建筑学外文翻译—博物馆建筑的节能

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博物馆ecotect节能分析

博物馆建筑节能分析背景中国建筑的能耗主要是居住建筑和公共建筑。

而在公共建筑中博物馆的能耗水平相对来说是较高的。

究其原因主要是多数博物馆内的展品和藏品具有重大的历史意义和社会意义，其储藏和展览都对周围的环境有较高的要求（包括温度、湿度、防潮、防水、光照等）。

因此博物馆的维护结构的保温隔热要求应根据室内温湿度要求、当地室外气象的计算参数以及是否设置采暖、通风、空气调节等设备的具体情况合理确定。

意义通过节能软件Ecotect Analysis对建筑设计阶段就进行建筑太阳辐射得失热、房间温度变化；日照和外窗的遮阳分析及典型房间的采光模拟分析，从而更好的完善自己的设计方案，更加省时省力的设计出更好的（在满足功能要求的前提下）建筑。

降低建筑能耗，改善我们生活的环境，为社会的发展贡献一份力量！分析对象：本人在大三下半学期的建筑课程设计作业——砚台博物馆。

内容1、模拟在冬至日、春秋分、夏至日各典型日期内的室内逐时温度、逐时得失热及建筑全年能耗情况，评价围护结构的保温水平，分析并提出合理的改善建议；热环境分析春分室内逐时温度秋分室内逐时温度冬至日室内逐时温度夏至日逐时得失热秋分逐时得失热冬至日逐时得失热一些特殊房间的室内温度变化：珍品库冬至日房间温度变化珍品库夏至日房间温度变化收藏温湿度变化较敏感珍品库房应设置空调调节设备。

设置空调调节设备的藏品库房，冬季温度不应低于10摄氏度，夏季温度不应高于26摄氏度，相对湿度应保持基本稳定，并根据藏品材质类型确定参数。

未设空气调节设备的藏品系统，相对温度不应大于70%，并宜控制昼夜间的相对湿度差不大于5%。

贯彻恒湿变温的原则。

报告厅冬至日房间温度变化报告厅夏至日房间温度变化全年能耗图总结：从各典型日期的房间的得失热、逐时温度变化和全年能耗表中可知：建筑在夏季的制冷能耗特别大，而在冬季的采暖能耗的相对较少。

一方面是因为杭州地区的夏季气温较高，太阳辐射得热多，而冬季也没有特别冷，一般温度都在0度以上；另一方面是建筑的维护结构材料的保温隔热性能差。

高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

高效节能建筑技术的研究与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the development of human society, buildings, as an integral part of human life, consume more and more energy. At the same time, due to the increasingly serious problems of global warming and environmental pollution, energy conservation and emission reduction has become an urgent problem to be solved in the current construction field. To achieve sustainable development, the construction industry must adopt energy-efficient building technologies that minimize energy consumption and pollution. This article will discuss the research and application of energy-efficient building technologies.1. Research and application of building insulation technologyBuilding insulation technology is one of the important means of building energy saving. In winter, building insulation technology can reduce the loss of indoor heat, increase the indoor temperature, and reduce the consumption of heating energy. In summer, building insulation technology can reduce the entry of outdoor heat, lower the indoor temperature, and reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning. The research and application of building insulation technology can be realized by optimizing building materials, designing building structures, and improving the external environment of buildings. For example, the use of thermal insulation materials can improve the thermal insulation performance of buildings, and improving the external environment of buildings can reduce the impact of heat on buildings in summer.2. Research and application of architectural lighting technologyBuilding daylighting technology is another important means of energy saving. By adopting a reasonable lighting system, the use of natural light can be maximized and the use of artificial lighting can be reduced. At the same time, the daylighting system can also improve indoor air quality and increase living comfort. The research and application of architectural lighting technology can be realized by optimizing architectural design, adopting efficient lighting system, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, in the architectural design process, windows and skylights can be properly arranged to maximize the use of natural light and reduce the use of artificial lighting.3. Research and application of building solar energy utilization technologySolar energy is a clean and renewable energy, and building solar energy utilization technology is one of the important means of building energy conservation. By adopting technologies such as solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar air conditioners, solar energy can be converted into electricity or heat, reducing the dependence of buildings on traditional energy sources. The research and application of building solar energy utilization technology can be realized by optimizing building design, selecting suitable solar energy utilization technology, and improving solar energy utilization efficiency. For example, in architectural design, the orientation and inclination angle of solar panels can be reasonably set to maximize the use of solar energy.4. Research and application of building water-saving technologyBuilding water saving technology is an important part of building energy saving. In modern cities, the problem of water shortage is becoming more and more prominent. Building water-saving technology can reduce the demand for water resources in buildings and protect water resources. The research and application of building water-saving technology can be realized by optimizing building design, adopting water-saving equipment, and improving the surrounding environment of buildings. For example, water-saving devices such as low-flow faucets and water-saving toilets can reduce the building's water demand.5. Research and application of building intelligent technologyBuilding intelligent technology is an emerging field of building energy conservation. By adopting intelligent systems, buildings can realize automatic control, maximize the use of energy and reduce energy waste. The research and application of building intelligent technology can be realized by designing intelligent systems, adopting intelligent equipment, and improving the management of intelligent systems. For example, in the design of intelligent building systems, the automatic control of environmental parameters such as indoor temperature, humidity, and light can be realized to achieve the maximum utilization of energy.6. Research and Application of Building Ecological TechnologyBuilding ecological technology is another important means of building energy saving. By adopting green building materials, building greening, recycling and other technologies, the impact of buildings on the environment can be reduced, and the harmonious coexistence of buildings and the environment can be realized. The research and application of building ecological technology can be realized by choosing green building materials, building greening design, and realizing building recycling. For example, degradable materials can be used in architectural design to realize the recycling of building materials and reduce the impact on the environment.To sum up, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving building technologies is an important direction for future building development. By adopting various means such as energy-saving technology, solar energy utilization technology, water-saving technology, intelligent technology and ecological technology, it is possible to achieve building energy conservation, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, reduce demand for water resources, maximize energy use, reduce The impact on the environment, to achieve the harmonious coexistence of architecture and the environment. This can not only reduce building operating costs and improve building quality, but also make positive contributions to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development. Therefore, the research and application of high-efficiency and energy-saving technologies for buildings should be valued and promoted.随着人类社会的发展，建筑作为人类生活中不可或缺的一部分，对于能源的消耗也越来越多。

外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性

外文翻译--浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性中文3886字附录附录A 外文翻译Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening PublicBuilding Energy Efficiency And Energy Saving DesignAbstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, China's building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to "seek Yang, Innovation, and big" building energy consumption and become a "black hole." Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and the rational use of energy and resource conservation fundamentally ease the contradiction between supply of energy resources and economic and social development, improve people's quality of life. Building energy efficiency design which is also a very important part. This paper focuses on the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings and how the implementation of building energy efficiency in building design are described, and made some personal advice.Keywords：Public buildings Building energy efficiency Building energy efficiency design Importance1IntroductionOur country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of the country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 17~18 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. Withthe gradual advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the world's second largest energy consumer. Some public buildings are often used as a symbol of the modern city, but due to the special nature of its structure and purpose, and often also public buildings energy-hungry, energy-saving potential of such buildings urgently mining. Second, strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings. 2Strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings2.1The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social developmentWith the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The total energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, China's total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain. Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large public buildings as "seeking ocean, Innovation, and big", the pursuit of facade effect, a large area with glass walls, winter cold, summer heat, must resort to air conditioning adjust the room temperature, so that the air conditioning energy consumption than the general construction of such buildings to be three times higher. According to the survey, China has about 500 million of large public buildings, power consumption 70~300⋅kW years for residential 8~15 times. China's large public building ⋅2h/menergy consumption per square meter in the 10~20 times that of ordinary residential buildings, public buildings, including many large energy government offices, commercial buildings in the course of its heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and other aspects of consumption construction accounts for about 30% of the country's total energy consumption. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public building energy efficiency is imperative.2.2To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environmentWith the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society,comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of people's work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature has become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, China's vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the same latitude, the winter of the world's coldest countries in the same latitude, the average January temperature Northeast than other regions of the same latitude average low 15~20 ℃, the Huang-Huai basin low 10~15℃, south of the Yangtze low 6~10℃, southern coastal also low 5℃; summer is on the same latitude in the world average warmest countries (except the desert), the average temperature in July northeast than other regions of the same latitude the average high 4℃, North high 2.5℃, the Yangtze River is high 1.5 ~ 2℃. Therefore, hot summer and cold winter, long plagued the nation. More to improve people's lives, the more unbearable winter heat toss, heating in winter to the summer to cool, which consumes energy. Initial investigation found that summer air conditioning power consumption is a major factor in recent years, increasing in civilian electricity. The energy consumption of public buildings is to become the "black hole", air-conditioning systems in public buildings energy consumption of buildings accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing year by year. From a macro perspective, only to achieve the conservation and rational use of energy resources in order to meet people's need for a comfortable thermal environment. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings energy- delay.2.3Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targetsChina's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to reduce by about 20% during the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10%. "Twelve Five-Year" Plan also proposed that "five" period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 8%, ammonia, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 10%. With the rapid development of urbanization, heating and air conditioning building energy increasing, the rapid growth of emissions of pollutants into theatmosphere. China's carbon dioxide emissions have been accounted for second in the world, while building carbon dioxide emissions can be caused also accounted for using the country's total emissions of carbon dioxide can cause 1/4. In a period of time, this situation still exists, energy saving long way to go.2.4The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advancesOn the one hand, increasing as the country's energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings have undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy efficient equipment and insulation pipes. On the other hand, the emergence of new energy-saving materials also contributed to the continuous development and create technology. Construction-related industries, such as design, construction and other sectors have to adjust the technical structure, create better meet people's needs energy-efficient buildings. 3The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency design Building energy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implementation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating system efficiency, strengthening building energy systems operation and management, use of renewable energy, to ensure the quality of indoor thermal environment, reduce the number of heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating, lighting, hot water supply energy consumption. Building energy efficiency design is a comprehensive building energy efficiency is a very important part, is to enhance energy efficiency in buildings first gate.3.1The overall energy-saving design and the external environment3.1.1Reasonable sitingConstruction site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering.Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained throughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.3.1.2Rational design of the external environmentAfter building address is determined, according to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.3.1.3Reasonable planning and program designReasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the overall body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, serve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation of the building is very important. On the layout, you can create different pressure through the sunny side and the shady side of the building, ventilation can be formed even in no wind. Forming a tunnel in the body design of the building, so that the natural wind in which the roundabout, get good ventilation, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation. Sunshine principles and towards the choice is to get enough sunlight in winter and avoid the dominant wind, summer can take advantage of natural ventilation and minimize solar radiation. However, the orientation towards the construction program and the design of the building is often constrained by social history, culture, topography, urban planning, roads, environmental conditions, in order to make towards the building while meeting the summer heat and winter insulation is often difficult. Therefore, only trade-offs between various factors, to find a balance, try to be reasonable.3.2Energy-saving design monomers3.2.1Energy-saving structural design of various parts of the buildingEnergy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the function, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exteriorclimate conditions, to save energy and improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.(1)Energy-saving design for roofThe roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the main energy saving measures: ①the use of sloping roof; ②Set roof insulation layer; ③If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).(2)Energy-saving design for floor layerThe main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduce the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wallIn addition to energy-saving design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows designAccording to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefore, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detailEnergy-saving design detail, the overall energy efficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: ①thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the "bridge" measure; ②the external walls and overhangs member attached to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation measures; ③window around the walls should be insulated; ④doors, window frames and wall the gap between the insulation material should be used efficiently caulking; ⑤the gap doors, window frames and plaster layers around, should adopt caulking sealant insulation materials and seal the interface ofdifferent materials to avoid cracking, impact doors, thermal performance windows; ⑥all-glass curtain wall, the gap walls, floor or between beams and walls should be filled with insulation material.3.2.2Rational design of building spaceReasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reasonable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.3.2.3Selection of energy-saving building materialsAn important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selected to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achieve a better insulation moisture effects; new translucent insulating glass (such as Low-E glass, etc.) in windows applications, played a better aluminum with adjustable visor to shade the purpose; translucent insulation.4ConclusionIn recent years, a series of national regulations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings have a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made certain achievements. However, with China's energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant, far more than other civil difficulty saving. The reason for the policy on both factors, there are also reasons for funding. But I think the key is thinking and understanding is not in place, as long as the profound understanding of the importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency, we will be able to achieve our energy efficiency goals.From:Theoretical Studies Of Urban Construction浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性摘要：近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，城市化进程的不断加快，我国建筑能耗占社会能耗的比重也在快速增长，每年增加一个百分点以上，而其中，不少大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”而成为建筑能耗的“黑洞”。

