New Jersey district now can submit to iris(虹膜) scans, as the technology that helps keep our nation’s airports and hotels safe begins to make its way further into American lives.this high-tech security system on Monday with funding fromthe Departmen t of Justice as part of a study on the system’seffectiveness.As many as four adults can be authorized to pickup each child in the district, but in order to be authorized tocome into school, they will be asked to register with the district’s iris reco gnition security and visitor management system. At this point, the New Jersey program is not a must.If someone tries to slip in behind an authorized person, the system causes an alarm and redflashing lights in the front office. The entire process takes just seconds.This kind of technology is already at work in airports around the country like Orlando International Airport, where the program has been in operation since July. It has 12,000 subscribers who pay $79.95 for the convenience of submitting to iris scans rather than going through lengthy security checks.An iris scan is said to be more accurate than a fingerprint because it records 240 unique details—far more than the seven to twenty-four details that are analyzed in fingerprints. The chances of being misidentified by an iris scan are about one in 1.2 million and just one in 1.44 trillion if you scan both eyes.Phil Meara, the Freehold District official, said that although it was expensive, the program would help schools across the country move into a new frontier in child protection. “This is all part of a larger emphasis, here in New Jersey, on school safety,” he said. “We chose this school because we were looking for a typical slightly urban school to launch the system.”Meara applied for a $369,000 grant on behalf of the school district and had the eye scanners installed in two grammar schools and one middle school. So far, 300 of the nearly 1,500 individuals available to pick up a student from school have registered for the eye scan system.56. Why does the Freehold Borough School District adopt the eye scan security system?A. To ensure the school safety and efficiency of picking up children.B. To encourage more students to register in New Jersey urban schools.C. To test the effectiveness of school security and management system.D. To collect the information of the children and their beloved parents.57. What makes the eye san system more accurate than the fingerprint system?A. Processing the data of the authorized people faster.B. Identifying the data of the adults to pick up children.C. Submitting the data of the authorized people conveniently.D. Providing far more unique details of the authorized ones.58. How does Phil Meara help to protect the safety of children?A. By asking people to register with the security system.B. By applying for grant to install eye scanners in schools.C. By asking the department of justice to fund this program.D. By turning to Orlando International Airport for help.59. The eye scan system can be best described as ______.A. safe and cheapB. portable and usefulC. smart and accurateD. popular and helpful(B)Senior Manager Major Gift Fundraising & Special Projects Blind Veterans UK is the national charity helping blind ex-service men and women lead independent and fulfilling lives. We offer blind veterans access to the highest quality of services to help them discover life beyond sight loss. We have an exciting opportunity for an innovative and resourceful individual to join our Partnerships team based at our headquarters in London. The team focuses on securing donations from HNWIs, Trusts and Companies. This role focuses on securing support from HNWIs. The special projects aspect of the role relates to annual activitiesthat offer an opportunity to develop relationships with the target audience.We are looking for an experienced individual with a sound track record in the following areas:●Identifying prospects with the capacity and tendency to support●Developing and implementing cultivation and marketing strategies●Managing a document of current as well as prospective major donors●Planning and driving peer to peer fundraising●Organizing promotion events●Delivering against a personal target and team targetsThe successful candidate will also have some people management experience and an expert in major gift fundraising processes will be considered as priority.In return for your talent, we offer competitive conditions of service and a conducive environment. To apply, please send your up to date CV and Supporting Statement of not more than 500 words to Recruitment.Ldn@, outlining how your skills and experience meet the person specification.Interview date: Week starting from 26 March 2018Please note only applicants who submit a CV with a supporting statement will be considered.Due to the high number of enquiries and applications we receive for our vacancies we don’t acknowledge each one – if you hav en’t heard from us within a week of the closing date, please assume that we won’t be inviting you for an interview. You are, of course, welcome to try again if a suitable post comes up. We are unable to provide feedback to candidates not shortlisted for interview.60. The passage is mainly written to ______.A. invite people to join the fundraising eventsB. seek the right person to be Senior ManagerC. inform the blind veterans of money serviceD. attract the interest of potential donors61. According to the passage, which of the following statement is TRUE?A. The application fails if one isn’t informed before 26 March.B. The application should include a lengthy personal statement.C. All the applicants will receive an invitation before interview.D. The applicants should send his application when he is free.62. What experience is most likely to help a candidate stand out?A. People management experience.B. Annul activities experience.C. Peer to peer fundraising experience.D. Large-scale fundraising experience.(C)As businesses and governments have struggled to understand the so-called millennials—born between roughly 1980 and 2000—one frequent conclusion has been that they have a unique love of cities. A deep-seated preference for night life and subways, the thinking goes, has driven the prosperity of urban cores across the U.S. over the last decade-plus.But there’s mounting evidence that millennials’ love of cities was only a passing fling(放纵). Millennials don’t love cities any more t han previous generations.The latest argument comes from Dowell Myers, an urban planning professor at USC. As they age, says Myers, millennials’ presence in cities, will “be evaporating…through our fingers, if we don’t make some plans now.” That’s because millennials’ preference for cities will fade as they start families and become more established in their careers.It’s about more than aging, though. Demographer William Frey has been arguing for years that millennials have become ‘stuck’ in cities by th e 2008 downturn and the following slow recovery, with poor job prospects and declining wages making it harder for them to afford to buy homes in suburbia.Myers, too, says observers have confused young people’s presence in cities with a preference for cities. Survey data shows that more millennials would like to be living in the suburbs than actually are. But the normal career and family cycles moving young people from cities into suburban houses have become, in Myers’ words, “a plugged up drain.”But unemployment has finally returned to healthy lows (though participation rates and wages are still largely depressing), which Myers says should finally increase mobility for millennials.Other trends among millennials, supposedly matters of lifestyle preference, have already turned out to have been driven mostly by economics. What was once considered their broad preference for public transit may have always been a now-reversing inability to afford cars. Even decades-long trends towards marrying later have been stressed as today’s young people struggle for financial stability.Investors are already taking the idea that millennials will return to old behavior patterns seriously, putting more money into auto manufacturers and developers. But urban lifestyles, up to and including trendy bars, aren’t just modern—they’re a part of what powers a city’s economic engines, bringing people together to explore new ideas, create companies, and build careers.From the 1960s to the 1990s, we saw that suburbanization also means an economic and social hollowing out for cities. Now that the economic restrictions are coming off today’s young city residents, cities that want to stay vibrant have to figure out how to convince them—and their growing families—to stick around.63. Over the last decade, what is thought to have ensured the prosperity of the city?A. Fast economic development.B. Around-the-clock club services.C. Convenient public transport.D. Well-established careers.64. Why are Millennials about to leave city?A. It is too expensive for them to buy apartment in cities.B. They find it difficult for to seek a good job in cities.C. It is easier to get married moving to the suburban.D. They are more confident with their economic situation.65. What does th e author mean quoting Myer’s “a plugged up drain”(para 5)?A. Millennials are reluctant to leave attractive cities.B. Millennials are stopped from moving to the suburbs.C. Millennials are unwilling to be cut off from the suburban.D. Millennials are afraid of another economic decline.66. How does the author feel about the suburbanization?A. sign of stable finance.B. A growth of health issues.C. A conflict of new ideas.D. A loss of modern life.The Minoans: A Forgotten PeopleThe first advanced culture in ancient Greece was the Minoan culture. For thousands of years, knowledge of these people survived only in Greek myths. In the late 19th century, archaeologists began to unearth ruins. This inspired Arthur Evans to begin digging on the island of Crete near mainland Greece. On a dig in Kbossos, Evans found an ancient palace. Experts think that it was the palace of King Minos, a central figure in many Greek myths.____67____ With his team, he uncovered a vast structure, varied works of art, and many hieroglyphic records, These finds, together with later finds, comprise all that experts know about Minoan culture.From the evidence experts gathered, it is clear that the Minoans were ahead of their time. The palace at Knossos was five floors high with hundreds of rooms. Buildings throughout the ancient city had plumbing and flush toilets. Stone pavement lined the surfaces of the roads. In addition, the Minoans possessed a highly developed naval fleet for long-distance trade. ____68_____ These records confirm the central role of commerce in culture.Expert analysis of the evidence also offers insight into some aspects of Minoan society. ____69____ Ruins and artwork suggest that people of all classes enjoyed a high degree of social and gender equality. Religious icons show that Minoans worshiped bulls, the natural world, and many female gods.An unusual feature of Minoans culture was the pursuit of leisure interests. Sport and visual arts were central to Minoan life. Boxing and bull jumping, a sport in which players jumped over live bulls, were popular. Although bull jumping may have served some ritual purpose, experts believe that it was done mostly for fun. Similarly, although some works of art showed political and religious themes, other works served only as pleasant décor(装饰品). ____70_____ The Minoans met their demise after a series of natural disasters. Experts believe that groupfrom the Greek mainland capitalized on these events and looked over the island.IV. Summary WritingThe Conflict of the OrdersThe types of people who served as officials in the Roman government changed over time. These changes stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the Orders.In the early republic, Romans were divided into two classes of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who made up most of the population, were mainly farmers and workers. For many years, plebeians had few rights. They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman laws because laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians served as judges.Over time, plebeians increased their power through demand and strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450, B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all to view.The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342 B.C., a plebeian always held one of the consul positions. By about 300 B.C. many plebeians had become so powerful and wealthy themselves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility. From that time on, the distinction between patricians and plebeians was not a important. Membership in the nobility was still very important, however, since government officials were not paid a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.V. Translation72. 他在会议上提出的建议值得三思。
