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英文原文

Mining subsidence caused by mining environmental disasters

Keywords: land reclamation of mining subsidence ；subsidence control

Large-scale exploitation of coal mine and its surrounding environment has resulted in serious damage to an increasingly prominent mining subsidence mining environmental disasters caused by land subsidence or mainly water, agricultural production or no production, road collapse, deformation and damage, such as housing, which are is a mining-induced rock movement, is caused by mining subsidence and regional disasters, the source of deformation, the effective control and reduce the degree of ground subsidence is the root of the problem to resolve this way. With the improved form of coal, have increased the Group's control environment and governance, the cause of the coal is reactive in that will benefit future generations.

1. Subsidence means of control techniques

Subsidence damage control measures will be considered in two ways; (1) the control of mining subsidence, that is, through the rational choice of mining methods and technology, rational arrangement of mining face, take underground filling law, separation of overlying strata with measures such as space filling to reduce surface subsidence, control the speed and extent of surface subsidence, to protect surface and ground built structures with the purpose of arable land. (2) mining subsidence damage restoration and remediation, the use of land reclamation technology and building anti-mining deformation technology, mining subsidence damage remediation and use of land.

1.1.1 All backfill mining

In the coal after mining has yet to take off before the roof with a solid material to be dense goaf filling, so that only yields a small amount of roof rock sinking in order to reduce surface subsidence and deformation of the ground to protect the building, structure or purpose of farmland . Which is the filling of water and sediment filling in the mining method to reduce the effect of surface preparation methods subsidence, followed by the wind and filling away from the filling of waste. However, filling mining method of filling the need for specialized equipment and facilities, but also the need for adequate filling material. Initial investment of mine, and tons of coal a corresponding increase in cost.

1.1.2 strip mining

Based on coal and overlying strata combination of conditions, according to a certain ratio of mining to remain in the coal seam was mined in a recovery to retain one. As a result

of strip mining is only part of the underground mining of coal resources, coal in order to retain a portion of coal overlying strata cylindrical support. Thereby reducing the overburden rock movement, control the movement and deformation of the surface to achieve on the ground to build structures of protection. However, the methods of the low rate of recovery, tunnel boring, and inefficient working.

1.1.3 Filling the cover rock band separation

Mined-out area in accordance with the top of the cover rock band mobile form a three-shift characteristics of the rock, in coal mining after a certain time interval, with drilling to the separation of space with high-pressure grouting, filling, reinforced with separation of space, will be mining the reinforced masonry beam structure for better stability of the continuous beam structures, so that separation of space with the sink is no longer transfer to the surface in order to reduce or mitigate surface subsidence, the protection of ground built structures or farmland. However, the technical difficulty, and then further study.

1.1.4 Mining thick limit

According to the mining area topography, hydro-geological conditions and building the capacity of anti-deformation structures in order to not produce the surface water and to meet the requirements of the protection of buildings based on grades to determine the thickness of coal seam can be mined, mining is only the thickness of the coal mining, none of the remaining coal mining, in order to achieve reduction in the protection of ground subsidence building, structures and land use. However, the low rate of recovery techniques, only the application of thin coal seam a certain value.

1.1.5 Coordination of the exploitation of

Slice mining thick coal seam, the rational design of the exploitation of the working face spacing, location and exploitation of the order of each other, so that a coal mining (face) surface deformation generated by coal and the exploitation of another (face) surface deformation arising from mutual offset or partially offset to reduce the mining of surface deformation caused by the protection of ground built structures. However, the technology's fault in order to maintain a certain distance, it is difficult to organize production. China has yet to carry out such industrial experiment.

1.1.6 "Picking - Note - adopted" three-step extraction

Take full advantage of the structure of overburden rock strata movement of the control, application of the principle of load replacement for small strip mining - the consolidation grouting filling goaf - strip mining the remaining three-step extraction method, effective mobility and the surface of the rock subsidence control, to solve the large-scale exploitation of ground subsidence control, increased the rate of coal mining, the protection of the ground built structures, but there are complex processes, such as the shortcomings of higher cost.

II. Land Reclamation Technology