既有建筑节能改造和对策研究04-外文翻译

外文翻译1外文原文出处：Silvia Banfi,Mehdi Farsi,Massimo Filippini,Martin Jakob,Willingness to pay forenergy-saving measures in residential buildings,Energy Economics,Volume30,Issue2, March2008.愿意为节能措施买单由于大多数工业化国家处在温带地区，所以在瑞士，建筑能耗在全社会能源中占有很大比例。

因此提高建筑领域的能源利用效率对全国总能耗，为实现二氧化碳排放目标起到重要影响。

一座建筑的整体能源效率主要是通过建筑维护结构的保温性能和空气交换系统实现，以此来提高能源更有效的利用率。

这些措施产生了两种好处。

首先它减少了建筑能源能耗的成本。

其次，它们具备舒适的感受，改善了室内的空气质量，增强了热舒适性和阻隔外界噪声的能力。

在瑞士，虽然建筑能耗相关的装修存在比较长的周期，但是建筑业节能措施的实施率仍然很低。

每年只有1%到2%的既有建筑的围护结构有进行维护或改造。

在这种情况下，也只有30%到50%的改造措施是包括保温性能的，其可减少50%到70%的能源消耗。

只有很小的一部分是通过提高能源效率的方式彻底挖掘保温性节能的潜力。

后者措施制定的建筑满足Minergie要求。

瑞士联邦政府和州政府通过补贴或降低利率的方式支持既有建筑改造或者新建建筑达到Minergie要求。

然而，相对只有较少的房屋构造达到（5%到10%新住宅和不到5%新公寓楼），除此之外几乎没有任何装修是达到Minergie规定的。

在最近的一项研究中，奥特等人（2005年）确定了法律和社会因素，以及市场的结构性障碍，缺乏节能意识是作为瑞士住宅建筑节能系统使用率低情况可能的解释。

为了确定有效的政策措施，吸引更多的在建筑物能源效率的投资，至关重要的要有详细的信息，因为它是业主投资决策和支付投资的重要因素。

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献

绿色建筑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译外文文献：Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building InTaiwanGreen Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment1. IntroductionThe environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current watershortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concludedthat water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently beena critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in T aiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmentalimpact on the earth.2. Water conservation indexThe water conservation index is the ratio of the actualquantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consu mption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.2.1. Goal of using the water conservation indexAlthough Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recen t improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanesepeople have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure ofwater and thus save water resources.2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resourcesSome construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipmentA research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply deviceThe rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simplewater-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water systemIntermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate watersystem device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. Thereare extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.4. Method for assessing the recycling of rainSystems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwaterThe designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].4.3. Case study and analysisFollowing the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediatewater for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, whilethe out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yielddifferent results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment.The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.5. Green building label and policy“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Build ing in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.5.1. Principles of evaluationGreen Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate construction.(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system use d in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in T aiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction waste”.Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basicevaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level is sues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction envir onment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to a ward Green Building design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].5.2. Water conservation measureThis paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs areencouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in T aiwan.A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.6. ConclusionThis paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in T aiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.译文：台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。

可持续建筑中的材料循环利用与资源节约(英文中文双语版优质文档)

可持续建筑中的材料循环利用与资源节约（英文中文双语版优质文档）Material recycling and resource conservation play an important role in sustainable construction. They can significantly reduce the negative impact of the construction industry on the environment and contribute to sustainable development. Below we explore the background, principles, and practice of these concepts.1. BackgroundSustainable architecture refers to buildings that reduce the impact on the environment and resources as much as possible in the whole process of building design, construction, use and demolition, and protect people's health and ecological balance. This concept originated from the environmental protection movement in the 1970s. With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection and the advancement of technology, sustainable buildings have been widely promoted and applied around the world.Material recycling and resource conservation are important components of sustainable architecture. By maximizing the use of original resources, prolonging the life of materials and reducing waste, the purpose of saving resources and protecting the environment is achieved.2. PrinciplesThe principles of material recycling and resource conservation are based on three main ideas: reduce, repeat and recycle.First of all, reducing means reducing the use of construction materials. This can be achieved by using economical, environmentally friendly, durable materials such as ecological bricks, blocks, steel structures, glass, wood, etc. At the same time, through reasonable design and fine construction, waste and unnecessary material loss can be avoided as much as possible.Second, repetition means reusing materials. This can be achieved by removing and reinstalling old building materials. For example, waste concrete can be used to make new concrete, old wood can be used to make furniture or flooring, and old glass can be used to make bottles or other glass products.In the end, recycling means recycling materials. This can be achieved by recycling and reprocessing waste building materials. For example, discarded construction steel can be used to make new steel, and old bricks can be used to make new bricks.3. PracticeIn sustainable construction, the practices of material recycling and resource conservation are varied. Here are a few specific examples:First, through material selection and reasonable design, the use of materials can be minimized. For example, in the design of houses, choosing to use economical and environmentally friendly ecological bricks or blocks, as well as steel or wood with reasonable structure and reliable quality can greatly reduce the amount of materials used, and achieve the purpose of saving resources and protecting the environment.Second, by reusing old building materials, the use of new materials can be reduced, which also reduces the amount of discarded building materials. For example, discarded bricks, wood, glass, etc. can be repurposed to make new building materials, such as making new bricks, wooden furniture or flooring.Thirdly, through the recycling of waste building materials, waste can be greatly reduced, and new business opportunities can also be created for the construction industry. For example, scrap steel can be recycled to make new steel, scrap concrete can be used to make new concrete, and old glass can be used to make bottles or other glass products.Finally, in sustainable architecture, construction companies and designers can also promote material recycling and resource conservation through various means. For example, the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can be promoted to reduce dependence on traditional energy sources while also reducing carbon emissions. In addition, the development of sustainable buildings can also be promoted through means such as building energy conservation and water resource management.In conclusion, material recycling and resource conservation are important components of sustainable architecture. In practice, the construction industry and designers can minimize the impact on the environment and resources and promote sustainable development by means of material selection, reasonable design, reuse and recycling. We believe that more and more people around the world will pay attention to the development of sustainable buildings and commit themselves to promoting the sustainable development of the construction industry.材料循环利用和资源节约在可持续建筑中扮演着重要角色。

西安地区典型博物馆建筑低碳化改造研究

中图分类号: ＴＵ２文献标志码: Ａ文章编号: ２０９６￣９４２２(２０２４)０４￣００５４￣０９
Ｌｏｗ￣ｃａｒｂｏｎＲｅｔｒｏｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｏｆＴｙｐｉｃａｌＭｕｓｅｕｍＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓｉｎＸｉ’ ａｎ:
ＴａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｈａａｎｘｉＨｉｓｔｏｒｙＭｕｓｅｕｍａｓａｎＥｘａｍｐｌｅ
筑寿命按５０年计算ꎬ运行期间的碳排放占比最大ꎬ为
法ꎬ使样本点均匀分布并覆盖整个采样空间ꎬ在很大
的关键ꎮ 本研究采用碳排放因子计算方法ꎮ 碳排放因
略ꎬ能够做到以较小的采样规模获得较高的采样精
７０％~９０％
[９ꎬ１０]
ꎮ 因此ꎬ运行阶段的低碳化是建筑减碳
子表示某一单位材料或燃料排放的ＣＯ２量及其当量ꎬ
的最优均衡设计方案 [６] ꎮ 李诗妍利用ＢＩＭ技术ꎬ通
度、空气流速、湿度、人体新陈代谢率及服装热阻ꎮ 全
楼建筑能耗和舒适性并重的优化方案 [７] ꎮ 余镇雨等
是目前被广泛应用的评价热环境与人体热舒适较为
过基于改进麻雀搜索的多目标算法优化ꎬ得出某教学
人采用ＮＳＧＡ－ＩＩ优化算法ꎬ 并使得ＭＡＴＬＡＢ和
ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｓｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍａｌｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｚｉｍｕｔｈａｎｇｌｅｓｆｏｒｓｏｌａｒｐｈｏｔｏｖｏｌｔａｉｃｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎＸｉ’ ａｎ. Ｔｈｅ
ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓꎬ ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅＳｈａａｎｘｉＨｉｓｔｏｒｙＭｕｓｅｕｍｃａｓｅｓｔｕｄｙꎬ ｓｈｏｗａｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｎ
方位角ꎮ 通过陕西历史博物馆的案例研究ꎬ结果显示改造后的博物馆舒适度提升了１４３％ꎬ

建筑节能技术的推广与应用(英文中文双语版优质文档)

建筑节能技术的推广与应用（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous aggravation of global climate change, energy and environmental issues have become the focus of attention. The construction industry is a major industry that consumes global energy. How to reduce building energy consumption and impact on the environment has become a key issue facing the global construction industry. In this context, building energy-saving technology has been widely concerned and applied.1. The development history of building energy-saving technologyThe development of building energy-saving technology can be traced back to the 1970s, when, due to the impact of the energy crisis, people began to pay attention to energy-saving issues. Since then, building energy-saving technology has gradually developed, and after decades of development, important progress has been made. The development of building energy-saving technology can be divided into the following stages:1. The first stage: 1970s to 1980sFrom the 1970s to the 1980s, people began to pay attention to building energy conservation. The main energy-saving measures adopted included adding heat insulation layers, installing energy-saving glass, and adopting energy-saving lamps.2. The second stage: 1990s to 2000sFrom the 1990s to the 2000s, building energy efficiency technologies were further developed. In addition to adopting traditional energy-saving measures such as heat insulation and lighting, advanced building energy-saving technologies such as solar energy and ground-source heat pumps have also been introduced.3. The third stage: the 21st centurySince the 21st century, building energy-saving technologies have been further developed and promoted. Governments and enterprises of various countries have begun to adopt more advanced technologies to improve building energy-saving levels, such as the use of high-efficiency heat insulation materials and building integration technologies.2. Application of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technologies have been widely used around the world. Some typical cases are listed below.1. Nordic countriesThe Nordic countries are one of the regions in the world where building energy-saving technologies are widely used. The governments of these countries have very strict requirements on building energy saving, so building energy saving technologies have been widely used in these countries. For example, in countries such as Denmark and Sweden, the government encourages the use of renewable energy and low-carbon materials in the construction industry, while also setting strict energy consumption standards and building codes. These measures promote the sustainable development of the construction industry and at the same time contribute to environmental protection.2. ChinaChina is a big country in the global construction industry, and building energy-saving technologies have been widely used in China. For example, in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, the government has implemented building energy conservation standards, requiring new buildings to meet certain energy consumption standards. At the same time, China is also promoting new building energy-saving materials and technologies, such as the use of new heat insulation materials and integrated building design, to improve the level of building energy conservation.3. United StatesThe United States is also one of the important application countries of building energy-saving technology. The US government has invested a lot of money and manpower in the promotion of energy-saving technologies, for example, by formulating energy consumption standards and tax incentives to encourage enterprises to adopt energy-saving technologies. In addition, the United States is also researching and developing new building energy-saving technologies, such as using renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy.3. Future development of building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology will face some challenges and opportunities in the future development.1. ChallengeThe main challenges facing building energy efficiency technologies include:(1) Cost issue: At present, many building energy-saving technologies have relatively high costs, and long-term investment is required to obtain returns.(2) Technical issues: Some new building energy-saving technologies are still in the research and development and testing stage, and need to be further improved and promoted.(3) Awareness problem: In some areas, people's awareness of building energy conservation is not strong enough, and publicity and education need to be strengthened.2. OpportunitiesThe future development of building energy-saving technology also faces some opportunities:(1) Policy support: Governments of various countries have higher and higher requirements for building energy efficiency, and policy support has become more and more powerful.(2) Technological progress: new building energy-saving technologies are constantly emerging, and it is expected to achieve more efficient and economical energy-saving effects in the future.(3) Market demand: With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the market demand for building energy-saving technologies will gradually increase.Generally speaking, building energy-saving technology will face challenges and opportunities in the future development. It requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and all parties in society to promote the development of building energy-saving technology and promote the sustainable development of the building industry and environmental protection.随着全球气候变化的不断加剧，能源和环境问题成为了人们关注的焦点。