2018上海高考英语二模-翻译部分
1.我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。
（optimistic）I am optimistic about the result of the game.2.许多人把迟到看作是一个小问题，其实不然。
（think）Many people think of being late as a small problem, but in fact it’s not.3.无人驾驶技术解决了人们的困惑，使开车打电话成为可能。
（…it…）Driverless tenology solves people’s confusion and makes it possible to make a phone call while driving.4.人生中最可怕的不是你即使努力仍一事无成，而是碌碌无为却以平凡可贵安慰自己。
（…not…but…）The most horrible thing that can happen in your life is not that you achieve nothing even though you try, but that you give up and tell yourself it is precious to be just ordinary.1.他在会议上提出的建议值得三思。
（worth）The suggestion he put forward at the meeting is worth giving a second thinking.2.法律和政策应该适应我们社会不断发展的需求。
（adapt）Laws and policies should adapt to the developing needs of our society.3.绝不能任由困难打倒你，因为你永远不知道你离成功有多近。
（account）On no account can you let any difficulties beat you，for you can never tell how close you may be to the success.4.父母竭力庇护孩子免受问题的困扰，甚至代替他们做重要的决定，这将不利于孩子的健康成长。
(完整版)宝山区2018高三二模(含答案),推荐文档
宝山区2017学年第二学期期末高三年级英语学科教学质量监测试卷Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Much of the Jetsons’ World Has Become a Reality?For most of our readers, The Jetsons may be an unfamiliar name. However, for many American born in or before the 1980s, it is a name we fondly remember. The Jetsons was a popular cartoon that featured a family living in an advanced world ___21___ people settle in houses built in the sky, work only three days a week and drive flying cars that resemble flying saucers. While sky-high houses and three-day workweeks don’t appear to be on the horizon, other visions of the future ___22___（turn）into practical realities.Flying cars have been on the minds of scientists and inventors for decades. They are part of a typical imaging of the future fast-paced and luxurious, ___23___（allow）us to speed through the skies. As ___24___（see）in The Sky’s No longer the Limit, this flight of fancy may soon be a reality in Dubai. Aiming ___25___（become）the world’s most advanced city, Dubai is currently testing the first-ever flying taxi.___26___ money still exists in its current cash-based form in The Jetsons, people today are looking toward a world where even cash is out-of-date. Bitcoin is a type of digital money that has taken the world by storm. Since its introduction, the money’s price ___27___（increase）to rates as high as US$ 19,000. This, however, may not predict well for the future of digital currency, as experts warn that Bitcoin is a bubble and ___28___ crash soon. It’s possible that some dreams of the future may still be ___29___ ______ our reach.Other more probable technologies already exist, for example, future flying eye hospitals in A Hospital with Wings, unusual-engineered folding paper in Clever Folding and the population of endangered corals（珊瑚）in Lab-Bred Coral to the Rescue, etc. All these show ___30___ humans are already capable of. So, what else could the future have in store for us?Section BDirections：After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box.Computer reads brain activity to find out the music each person is listening to In the experiment, six volunteers heard 40 pieces of classical music, rock, pop, jazz, and others. The Neural（神经的）fingerprint of each song on participants’ brain was ___31___ by the Magnetic Resonance（MR）machine while a computer was learning to identify the brain patterns drawn out by each musical piece. Musical ___32___ such as tone, volume, rhythm and beat were taken inaccount by the computer.After that, researchers expected that the computer would be able to do the ___33___ way: identify which song participants were listening to, based on their brain activity –a technique known as brain decoding. When faced two options, the computer showed up to 85% ___34___ in identifying the correct song, which is a great performance, comparing to previous studies.Researchers then pushed the test even ___35___ by providing not two but 10 options（e.g. one correct and nine wrong）to the computer. In this situation, the computer correctly identified the song in 74% of the decisions.In the future, studies on brain decoding and machine learning will create possibilities of communication ___36___ any kind of written or spoken language.“Machines will be able to translate our musical thoughts into songs,”says Sebastian Hoefle, researcher from D’Or Institute and PhD student from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is a result of a ___37___ between Brazilian researchers and colleagues from Germany, Finland and India.According to Hoefle, brain decoding researches provide ___38___ to understand neural functioning and interact with it using artificial intelligence. In the future, he experts to find answers for ___39___ like“what musical characteristics make some people love a song while others don’t? Is our brain ___40___ to prefer a specific kind of music?”Ⅱ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Having a clear picture in mind of what their future will look like can motivate students to keep going despite the challenges of college life. This ___41___ seems to be particularly effective for female students from relatively low socioeconomic status（SES）backgrounds says Mesmin Destin of Northwestern University in the US. College is a time of great opportunity for some, but can be ___42___ for others. It is often the first time that many students are away from the regular and familiar support of their family and friends. Weak students from lower SES backgrounds often encounter greater financial and psychological challenges than others, and this can lead to ___43___ and even withdrawal from difficult situations, such as when interacting with their lecturers or taking tests and exams.Destin and his colleagues wanted to understand if students’ ___44___ to academic challenges improve when they look forward to the future. This idea is built around the theory of identity-based motivation. It holds that people can take positive action during times of unfavorable conditions when they ___45___ a successful future for themselves.“The theory of identity-based motivation proposes that stimulating a focus on a successful future identity may be especially ___46___ in motivating students who are weak during challenging academic situations to develop a sense of action readiness,”explains Destin. This involves feeling ready and able to take appropriate action when ___47___ difficulty.In two almost identical laboratory experiments—one involving 93 female students, the other 185 students（including 101 women）-- participants were first asked either to write about their past or their future ___48___. After their deep thoughts, the participants were filmed during an limited interview with a so-called lecturer, and then had to ___49___ a difficult academic test. The research team noted whether participants’ body language was bold and confident, and measured the amountof effort participants’ ___50___ the academic test.The results were in agreement with the theory of identity – based motivation. Destin and his team found that having a successful future identity can prevent especially female students from lower SES backgrounds from ___51___ during challenging academic situations. Specially, lower SES women who wrote about their future identities displayed greater action ___52___ compared to those who considered their past. They showed more confident body language. It helped them to make more effort to tackle the test, and had an indirect effect on their ___53___.“Simulating imagined successful future identities appears to provide a ___54___ pathway to enable weak students to effectively navigate everyday stressors,”says Destin.“The findings ___55___ suggest that certain students may benefit from strategies that remind them to image their successful futures before any difficult and important task that they might otherwise be likely to avoid.”41. A. instruction B. strategy C. challenge D. psychology42. A. disgraceful B. shameful C. harmful D. stressful43. A. hesitation B. intention C. depression D. decision44. A. willingness B. options C. responses D. applications45. A. destroy B. imagine C. abandon D. substitute46. A. powerful B. upright C. unique D. ambitious47. A. avoiding B. overcoming C. surrendering D. encountering48. A. experience B. suffering C. success D. failure49. A. design B. complete C. comment D. revise50. A. put away B. put on C. put out D. put into51. A. withdrawing B. transforming C. advancing D. engaging52. A. quantity B. dullness C. readiness D. inability53. A. fascination B. ignorance C. dilemma D. performance54. A. tolerable B. potential C. straight D. academic55. A. therefore B. however C. otherwise D. meanwhileSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. You’re free to wander, take paths that you’ve never noticed, discover places you haven’t been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily, whether it’s in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Gettinglost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings.A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the De V os Place in Grand Rapids after the President’s Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. You’re fearful that you won’t be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yourself.You don’t always have to be lost in a literal sense to“get lost”and some of the time, losing yourself may not be a positive experience. There are times where I lose sight of who I am. While lost, I test our metaphorical paths and sometimes they turn out to be the right direction and other times they were a wrong turn. I make note of these wrong turns, so I can avoid them further on up the road of finding my way back to who I am.In Walden, Henry David Thoreau wrote“Not till we are lost, in other words not till we have lost the world, do we begin to find ourselves, and realize where we are and the infinite extent of our relations.”Getting lost fuels my curiosity and teaches me lessons on finding my way back to the right track. I believe