非谓语动词之动词的-ed形式

词法：非谓语动词之动词的－ed形式

1.动词的-ed形式的结构特征

动词的-ed形式，又称过去分词，通常是动词原形后加-ed构成的，但也有不规则的形式（详细参阅词法之动词）。动词的-ed形式仍保留着动词的许多特征，因此在句中可以有自己的状语和逻辑主语，带双宾语的及物动词构成的动词的-ed 形式还可以有自己的宾语，其否定形式是在其前加not。

Given enough care , the children can cooperate better .（带有自己的宾语）如果给予足够的关心，孩子们会合作得更好。Greatly encouraged , we made up our mind to carry on the hard work .（带有自己的状语）

2.动词的-ed形式的语法功能

动词的-ed形式既有副词的特征也有动词的特征，在句中可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等成分。（1）作表语

动词的-ed形式作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。

①状态性动词的-ed形式作表语

The shops have remained shut for a week .

All the people present were already seated , waiting for the conference to open .

All of us were moved to tears at the sorrowful story .

②形容词性的动词的-ed形式作表语

作表语的动词的-ed形式表示事物的性质，这些词往往被视为形容词，可以用very进行修饰（详细参阅词法之形容词）。Most of middle school students are interested in pop stars and NBAstar players .

I was very surprised to see little Jimmy run so fast in the game .

N：有些表示位置移动的不及物动词的-ed形式也可作表语。

Spring is gone and summer is come .

The sun is already set .

（2）作定语

动词的-ed形式作定语有的置于被修饰词的前面，有的置于被修饰词的后面。

①置于被修饰词的前面

单个的-ed形式作定语往往置于被修饰词的前面，通常为及物动词的-ed形式，表示被动和完成意义。

We only sell used books in our bookstore .

She is wearing an excited expression today .

今天她脸上一直带着兴奋的表情。

The lost time can never be found again .

N：少数表示位置移动和状态改变的不及物动词的-ed形式也可作前置定语，但不表示被动，只表示完成。

the changed situation 改变了的形势 a retired teacher 退休的教师 the fallen leaves 落叶

a returned overseas Chinese 归国的华侨 a developed country 发达国家

②置于被修饰词的后面

单个动词的-ed形式作定语时偶尔也可置于被修饰词的后面，但大多数作后置定语的动词的-ed形式是短语形式，此时它更具有动词的某些性质，常起逻辑谓语的作用，在句法上相当于定语从句。

Things seen are mightier than things heard .

眼见为实，耳听为虚。

The story written by a middle school student is popular in schools .（相当于The story which was written by a middle school student is popular in schools .）

C：有些动词的-ed形式可作前置定语，也可作后置定语，有的意义相同，但大多数意义不同。

All the broken windows have been repaired . = All the windows broken have been repaired .

所有坏了的窗户都已经修理好了。

We've collected a large quantity of used books .

You should put all the books used at hand and the others in order on the shelf .

③特殊的动词的-ed形式作前置定语

有些经常不单独用作定语的动词的-ed形式，在加上前缀un-或与某些副词、名词和形容词构成复合语后，可作前置定语。有些名词，特别是当其前面有修饰语时，可加-ed形式构成复合形容词作定语。

untold sufferings 说不尽的痛若newly laid eggs 刚下的鸡蛋deep-set eyes 深陷的眼睛unfinished work 没完成的工作

kind-hearted people 心地善良的人warm-hearted people 热心肠的人cold-blooded animals 冷血动物a blue-eyed girl 蓝眼睛的姑娘short-sighted students 近视眼的学生a white-haired woman 一位白发妇女a three-legged table 三条腿的桌子a fifteen-storeyed building 十五层的大楼

（3）作补足语

动词的-ed形式可作表语补足语，也可作主语补足语。

①作宾语补足语

作宾语补足语的动词的-ed形式多来自及物动词，说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语一起构成复合宾语。此时它前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语。

If you want to make yourself respected , you are above all to respect others .

I found myself lost and couldn't sense the right direction .

I would prefer all the difficulties in the books marked .

N：在have,get两个动词后，可用动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语，表示特殊的含义。

I am going to have/get all the letters mailed .（自己寄或找人寄）

I must go to town to have/get my DELLcomputer repaired .（找人修理）

I had my bike broken on half way home .（遭受某种不愉快或不幸，此时只能用have不能用get .）

②作主语补足语

把作宾语补足语的句子改为被动句，原来的宾语补足语便随之变为主语补足语。

The boy was found lost and couldn't find his way back .

Almost no student is seen punished in this school .

（4）作状语

动词的-ed形式在句中作状语，它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。

①时间状语

作时间状语的动词的-ed形式可置于句首，也可置于句尾，有时也置于主语和谓语之间。

Asked about his family , he made no answer .

He asked about his family , made no answer ,

He made no answer , asked about his family .

当被问到有关他的家庭情况时，他没有回答。

Lost in the forest , you should first of all remain where you are , waiting for help to come .

②原因状语

表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首，偶尔也置于句尾或句中。

Seriously injured ,he had to be taken to hospital .

The child learns fast well brought up by his parents .

③条件状语

表示条件的状语常位于句首。

United , we stand ; divided , we fall .

联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。

Seen in the distance , the village looks more beautiful .

Given more time and money , we would have done the work better .

④伴随或方式状语

这种状语可位于句首、句中或句尾。

The hunter walked slowly in the forest , followed by his wolf dog .

Followed by his wolf dog , the hunter walked slowly in the forest .

The hunter,followed by his wolf dog , walked slowly in the forest .

猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一条狼狗。

N：根据需要，-ed形式前面也可加上when,while,until,once,though,although,as long as , so long as,unless,as if,as though,even if;even though 等词。As后不能跟-ed形式。在before,after,without等词后必须用being done结构形式。

When asked about his family , he made no answer .

Unless invited , I won't attend the get-together .

The boy left the playhouse without being seen .

Before being called , remain where you are .