建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计(英文中文双语版优质文档)

建筑节能技术与绿色建筑设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）In recent years, with the gradual enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, green buildings have become a hot topic in the field of architectural design. Green building design refers to minimizing the adverse impact on the environment in the process of design, construction, use and demolition, and achieving the goals of resource conservation and environmental protection. Building energy-saving technology is the key to realize green buildings. This paper will focus on the relevant content of building energy-saving technology and green building design.1. Building energy-saving technologyBuilding energy-saving technology refers to the use of various measures to minimize building energy consumption in the process of building design, construction and use, so as to achieve the purpose of saving energy and reducing consumption.1. Design stageDuring the building design phase, energy savings can be achieved by adopting the following measures:(1) Choose appropriate building facade design to reduce building energy consumption.(2) Choose suitable materials, such as solar panels, energy-saving glass and other materials.(3) Adopt energy-saving building models, such as building thermodynamic models, computer simulation models, etc., to predict and analyze building energy usage and improve building energy efficiency.2. Construction phaseDuring the building construction phase, the following measures can be adopted to achieve energy saving:(1) Adopt green construction materials, such as environmentally friendly cement, building ceramics and other materials.(2) Adopt advanced energy-saving construction technology, such as energy-saving lighting system, energy-saving air-conditioning system, etc.3. Phase of useDuring the building use phase, the following measures can be adopted to achieve energy saving:(1) Adopt energy-saving home appliances, such as LED lights, energy-saving refrigerators, etc.(2) Adopt renewable energy such as solar energy and wind energy to realize self-sufficiency of the building.(3) The thermal insulation performance and lighting performance of buildings also need to be well maintained to reduce energy consumption.4. Demolition phaseDuring the building demolition stage, environmental protection demolition technology should be adopted to reduce the impact on the environment.2. Green building designThe core of green building design is to achieve the maximum protection of the environment and the economical use of resources. The following is the relevant content of green building design:1. Utilization of renewable energyGreen building design emphasizes the use of renewable energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, etc. to achieve building self-sufficiency. In the design stage, factors such as building orientation and lighting can be considered to make full use of solar energy and reduce dependence on traditional energy sources. For example, solar panels are installed on the roof of the building to generate electricity through solar energy to provide electricity for the building.2. Selection of green building materialsGreen building design focuses on the selection of green and environmentally friendly building materials, such as wood made from renewable resources, environmentally friendly cement, etc. These green building materials can reduce environmental pollution during production, use and dismantling.3. Conservation and utilization of water resourcesGreen building design also emphasizes the conservation of water resources. In the design stage, water resources can be reused by setting up rainwater collection systems and irrigation systems. In the use stage, low-flow faucets, water-saving devices and other equipment can also be used to reduce water consumption.4. Guarantee of air qualityGreen building design focuses on ensuring indoor air quality to improve living comfort and health. The release of harmful substances such as formaldehyde can be reduced to ensure indoor air quality by adopting low-VOC paints, indoor air purifiers and other measures.5. Garbage sortingGreen building design also pays attention to the sorting of waste to reduce environmental pollution. The installation of garbage sorting facilities can be considered at the design stage, and residents can be guided to sort garbage during the use phase.3. SummaryBuilding energy-saving technology and green building design are the key to sustainable development. By adopting various energy-saving measures and green building design schemes in the process of building design, construction, use and demolition, the adverse impact on the environment can be minimized and the goals of resource conservation and environmental protection can be achieved. We need to actively promote the concept of green buildings in the process of building design and use, and jointly contribute to the realization of sustainable development.近年来，随着人们环保意识的逐渐增强，绿色建筑已成为建筑设计领域的热门话题。

建筑节能中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译现代办公建筑发展新趋势绿色决定价值个性赢得市场进入二十一世纪后，美国人做过一项统计，发现美国税收来源的83.5%来自于写字楼，而不是工厂。

中国的比例估计还没那么高，但同样，写字楼已经不再像二十世纪工业文明时代那样，仅仅是工厂的管理附属，仅仅是企业的接待站，仅仅是管理者的门面，而真正成为了财富的聚集地。

因为写字楼性质的这一种根本性变化，写字楼开发，自然也越来越关注使用者，尤其是创造最大价值的员工本身的舒适、健康、个性化需求，能否激发使用者的灵感，进行更有效率的脑力创造，成为衡量新时代写字楼的主要标准。

现代办公建筑开发，因而出现了以下一些新的趋势。

生态办公：绿色决定价值好几年前，IBM就因为环境因素从中关村搬了出去，因为IBM的全球写字楼都要遵循22摄氏度的办公温度标准，用养热带鱼的标准养人、养设备，而中关村达不到这个要求。

大企业的挑剔显示了现代写字楼的最大特征———生态办公成为一种趋势，最贵的楼不再是最高的楼，而是环境最好、最舒适的楼。

当然，生态办公不仅意味着小环境的绿色舒适，还意味着针对大环境的节能环保，既让员工快乐工作，提高效率，更能节省使用费用，让老板快乐赚钱。

高层生态写字楼对于依赖市中心商务圈的高层写字楼而言，大环境无法选择，小环境的生态环保还是有很多作为的。

比如，通过薄板楼体、外遮阳设备、呼吸幕墙、隔热玻璃、新型空调、立体绿化等方式，来营造生态写字楼。

外遮阳设备在国外的高档写字楼中应用非常广泛，像英国的诺丁汉国内税务中心，就采用轻质遮阳板和自动控制的遮阳百叶，使整组建筑既能充分利用白天的自然光，有可以有效地遮挡室外的直射光线，避免室内炫光。

国内的高档写字楼，也开始慢慢采用外遮阳设备，如北京顶级写字楼新保利大厦，则在大楼的西侧和南侧采用了竖向石材遮阳百页，按照北京的四季光照设置最佳角度，确保夏天最大的遮阳效果和冬天最佳的日照效果。

墙体的保温隔热是建筑节能的重要部分，在现代办公建筑中，比一般幕墙更为保温、通风的可呼吸幕墙和LOW—E玻璃等带有特殊功能的玻璃成为首选。

建筑节能外墙保温技术及节能材料毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

建筑节能外墙保温技术及节能材料毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述外墙保温技术及节能材料中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述文献翻译On the external wall insulation technology and energy saving materials[ Abstract ] as the energy conservation and protect environment requirements of the continuous improvement, building maintenance structure heat preservation technology is also increasing, especially in exterior wall insulation technology has made great progress, and become an important building energy saving technology. At present, the building is often used in external wall insulation are mainly within the insulation, insulation and other methods, according to the development of new technologies, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to really implement building energy conservation.[ Key words ] external wall insulation building materials energy-saving building Building energy saving is the implementation of the national environmental protection and energy conservation policy is the main content, it is to carry out the sustainable development of the national economy important component. The national Ministry of construction in1995 promulgated the" rules for the implementation of city building energy saving" and other documents, the" energy conservation design standard for residential buildings ' partial '" JGJ26-95as a mandatory standard, at the same time, the Ministry of construction and was released in October 1, 2000seventy-sixthcalled" regulation of civil building energy saving", do not conform to the standard of energy saving project, shall not approved for construction.In such a series of energy-saving policies, regulations, standards and mandatory guidance, China's energy-saving housing construction work unceasingly thorough, continuously improve the energy efficiency standards, the introduction of the development of many new energy-saving technology and materials, vigorously promote the use of residential buildings. But our country's current level of building energy conservation, but also far lower than developed countries, China's building energy consumption per unit area is still a climate similar to the developed countries 3times to 5 times. Construction energy conservation is China's construction industry is an important task.One, external wall thermal insulation technologyEnergy saving thermal insulation wall construction technology mainly divided into exterior wall internal insulation and exterior wall insulation in two categories.1internal insulation technology and its characteristics. Within the external wall insulation construction, in the exterior wall structure with internal heat insulation layer. Thermal insulation in the construction speed is fast, convenient and flexible operation, can ensure the construction progress. Internal insulation application time is long, the technology is mature, construction technology and inspection standard is perfect. In 2001the construction of external wall insulation in about 90% of the engineering application of internal insulation technology. To be popularized in large area of internal insulation technology : reinforced gypsum composite polystyrene insulation board,polymer mortar composite polystyrene insulation board, reinforced cement composite polystyrene insulation panels, interior wall decoration with polystyrene board plastering gypsum and wipe with particles of polystyrene insulation slurry and anti-crack mortar is pressed into the mesh approach.But the internal insulation will occupy the area of use," bridge" is not easy to solve, easy to crack, but also affects the construction speed, influence dweller decoration two, and the inner wall hanging and fixing it easy to break the internal insulation structure. Internal insulation technology of irrationality, it would be replaced by external insulation.2external insulation technology and its characteristics. External insulation is currently promoting a building energy-saving insulation technology. The outer and inner thermal insulation, reasonable technology, has its obvious advantages, the use of the same specification, the same size and insulation material, insulation than the inner heat preservation effect is good. External thermal insulation technology applies not only to new construction, also apply to the transformation of old buildings, applicable to a wide range, with high technical content; external insulation package in the main structure of the lateral, to protect the main structure, prolongs the service life of buildings; effectively reduces the thermal bridges in building construction, increase the construction of effective space; while eliminating condensation, improve the living comfort.(1) external external thermal insulation external insulation materials of rock ( ore) cotton, glass cottonMat, polystyrene foam board ( referred to as polystyrene board, EPS, XPS ), ceramisite concrete composite polystyrene insulation board, stone decorative wire mesh frame sandwichwallboard. The polystyrene board has excellent physical properties and cheap cost, already all over the world within the external wall insulation plug technology is widely used in. The plug-in technology is the use of adhesive mortar or special fasteners, thermal insulation material affixed hanging on the wall, then wipe the anti-cracking mortar, press glass fiber grid cloth to form a protective layer, finally combined with decorative surface. This type of external insulation installation is time-consuming, difficult construction, and the construction period to be occupied dominant, main body after the inspection to construction. In the high-rise construction, the safety of construction personnel is not easy to be guaranteed.(2) polystyrene plate wall of a casting moldingThe technique is in the concrete frame shear wall system the polyphenyl board built in building templates, in the gating of the wall outside, then pouring the concrete, concrete and polystyrene board in a casting molding for composite wall. The technology to solve the external insulation problems, its advantage is very obvious. Because the outer wall body with insulation layer of a survival, efficiency, significantly shortening the construction period, and the construction personnel safety assured. But when construction in winter, polystyrene board insulation effect, can reduce the peripheral wall heat preservation measures. But in the concrete to uniform, continuous casting, or because the concrete lateral pressure effect will cause the polystyrene board in Chaimo after deformation and staggered stubble, affect the order of the construction.All kinds of insulation technology and advantages1, expanded polystyrene board and thin plastering and reinforced by glass fiber approach and advantagesIt is currently in use in our country most one kind of external insulation wall, wherein the polystyrene board in the primary wall fixed in one of three ways:1) by bonding mortar fixed;2) using a mechanical fixture fixed;3) more than two kinds of fixed combination. This approach has the following advantages:1) because it is in Europe and the United States have been in use for nearly thirty years, in the United States have built high up to 44 layers, therefore. This technology already formed a system, the bonding layer, heat-insulating layer and facing layer supporting the use, more mature technical documents;2) due to the expanded polystyrene insulation materials, the price is very expensive, so that the whole system of moderate price. Convenient user acceptance;3) no complex construction technology, construction unit after a brief training, can grasp the essentials for construction, technology promotion;4) it set insulation, waterproofing and decoration function in a body, has the advantages of multiple functions;5) the whole system has good weatherability, good waterproof and water vapor permeability;6) a variety of color and texture of thesurface coating for selection, and the entire system supporting the use of. At present. This approach in Beijing, Northeast China and other places has been widely applied, Beijing Yu Garden, Wolong garden, the Ministry of construction of C eight, C ten buildings transformation and many other engineering, have adopted this approach. However, due to expansion polystyrene against termites, termite in areas not available; due to the construction of environmental temperature of 4 degrees, not suitable for winter construction.In 2, the extruded polystyrene for external thermal insulation wallExtruded polystyrene is in recent years developed a new type of thermal insulation material. At present, extruded polystyrene and the tea layer wall fixed mode mainly adopts mechanical fasteners. The material has the advantages that:1) extruded polystyrene with dense surface and inner layer of the obturator structure. Its thermal conductivity is much lower than the same thickness of expanded polystyrene, therefore has a better thermal insulation properties of expanded polystyrene. In the same building, its thickness can be less than other types of insulation material;2) due to the inner layer of the [ knife hole structure. So it has good humidity resistance, in the humid environment, can keep good thermal insulation properties;3) suitable for cold insulation on the special requirements of the building, and can also be used for exterior wall facing material for brick or stone building,4) as a result of extruded polystyrene and the base wall fixing mode of soil using mechanical fastener. In winter the normal construction. At present. In Beijing, the river runs and other regions have to use this material for outer wall external thermal insulation construction, such as the Beijing New Oriental Plaza, Bank of China and other large public buildings. But the extruded polystyrene price is on the high side, thus is suitable for higher grade of the building. The construction technology and node structure needs to be further perfected.The 3single side steel mesh polystyrene board with the exterior wall external insulationThis is developed in recent years, used for cast-in-place concrete construction of external wall insulation system, a kind of liu. It has the following advantages:1) this system in the construction of. The steel mesh polystyrene board is arranged to pouring wall inside an external mold, external insulation boardand the wall a survival, after stripping the insulation board and the wall be made one, thus saving manpower, time and cost of installation;2) selection of steel mesh polystyrene plate, light weight, easy construction;3) construction easy to master. Winter construction of polystyrene board as usual;4) the lateral hanging wire, finishes available tiles. At present, this system is mainly used for cast-in-place concrete, high-rise residential, its construction, installation technology has yet to be further improved.A 4 insulation paste material for exterior wall thermal insulationIn recent years, insulation paste is also beginning to be used in building outer wall heat preservation. The utility model has the advantages of:1) insulation paste adhesive layer, insulating layer and the decorative layer has formed a system, for supporting the use of;2) thermal insulation mortar for exterior wall thermal insulation, the basic wall roughness requirement is not high, easy in the shape of the basal wall construction;3) comparison of the construction process is simple, the operation easy to master;4) some insulation slurry material used in recycling of waste polystyrene granule as aggregate, energy saving, is beneficial to protect environment;5) can be used to repair the wall plastering surface cracks. At present, Beijing has many high-rise building exterior insulation with thermal paste, such as modern literature museum. However, insulation paste exterior wall external insulation node structure, construction process has yet to be further improved.Above a few kinds of external wall thermal insulation technology, due to the adoption of the materials and construction technology are different, so their applicable scope are not the same. In use. Should be according to the design ofconstruction cost, geographic location and other factors to choose.In two, the external wall thermal insulation energy-saving materialsEnergy saving materials belonging to the thermal insulation materials. Insulation material is used for building or thermal equipment, heat transfer impedance material or material complex, including both insulation materials, including cold insulation materials. Insulation material sense, on one hand is to satisfy the architectural space or thermal equipment, thermal environment, on the other hand, in order to save energy. With the worldwide energy shortage, thermal insulation material in energy-saving aspects of the meaning is more and more important. Only the general residents of heating air conditioning, through the use of thermal insulation building materials, which can be the basis of the existing energy-saving 50% ~80%. According to the Japanese energy-saving practice proved, each using1 tons of insulating material, can save coal3 tons / year, the energy-saving efficiency is10 times the cost of production. Thus, in some countries, the thermal insulation material as following coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear power after the fifth big" energy".The 1insulation material performance. Adiabatic, is to maximize heat transfer impedance, so the requirement of adiabatic material must has great thermal resistance and low thermal conductivity.From material composition, organic polymer thermal conductivity than the inorganic non-metallic material; thermal conductivity than the metallic material; gaseous material thermal conductivity less than the liquid material, the liquid material isless than solid. So when conditions permit, should try to use the organic polymer materialsor amorphous inorganic material, which is favorable for heat insulation.From the material structure, as the material is apparent density decreased, the porosity increases, the material inside the pores as a substantially enclosed micro hole, coefficient of heat conductivity of the material is relatively small. For foam products, to meet the requirements of thermal insulation materials and the best apparent density of 16~ 40kg / m3.2 commonly used thermal insulation materials. Can meet the performance requirements for exterior insulation energy-saving materials are: polystyrene foam board ( EPS and XPS ), rock ( ore) cotton board, glass wool felt and super light particles of polystyrene insulation slurry etc.. All of the above materials are a common feature of the materials within a closed hole, their apparent density is small, it is also used as insulation materials required.Rock ( ore) wool and glass wool are sometimes referred to as the mineral cotton, which belongs to the field of inorganic material. Rock wool, not combustion, low price, to meet the heat insulation performance but also has a certain sound insulation effect. But the rock quality varied widely, good thermal insulation properties of low density, the tensile strength is low, poor durability.Three, conclusionAt present our country external wall thermal insulation technology development is very rapid, is the focus of energy conservation. External wall insulation technology and energy-saving materials innovation are inseparable, building energyconservation must be based on the development of new energy-saving materials as the premise, must have sufficient insulation material base. Energy saving materials development must again and external wall thermal insulation technology combined, can truly play its role. It is the result of energy saving material innovation, external wall insulation technology superiority can be taken seriously increasingly by people. So in promoting external wall insulation technology, new energy-saving materials should be developed and utilized, so as to realize building energy saving.Reference.[1] building energy research center of Tsinghua University. Annual report on China building energy efficiency2009[ M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press,2009: 48-57.文献翻译浅谈外墙保温技术及节能材料[摘要]随着对节约能源与保护环境的要求的不断提高,建筑维护结构的保温技术也在日益加强,尤其是外墙保温技术得到了长足的发展,并成为我国一项重要的建筑节能技术。