in getting lost through day dreams, a misplacement, adventures, and difficult times where you make discoveries about yourself and the atmosphere around you. In order to truly find yourself, I believe that you should put down the map and get wonderfully lost.56. In the first paragraph, the author mainly expresses that ______.A. lost in a novel is a special feelingB. songs remind us of past experiencesC. wandering is a wonderful discoveryD. getting lost brings us benefits57. The author mentions the experiences of physically getting lost（in paragraph 2）in order to say_______.A. physically getting lost is most difficult to deal withB. we can enjoy trips while physically getting lostC. people are easy to get physically lost in our daily lifeD. we realize our surroundings while physically getting lost58. Words from Henry David Thoreau（in the last paragraph）imply that getting lost ______.A. enables us to look within and to see outwardB. pulls people back into the previous momentC. enables us to remind ourselves of adventuresD. helps us enjoy ourselves wherever we are59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. I Once Was LostB. Wonderfully LostC. Physically Getting LostD. Mentally Getting Lost（B）Two in three Americans shower once a day or more, according to a YouGov poll. Here’s why you might be better off showering less frequently（and here are other ways you might be showering wrong）60. What’s the whole passage mainly about?A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering less.B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better.C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less.D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.61. This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except ___.A. the best time of day to showerB. the proper temperature for your showerC. the other ways you shower wrongD. the other ways to cut your water bill62. Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less?A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria.B. You’re absolutely as dirty as you think.C. Towel drying causes damage to your skin.D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.（C）Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms（机制）driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how common they are.The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer simulations. In the experiments, the participants first observed other people’s behavior in a so-called“public goods game,”in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked to judge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with a reduction in how much the players gained.Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants’ willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness.“Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me,”says principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.“The fact that a behavior is common doesn’t automatically mean that it’s right – this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values.”The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social comformity, in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in our social environment can quickly alter our moral compass.“This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality,”says Bjorn Lindstrom, postdoc at University of Zurich and Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.63. According to Andreas Olsson’s analysis, if people accept selfish behavior, they actually _____.A. get facts and moral values mixed upB. misunderstand social mechanismsC. follow the logic of their ownD. consider it correct and reasonable64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if ______.A. they can’t play“public goods game”B. invest the money to benefit group membersC. they behave differently from the majorityD. they keep the money for themselves65. According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the following Except ___.A. the way people around us behaveB. changes in our social environmentC. personal standards of values and attitudesD. how widespread a particular behavior is66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude changeB. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it isC. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviorsD. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviorsSection CDirections：Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentences canSeeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativity It is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees’ creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work, environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.___67___ For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually（be able to）use it.“The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources – also known as feedback source variety – benefits one’s creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints”，says Sijbom.“And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one’s creativity because by combing all the different viewpoints new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity. ___68___”The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance. ___69___ One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work（experienced creative time pressure）.“We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”，says Sijbom.Sijbom offers several recommendations.“___70___ In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect ondiverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”Ⅱ. Summary Writing71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices – playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting –were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance doesn’t lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said.“It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.”It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said –teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion.“Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising—two activities reliably linked to greater happiness.”Twenge said.“By far the largest change in teen’s lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep,”the leading researcher said.“The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’ psychological well-being.”Ⅱ. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。
上海市虹口区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案
虹口区2017学年度第二学期期终教学质量监控测试高三英语试卷2018.04考生注意：1. 考试时间120 分钟，试卷满分140 分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第 I 卷(共100 分)I. Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: Af t er reading the passage below, f i ll in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, f ill in each blank with the proper f orm of the given word; f o r the other blanks, use one word that best f i ts each blank.Nook 's arrival, Good or Bad?Book l overs, most of them, w i ll tell you(21)a pleasure it is to lend a favorite read to the friend -the novel you stayed up all night to get to the end of ; the travel book that made you feel (22)you yourself w ere on a train ride through India. For a w hile it seemed that e-book users w ere to be denied this pleasure of lending to friends. Y ou could buy a book or magazine for your reading device, but you couldn't lend it out.But now, w ith the Nock, the US book chain Barnes and Noble's response to Amazon's Kind le,electronic readers w ill be ab le to have their latest literaryenthusiasm(23) (press) on their friends,justlik e readers of physical books can, Y ou simply email the book from your Nook and your friend can read itfor tw o w eeks, (24)(use) any device w ith the Barnes& Noble e-book reader softw a re. It's a big improvement from previous e-book readers.The Nook offers other features too. Y ou read in black and w h ite on the main screen. just like w ith Kind le. The difference is (25)on the low er part of the device there's a colour touch screen,(26)allow s you to browse through a book or a magazine , but goes black w hen you're not using it sothat you save pow e r.(27) exciting th ing about the Nook is that it offers Wi-Fi, arguably a big advance on previous e-book readers. Customers in the United States can use the Internet connection (28)(read) w hole e-books at Barnes& Noble for hundreds of bookstores for free. None of Barnes& Noble’s competitors can come close to this.But the Nook,iron i cally,(29)(turn out) to be a money-loser for Barnes& Noble, or at least ajob- loser for Barnes& Noble's employees. According to Marian Maneker at The Big Money Website,(30)the Nook is successful it mighttake sales from the company’s bookstores, eventually forcing their closure and the loss of thousands of jobs.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word cho s en f r om the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. branchB. departmentC. appropriateD. expansionE. w i thdrewF. dominatedG. licensed H. contract I. considerable J. brands K. breakthroughForeign Giants T arget Chinese Milk MarketEuropean dairy products giant Arla Foods has chosen a leading Ch in ese milk manufacture as a business partner for its (31)in China – a clear sign that overseas companies are starting to cultivate huge Ch i na’s dairy market by tying up w i th local players.Ar la signed the cooperation (32), w hich comes into effect this month, w ith Mengn iu Dairy at the end of August to set up a milk-pow der joint venture in Hohhot, capital of North Chin a’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The deal betw een Arle Foods and Mengniu can be seen as a new (33) for Multinat i onal’s re-entry into the sector.Many foreign giants have found it difficult to create ( 34) profits in domestic milk market, especially the liqu id-m ilk sector, w hich is follow ed closely by price w ars and dominated by local (35)---companies like Danone, Kraft and Friesland Coberco have quitted dairy production in China.A few have been successful ---Nestle, Inter, Bristo-Myers Squibb and Wy eth have (36) the high-end milk-formula market in Ch i na.“We w ill w atch the market closely and re-invest here in a(n) (37) time,” an official of the Dutch firm Friesland said w hen it (38) its investment in its Tianjin jo int venture last year after eight years.The company has (39) its Chinese partner to continue using its Dutch lady brand and also sells its imported Friso infant foods, Dutch Lady milk pow der and Dutch lady Calcimex in the Chinese market through its (40) company in Hong Kong.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the f ollowing passage there are f our word s or phra ses marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best f its the context.Our modern w o rking lives are ruled by the concept of competence(能力). The idea that lies behind competence is quite simple: that one can state w hat people should do in behavioral terms, and then 41 w hether a person has succeeded in meeting that task or not. We rarely have a second thought about w hether the idea of measuring and achieving competence is a good one or not. 42 , it is a debatable one.Humans do not learn or w o rk in w a ys that can be measured by the 43 of competence. Take the example of a bar ista w ho is being trained to make coffee. The job title of “bar ista” 44 a degree of skill in making coffee. How ever, baristas in large coffee chains are usually trained through 45 qualifications. One part of these qualifications is to produce a cup of coffee to meet a(n) 46 standard. It might have to achieve a certain taste and appearance. This might seem perfectly reasonable, but there are tw o reasons w h y such an approach to training baristas does not 47 .First, the production of a cup of coffee to a certain standard is a binary(二次元的) 48 . The baristas can either produce a coffee of a certain standard or they cannot. If they happen to produce the best cup of coffee in the w orld, it does not matter, as competence-based training does not rew ard outstanding performance. 49 , producing the w orst cup of coffee w ould be a fail in the same w ay as producing a cup just below the standard. In fact, competence is not interested in the process of producing a coffee at all----only the final b i nary outcome.Second, if the barista does produce a coffee to a certain 50 , competence is not interested in w hy the barista can do that. But humans are not machines that 51 produce binary outcomes. We have bodies and minds w h ich 52 through learning.Y et w e are increasingly forced to 53 competence in our schools and w o rkplace. We are not empty machines that simply produce binary outcomes. If w e w ant to be true human in our learn ing and our w orkplace, w e need to be 54 and special. Learning and innovation invo lve failure in aim i ng for something that is unusually good. Such things simply cannot be 55 by the standard of competence w h ere the mediocre(平凡的) is the gold standard.41. A. question42. A. As a rule B. predictB. As a w h oleC. measureC. In other w o rdsD. confirmD. In fact43. A. impression44. A. suggests45. A. society-based B. conceptB. assumesB. self-basedC. valueC. deservesC. pleasure-basedD. developmentD. inheritsD. competence-based46. A. minimum47. A. last48. A. challenge B. uniqueB. w o rkB. appearanceC. traditionalC. existC. outcomeD. internationalD. changeD. practice49. A. Therefore50. A. agreement51. A. typically B. InsteadB. extentB. simplyC. MoreoverC. standardC. cheaplyD. Likew i se D.description D.occasionally52. A. alter53. A. handle54. A. common B. expandB. classifyB. sociableC. createC. transferC. creativeD. exhaustD. achieveD. mature55. A. judged B. achieved C. restored D. presentedSection BDirections:Read the f ollowing three passages. Each passage is f ollowed by several questions or unf inished statements. For each of them there are f our choices marked A , B, C and D. Choose the one that f i ts best according to the inf o rmation given in the passage you have just read.(A)William Herschel w a s born on November 15th, 1738 in Hanover in a fam i ly of musicians. In 1757, hefled to England and began earning a living as an organist and later composer and conductor. In 1772, heconvinced his sister Caroline to join him as a singer. In their spare time the brother-sister team becameoccupied in astronomy. William d ied at his home in Slough, near Windsor on August 25th, 1822, andCaroline on September 1st, 1848.Herschel's first major discoveries w e re to show that Mars and Jupiter exhib i t ax i al rotation( 绕轴自转). Herschel struck fame in1781, w h en on March13th, he discovered the planet Uranus(天王星) w hileengaged in w ork aimed at determining stellar parallax( 恒星视差). This being the first new planetdiscovered since ancient times, Herschel, until then a mere amateur astronomer relat ively unknow n even inEng land, became w orld-famous. Adopting a historically proven strategy, Herschel named the new planetGeorgiumSidum, in honor of the then ruling English king George III. The trick w orked once again, asKing George III gave William and Caroline the titles of "The King’s Astronomer" and "Assistant to theking's Astronomer", an honor w hich came w ith a life's pension for both. In 1782 they moved to Bath, andshortly thereafter to Slough, and from this point on William and Caro line could devote themselves entirelyto astronomy. The Herschels w e nt on to discover tw o moons of Uranus in 1787.While Caroline became increasingly occupied w i th the search for comets at w h ich she w a s quitesuccessful. William became for a time interested in the Sun. Inspired by Wilson’s 1774 w o rk, he put forththe theory of sunspot, an opinion that continued to exist w ell into the nineteenth century. In 1800, hebecame interested in the solar spectrum (太阳光谱), and uncovered the first evidence for solar energyoutput outside of the visible spectrum, in w hat is now know n as the infrared (红外线). In 1801, hepublished tw o papers that effectively started the field of solar influ e nces on Earth’s w e ather.56. Herschel made himself know n to the w o rld mainly byA. discovering the planet UranusB. determin i ng stellar parallaxC. discovering tw o moons of UranusD. uncovering the evidence for the infrared57. It can be inferred from the passage that George IIIA. liked science and technologyB. liked Herschel's naming of the new planetC. w a s interested in astronomyD. gave Herschel a lot of useful suggestions58. What do w e know about Carolin e from the passage?A. She w a s successful in music.B. She w a s titled "The king's AstronomerC. She died later than her brother.D. She published tw o papers59. This passage mainly tells readersA. some information about Herschel and his sisterB. how Herschel and his sister discovered the planet UranusC. Herschel and Caroline got along w e ll w i th each otherD. Herschel and Caroline's major scientific publications(B)OSCAR THEATR EBOOKI NG-in personThe Box Office is open Monday to Saturday, 10 am-8 pm.-by postStating the performance and choice of seats, enclosing a cheque, postal order, or your credit card detailsto Oscar Theatre Box Office, PO Box 220, Main street. All cheques should be made payable to OscarTheatre-by telephoneRing 0844 847 2484 to reserve your tickets or to pay by credit card (V isa, Master Card accepted)-on-lineComplete the on-line book i ng form at www.oscartheatre com.DISCOUNTSSaver: $2 off any seat booked any time in advance for performances from Monday to Thursdayinclusive, and for all matinees (下午场). Savers are availab l e for children up to 16 years old, over 60sand full-time students.Supersaver: half-price seats are availab le for people w ith disabilit ies and one companion. It isadvisab le to book in advance. There is a maximum of eight w heelchair spaces availab le and onw h eelchair space w i ll be held until one hour before the show(subject to availab i lity) Standby: best availab le seats are on sale for $6 from one hour before the performance for peopleelig i b l e(有资格的) for Saver and Supersaver discounts and thirty minutes before for all other customers.Group Book i ngs: there is a ten per cent discount for parties of tw e lve or more.Schools: school parties of ten or more can book $9 tickets in advance and w ill get every tenth ticket free.Please note: w e are unable to exchange tickets or refund money unless a performance is cancelled due to unforeseen circumstance.60. When booking by post, you can pay for a ticket byA. visit i ng the w e bsite of a post officeB. going to your local bank in personC. enclosing your Master Card in an envelopeD. providing your credit card information61. What benefit can bookers enjoy according to the text?A. A group of ten adults going to a performance can claim a discount.B. A school party of 15 persons that book in advance pay $135 in total for aperformance.C. Someone accompanying a w h eelchair user to a performance receives a discount.D. An 18-year-old teenager is elig i b l e for Saver discounts.62. According to the text, can get Standby ticket.A.65-year-olds buying tickets an hour and a half before a performanc e beginsB. full-t ime students buying tickets 45 minutes before a performance beginsC.theatre-goers w h o are unexpectedly unable to be present at a performance.D. anyone w h o buys tickets an hour before a performance begins(C)Here’s the scary thing about the identity-theft ring that the feds cracked last w eek: there w as nothing any of its estimated 40,000 victims could have done to prevent it from happening. This w as an inside job,according to court documents. A low ly help-desk w orker at Teledata Communications, a softw are firm that helps banks access credit reports online, alleged ly stole passw ords for those reports and sold them to a group of 20 thieves at $60 a pop. That allow ed the gang to cherry-pick consumers w ith good credit and apply for all kinds of accounts in their names. Cost to the victims: $3 million and rising.Even scarier is that this, the largest identity-theft bust to date, is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans have their credit hijacked every year. It's one of crime's biggest grow th markets. A name, address and Social Security number --w hich can often be found on the Web--is all anybody needs to app ly for a bogus line of credit. Credit companies make $1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of that revenue to fraud, so there's little financial incentive for them to make the application process more secure. As it stands now, it's up to you to protect your ident i ty.The good new s is that there are plenty of steps you can take. Most credit thieves are opportunists, not w ell-organized gangs. A lot of them go Dumpster diving for those millions of "pre-approved" credit-card mailin gs that go out every day. Others steal w allets and return them, taking only a Social Security number. Shredding your junk mail and leav ing your Soc ial Security card at home can save a lot of agony later.But the most effective w a y to keep your identity clean is to check your credit reports once or tw ice a year. There are three major credit-report outfits: Equifax (at ), Trans-Union () and Experian (). All allow you to order reports online, w hich is a lot better than w ading through voice-mail hell on their 800 lines. Of the three, I found TransUnion's w ebsite to be the cheapest and most comprehensive--lay ing out state-by-state prices, rights and tips for consumers in easy-to-read fashion.If you're lucky enough to live in Co l orado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey or V ermont, you are entitled to one free report a year by law. Otherw ise it's going to cost $8 to $14 each time. A void services that offer to monitor your reports year -round for about $70; that's $10 more than the going rate among th ieves. If you think you're a victim of ident ity theft, you can ask for fraud alerts to be put on file at each of the three credit-report companies. Y ou can also dow nload a theft-report form /idtheft, w hich, along w ith a local po lice report, should help w hen irate creditors come knocking. Just don't expect justice. That audacious help-desk w o rker w a s one of the few e r than 2% of identity thieves w h o are ever caught.63. The expression “inside job”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means .A. a crime that is committed by a person w o rking for the victimB. a crime that should be punished severelyC. a crime that does great harm to the victimD. a crime that poses a great threat to the society64. The creditors can protect their identity in the follow i ng w a y except .A. destroying your junk mailB. leav i ng your Social Security card at homeC. visiting the credit-report w e bsite regularlyD. obtaining the free report from the government65. It is easy to have credit-theft becauseA. More people are using credit service.B. The application program is not safe enough.C. Creditors usually disclose their identity.D. Creditors are not careful about their ident i ty.66. The best title of the text isA. The danger of credit-theftB. The loss of the