建筑设计论文外文翻译-(2)

实用文档设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：Discussion on The Planning and Designof Commercial Buildings学生姓名：XXX学号：09******83专业：建筑学所在学院：XX学院指导教师： XX职称：副教授201X年XX月XX日实用文档原文：Discussion on The Planning and Designof Commercial BuildingsAbstract: the commercial building in residential buildings has become, most attract sb.'s attention, the largest building is influenced by the type of energy and landscape of the city planning, design of commercial buildings will face more problems. This paper discusses how to carry on planning and design of commercial buildings, the construction of a rational, reasonable, appropriate business building, so as to create a good social and economic benefits. Keywords: construction planning; commercial buildings; architectural designPrefaceComprehensive is the development trend of modern commercial buildings, architects in the design of commercial buildings and functions are changing, different positioning of planning, business characteristics and local cultural influence commercial building mode, which requires us to continuously improve our project products, create more in line with the business needs of the best plan and design works, and finally let investors and consumers feel a constant value, so that they feel superior combination of spatial continuous operation, let the customer feel shopping pleasure, feel the beauty of life and the world.mercial architectural schemeCommercial buildings are generally large investment, high risk, long cycle, the successful operation of returns, different commercial patterns determine different commercial building form, and commercial pattern is determined and market positioning, the positioning accuracy of the architect, to commercial building various functions, property, facilities should have full understanding and effective organization, and different commercial construction planning ideas to produce commercial architectural design works are different, economic benefits of investment has great difference. Good architectural planning has decided the success or failure of architectural design.1.Market survey of commercial building design must be based on the market survey results. Based on the characteristics and trend of foreign consumption, economic conditions, traffic conditions, the surrounding commercial pattern, city infrastructure, city development planning, full market research business situation, on the project itself, choose format, format portfolio, the distribution of industrial chain and area proportion, industry selection, distribution and area ratio to the shops, division, architectural form, area and the floor function, people oriented system, project environment and supporting facilities are set in advance. Provide design basis for the architect to design.2.Mode demand regardless of commercial building is rental, sale or rental run combination, the most important is to determine the main format, for commercial buildings,different types of decision model is different, its business scale, function flow, and so on are designed by itself to determine, different formats have different functional requirements, and design the use is required by the business decisions rather than the developer to advocate. The lack of directional design basis, the design appears to be universal, but shoot at random. Once the function with the shop owner conflict, the design must be from the beginning. Language planning can increase the early unnecessary cost and later investment difficulty. Therefore, architects should design according to different formats of different architectural space mode analysis and recommendations.3.In commercial buildings in the process of planning, commercial real estate is the key to grasp the global experts and architects. Commercial real estate planner requires multidisciplinary personnel coordination ability of organization, according to the project of regional history and culture characteristic, according to local consumer preferences, in particular, the design project of the overall concept, culture orientation and market orientation is determined. At present, the commercial real estate projects generally organized by developers to overall planning, the investment in the project needs and business management experts, business format store managers and retail marketing planner, planner, communication landscape planners, architects, etc. In the implementation of construction plan, still need to urban planner, computer talented person to participate, to form a complete construction plans. Neither side may be arranged to replace, the architectural design is inclusive and absorbing these opinions, solutions and professional values of materialized labor and can form a complete architectural planning and design.4.Sustainable development and the characteristics of commercial building is a public place, with the development of business, commercial buildings in 5-6 years will be to do a decoration, simple and durable quality, less as far as possible need to repair and maintenance, and at the same time, according to the different project environment and commercial content is flexible to adapt and ultimately the value of investors and consumers are continuous. Complete function, rich forms, and space is varied, characteristic, design must be the contemporary tendency of time again at the same time, in all sorts of culture and the differences between s resonate.mercial building designCommercial building design is for the purpose of the construction project to produce a good and lasting economic benefits, the architect in commercial building design is to realize project to achieve a dynamic model of investment return, is to complete a final acceptance by consumers and continuous use of building products. Prophase planning orientation, investment, operation and management, each situation is very complex, has brought great influence, architecture design is an important link. And architects for commercial architecture design is inclusive and absorbing these opinions, solutions and professional values of materialized labor and can form a complete works of architectural design.(1)Formats combination designThe composition of commercial complex is decided by the business itself industry value chain, what kind of business combination is better for business. Architects should accordingto the preliminary planning and positioning, the first investment, operation and management of the planning scheme, starting from the basic function and practical application of building, clear the relationship between the function, space, environment, in line with The Times to design not only requires a new breath, also requires a reasonable and clear arrangement of the whole space functional requirements, and actively guide the passenger flow, manufacturing flow, different articles require different forms of space and location, reasonable distribution area, the partition of floor paving segmentation and supporting facilities design can avoid all kinds of goods mixed Chen, mixed traffic situation, the architect should create rich, flexible, comply with the appropriate space to contain different aspects of business combination technology needs. Must do to make it a complex, the industrial chain, industrial chain out after the value chain came out, can produce all kinds of benefits.(2)Pattern designPlanning, design of commercial building in different commercial real estate development mode, have completely different results. Rent is not only sales, emphasizing on management and value-added shops, if considering concurrently, also consider the preferences and requirements of the buyer shops. Commercial buildings due to the different requirements for merchants function layout is different, also different brands to the layout of the same forms are different. By the limit of commercial buildings, or different development cycle, or running effect is different. Those who do not conform to the business law of commercial building design, although space modeling is rich, has implied the bad management of hidden trouble. Therefore, meet the demand of merchants, digest the negative influence of all kinds of changes, architects in the design of the flexible space combination, providing different pattern design, to the use of a variety of forms do fully consider function of balance and coordination. Commercial building itself the function of the combination is very complex, for commercial, residential, office each mixed complex project, the process will be more difficult. Commercial and apartment part often deployed in a low-end, office and hotel in the high-end. The advantages of this design can facilitate the building line layout; Low-end flat layer in the core tube location is advantageous to the toilet set up; High-end part of the landscape advantage is more advantageous to project high value products. But in the concrete project, but should also fully consider building itself the vertical transportation efficiency of the impact on business. In the design of architectural plane layout, space efficiency will approach combined with architectural form and structure. For example, many senior project adopted the practice of Angle, when the design according to the economy, it can increase economic returns of about 30%, but in the specific project be careful not to damage to the corner form.(3)The guidance system designStream of people, logistics, decision function layout reasonable guidance system is the key to the success of commercial building design. Make sure people line, logistics, inward and outward, channel form, to make the layout of the commercial function, consumer groups have a wide range of interest and today free time, thus providing rich architectural space, integrating shopping, entertainment, leisure and so on need comprehensive shopping mall is their needs. Rich function as much as possible to meet the requirements of the customers, but also satisfy the buyers (pavement investors, business investors) needs to provide convenient logistics channel. And express more interest in the construction details. And then to createnew business environment. Let the consumer feel the pleasure shopping consumption, feel the beauty of life and the world at the same time, create more economic benefits for store operators.(4)Green building and characteristicGreen building on the one hand can save energy, on the other hand the sustainable of benefits will far outweigh the prophase investment so as to achieve the value of overall implementation, green buildings gives the possibility of ability of sustainable development and alteration, when architects in the design of commercial buildings so there is no need to do best, do it right, and not have to do much more luxurious style reflected is the commercial buildings, stronger in proper. Commercial buildings tend to be the center of the city commercial culture, different cities have different style, therefore, the architects in the use of his style and technique, need deep understanding urban commercial culture characteristics, extract the essence of the regional culture, architectural design make commercial buildings should have cultural features, local feature, more want to highlight the characteristics of the formats, spatial characteristics, cultural characteristics used in commercial buildings, not only can sense the material shell, are showing strong commercial buildings.3.ConclusionModern commercial architecture planning and design major programs, including the investment purpose and the understanding of the business environment for investors, commercial content on the project, the location of the business environment of consumer behavior, commercial buildings, the understanding of the business concept research, commercial building project planning, design process and method of design, for project construction total plane design and auxiliary space design professional design, space form and form design, the project design space and form of management main body,property requirements,facilities and equipment requirements,architectural engineering and construction of the professional requirement.中文译文：浅谈商业建筑规划设计摘要：商业建筑现已成为除居住建筑以外，最引人注目的，对城市活力和景观影响最大的建筑类型，商业建筑规划设计将面临更广泛的问题。