creditorsC. How to protect your good nameD. Why the creditors lose their identitySection CDirections: Read the passage caref u lly. Fill in each blank with a proper seen given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there aret»o sentences than you need.A. When you are done w i th your task then rew a rd yourself.B. Make sure you only rest for 10 minutes.C. Or you can w o rk harder and start an even bigger project.D. Set a kitchen timer and say to yourself that you only have to do this w o rk for 10minutes.E. When you sort papers，do the laundry or do the dishes, be fully there.F. Y ou don't alw a ys have to do just one thing at a time in silence.Ways to Be More EfficientNot all tasks of the day are inspiring. But you still have to w ash those dishes and take care of those routine tasks at w ork or in school. So w hat can you do not to get lost in procrastination( 拖延)?I’ll share how I do it, how I get some motivation and find more pleasure in w h at may seem to be a boring task.Instead of focusing your mind on how boring a task may feel, focus on your thought on w hy you are doing this and how good it w ill feel w hen you are done w ith it. If needed, sit dow n for a few minutes, close your eyes and see in your mind. Then go to w ork w ith that motivation and those positive feelings in your body.Do it attent i vely. 67 Focus 100% on just the w o rk w i th all your sense-how it feels, looks, and smells –as you are scrubbing it and nothing else. Don’t get lost in daydreams. If you are just there, I have found that even such a simple task becomes more enjoyable and something that can bring inner calm rather than distress.Make a deal w i th yourself and set a timer for 10 minutes. It is often easier to do task like these in small bursts. So make a deal w ith yourself to just spend 10 minutes on your reading or cleaning the house. 68 When the timer rings you can continue doing it if feel like it (this often happens to me because getting started is the hard part) .Or you can stop and go do something more interesting instead.Create a pleasurable d i straction. If possible，try to listen to the radio，your favorite songs，an audio book or w a tch a movie or TV episode w h ile doing your boring task.69 I often listen to music or w a tch an episode of the Simpsons w h ile doing the dishes or other routine w o rk at home.70 Take a w alk in the sun. Move on to more fun or creative task at w ork or in school. Have a tasty treat. This habit can make it easier to get started and to keep going each day. Because you know that you can look forw ard to not just being done and the long-term payoff from that but also your immediate rew a rd right after you are finished.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the f o llowing passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own wo r ds as f a r as possible.Clearly if w e are to participate in the society in w hich w e live, w e must communicate w ith other people. A great deal of communicating is performed on a person-to-person basis by the simple means of speech. If w e travel in buses, buy things in shops, or eat in restaurants, w e are likely to have conversations w here w e give information or opinions, receive new s or comment and very likely have our view s challenged by other members of society.Face-to face contact is by no means the only form of communication and during the last tw o hundred years the art of mass communication has become one of the dominating factors of current society. Tw o things, above others, have caused the enormous grow th of the communication industry. Firstly, inventiv eness has led to advances in printing, telecommunications, photography, radio and televis ion. Secondly, speed has revolutionized the transmission and reception of communications so that local new s often takes a back seat to national new s, w h ich itself is often almost eclipsed (失去优势) by international new s.No longer is the possession of information restricted to a w ealthy minority. In the last century the w ealthy man w ith his ow n library w as indeed fortunate, but today there are public libraries. Forty years ago, people used to go to the cinema, but now far more people sit at home and turn on the TV to w a tch a program that is being channeled into m i llions of homes.Communication is no longer merely concerned w i th the transmission of information. The modem communication influ ences the w ay, people live in society and broadens their horizons by allow ing access to information, education and entertainment. The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all information, education and entertainment, The printing, broadcasting and advertising industries are all invo l ved w i th informing, educating and entertaining.V.T ranslationDirection:Translate the f o llowing sentence into English,using the words given in the brackets. 72. 应该采取措施阻止新病毒的蔓延。
2018年上海市虹口区高考英语二模试卷
2018年上海市虹口区高考英语二模试卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections： After reading the passage below，fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word， fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blanks， use one word that best fits each blank.1.阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Nook’s arrival, Good or Bad?Booklovers, most of them, will tell you（1）______ a pleasure it is to lend a favorite read toa friend—the novel you stayed up all night to get to the end of; the travel book that madeyou feel（2）______ you yourself were on a train ride through India. For a while it seemed that e-book users were to be denied this pleasure of lending to friends. You could buy a book or magazine for your r eading device, but you couldn’t lend it out.But now, with the Nook, the US book chain Barnes and Noble’s response to Amazon’s Kindle, electronic readers will be able to have their latest literary enthusiasm（3）______（press）on their friends, just like readers of physical books can. You simply email the book from your Nook and your friend can read it for two weeks,（4）______（use）any device with the Barnes & amp; Noble e-book reader software. It’s a big improvement from previous e-book readers.The Nook offers other features too. You read in black and white on the main screen, just like with Kindle. The difference is（5）______ on the lower part of the device there’s a color touch screen,（6）______ allows you to browse through a book or magazine, but goes black whe n you’re not using it so that you save power.（7）______ exciting thing about the Nook is that it offers Wi-Fi, arguably a big advance on previous e-book readers. Customers in the United States can use the Internet connection（8）______（read）whole e-books at Barnes and Noble’s hundreds of bookstores for free. None of Barnes and Noble’s competitors can come close to this.But the Nook, ironically,（9）______（turn out）to be a money-loser for Barnes and Noble, or at least a job-loser for Barnes and Noble’s employee s. According to Marian Maneker atThe Big Money Website,（10）______ the Nook is successful it might take sales from the company’s bookstores, eventually forcing their closure and the loss of thousands of jobs.【答案】（1）what,（2）as if/ though,（3）pressed,（4）using,（5）that,（6）which,（7）Another,（8）to read,（9）has turned out/turns out,（10）if【考点】固定用法高三说明文语法填空句子基础知识动词时态代词表语从句非限制性定语从句状语从句过去分词动名词从属连词【解析】本文属于说明文阅读，主要介绍了一种新的电子书阅读器NooK。
2018年上海市青浦区中考英语二模试卷(解析版)
2018年上海市青浦区中考英语二模试卷一、Listening Comprehension （听力理解）（共30分）1．（6分）1．2．3．4．5．6．2．（1分）A．A red sweater．B．A green sweater．C．A white sweater．D．A yellow sweater．3．（1分）A．America．B．France．C．Japan．D．Italy．4．（1分）A．By bus．B．By bike．C．On foot．D．By taxi．5．（1分）A．Cool．B．Warm．C．Hot．D．Cold．6．（1分）A．Because she wanted to be healthier．B．Because swimming was fun．C．Because skating was difficult to learn．D．Because she lived in Canada．7．（1分）A．In a cinema．B．In a library．C．In a train．D．In a hospital．8．（1分）A．He will make a phone call to them．B．He will see the movie with them．C．He has seen the movie before．D．He will not meet Jenny tomorrow．9．（1分）A．How to use the four skills．B．The easy way of reading and writing．C．How to learn English faster．D．The importance of practicing English．10．（6分）（1）Betty calls the Helpline because she has a problem with her friend．（2）If Betty wants to get help，she should tell the Helpline who her friend is．（3）Betty and her friend are in different schools，and they keep in touch with each other．（4）This term Betty went to see her friend，but she refused to speak to her．（5）The Helpline asks Betty to write a letter to her friend，or she will probably feel lonely．（6）At last Betty manages to get some advice from the Friendship Helpline．11．（10分）（1）In Denmark （丹麦），the schools set up by parents have to follow courses （课程）．（2）Some of the schools are called "small schools"，but a school must have at least．（3）Many parents of Cooleenbridge School came from Germany，England and of Ireland （爱尔兰）．（4）Cooleenbridge School is also a small school，and it was started 1986．（5）The teachers of the school think the important thing in school is not．二、Choose the best answer （选择最恰当的答案）：（共20分）12．（1分）When it rains，it pours．Which is correct for the underlined part？（）A．[e]B．[i：]C．[aɪ] D．[eɪ]13．（1分）The guests are told that the furniture in the flat is designed by ______ owner himself．（）A．the B．an C．a D．/14．（1分）Zhujiajiao，an old town with a history of hundreds of years，lies ____ the west of Shanghai．（）A．on B．in C．to D．among15．（1分）The traveler asked ________ some water when he passed Granny Li's house．（）A．by B．for C．with D．of16．（1分）It is said that having a glass of water first in the morning is good for ________ health．（）A．we B．us C．our D．ours17．（1分）The teacher told the class that only three students failed the exam，and ________ all passed．（）A．another B．the other C．others D．the others18．（1分）Mrs．Black wants to make some pizza，so she asks her husband to buy some ________．（）A．apple B．butter C．egg D．potato19．（1分）The farmer looks ________，and he even agrees to show the visitors around his private garden．（）A．happily B．nicely C．friendly D．gently20．（1分）After being rebuilt，the open﹣air museum became ________ attractive than before．（）A．many B．more C．much D．most21．（1分）We ________ touch or take pictures of these exhibits （展品），for it's against the rules．（）A．wouldn't B．needn't C．mustn't D．may not22．（1分）Mark ________ very hard in the university and was made Chairman of the Students' Union．（）A．studied B．studies C．will study D．are studying23．（1分）The volunteers ________ a lot of waste bottles on the beach by the end of the tourism festival．（）A．will collect B．have collectedC．was collecting D．had collected24．（1分）The old couple ________ not to trust any strangers when they were cheated last time．（）A．are told B．would be toldC．were told D．will be told25．（1分）To save time，many airlines now allow passengers ________ their boarding passes online．（）A．to print B．printing C．print D．printed26．（1分）Since it's your first visit to Britain，you'd better ____ something about the British culture．（）A．learn B．learning C．learned D．to learn27．（1分）The kids have never been to such a wonderful amusement park before，______？（）A．don't they B．do they C．haven't they D．have they28．（1分）Your mother will be happier ________ you can help with the housework when you have time．（）A．if B．until C．where D．unless29．（1分）The road sign shows us ________．（）A．how can we get to the International Meeting CenterB．which road leads to the International Meeting CenterC．where is the International Meeting CenterD．what can we do in the International Meeting Center30．（1分）﹣I think we should raise some money for charity．