建筑英语翻译

建筑英语翻译篇一：建筑类英文及翻译外文原文出处：Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固摘要：大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。

弱柱，在一个或多个事故中，由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。

这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。

这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。

混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和组件的强度。

比如用建筑物来说明这个策略的可行性。

1、背景的介绍：建筑受地震震动，有可能达到一定程度上的动力失稳，因为从理论上说侧面上有无限的位移。

许多建筑物，然而，在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑，这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图16.1)。

提出了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌，通过补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安全。

维护竖向荷载支撑的能力，来改变水平力稳定临界失稳的机理，重视可能出现微小的侧向位移(见图16.2)。

在过去的经验表明，世界各地的地震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝土框架结构建筑物。

这经常是由于一些无关紧要的漏洞，引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏，比如整根梁、柱子和板。

去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力，易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。

这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施:1、加密上层结构，可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。

2、加密上层结构，可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝，从而阻止对框架结构的影响。

3、底楼，或者地板，可以增加结构新墙。

这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重，这韧性能满足于一层或多层。

然而，所有这些都有困难和干扰。

在美国，这些不寻常的代价换来的是超过一半更有价值的建筑。

绿色建筑术语英文翻译

绿色建筑术语的英文翻译以下是绿色建筑术语的英文翻译：1. 绿色建筑：Green Building2. 节能：Energy Efficiency3. 低碳：Low Carbon4. 可再生能源：Renewable Energy5. 零排放：Zero Emission6. 生态：Ecological7. 可持续发展：Sustainable Development8. 资源高效利用：Resource Efficient Use9. 自然采光：Natural Lighting10. 自然通风：Natural Ventilation11. 绿色材料：Green Materials12. 建筑节能：Building Energy Efficiency13. 建筑能效：Building Energy Performance14. 建筑环境：Built Environment15. 绿色生态设计：Green Ecological Design16. 绿色建筑认证：Green Building Certification17. 生命周期评估：Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)18. 能效标准：Energy Efficiency Standards19. 生态足迹：Ecological Footprint20. 可再生能源系统：Renewable Energy Systems21. 低碳交通：Low Carbon Mobility22. 绿色屋顶：Green Roofs23. 绿色建筑标准：Green Building Standards24. 绿色建筑评价体系：Green Building Evaluation System25. 生态城市：Eco-city26. 节能建筑：Energy-saving Buildings27. 可再生能源利用：Renewable Energy Utilization28. 被动式节能设计：Passive Energy-saving Design29. 能耗监测系统：Energy Monitoring System30. 可再生能源证书：Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)31. 碳足迹：Carbon Footprint32. 节能减排：Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction33. 绿色办公楼：Green Office Buildings34. 绿色工业建筑：Green Industrial Buildings35. 绿色校园：Green Campuses36. 环境友好型建筑：Environmentally Friendly Buildings37. 低影响开发（LID）：Low Impact Development (LID)38. 智能建筑管理系统（BMS）：Intelligent Building Management System (BMS)39. 能效标识制度：Energy Efficiency Labelling Scheme40. 绿色建材市场：Green Building Materials Market41. 绿色建筑补贴政策：Green Building Subsidy Policies42. 可再生能源项目融资：Renewable Energy Project Financing43. 能效审计与咨询服务：Energy Audit and Consulting Services44. 环境影响评估（EIA）：Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)45. 能效标准与标识（ES）：Energy Efficiency Standards and Labelling (ES)46. 能效性能等级（ERP）：Energy Performance Rating (ERP)47. 能效设备认证（EEI）：Energy Efficiency Equipment Identification (EEI) Labeling Scheme。

节能建筑技术的经济性和可行性研究(英文中文双语版优质文档)

节能建筑技术的经济性和可行性研究（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the impact of global climate change becoming more and more obvious, reducing carbon emissions has become one of the common concerns of people. The construction industry accounts for a very large proportion of global energy consumption. Therefore, how to reduce energy consumption and reduce the impact on the environment through the use of energy-saving building technologies has become a key issue facing the construction industry. In this article, we explore the economics and feasibility of energy-efficient building technologies.1. What is energy-saving building technology?Energy-saving building technology refers to the technology that reduces building energy consumption by changing the design and construction methods of buildings. Common energy-saving building technologies include: the use of high-efficiency thermal insulation materials, the use of transparent thermal insulation materials, the optimization of ventilation and natural lighting, and the application of intelligent control systems.2. Advantages of energy-saving building technology1. Energy saving and consumption reductionUsing energy-saving building technology in the design and construction of buildings can effectively reduce the energy consumption of buildings. Energy-saving building technology can reduce the heat loss and cold loss of the building, making the indoor environment more stable and comfortable. Compared with traditional buildings, the adoption of energy-saving building technologies can reduce energy consumption by 30% to 60%.2. Environmental protection and energy savingEnergy-efficient building technologies can reduce the energy consumption of buildings, thereby reducing carbon emissions and other harmful gas emissions. The adoption of energy-saving building technology can better protect the environment and reduce environmental pollution.3. Return on investmentAdoption of energy-efficient building technologies requires a certain investment, but can be rewarded through energy saving and consumption reduction. In long-term operation, through energy saving, energy expenses can be reduced, thereby reducing the operating cost of the building. This is especially important for large construction projects.3. Economic and feasibility study of energy-saving building technology1. Economic AnalysisThe initial investment of adopting energy-saving building technology will be higher than that of traditional buildings, but in the long-term operation, energy-saving building technology can save energy and operating costs, thereby reducing the total cost of the building. Therefore, it is economical to adopt energy-efficient building technologies in the long run.Several studies have shown that while the use of energy-efficient building technologies entails higher investment costs in the early stages of building construction, over the life of the building, the use of energy-efficient building technologies can reduce overall operating costs while contributing more to the environment . For example, in the United States, an office building that incorporates energy-efficient building technologies can save 20% of total energy consumption and operating costs. In China, due to relatively low energy prices and relatively short building lifespans, the return on investment in energy-efficient building technologies takes longer for large construction projects.2. Feasibility analysisThe feasibility of energy-saving building technology depends not only on the economy, but also on whether it can be applied under the existing building standards and market demand. In modern society, more and more countries and regions have introduced building energy consumption standards and policies to encourage the adoption of energy-saving building technologies. For example, in the European Union, all new buildings must comply with the standards of zero-energy buildings, which will greatly promote the promotion and popularization of energy-saving building technologies.At the same time, market demand is also one of the important factors for the feasibility of energy-saving building technology. In the past few years, with the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, more and more people began to pay attention to building energy consumption and environmental protection issues, which made energy-saving building technology receive more attention. Therefore, the adoption of energy-saving building technology can better meet market demand and improve the competitiveness of buildings.4. ConclusionOverall, energy-efficient building technologies offer significant advantages in reducing a building's energy consumption and environmental impact, while also being economical. As the international community pays more attention to environmental protection and energy issues, energy-saving building technologies will be more widely used and promoted. In the future, the construction industry needs to further develop innovative energy-saving building technologies to cope with global climate change and energy issues and achieve sustainable development.随着全球气候变化的影响越来越明显，减少碳排放已经成为了人们普遍的关注点之一。

建筑学外文翻译—绿色建筑在中国需要伟大的推广

建筑学外文翻译—绿色建筑在中国需要伟大的推广课题英文名称Green building in China: Needs great promotion课题中文名称原文：Green building in China: Needs great promotion AbstractResource depletion and environment pollution is a great challenge in the world today. As the main human living environment, building is one of the main contributor of energy consumption and pollution emission, construction industry has become the focus of energy conservation and emission reduction. China has been the world's largest carbon emitter and the world's largest energy consumer country since 2011. To solve these two issues, the promotion of green building (GB) is of great urgency. This article analyzed GB situation and challenges in China, and then pointed out some special requirements of GB. At last, authors put forward some suggestions to promote the development of GB according to current situations in China including: taking measures to enhance awareness of stakeholders, strengthening technology research and communication and establishing codes and regulations.KeywordsGreen building;Building energy consumption;Energy-saving1. Introduction1.1. The concept of green buildingThe concept of GB in China is developed from “Energy-Saving and Land-Saving Residential Building” launched by th e central government in 2004. T o be specific, the GB should be energy-saving, land-saving, water-saving and material-saving, environment-benign and pollution-reducing, summarized as “Four-daving and One-benign”. It is defined in Chinese national standard, Evaluation Standard for Green Building, enacted in 2006 (Ministry of Construction, 2006). The so-called “green”, is not the general meaning of green, but a conc ept or symbol. It stresses people-oriented and puts emphasis on sustainable development and environmental symbiosis to achieve harmonious coexistence among people, nature and building. GB is also known as ecological building, sustainable building, energy-saving building, etc. Its ultimate goal is low consumption and low emission, but the “low” does not mean high-tech or high investment. Actually, GB is a climate adaptative building, which requires adopting appropriate technology as much as possible to reduce energy consumption, meanwhile materials should be recycled and fully localized to achieve the lowest cost of energy and comfort.1.2. Origin of green buildingThe curator of Architecture and Design Library in American National Building Museum, Giessen David, pointed out that the seeds of GB can trace back to a century or more ago. According to this, the birth of British Palace in the first world expo and Galleria Vittorio Emmanuele in Milan in the early 19th century have begun to use passive system such as roof fan and underground air cooling box to regulate indoor temperature. Early at the 20th century, Flatiron Building and New York Times Building in US have designed windows embedded into walls toreduce sunlight. Ecological system and natural environment have already been taken into consideration in early architectural design, which become the buds of green building. Until the 1960s, American architect Paola Soleri combined the two words “ecology” and “building” together, and put forward the new idea of “ecological building” (green buildin g). In 1969, the publication of the book “Design with Nature” by American architect Ian Lennox McHarg, marked the birth of ecological architecture. Through more than half a century, GB has become a new building style that fully integrated energy-saving, building design and environmental-protection from its initial simple mode, and it is more adaptable to current situation of energy shortage, so it is a new trend of building development model.1.3. Global actions to develop green buildingTo create a better environment for developing GB, countries around the world began to formulate relevant standards. The United States enacted the ASHRAE (American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Airconditioning Engineers) standard “En ergy-saving in Design for New Build ing” for the first time in 1975. UK began to create GB standards as early as in 1990(Chegut et al., 2011), and all buildings should satisfy green building criteria from 2008 in Britain (Bulkeley et al., 2011); In 2009, Britain announced Low Carbon Transition Plan, required all new buildings achieving zero-emission from 2016, all new public buildings from 2018, all office buildings from 2019 and all residential finish Smart Meters installation before 2020 (Peters, Fudge, & Sinclair, 2010). Recently, European Union promulgated a more advanced and perfect legal system in energy saving field, which is entitled Building Energy Efficiency Performance Law. The law requires all state or state-use new buildings must be close tozero energy consumption by 2020. From an early start, building energy-saving work had achieved great achievements in some developed countries. In Denmark, Heating area increased by 30% from 1972 to 1985, but the heating energy consumption decreased by 3.18 million tons of standard coal; in America, 43 billion dollars is saved in energy cost and environment management since the first energy-saving standard to 2011 (Danielski, 2012).GB in China started relatively late. In 1996, New Urban Building Energy Efficient Standard System was issued, which is composed by the residential building energy conservation design standard. Residential Building energy conservation Design Standard of Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region was issued in 2001 and was updated in 2003. In September 2004 with the start of Green Building Innovation Award, GB in China stepped into a comprehensive developing stage. In 2006, Evaluation Standard for Green Building was officially promulgated. Evaluation Standards for Green Industrial Building and Evaluation Standards for Green Office Building started in 2009 and 2010, respectively. At present, at least 50% building energy efficiency is achieved in almost all regions of China, unlike some big cities as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin are executing the standards which require energyefficiency must achieve at least 65%, while Beijing is executing the new goal of 75% since “12th Year Plan” (Li and Wang, 2012 and National People's Congress, 2011). However, building industrialization just starts in China, and there is still a great gap comparing with foreign countries.2. Why to develop green building2.1. To reduce CO2 emissionOn 3rd, December 2012, the famous journal “Nature” published an au thoritative scientific research report. According to the report, the global CO2 emission has increased to record 35.6 billion tons in 2012, and the largest carbon emission countries in 2011 are: China (28%), United States (16%), European Union (11%) and India (7%). Among them, emissions of China and India in 2011 increased by 9.9% and 7.5% respectively, while United States and European Union reduced by 1.8% and 1.8% respectively (Nature Climate Chenge, 2013). China has become No.1 CO2 emitter country in the world, surpassing U.S. in 2007 with approximately 8% more emission (IEA, 2011). According to EIA (Energy Information Administration) estimation, CO2emission in United States will be 5.68 billion tons in 2015, but it will be far more than this in China (EIA, 2011). In “12th five-year plan” in China, the carbon emission in 2015 is 7.89 billion tons, which is 2.21 billion tons higher than the United States, if the total energy consumption is more than 4.1 billion tons, the carbon emission gap between China and United States will be more huge. China is in great pressure.The greatly increasing emission further expands the gap between actual emission and the goal to control global warming within 2 °C. To ensure the global warming within 2 °C, the global carbon emission must be deeply cut by 2020 (Huntingford et al., 2012). In China, it has been decided that 17 percent reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for every GDP unit should be achieved by the end of 2015(Yu & Qu, 2013), and 40–45% by 2020 further (Yi, Zou, Guo, Wang, & Wei, 2011).Among all elements, buildings account for around half of primary energy consumption, hence CO2emissions, in the UK and other developed countries (Ratcliffe & Day, 2007). Buildingemission mainly refers to the consumption of resources and greenhouse gases produced from consumption throughout the lifecycle of buildings, so it is closely related to human daily life and work. 50% people may cause carbon-emission by using vehicle, 30% people may be involved in industrial production, but there must be more than 90% or even more people causing endless carbon-emission because of thei r daily life and work. So the “energy-saving” and “low-carbon” in construction are destined to become a hot topic. Study has shown that the global construction industry and its related fields caused 70% of greenhouse effect from the production of building materials to construction and use of buildings, the whole is a huge emitter of greenhouse gases (Zuo, Read, Pullen, & Shi, 2012).2.2. To relieve the energy crisisChina is the world's largest energy consumer now. The global net primary energy consumption grew by 2.5% in 2011, and China alone contributed 71% of global energy consumption increment. In 2011, global coal consumption increased by 5.4%, China accounted for 69%. The total primary energy consumption in China has been more than that in the United States in 2011 (Global, 2012). With the fast development, more energy will be consumed in China. Butthe coal-dominant energy structure in China is difficult to change in a short time, and now the coal production has exceeded the scientific capacity. In the future it is difficult to satisfy the needs even all the fossial energy were gathered in the world. Outside the pressure of carbon emission, for China the bigger challenge is that the energy consumption continues to increase. Energy consumption in EU grow at a rate of 1–2% per year, and in US it has entered slight growth stage, but China'senergy consumption is still growing at a rate of 5–6% per year, total energy consumption in China will be alarming under this situation.3. Green building situation in China3.1. Building energy consumption in ChinaIn China, building energy consumption accounts for 46.7% of the total society energy consumption, and 60% of the carbon emission in cities comes from maintaining buildings’ function (Zhang, 2010). Due to the rapid development of economy development and urbanization in recent years, about 20 × 108 m2 building areas are completed each year, which is larger than the total area in European and American (Zhao, Zhu, & Wu, 2009). In China, about 55 kg steel will be used in each 1 m2 building, and it is 10–25% more than developed countries; about 221.5 kg cement will be used in each 1 m3 concrete, and it is 80 kg more than developed countries (Zhang & Gu, 2012). The existing building areas are 430 × 108 m2 in China, 90% o f them are high energy consumption construction. Compared with developed countries, the thermal isulation performance building envelope is poor, as shown in Table 1, the larger the number is, the faster heat run off. The heat transfer coefficient of all parts in China is 2–3 times higher than developed countries (RGBI, 2010). Due to poor thermalinsulation of building envelope and low efficiency of heating systems, energy consumption for heating in north China is the largest component of building energy consumption (BEC), as shown in Fig. 1(Cai, Wu, Zhong, & Ren, 2009). In addition, it is about 25 kg/m2 standard coal in China, which is 2–4 times larger than that of Northern Europe in similar climate, and carbon emissions are 2–5 times higher than international standard (Qi &Li, 2013).3.2. Achievements of the Green Building in ChinaAlthough ten years later than western countries, GB in China develops rapidly. Especially in recent five years, GB in China developed at an alarming speed every year (Fig. 2) (Green building map, 2013). In China, GB evaluation standards mainly used are LEED rating system issued by USGBC (U.S. Green Building Council) and Three-Star rating system issued by Chinese government. The number of Three-Star projects in 2009 increased by 100% than 2008, and the number in 2010 increased by 290% than 2009. The green building number and area in 2012 is equivalent to the sum from 2008 to 2011(Sun & Zhao, 2013). The number of LEED projects every year is shown in Fig. 3 (Jerome Sebbag, 2013). They are almost in the same increasing trend. The minister of Ministry of Construction, Qiu baoxing pointed out that, in 2005, buildings executed energy efficiency standards in design stage only account for 53%, performing stage 21%, but after five years, the proportion increased to 99% and 99% respectively (Qiu, 2011). During the “11th five-year plan” period, GB demonstration area reached 13,000,000 m2, the accumulative total GDP energy consumption fell 19.1%, the building energy saving contributed 20% of the energy saving (Li et al., 2011). During “12th fiveyear”, China plan to complete new GB 1 billion square meters and 20% of new buildings in cities and towns can reach GB standards by the end of 2015.3.3. Features in the development3.3.1. High proportion of national projectsAccording to research, most GB projects are directed by the national agencies, directed by local agencies only account forabout 27% of the total number in 2010 and 2011, as shown in Fig.4 (CABR, 2012). The reason for this is China is still in the initial stage of GB, neither developers nor consumers have a strong consciousness to promote green building. So this has become an obstacle on the way to develop GB. A relatively clear thing is that both GB directed by national agencies and by local agencies were increasing rapidly over the last 2 years and they were approximately at the same rate.3.3.2. Most certificated in design stageChinese Three-Star Evaluation System includes design stage labels and operation stage labels. The number of GB in the design stage is 331 while 22 in the operation stage. The ratios of green building number in design stage to that in operation stage in 2009, 2010 and 2011, are 9.0, 9.5 and 19.0 respectively (there is no GB for operation stage in 2008) (Ye, Cheng, Wang, Lin, & Ren, 2013). We can easily find that most GB are certificated in design stage (CABR, 2013). Why not these buildings take part in evaluation in operation stage? After asurvey on these green buildings, we find that most of them cannot achieve green standard in the operation stage due to the lack of mature technology and skilled worker.3.3.3. Rising of residential buildingsThe numbers of residential and public GB projects are 193 (54.7%) and 160 (45.3%) respectively. A massive rise of residential projects is evident. Recent policy on social housing in China may be one reason for the large rising in residential projects, and this is expected to continue (Ye et al., 2013).3.3.4. Unbalanced regional developmentAs shown in Fig. 5, counted by province, autonomous region,municipality and special administrative region, Jiangsu Province ranks the first, accounting for nearly a quarter of the total, and it is followed by Guangdong Province and Shanghai (CABR, 2013). More than three quarters of green buildings are in the east coast, which is the region with a rapid economic growth in China, ss shown in Fig. 6 (Ye et al., 2013). Although western China accounts for two-thirds of China's total area, its proportion is less than 10%.4. Special requirements for green building4.1. ComfortEnergy-saving and emission-reduction is just one of the requirements of GB. Some people think GB is just to save energy and reduce emission, for example, they think building with solar energy or ground source heat pump is green, but this concept is totally wrong. Real green building is not only energy-saving, emission reduction or land-saving, but also meansproviding a comfortable working or living environment for human, which is considered as the key part.4.2. LifecycleGB should be judged from the whole life cycle, we cannot just see whether it uses energy-saving equipment in the early design process. Developers should consider energy consumption required in material, operation and maintenance, etc., in addition, energy needed when it is broken down is also included.4.3. Not equal to high costSome think GB is expensive luxury goods, and it needs high cost. Actually, GB should be considered from the whole life cycle, it stresses efficiency of resources through optimization design, emphasis on localization of materials and adaptation to local conditions, even the construction cost may increase, it can be recovered from energy saving, water saving, resources savingand so on in operation phase. According to statistical results, the incremental part of the green building cost accounts for about 2.7–9.3% in the overall cost in the construction (Yudelson, 2008). Appropriate investment in early time leads to savings in the process of operation and its energy-saving benefits can be seen after some years. According to general calculation, it needs seven years to recoup the costs, but the time is expected to be much short. Overall, the incremental cost is decreasing. Prejudice on the initial cost is one of the main obstacles in GB development. In addition, benefits of GB buildings are often social shared, while initial cost is bared by developers. To some extent, balance between interests and responsibility hinders the development of GB.4.4. Not equal to high-techThe essence of GB is to make the building adapt to the climate. To let the building have adaptation function, high technology is one of the means to reach standards of GB, but it is not the only way. GB should follow the “passive priority, active measures optimization” principle. Passive measures refer to directly use natural conditions such as sunlight, wind, topography etc. to reduce the building heating, air conditioning and lighting load. Active measures refer to use mechanical systems to improve the indoor comfort, it usually including heating, air conditioning, mechanical ventilation, artificial lighting, and other measures.5. How to promoteGB has risen to be a national strategic action. All sectors in China society should work together to develop the low carbon buildings, where update of consciousness is the foundation, technology innovation is the key, and system monitoring is theimportant measure.5.1. To enhance the awareness of the stakeholdersAs an officer once said, “The b iggest problem is how to improve energy saving awareness among residents who only care about the price and location when they choose residences”. At present, in the process of GB development in China, GB is mainly constructed by government through several of policies and specific plans. In fact, for most developers, the goal is to pursue profit, but for consumers, they care about good cost performance, whether green or not are none of their business. The social benefits of GB are not awarded, such as energy saving, environmental protection, comfort and low cost, they just have been accepted a bit. Measures must be taken to enhance awareness of stakeholders, especially the residents.First, government should further study how investments in GB contribute to a vibrant local economy like jobs, business and tax revenues. The government can arrange some reports about the concept of GB, and issue statements supporting the economic, environmental and social interests of GB. For example, “air quality, lighting, heat and green building air conditioning and overall can be improved in GB, a more pleasant, healthier and productive place to live. The people who live and work in GB appears be more healthy.”Second, government can be partner with building industry associations to set up workshops to demonstrate the statement mentioned above. It might present to developers the legal case and business case for GB to increase awareness and strengthen market valuation.Third, government should launch a communication campaign to inform developers and building owners or tenantsthat GB offers a higher net operation income, thus increasing the value of the building, offering lower operating costs and improving image in the community.5.2. To strengthen technology research and communicationLack of knowledge and backward of technology have become an obstacle GB development. Lack of science and technology, key technologies for GB are insufficient and bottlenecks for GB have not been broken yet. Even now, China does not have a complete technology system on GB construction. Rapid transformation of energy-saving construction market depends on new technologies particularly. Many Chinese institutions support research and development of energy-saving technology, however, many innovative technology in China is still in research stage and has not yet been commercialized due to lack of effective platform to promote, demonstrate and communicate new technologies. Developed counties have achieved greatresults in GB technology research, and complete technology systems have already formed during long time development, so we have to strengthen technology research and communication with developed counties to get some experience, only then can we get most in shortest time.The government should continue to support energy-saving technology research and development to promote technical communication, so as to improve the commercial level of innovative energy-saving technologies and market penetration ability; Institute and university should strengthen the research, demonstration and test of innovative energy-saving technologies. Various technique applications in building energy-saving are shown in Fig. 7 (Ye et al., 2013). It indicates that Chinashould focus on development of utilization technology of new energy and renewable energy to accelerate intelligent construction development. Meanwhile, the intelligent building is an important part. At present, the intelligent buildings ratio in new buildings is as follows: 70% in the US, 60% in Japan, and China only about 10% in 2006, it is expected to increase to around 35% in 2013. The potential of intelligent building industry development is great, so it is considered to be a very important industry in China.5.3. Codes and regulations5.3.1. Evaluation standardsTo address the energy production issue, China has launched a wave of legislation about green building since 2005. In spite of some national and local standards, we do not have a complete system on the design, construction, operation and evaluation of GB. Although the climate indifferent areas in China is different, we do not have specific standards for different regions. GB in China is still in the initial stage, related policies, regulations and evaluation system still need to be improved. GB standards should adjust to local conditions, and provide different guidance to different situations. Factors including regional economic development level, resources amount, climate conditions and construction characteristics must be taken into consideration when establish and perfect GB standards and formulate targeted policy measures. What's more, to keep accordance with the progress of construction technology, it is essential to constantly update the building regulations.5.3.2. Evaluation systemEvaluation systems should contain quantitative standardswith high qualities, so research and application on quantitative and qualitative index must be enhanced. To advocate the GB development and practice GB certification institution, the government must cultivate an independence third-party certification agency to make fully evaluate before implementing design proposal, under construction process and building materials and devices. GB lifecycle evaluation focuses on whole environmental assessment, and each phase of evaluation is based on overall grasps (Yudelson, 2008).5.3.3. Legal managementLegislation is the fundamental in promoting GB. Although we have issued many standards for many years, many building energy efficiency standards had not achieved its supposed effect. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China (MOHURD) investigated more than 3000 projects in 2005, the result showed that only 58.53% of those projects were designed with related energy efficiency standard, and only 23.25% of them are built to match the energy efficiency standard. Therefore, strict scrutiny into enforcement of building energy efficiency standard has been adopted by MOHURD and the legal enforcement notes will be sent to those projects which disobey the compulsory standard. By this action, the percentages of building projects that designed to match the energy efficiency standards was up to 95.7%, and built to match those standards was up to 53.8% in 2006; the percentages were up to 97% and 71% in 2007 (Zhang & Gu, 2012). The requirements of building energy saving are considered to be issued in the form of law or regulation. It is essential to use law ways to guarantee operation of new building energy efficiency standards.5.3.4. Multi-incentive toolsIn China, incentive policies to promote development of GB are insufficient in current. Incentive policies on finance, tax and economy are not sound, related sectors cannot get strong internal motivations to develop GB. Although there are some incentive policies related to building energy saving, water saving and environmental protection tax, there is not specific policy for green building tax or finance. Real estate developers cannot get any incentives in terms of land acquisition, project examination and approval, finance when develop GB; Encouragement Measures are not evident when consumers purchase GB; so GB cannot realize a dominant demand in market. Efforts are necessary to set more incentive tools at the right level to improve energy saving and GB ratio.To developers: In the current property rights regime in China, the land was owned by the government or collective. The developer has to pay an amount to government for land use right. To promote GB development, the government could pay back a portion of money to developer if building turns out to be a GB. China can model itself following America to grant reduced construction fees for projects which earn GB star label, where the fee cost varies as the label level. This would be an effective way to promote the developer take action to make buildings green.To owner and tenant: The incentives to the owner and tenant are also necessary. If tenant prefers to live in the energy-efficient buildings or consumer is inclined to choose GB, it will push the real estate industry to meet GB standard. But most people care about price when buy or rent GB because it is more expensive than the normal building. How to solve this problem? The answer lies in direct economic incentives, such as tax reduction. In China,when the citizens purchase and transfer the possession of houses, massive taxes will be imposed. Chinese government can consider granting some tax reduction to people who purchase GB. However, this way may not be effective for the tenant for the short lease. The price, position and operating costs of houses are concerned with tenants. It might be effective to follow the energy certification approach of EU-when a house is for rent. An energy performance certification must be made available to the tenant.6. ConclusionsIn recent years, China has begun to pay attention to research and construction of GB and has taken some actions. However, the current study only focuses on the green construction methods, which are too narrow; building of green construction is only pilot projectand has not formed a green construction complex. So there should be further study about the scale development of green building.译文：绿色建筑在中国:需要伟大的推广摘要：资源枯竭和环境污染是当今世界一个巨大的挑战。