﹣________（）A．What a pity! B．I'm sorry．C．What a surprise! D．That's a good idea．31．（1分）﹣Do you know when the next train leaves for Beijing？﹣________（）A．No，thanks．B．Neither do I．C．I'm not quite sure．D．That's terrible!三、Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used once（将下列单词或词组填入空格．每空格限填一词，每词只能填一次）（共8分）32．（4分）A．kindnessB．hurtC．a huge bag ofD．as well as E．on the first dayIn a small village，the parents of a little boy were very worried about him because of his bad temper （脾气）．The boy used to get angry very easily and（1）others with his words．While he forgot what he spoke in anger，his friends and neighbours avoided him．His mother and father tried many ways to make him give up his anger and develop （2）．Unfortunately，all their attempts failed．Finally，the boy's father came up with an idea．One day，his father gave him （3）nails，asking him to hammer one nail to the fence every time he lost his temper．The little boy found it funny and accepted what his father had said．His anger drove him to hammer 30nails into the fence （4）! Over the next few days，the little boy found it very difficult to hammer the nails into the fence and decided to control his temper．33．（4分）A．pull out B．immediately C．when D．one of E．the sameGradually，the number of nails hammered into the fence was reduced and the day arrived （1）he hammered none!Now，his father told him to remove the nails every day as he had controlled his anger．Several days passed and the boy was able to （2）most of the nails from the fence．The father appreciated him and asked him pointing to （3）the holes，"What do you see there？"The boy replied，"A hole in the fence!"He told the boy，"The nails were your bad temper and they were hammered into people．You can remove the nails but still see the holes in the fence．The fence never looks （4）! It has scares （伤疤）all over! Your bad temper and anger were like that! Use words for good．Use them to show your heart!"四、Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms （用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子．每空格限填一词）：（共8分）34．（1分）Aunt Petty could hardly believe her good when the lost necklace was found．（lucky）35．（1分）If you are interested in history，you may read these books．（France）36．（1分）My brother and I decided to buy a special gift for grandma's birthday．（seventy）37．（1分）Mr．Tailor and his assistants decided to give up the test because of the weather．（change）38．（1分）The of the football team made the fans become even more excited．（arrive）39．（1分）Nowadays more and more young people are eager to go aboard to their studies．（far）40．（1分）It is for a little boy to finish such a difficult task without any help．（possible）41．（1分）They worked in the lab for a whole week and solved the technical problem．（final）五、Rewrite the following sentences as required（根据要求改写句子．每空格限填一词）（共14分）42．（2分）Both of the two customers offered a high prize for the Chinese painting．（改为否定句）the two customers offered a high prize for the Chinese painting．43．（2分）When the spring came，the young man took his pets out twice a day．（对划线部分提问）did the young man take his pets out when the spring came？44．（2分）It took the astronauts a long time to get ready for the trip to the moon．（保持句意基本不变）The astronauts a long time in ready for the trip to the moon．45．（2分）The boy was very bright．He worked out the crossword in ten minutes．（合并为一句）The boy was bright he worked out the crossword in ten minutes．46．（2分）The editors have held several discussions，but they still can't make a decision．（保持句意基本不变）the editors have held several discussions，still can't make a decision．47．（2分）Their headmaster gave a wonderful speech on the Open Day．（改为感叹句）wonderful speech their headmaster gave on the Open Day! 48．（2分）a flower shop，owns，the town，in the center of，who （连词成句）？六、Reading Comprehension （阅读理解）：（共50分）49．（12分）Beijing World Hotel（1）If you go to Sports Club，you can stay there．A．from 2：00p．m．to 9：30p．m．B．from 2：00a．m．to 9：30a．m．C．from 2：00a．m．to 9：30p．m．D．from 2：00p．m．to 9：30a．m．（2）According to the passage，Gourmet is a place where．A．you can live comfortablyB．you can visit anytime by day or nightC．you can buy something to eatD．you can buy anything you want（3）The underlined word "selections" in the passage possibly means ""．A．wishesB．choicesC．waysD．lists（4）Which of the following statements about Brauhaus is Not true？A．You can enjoy real German beers and meals．B．Guests can enjoy nightly live band performance．C．Guests can feel the atmosphere of a bar in Berlin．D．You can stay there from morning till night．（5）If you want to find a place to sing karaoke，you can go to．A．Sports club．B．Lost Horizon．C．Gourmet．D．Brauhaus．（6）The purpose of this passage is to．A．invite guests to go to the hotelB．introduce ways to enjoy yourselvesC．invite guests to service centerD．introduce the service in the hotel50．（12分）Are you an optimist or a pessimist？Optimists always see the good side of things．Pessimists always expect the worst and see the bad side．The optimist says，"The glass is half﹣full．" The pessimist says，"The glass is half﹣empty．" Dr．Seligman is a scientist whose studies show that optimists are（1）than pessimists．Pessimists suffer from depression （抑郁症）more often than optimists do．Dr．Seligman studied a group of men who had heart attacks．After eight years，most of the optimistic men were still alive，while most of the pessimistic men had （2）another heart attack．Dr．Seligman also says that optimists are more successful．Sportsmen，politicians，and businessmen who have optimistic views of the world tend to （趋于）succeed．Here's the good news：Everyone can learn to be more optimistic．The main way is to （3）the way you talk to yourself．When something bad happens to pessimists，they believe it will affect their whole lives．When something bad happens to optimists，they see it as just one event．They also believe that they can solve the problem，so it won't happen again．Here's a（n）（4）：An optimist and a pessimist take a math test．They are both good students，but both of them fail this test．The pessimist thinks，"I'm probably going to fail every test．I'm never going to learn math．It's too difficult for me．（5）will like me because I'm a terrible student．" The optimist thinks，"It was only one test．I'm a smart student．I know I can do much better next time．" Be kinder to yourself．Be more（6）．Always see the glass as half﹣full!（1）A．happier B．healthier C．smarter D．younger（2）A．got rid of B．worried about C．died from D．waited for （3）A．change B．lose C．choose D．find（4）A．saying B．subject C．experiment D．example（5）A．Everybody B．Anybody C．Somebody D．Nobody（6）A．thankful B．useful C．hopeful D．careful 51．（14分）Liyuan LibraryLiyuan Library （篱苑书屋），known as one of China's most beautiful bookstores，is located in a small hillside village near Beijing．The project，designed by architect Li Xiaodong，was built with 40，000wooden sticks．In the village，Li found large amounts of wooden sticks piled around each house．The villagers gather these sticks all year round to fuel their cooking stoves （炉子）．Thus they decided to use this （1）o material in a special way．"This project is about the relationship of a building to the surroundings and （2）i role （角色）in serving the community （社区），rather than a building as an individual object，" Li told the visitors．In the two﹣and﹣a ﹣half years of the operation，Liyuan Library has experienced unexpected levels of use and appreciation．A new bus （3）s has opened close by for the frequent visits by thousands of people，including local villagers，tourists from the Beijing urban area，and many international visitors as well．"Everybody is（4）f to visit，" explained Li．"However，visitors are encouraged to bring two books to the library，and take one back home from the collection in order to keep the place a center of （5）k exchange．" Instead of adding a new building in the village，they chose this site in the nearby mountains，a pleasant five﹣minute walk from the village center．In doing so，they could （6）p a place for clear thoughts when one takes the effort to head for the reading room．Li described his practice in the following way："We try to （7）m technology，community，local materials，modern thinking and a traditional sense of identity together．"52．（12分）Like most July days，it was hot．I stepped into a coffee shop to drink a cup of coffee．It was a tiny store with little round tables and chairs．As I entered，I found a very old woman bent over a table near the door．Her back was so badly twisted that her face nearly touched the table﹣top．I sat down facing her two tables away．"Poor woman，" I thought．"What does she get out of life？Why does God let people live so long past their prime（鼎盛时期）？"As I thought，another aged lady entered the shop and sat down with her．Soon the two of them were talking about childhood days．They talked of how little the shop had changed in 70years…In minutes the two of them were trembling （颤抖）with laughter．I looked again at the first woman，then in the mirror on a nearby wall，catching a picture of myself．I was wearing a dirty shirt．She was well dressed in white，gold rings on her fingers．I was in low spirits．She was laughing，smiling．I was putting the pieces of my life together．She had millions of wonderful memories to recall．She was old but it wasn't hurting her．As I left the shop，I thought of my foolish questions about God letting People past their prime．Why，that woman was more alive，more sensitive than I was．Age has not bent her spirit （精神）．（1）The story happened in a coffee shop in July，didn't it？（2）What did the writer think of the first woman when she saw her in the shop？（3）How did the two aged ladies feel when they were talking about their childhood days？（4）What does the underlined sentence "I was putting the pieces of my life together" mean？（5）How did the young writer and the old woman live according to the passage？The old woman lived a life，while the young writer led a life．（6）What did the young writer try to tell us in the story？七、Writing （共20分）53．（20分）Write at least 60words about the topic "My hometown in ten years"．（以"十年后的家乡"为题，写一篇短文，不少于60词，标点符号不占格．）提示：十年后，你希望家乡会有哪些变化？是希望她的交通更为便捷，还是希望她成为一个山清水净的现代化田园？请展开你的想象，围绕一个中心简单描述一下．（注意：文中不得出现任何姓名、校名及其它相关信息，否则不予评分．）2018年上海市青浦区中考英语二模试卷参考答案与试题解析一、Listening Comprehension （听力理解）（共30分）1．（6分）1．略2．略3．略4．略5．略6．略【分析】略【解答】略2．（1分）A．A red sweater．B．A green sweater．C．A white sweater．D．A yellow sweater．【分析】略【解答】略3．（1分）A．America．B．France．C．Japan．D．Italy．【分析】略【解答】略4．（1分）A．By bus．B．By bike．C．On foot．D．By taxi．【分析】略【解答】略5．（1分）A．Cool．B．Warm．C．Hot．D．Cold．【分析】略【解答】略6．（1分）A．Because she wanted to be healthier．B．Because swimming was fun．C．Because skating was difficult to learn．D．Because she lived in Canada．【分析】略【解答】略7．（1分）A．In a cinema．B．In a library．C．In a train．D．In a hospital．【分析】略【解答】略8．（1分）A．He will make a phone call to them．B．He will see the movie with them．C．He has seen the movie before．D．He will not meet Jenny tomorrow．【分析】略【解答】略9．（1分）A．How to use the four skills．B．The easy way of reading and writing．C．How to learn English faster．D．The importance of practicing English．【分析】略【解答】略10．（6分）（1）Betty calls the Helpline because she has a problem with her friend．略（2）If Betty wants to get help，she should tell the Helpline who her friend is．略（3）Betty and her friend are in different schools，and they keep in touch with each other．略（4）This term Betty went to see her friend，but she refused to speak to her．略（5）The Helpline asks Betty to write a letter to her friend，or she will probably feel lonely．略（6）At last Betty manages to get some advice from the Friendship Helpline．略【分析】略【解答】略11．（10分）（1）In Denmark （丹麦），the schools set up by parents have to follow 略略courses （课程）．