外文翻译商业建筑的节能解决方案

外文翻译Energy-saving solution for commercial buildings Commercial buildings energy-saving solution for the status quo of China's electricity industry government agencies, enterprises, universities, hotels, hospitals and other buildings have we can not ignore the cost, that is, high tariffs, and we often spend a lot of energy through administrative means to Energy management and energy conservation announcedAnalog-to-digital (A/D) converter: The part of a microprocessor- based controller that changes an analog input signal to a digital value for use by the microprocessor in executing software programs・ Analog input values typically come from temperature, pressure, humidity, or other types of sensors or transducers・Application software: Programs that provide functions such as direct digital control, energy management, lighting control, event initiated operations, and other alarm and monitoring routines.Configurable controller: A controller with a set of selectable programs with adjustable parameters but without the ability to modify the programs.Digital-to-analog (D/A) converter: The part of a microprocessor- based controller that changes digital values from a software program to analog output signals for use in the control system. The analog signals are typically used to position actuators or actuate transducers and relays・Direct digital control: A control loop in which a digital controller periodically updates a process as a function of a set of measured control variables and a given set of control algorithms.Microprocessor-based controller: A device consisting of a microprocessor unit, digital input and output connections, A/D and D/A converters, a power supply, and software to perform direct digital control and energy management routines in a HVAC system. Operating software: The main operating system and programsthat schedule and control the execution of all otherprograms in a microprocessor-based controller. This includes routines for input/output (I/O) scanning, A/D and D/A conversion, scheduling of application programs, and access and display of control program variables.System-level controller: A microprocessor-based controller that controls centrally located HVAC equipment such as variable air volume (VAV) supply units, built-up air handlers, and central chiller and boiler plants・ These controllers typically have a library of control programs, may control more than one mechanical system from a single controller, and may contain an integral operating terminal・Zone-level controller: A microprocessor-based controller that controls distributed or unitary HVAC equipment such as VAV terminal units, fan coil units, and heat pumps. These controllers typically have relatively few connected I/O devices, standard control sequences, and are dedicated to specific applications.BACKGROUNDCOMPUTER BASED CONTROLComputer based control systems have been available as an alternative to conventional pneumatic and electronic systems since the mid 1960s. Early installations required a central mainframe or minicomputer as the digital processing unit. They were expensive, and application was limited to larger buildings・ Reliability was also an issue since loss of the central computer meant loss of the entire control system. Advances in microtechnology, particularly in large scale integration (LSI), provided answers to both the cost and reliability issues. Introduction of microprocessors, i.e., a computer on a chip, and highdensity memories reduced costs and package size dramatically and increased application flexibility (Fig・ 1). Microprocessor programs include all the arithmetic, logic, and control elements of larger computers, thus providing computing power at a cost/ performance ratio suitable for application to individual air handlers, heat pumps, VAV terminal units, or the entire equipment room. Microprocessor-based controllers allow digital control to be distributed at the zone level, equipment room level, or they can control an entire building・A more detailed definition is provided in the ASHRAE 1995 HVAC Applications Handbook. “A digital controller can be either single- or multiloop・ Interface hardware allows the digital computer to process signals from various input devices, such as the electronic temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors described in the section on Sensors. Based on the digitized equivalents of the voltage or current signals produced by the inputs, the control software calculates the required state of the output devices, such as valve and damper actuators and fan starters・ The output devices are then moved to the calculated position via interface hardware, which converts the digital signal from the computer to the analog voltage or current required to position the actuator or energize a relay."In each of these definitions the key element for DDC is digital computation. The microprocessor unit (MPU) in the controller provides the computation. Therefore, the term digital in DDC refers to digital processing of data and not that HVAC sensor inputs or control outputs from the controller are necessarily in digital format. Nearly all sensor inputs are analog and most output devices are also analog・ In order to accept signals from these I/O devices, A/D and D/A converters are included in the microprocessor-based controller. Figure 2 shows several inputs and outputs. The microprocessor usually performs several control functions.DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROLInherent in microprocessor-based controllers is the ability toperform direct digital control. DDC is used in place ofconventional pneumatic or electronic local controlloops・ Thereare several industry accepted definitions of DDC・ DDC can be defined as u a control loop in wliich a digital conti'ollei'pei'iodically updates a process as a function of a set of measuredcontrol variables and a given set of control algorithms^. ADVANTAGESDigital control offers many advantages・ Some of the moreimportant advantages are discussed in the following・LOWER COST PER FUNCTIONIn general, microprocessor and memory costs keep coming down while inherent functionality keeps going up. Compared to earlier systems, physical size of the controller is also reduced while the number of discrete functions is increased・ Digital control, using a microcomputer-based controller, allows more sophisticated and energy efficient control sequences to be applied at a lower cost than with non-digital controls; however, simple applications are less costly with non-digital controls ・APPLICATION FLEXIBILITYSince microprocessor-based controllers are software based, application flexibility is an inherent feature. A wide variety of HVAC functions can be programmed and, in addition, the controller can perform energy management, indoor air quality (IAQ), and/or building management functions. Changes in control sequences can easily be accommodated through software whether dictated by system performance or by changes in the ownei^s use of the facility・COORDINATED MULTIFUNCTION CAPABILITYAlthough basic environmental control and energy management operate as independent programs, it is best to have them incorporated as an integrated program in order to provide more efficient control sequences・ For example, sensing the temperatures of several zones to determine the average demand, or the zone with the greatest demand for cooling, will provide improved efficiency and control over merely sampling a representative zone for a chiller reset program・ An added feature is that the sensors providing zone comfort control can serve a dual function at no added cost. These benefits require controller-to-controller communications which is discussed in the Building Management System Fundamentals section.PRECISE AND ACCURATE CONTROLProportional control has the inherent problem of offset. The wider 什w throttling range is set for control stability, the greater the offset. With the microprocessor-based controller, the offset can easily be corrected by Hie simple addition of integral action. For even more accurate control over a wide range of external conditions, adaptive control algorithms, available in some microprocessor-based controllers, can be employed・ With adaptive control, system performance automatically adjusts asconditions vary. The need for manual fine tuning for seasonal changes is eliminated・These items are discussed in the Control Fundamentals section.RELIABILITYDigital controllers should be conservatively designed and should incorporate self-checking features so they notify 什operator immediately if anything goes wrong. Input and output circuits should be filtered and protected from extraneous signals to assure reliable information to the processor.CONTROLLER CONFIGURATIONThe basic elements of a microprocessor-based (or microprocessor)controller (Fig. 3) include:—The microprocessor—A program memory—A working memory—A clock or timing devices一A means of getting data in and out of the systemIn addition, a communications port is not only a desirable feature but a requirement for program tuning or interfacing with a central computer or building management system・ Timing for microprocessor operation is provided by a batterybacked clock・The clock operates in the microsecond range controlling execution of program instructions.Program memory holds the basic instruction set for controller operation as well as for the application programs・ Memory size and type vary depending on the application and whether the controller is considered a dedicated purpose or general purpose device. Dedicated purpose configurable controllers normally have standard programs and are furnished with read only memory (ROM) or programmable read only memory (PROM.)General purpose controllers often accommodate a variety of individual custom programs and are supplied with field-alterable memories such as electrically erasable, programmable, read only memory (EEPROM) or flash meniory. Memories used to hold the program for a controller must be nonvolatile, that is, they retain the program data during power outages.All input signals, whether analog or digital, undergo conditioning to eliminate the adverse affects of contact bounce, induced voltage, or electrical transients・ Time delay circuits, electronic filters, and optical coupling are commonly used for this purpose. Analog inputs must also be linearized, scaled, and converted to digital values prior to entering the microprocessor unit. Resistance sensor inputs can also be compensated for leadwire resistance. For additional information about electronic sensors see the Electronic Control Fundamentals section.Performance and reliability of temperature control applications can be enhanced by using a single 12-bit A/D converter for all controller multiplexed inputs, and simple two-wire high resistance RTDs as inputs・A/D converters for DDC applications normally range from 8 to 12 bits depending on the application・ An 8-bit A/D converter provides a resolution of one count in 256・A 12-bit A/D converter provides a resolution of one count in 4096・ If the A/D converter is set up to provide a binary coded decimal (BCD) output, a 12-bit converter can provide values from 0 to 999, 0 to 99.9, or 0 to 9.99 depending on the decimal placement. This range of outputs adequately covers normal control and display ranges for most HVAC control applications. D/A converters generally range from 6 to 10 bits. The output multiplexer provides the reverse operation from the input multiplexer. It takes a serial string of output values from the D/A converter and routes 什wm to the terminals connected to a transducer or a valve or damper actuator.The communication port (Fig. 3) allows interconnection of controllers to each other, to a master controller, to a central computer, or to local or portable terminals. TYPES OF CONTROLLERSMicroprocessor-based controllers operate at two levels incommercial buildings: the zone level and the system level.ZONE-LEVEL CONTROLLERZone-level controllers typically control HVAC terminal units that supply heating and cooling energy to occupied spaces and other areas in the building. They can control VAV terminal units, fan coil units, unit ventilators, heat pumps, space pressurization equipment, laboratory fume hoods, and any other zone control or terminal unit device・ Design of a zone-level controller is usually dictated by the specific requirements of the application. For example, the controller for a VAV box is frequently packaged with an integral damper actuator and has only the I/O capacity necessary to meet this specific application. On the other hand, a zone-level controller for a packaged heating/cooling unit might have the controller packaged in the 什lermostat housing (referred to as a smart thermostat or smart controller). Zone level control functions may also be accomplished with bus-connected intelligent sensors and actuators・SYSTEM-LEVEL CONTROLLERSystem-level controllers are more flexible than zone-level controllers in application and have more capacity. Typically, system-level controllers are applied to systems in equipment rooms including VAV central supply systems, built-up air handlers, and central chiller and boiler plants. Control sequences vary and usually contain customized programs written to handle the specific application requirements・The number of inputs and outputs required for a system-level controller is usually not predictable. The application of the controller must allow both the number and mix of inputs and outputs to be variable・ Several different packaging approaches have been used:一Fixed I/O configuration・— Universal I/O configuration・一Card cage with plug-in function boards.Universal I/O allows software to define the function of each set of terminals.Zone- and system-level controllers should be equipped with a communications port. This allows dynamic data, setpoints, and parameters to be passed between a local operator terminal, a central building management system, and/or other controllers・Data passed to other controllers allows sensor values to be shared and interaction between zone-level programs and system-level programs to be coordinated・ For example, night setback and morning warmup can be implemented at the zonelevel controller based on operational mode information received from the system-level controller.TYPICAL APPLICATIONSZONE-LEVEL CONTROLLERZone-level controllers can be applied to a variety of types of HVAC unitary equipment. Several control sequences can be resident in a single zone-level controller to meet various application requirements. The appropriate control sequence is selected and set up thi'ough either a PC for the system or thi'ough a portable operator^ tenninal. The following two examples discuss typical control sequences for one type of zone-level controller used specifically for VAV air terminal units・For further information on control of terminal units, refer to the Individual Room Control Applications section. As stated in the introduction, the following applications are for standalone controllers・ See the Building Management System Fundamentals section for network applications.EXAMPLE 1. VAV COOLING ONLYIn a pressure independent VAV cooling only air terminal unit application the zone-level controller controls the primary aiiflow independent of varying supply air pressures. The airflow setpoint of the controller is reset by the thermostat to vary airflow between field programmable minimum and maximum settings to satisfy space temperatures. On a call for less cooling, the damper modulates toward minimum. On a call for more cooling, the damper modulates toward maximum. The airflow control maintains the airflow at whatever level the thermostat demands and holds the volume constant at that level until a new level is called for. The minimum airflow setting assures continuous ventilation during light loads・ The maximum setting limits fan loading, excessive use of cool air, and/or noise during heavy loads.EXAMPLE 2. VAV COOLING WITH SEQUENCED ELECTRIC REHEATIn a VAV cooling air terminal unit application with sequenced electric reheat, an adjustable deadband is provided between the cooling and the reheat cycle・During cooling the control mode is constant discharge temperature, variable volume・ On a call for less cooling, the damper modulates toward minimum flow・ The damper remains at minimum cooling through a deadband・On a call for reheat, the damper goes fromminimum flow to reheat flow to ensure proper air distribution and prevent excessively high discharge temperatures and to protect the reheat elements. In this sequence, duct heaters are cycled and staged by a PI algorithm with software heat anticipation. During reheat, the control mode changes to constant volume, variable discharge temperature.SYSTEM-LEVEL CONTROLLERSystem-level controllers are variable-function devices applied to a wide variety of mechanical systems. These controllers can accommodate multiloop custom control sequences and have control integrated with energy management and building management functions. The examples that follow cover direct digital control functions for a system-level controller. Integrated building management functions are covered in the Building Management System Fundamentals section.Where the examples indicate that user entered values are furnished (e.g., setpoint), or that key parameters or DDC operator outputs will have display capability, this represents sound software design practice and applies whether or not the controller is tied into a central building management system. Data is entered or displayed in non-BMS applications by a portable operator^ temiinal or by a keypad when display is integral with the controller.A three-step approach can be used to define DDC programs.1 ・ Develop a system flow schematic as a visual representation of the process to be controlled. The schematic may be provided as a part of the plans and specifications for the job・ If not，a schematic must be created for the system.2.Add actuators, valves, sensors, setpoints, and operational data required for control and operation・3.Write a detailed sequence of operation describing Hie relationship between inputs, outputs, and operational data points.An example of this approach follows for control of a hot water converter：Step 1—Develop flow schematic of the process to be controlledRefer to the Control Fundamentals section for a symbol legend・Step 2—Identify required sensors, actuators, and operationaldataIf the DDC system is provided with a BMS having a colormonitor, a graphic may be required to be displayed with live, displayable and commandable points (12 total)・If a BMS is not provided, the points may be required to be displayed on a text terminal (fixed or portable) at the system level controller■Step 3—Write a detailed sequence of operation for the process.The hot water pump starts anytime the outside air temperature drops to 52F、subject to a software on-off-auto function.When hot water pumping is proven by a current sensitive relay, converter controls are energized・ Hot water temperature setpoint varies linearly from 120F to 170F as the outside air temperature varies from 60F to OF. The converter steam valve is modulated to maintain a converter leaving water temperature according to a varyingsetpoint schedule・The steam valve closes anytime hot water pumping is not proven and anytime the valve actuator loses motive power.中文翻译商业建筑的节能解决方案导言本文谈论用于商业大厦的根据微处理机的控制器的种类。