（2）Some of the schools are called "small schools"，but a school must have at least 略略．（3）Many parents of Cooleenbridge School came from Germany，England and略略of Ireland （爱尔兰）．（4）Cooleenbridge School is also a small school，and it was started略略1986．（5）The teachers of the school think the important thing in school is略not 略．【分析】略【解答】略二、Choose the best answer （选择最恰当的答案）：（共20分）12．（1分）When it rains，it pours．Which is correct for the underlined part？（）A．[e]B．[i：]C．[aɪ] D．[eɪ]【分析】哪一个是划线部分的发音？【解答】划线单词是rain，rain的音标是[reɪn]，因此可知划线部分的音标是[eɪ]，故选：D．13．（1分）The guests are told that the furniture in the flat is designed by ______ owner himself．（）A．the B．an C．a D．/【分析】客人们被告知公寓里的家具是由主人自己设计的．【解答】根据The guests are told that the furniture in the flat is designed by ______ owner himself可知这里特指公寓的主人，这里用定冠词the．故选：A．14．（1分）Zhujiajiao，an old town with a history of hundreds of years，lies ____ the west of Shanghai．（）A．on B．in C．to D．among【分析】朱家角，一个有着几百年历史的古城，位于上海西部．【解答】on在..上面；in在…里面；to 紧挨着，不属于范围内；among在..之中；此题根据语境在上海西部，朱佳娇属于上海的一部分，应该用in，在西部是in the west．B故选：B．15．（1分）The traveler asked ________ some water when he passed Granny Li's house．（）A．by B．for C．with D．of【分析】旅行者经过老奶奶家时要了些水．【解答】根据The traveler asked ________ some water when he passed Granny Li's house．可知旅行者经过老奶奶家时要了些水．这里ask for表示要…故选：B．16．（1分）It is said that having a glass of water first in the morning is good for ________ health．（）A．we B．us C．our D．ours【分析】据说早晨喝一杯水对我们的健康有好处．【解答】根据语境推测句意是"据说早晨喝一杯水对我们的健康有好处．"，设空处后面有名词，所以用形容词性物主代词作定语．故选：C．17．（1分）The teacher told the class that only three students failed the exam，and ________ all passed．（）A．another B．the other C．others D．the others【分析】老师告诉同学们只有三个同学考试不及格，其他人都通过了．【解答】首先明确选项中出现的单词的意思和用法：another"另一个"（三者或三者以上中的另一个）；the other"其他的/两者中的另一个"；others"其他人"（是一个代词）；the others其他人（固定范围之内的其他人）．根据题干结合推测设空处句子的句意是"老师告诉同学们只有三个同学考试不及格，其他人都通过了．"，此处指的是固定范围内的其他人．故选：D．18．（1分）Mrs．Black wants to make some pizza，so she asks her husband to buy some ________．（）A．apple B．butter C．egg D．potato【分析】布莱克太太想做一些披萨，所以她要求他的丈夫买一些黄油．【解答】首先明确选项中每个单词意思，A：苹果（可数名词）；B：黄油（不可数名词）；C：鸡蛋（可数名词）；D：土豆（可数名词）；根据题干结合Mrs．Black wants to make some pizza推测设空处句子的句意是"布莱克太太想做一些披萨，所以她要求他的丈夫买一些黄油．"，由于some后面跟不可数名词或可数名词复数形式，所以句子中缺少" 黄油"一词．故选：B．19．（1分）The farmer looks ________，and he even agrees to show the visitors around his private garden．（）A．happily B．nicely C．friendly D．gently【分析】那个农民看上去很友好，他甚至同意带游客们参观他的私人花园．【解答】首先明确选项中每个单词意思，A：高兴地（副词）；B：漂亮地（副词）；C：友好的（形容词）；D：温柔地（形容词）；根据题干结合推测设空处句子的句意是"那个农民看上去很友好，他甚至同意带游客们参观他的私人花园．"，由此判断句子中缺少" 友好的"一词．故选：C．20．（1分）After being rebuilt，the open﹣air museum became ________ attractivethan before．（）A．many B．more C．much D．most【分析】重建后，露天博物馆变得比以前更吸引人了．【解答】根据After being rebuilt，the open﹣air museum became ________ attractive than before，可知这里than用于比较级，而attractive比较级需要加more．故选：B．21．（1分）We ________ touch or take pictures of these exhibits （展品），for it's against the rules．（）A．wouldn't B．needn't C．mustn't D．may not【分析】我们不可以触摸展品或者是给那些展品拍照，因为这是违反规则的．【解答】结合选项可知本题考查情态动词，首先明确选项中每个单词的意思：A 将不会；B：不必；C：不可以；D：可能不；结合题干推测句意是"我们不可以触摸展品或者是给那些展品拍照，因为这是违反规则的．"，所以mustn't 符合句意，故选：C．22．（1分）Mark ________ very hard in the university and was made Chairman of the Students' Union．（）A．studied B．studies C．will study D．are studying【分析】马克在大学里学习很努力而且被选为学生会的主席．【解答】根据句意"马克在大学里学习很努力而且被选为学生会的主席．"以及后半句"was made Chairman of the Students' Union．"可知要用一般过去时．A是一般过去，B是一般现在时，C是一般将来时．D是现在进行时．故选：A．23．（1分）The volunteers ________ a lot of waste bottles on the beach by the end of the tourism festival．（）A．will collect B．have collectedC．was collecting D．had collected【分析】旅游节结束时，志愿者们在海滩上收集了大量的废瓶子．【解答】根据句意"旅游节结束时，志愿者们在海滩上收集了大量的废瓶子．"以及句中的时间状语by the end of the tourism festival 可知要用过去完成时．A一般将来时．B是现在完成时．C是过去进行时．D是过去完成时．故选：D．24．（1分）The old couple ________ not to trust any strangers when they were cheated last time．（）A．are told B．would be toldC．were told D．will be told【分析】当这对老夫妇上次被骗时，他们被告知不要相信任何陌生人．【解答】根据时间状语为when they were cheated last time．故确定主句的时态为一般过去时态，主语the old couple是谓语动词tell的承受者二者形成被动关系，故确定为被动语态，故主句的谓语动词为一般过去时态的被动语态，其结构为was/were+过去分词，couple表示"一对夫妻"时，它若用作主语，谓语动词用复数，故填入were told．故选：C．25．（1分）To save time，many airlines now allow passengers ________ their boarding passes online．（）A．to print B．printing C．print D．printed【分析】为了节省时间，许多航空公司现在允许乘客在网上打印登机牌．【解答】根据To save time，many airlines now allow passengers ________ their boarding passes online．可知句子考查allow sb to do sth表示允许某人做某事．故选：A．26．（1分）Since it's your first visit to Britain，you'd better ____ something about theBritish culture．（）A．learn B．learning C．learned D．to learn【分析】因为这是你第一次来英国，你最好了解一下英国文化．【解答】根据you'd better ____ something about the British culture，可知这里考查had better do sth表示最好做某事．故选：A．27．（1分）The kids have never been to such a wonderful amusement park before，______？（）A．don't they B．do they C．haven't they D．have they【分析】孩子们从来没有去过这么好的游乐园，是吗？【解答】根据句意"孩子们从来没有去过这么好的游乐园，是吗？"可知，要用一般现在时，需要添加助动词have，前面有never，是否定句，后面要用肯定形式．故选：D．28．（1分）Your mother will be happier ________ you can help with the housework when you have time．（）A．if B．until C．where D．unless【分析】如果你有时间的话帮助做家务，你的母亲会更高兴的．【解答】if如果；until直到；where在哪里；unless除非；此题根据句意"如果你有时间的话帮助做家务，你的母亲会更高兴的．"如果是if，引导条件状语从句；故选：A．29．（1分）The road sign shows us ________．（）A．how can we get to the International Meeting CenterB．which road leads to the International Meeting CenterC．where is the International Meeting CenterD．what can we do in the International Meeting Center【分析】这个路标向我们表明哪条路是通向国际会议中心的．【解答】根据问句，可知是含有宾语从句的复合句，宾语从句要用陈述语序，故可排除ACD．故选：B．30．（1分）﹣I think we should raise some money for charity．﹣________（）A．What a pity! B．I'm sorry．C．What a surprise! D．That's a good idea．【分析】我认为我们应该为慈善事业筹集一些钱．这是个好主意．【解答】考查情境对话．A．What a pity!真遗憾．B．I'm sorry．对不起；C．What a surprise!太令人惊讶了．D．That's a good idea．这是个好主意．根据题干I think we should raise some money for charity．可知应说这是个好主意．故选：D．31．（1分）﹣Do you know when the next train leaves for Beijing？﹣________（）A．No，thanks．B．Neither do I．C．I'm not quite sure．D．That's terrible!【分析】你知道下一班开往北京的火车什么时候开吗？我不太确定．【解答】考查情境对话．A．No，thanks．不，谢谢；B．Neither do I．我也是；C．I'm not quite sure．我不太确定．D．That's terrible那太糟糕了．根据题干Do you know when the next train leaves for Beijing？可知应说我不太确定．故选：C．三、Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used once（将下列单词或词组填入空格．每空格限填一词，每词只能填一次）（共8分）32．（4分）A．kindnessB．hurtC．a huge bag ofD．as well as E．on the first dayIn a small village，the parents of a little boy were very worried about him because of his bad temper （脾气）．The boy used to get angry very easily and（1）B others with his words．While he forgot what he spoke in anger，his friends and neighbours avoided him．His mother and father tried many ways to make him give up his anger and develop （2）A．Unfortunately，all their attempts failed．Finally，the boy's father came up with an idea．One day，his father gave him （3）C nails，asking him to hammer one nail to the fence every time he lost his temper．The little boy found it funny and accepted what his father had said．His anger drove him to hammer 30nails into the fence （4）E! Over the next few days，the little boy found it very difficult to hammer the nails into the fence and decided to control his temper．【分析】这是一篇人生感悟类阅读，主要介绍一个小男孩的父母很担心他的坏脾气，尝试各种方法让他改变．但是都失败了．后来他父亲让他每发一次脾气就在篱笆上定个钉子．后来小男孩发现很难把钉子钉进篱笆，于是决定控制他的脾气．【解答】1．B．考查动词．句意"这个男孩过去很容易生气，用他的话_别人．"．根据下一句While he forgot what he spoke in anger，his friends and neighbours avoided him．当他忘记了他愤怒的话语时，他的朋友和邻居避开了他．及所给单词，可知，应该是"伤害"．used to do sth过去常常做某事．用动词原形hurt．选B．2．A．考查名词．句意"他的母亲和父亲尝试了很多方法来让他发泄怒气，发展__．"．根据所给单词，可知，父母当然是希望他"善良"．填名词kindness．选A．3．C．考查搭配．句意"一天，他父亲给了他___钉子，叫他每次发脾气时都要把钉子钉在篱笆上．"．根据所给单词可知，应该是"一大包"．a huge bag of修饰名词复数nails钉子．选C．4．E．考查介词短语．句意"他的怒火驱使他第__在篱笆上钉了30颗钉子．"．根据下一句Over the next few days在接下来的几天．及所给单词，可知，应该是on the first day"第一天"．选E．33．（4分）A．pull out B．immediately C．when D．one of E．the sameGradually，the number of nails hammered into the fence was reduced and the day arrived （1）C he hammered none!Now，his father told him to remove the nails every day as he had controlled his anger．Several days passed and the boy was able to （2）A most of the nails from the fence．The father appreciated him and asked him pointing to （3）D the holes，"What do you see there？"The boy replied，"A hole in the fence!"He told the boy，"The nails were your bad temper and they were hammered into people．You can remove the nails but still see the holes in the fence．The fence never looks （4）E! It has scares （伤疤）all over! Your bad temper and anger were like that! Use words for good．Use them to show your heart!"【分析】这是一篇人生感悟类阅读，主要介绍父亲让儿子每次能控制自己的脾气时，就从篱笆上拔下一个钉子．并告诉他，钉子就是坏脾气，篱笆就是别人．你的坏脾气会伤害到别人．因此我们应该用好的语言进行表达．【解答】1．C．考查连词．句意"渐渐地，敲进栅栏的钉子的数量减少了，并且没有钉子被敲进栅栏的这一天到来了．"．根据所给单词，可知，这里用when 引导时间状语从句．选C．2．A．考查动词短语．句意"几天过去了，男孩能从篱笆上__大部分钉子．"．根据所给单词，可知，应该是"拔出"．不定式to后用动词原形pull．选A．3．D．考查搭配．句意"父亲感激他，指着__洞问他："你看到了什么？""．根据下一句The boy replied，"A hole in the fence!"男孩回答说："篱笆上有个洞！"．及所给单词，可知，应该是"其中之一"．one of"…之一"．后跟名词复数．选D．4．E．考查搭配．句意"篱笆看起来绝不__"．根据上一句You can remove the nails but still see the holes in the fence你可以去掉钉子，但仍能看到篱笆上的洞．可知，受过伤，肯定与之前不相同，应该是the same相同．选E．四、Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms （用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子．每空格限填一词）：（共8分）34．（1分）Aunt Petty could hardly believe her good luck when the lost necklace was found．（lucky）【分析】当丢失的项链被发现时，佩蒂姨妈简直不敢相信她的好运．【解答】根据该空处在句中作宾语，故填入名词，所给词lucky为形容词意为"幸运的"，其对应的名词为luck"运气"，为不可数名词只有单数形式．故答案为：luck．35．（1分）If you are interested in French history，you may read these books．（France）【分析】如果你对法国历史感兴趣，你可以读这些书．【解答】根据该空处在句中作定语修饰名词history，故填入形容词，所给词France 为名词意为"法国"，其对应的形容词为French"法国的"．故答案为：French．36．（1分）My brother and I decided to buy a special gift for grandma's seventieth birthday．（seventy）【分析】我和哥哥决定为奶奶的第七十岁生日买一件特别的礼物．【解答】根据所给词seventy为基数词后跟可数名词复数，结合空格后为birthday，可知表达七十岁的生日，即第七十个生日，故填入seventy对应的序数词seventieth"第七十"．故答案为：seventieth．37．（1分）Mr．Tailor and his assistants decided to give up the test because of the changeable weather．（change）【分析】由于天气多变，Tailor先生和他的助手决定放弃考试．【解答】根据Mr．Tailor and his assistants decided to give up the test because of the ﹣﹣weather．（change）可知这里放在名词前面用形容词形式．故填changeable．38．（1分）The arrival of the football team made the fans become even more excited．（arrive）【分析】足球队的到来使球迷们更加兴奋．【解答】根据The﹣﹣of the football team made the fans become even more excited．（arrive）可知这里放在the和of之间用名词形式．故填arrival．39．（1分）Nowadays more and more young people are eager to go aboard to further their studies．（far）【分析】现在越来越多的年轻人渴望出国深造．【解答】根据Nowadays more and more young people are eager to go aboard to﹣﹣their studies．（far）可知现在越来越多的年轻人渴望出国深造．这里further their studies表示出国深造．故填further．40．（1分）It is impossible for a little boy to finish such a difficult task without any help．（possible）【分析】一个小男孩不可能在没有任何帮助的情况下完成这样一项艰巨的任务．【解答】根据to finish such a difficult task without any help，可以判断对一个小男孩来说是不可能的，这里用impossible．故填impossible．41．（1分）They worked in the lab for a whole week and finally solved the technical problem．（final）【分析】他们在实验室里工作了整整一个星期，终于解决了技术问题．【解答】根据They worked in the lab for a whole week and﹣﹣solved the technical problem．（final）可知这里修饰动词用副词形式．。
2018年上海市徐汇区高考英语二模试卷
A. alarming B. properties C. revealed D. invasive E. rescue F. instrumental G. households H. document I. concerned J. amateur K. initiatives
【解答】
（1）despite，考查介词，根据句意“一款关于旅行青蛙的免费手机游戏在中国风靡一时，尽管它只用日语。”
（2）so that，考查固定搭配，根据句意“玩家收集在青蛙花园中生长的三叶草，这样他们就可以用它们来购买青蛙旅行的补给。”用so that引导目的状语从句。
（3）downloaded，考查过去分词，download和games是被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。
（4）where，考查非限制性定语从句，先行词为social media，在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。
（5）it，考查代词，不定式作真正主语，用it作形式主语。
（6）adding，考查现在分词，China Daily和add为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语，表示“补充说”。
Traveling Frog Stimulates Reflection
A free mobile game about a traveling frog has become a hit in China,（1）______ being available only in Japanese.
上海普陀高三英语近3年二模阅读理解AB篇分析
FY20普陀二模备考阅读理解AB篇分析课程主题FY20普陀近3年二模阅读理解AB篇分析学习目标1、把握普陀区过往考试动向；2、明确本次二模阅读AB篇专题备考方向及重点教学内容普陀区2016年二模Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)West End Theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre in London, or sometimes more specifically for shows staged in the large theatres of London’s “Theatre land”. Along with New York’s Broa dway theatre, west end theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of theatre in the English speaking world, seeing a west end show is a common tourist activity in London.Total attendances broke the 12 million in 2002, and in may and June 2005,the times reported that this record might be broken in 2005,factors behind high ticket sales in the first in the first half of 2005 included new hit musicals such as billy Elliot, the producers and Mary Poppins and the high number of film stars appearing, since the late 1990s there has been an increase in the number of American actors on the London stage.London’s main theatre district is located in the heart of the west end of the city centre. renowned theatre streets include Drury Lane, Shaftesbury avenue, and the strand. This area contain approximately forty large theatre and is often referred to Theatre land. The works stagedare mainly musical, classic or plays, and comedy performances.Most of the theatres in “theatre land” are late Victorian of E dwardian, and they are privately owned. Most of them have their own characteristics with a splendid past. On the other hand, present audience will find them not comfortable as the leg room of the seat is often cramped (people were smaller a hundred years ago) and audience facilities such as bars and restrooms are often much smaller than those in modem theatres, the protected status of the buildings and their confined urban locations, combined with financial limit, mean that it is very difficult to make through improvements to the level of comfort offered. In2004,it was estimated that an investment of $250million was required for modernization, andthe theatre owners failed to request a lower tax to help them meet the costs.66. which of the following statements does not describe west end theatre right?A. West End Theatre refers to the professional theatre in LondonB. West End Theatre is not of the famous theatres in LondonC. West End Theatre also refers to the plays in the theatre land in LondonD. Seeing West End theatre show is a must for tourists to London67. What might not be the reason for the increasing ticket sale?A. West End Theatre often stages best musicals.B. West End Theatre has attracted quite a number of film stars.C. Theatre land is located in the heart of the West End.D. The facilities of traditional theatres have been improved.68. What is the word cramped in the last paragraph mean?A. LimitedB. SmallC. ComfortableD. Spacious69. Which can you not infer from the passage?A. Broadway theatre also reflects the high level of theatre in the English-speaking world.B. West End theatre came into existence around 100years ago.C. West End theatre used to belong to Queen Victoria and King Edward.D. The theatre owners did not succeed in persuading government to reduce their tax to rebuild the theatres.66-69 DACD四选一题型考查的能力是：（1）从语篇中获取事实信息的能力；（2）根据上下文理解词句意义的能力；（3）理解和归纳语篇主旨大意的能力；（4）推测语篇隐含意义的能力。
【英语写作】高考英语满分作文全解全析(标准范文1篇+满分范例8篇)2018上海卷
2018上海卷一、真题展示假如你是明启中学高三学生卢平，校英文报向高三学生征文，题目是“My teachers”，你想要投稿，内容必须包括：1. 请你将认识的老师进行分类；2. 具体描述每一类老师的牲。
二、真题解析本篇书面表达属于主题作文，要求对认识的老师进行分类，并具体描述每一类老师的特征。
乍一看，“My teachers”仿佛是从初中就开始涉及的话题，会有一定的亲切感，但细细分析，同学们会发现今年英语作文的难度，不管是在文章形式还是文章内容上，都有了大幅的难度提升。
从形式上而言，其虽然属于书信体，但脱离了同学们惯常所见的各种夹叙夹议类文体，其设定更加偏向说明文。
开头如何阐述？主体部分是否以对比形式呈现？最后又该如何收尾？这些都会对学生造成困惑。
从内容上而言，“My teachers”看似简单，但其对学生的要求实则不低。
首先，将teachers 具体分为几类，每类该如何命名和定义，其次，分类之后又该如何进行细节阐述。
对于一个观察能力或归纳总结能力欠缺的学生而言，题目的要求必然令人手足无措。
但本文的选材属于校园生活，这一话题一直是考查的重点，贴近学生生活实际，让学生有话可说。
题目中已经给出了内容要点，所以可以根据要点分段并进行适当扩充，以使行文连贯，有血有肉。
另外，文章词数在题中没有明确的要求，所以请参考一般高考写作的要求。
本文的标题是“My teachers”，所以应该用第一人称，而且本文是介绍自己身边的老师，所以主体时态为一般现在时。
三、写作小贴士1、词数没有明确要求，但应该有所控制。
2、文章要覆盖所有内容要点，并适当延伸。
3、对于教师的分类一定要明确，不可含糊其词，杂糅交替。
4、对于细节的阐述，一定要充分有条理。
5、对于分类阐述完成之后，一定要有自己的选择和之后的主题升华，将整篇文章的高度进行拔高，工体现观察之外的思考。
四、标准范文My teachersIn our school teachers are classified into two types. One type is teachers who know all the things. The other is teachers who focus on their own subject.Mr. Li is our history teacher. He can answer all the questions about different dynasties clearly. He often tells amusing anecdotes of ancient emperors which are of great fun. We all like this type of teachers.We also appreciate the second type of teachers. They are experts in some fields. But it’s better to combine theories and practice.I will remember all the teachers who teach me knowledge and make me laugh.译文在我们学校，老师可以分成两种，一种是全知全能的老师，另外一种是专注于自己科目的老师。
2018年上海市静安区高考英语二模试卷
How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasure﹣sensing chemical named dopamine．It causes the brain（3）________（pursue）that reward again and again strengthening the connection each time﹣especially when it gets the right hint from your environment．
2018年上海市静安区高考英语二模试卷
II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions： After reading the passage below， fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word， till in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blanks， use one word that best fits each blank.
To start with what is（3）______ in many people’s lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic（不稳定的）rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive species to（4）______ the coffee plant and beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee output.
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高考文章分析（10) Vocabulary Learning:1.initial最初的[ɪ'nɪʃəl]2.follow-up investigation后续的调查3.replicate复制['replɪkeɪt]4.properly合适地，恰当地5.arrive at firm conclusions得到有力的结论6.animal model动物模型7.reproduce promising drug targets完成有前途的药物指标生产8.academic 学术机构boratory实验室[ləˈbɒrətrɪ]10.calls for要求11.attempt to尝试做12.peer-reviewed studies同行评审研究13.valid有效的14.take a concerted effort齐心协力15.stakeholder利益相关者[ˈsteɪkhəʊldə(r)]16.fix this problem解决这个问题17.reliable可靠的18.efficient效率高的19.collaborative合作的[kə'læbəretɪv]20.registration注册，登记[redʒɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n]21.statistical tool数据工具22.along with和23.replicate experiment复制实验24.replicate their result复制结果25.look down on轻视，看不起26.waste resource浪费资源27.false lead错误的引导28.obstacle障碍['ɒbstək(ə)l]29.the inaccessibility of data数据的可用性30.extremely difficult非常困难31.Investigator调查者puter crash电脑死机33.online links malfunction网络连接失灵34.be confronted about面对35.journals日报，杂志['dʒɜːn(ə)l]36.adopt measure采取措施37.checklists清单38.funding agency基金机构39.outline their plan概述他们的计划40.receive a government grant得到政府授权41.revise the present incentive(激励) structure修改目前的激励结构[ɪn'sentɪv]42.put into use投入使用43.be devoted to致力于44.mankind人类45.target population目标人群46.unoriginal非原先的，非原创的47.nonreplicable findings不可复制的发现48.highlight强调，突出长难句分析：①The growing recognition（that something has gone wrong in the laboratory）has led to calls for,主语同位语谓语宾语（as one might guess）, more research on research — attempts to find rules to ensure that 插入语peer-reviewed studies are,（in fact）, valid.插入语句子主干：The growing recognition has led to calls for more research on research②Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has（too often in the past ）been主语谓语（has been looked down on) looked down on (with a kind of “me-too” derision嘲笑) that would waste resources — but often they may help avoid false leads( that would have been even more wasteful).定语修饰leads(1)Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.(2)The problem is not just what happens after publication — scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research — attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.(3)It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can doso by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies.(4)Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too” derision(嘲笑) that would waste resources — but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost — even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious(伪造的) results, eaten by termites(白蚁).(5)There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.(6)But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant (“positive”) but nonreplicable results. Revising the present incentive(激励) structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions.Reparagraph the whole passage and summarize each paragraph63.What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?（细节）A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.64.Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2?（细节）A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctor’s advice.C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.D. A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.65.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（推断）A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.D. Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings.66.The purpose of this article is to ___________.（主旨）A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiencyB. explain the result of a recent scientific studyC. introduce some recent progress in medical researchD. highlight the possible problems of research studies词汇巩固（英译中）Vocabulary Learning:1.initial2.follow-up investigation3.replicate(复制)4.properly5.arrive at firm conclusions.6.animal model7.reproduce promising drug targets8.academic institutionboratory10.calls for,11.attempt to12.peer-reviewed studies13.valid14.take a concerted effort15.stakeholder16.fix this problem.17.reliable18.efficient19.collaborative20.registration21.statistical tool22.along with23.replicate experiment24.replicate their result25.look down on26.waste resource27.false lead28.obstacle29.the inaccessibility of data30.extremely difficult.31.Investigatorputer crash33.online links malfunction34.be confronted about36.adopt measure37.checklists38.funding agency39.outline their plan40.receive a government grant.41.revise the present incentive(激励) structure42.put into use43.be devoted to44.mankind45.target population.46.unoriginal47.nonreplicable findings.48.highlight词汇巩固（中译英）Vocabulary Learning:1.最初的2.后续的调查3.复制4.合适地，恰当地5.得到有力的结论6.动物模型7.完成有前途的药物指标生产8.学术机构9.实验室10.要求11.尝试做12.peer-reviewed studies同行评审研究13.有效的14.齐心协力15.利益相关者16.解决这个问题17.可靠的18.效率高的19.collaborative合作的20.注册，登记21.数据工具22.和23.复制实验24.复制结果25.轻视，看不起26.浪费资源27.错误的引导29.数据的可用性30.非常困难31.调查者32.电脑死机33.网络连接失灵34.面对35.日报，杂志36.采取措施37.清单38.基金机构39.概述他们的计划40.得到政府授权41.revise the present incentive(激励) structure修改目前的激励结构42.投入使用43.致力于44.人类45.目标人群46.非原先的，非原创的47.不可复制的发现48.强调，突出。