外文翻译某城市博物馆建筑方案设计

广西科技大学毕业设计（论文）外文翻译课题名称某城市博物馆建筑方案设计学院土木建筑工程学院专业建筑学班级建筑091学号姓名指导教师二零一四年一月十六日原文：Energy efficient museum buildingsHelmut F.O. Muellera,b,*aDepartment of Environmental Architecture, Faculty of Building Sciences, Technische Universität (TU) Dortmund, Dortmund, GermanybGreen Building R&D, 4greenarchitecture, Duesseldorf, GermanyArticle history:Available online 13 March 2012Keywords:Museum buildings Energy efficiency Conservation of exhibits Comfort Thermal conditioning LightingMuseum buildings perform ambitious demands for sound conditions of exhibits and comfort of visitors.There is a narrow allowance for room temperature and relative humidity, which has to be maintained forvarying situations of weather and occupancy. Lighting has to assure an excellent visual performance butto avoid deterioration of exhibits. Energy consumption can be kept extremely low contrariwise. Severalhigh quality and low energy museum buildings could be realized recently by utilization of energy effi-cient measures and renewable energies. Outstanding pieces of architecture, e.g. Kolumba Art Museum,Cologne (architect P. Zumthor), Emil-Schumacher-Museum, Hagen (architect M. Lindemann), arepresented and integrated advanced technologies like thermal active room surfaces, low air changeventilation, geothermal heating and cooling, and controlled daylighting are explained.1. IntroductionThere is a basic conflict between conservation and exposure of exhibits for museums. On the one hand minimal fluctuations of room temperature (21℃±3℃), relative humidity (55%±5%), and air flow throughout the year as well as low irradiation of light and ultraviolet radiation are required in order to reduce ageing of samples to a minimum. On the other hand visitors and staff demand excellent thermal comfort, air quality, room illumination,and visual perception of objects.The erection and operation of museum buildings with such high performance standards nowadays has to be energy efficient with a minimum output of green house gases over the life cycle. This means a low embodied energy in the building materials and construction, a low energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting as well as a utilization of renewable instead of fossil energies.Last not least economical conditions have to be fulfilled. While building investments often tend to be increased by measures of energy efficiency, the operation costs for energy and maintenance will be reduced. Overall life cycle costs must clearly account for sustainability.This ambitious and complex task of high quality as well as ecologically and economically sustainable museum buildings can only be realized by a comprehensive design approach of architects,engineers and experts utilizing the latest knowledge about passive and active means of architectureand technology. This challenge hascreated new principles of design, which differ a lot from the traditional and fully air conditioned museum building, as advancedexamples show [1].2. Principles of energy efficient museum buildings2.1. Thermal controlThe narrow bands of room temperature and relative humidityare traditionally aimed at by complete air conditioning with heat-ing, cooling, dehumidification, humidification of air and varying air change rates for exhibition rooms. The “ideal climate” supposed tobe created by these means provokes some doubts: The ac plants,which have to adjust by measurement and control technology tothe ever-changing influences of number and local concentration of visitors as well external climate factors, cannot warrant stableclimate condition in spite of their technical and financial input. The large volumes of heated and cooled air, which have to be trans-ported under peak loads (2 to 3 and up to 6 air changes per hour),make it difficult to avoid negative effects of draft and raised dust.For the case of failure redundant back-up systems have to beinstalled or exhibits have to be removed.The energy efficiency of completely air conditioned museumscan be improved by passive means like geometry, thermal insu-lation, thermal capacity of room surfaces, orientation and solar control ofwindows as well as by advanced systems and compo-nents, but the new principles of climate control, which are shown in Table 1, allow for higher efficiency and performance:Thermal capacity of indoor room surfaces in combination with chilled/heated ceilings, floors and walls are the basic principals ofa stable climate control. The room surfaces maintain the required temperature for exhibits by embedded water pipes (Figs. 1 and 2).Thus all conventional heat or cold distributers like radiators or convectors can be omitted with regard to conservatory reasons. Thematerials used are concrete (ceilings, walls), screed (floors), plasterwith cement, lime, gypsum or clay binder (ceilings, walls) or masonry (walls). Clay plaster has a relatively high sorption rate,which allows for storing excess humidity (e.g. for times of high visitor frequency).Components of the building envelope are characterized by air tightness and thermal insulation in addition to the described surface temperature control.The ventilation system can be reduced in comparison to complete air conditioning, as air change rates are mainly based onloads of occupants and lighting. The design of advanced ventilationand surface control systems requires dynamical simulations of the thermal behaviour and the air flow (Figs. 3 and 4).Geothermal energy is predestined for heating (in combinationwith a heat pump) and cooling (free cooling) of room surfaces inMiddle Europe. Boreholes of a depth until 100 m with heat exchangers are used for the basic loads of water systems. Hori-zontal earth airheat exchangers are applied for preheating/-cooling of fresh air (Figs. 5e7).Three examples of out a larger number of museums using these principles (compare ) are shown here, KolumbaArt Museum in Cologne and Emil-Schumacher-Museum in Hagen (ESMH), and Kunsthaus Bregenz. A comparison of energy consumptionwith traditional buildings could be demonstrated in Hagen, where the existing Osthaus-Museum (OMH) is located directly beside the new Emil-Schumacher-Museum, which was opened 2009. Fig. 8 shows, that the annual energy costs of the ESMH could be reduced to 11.85 V/m2a by means of energy efficiency and to 2.71 V/m2a in addition by renewable energies in comparison to 29.67 V/m2a of the OHM. In terms of energy the classification of consumers and renewable sources is given in Table 2.2.2. Light controlThere are three tasks for the lighting in museums, visibility of objects, conservation of objects, and illumination of rooms, which can be realized by daylight and/or artificial light.A good visibility of objects needs a minimum brightness, good contrasts without cast shadows, good colour reproduction, and avoidance of glare. Depending on the kind of objects, e.g. two-dimensional pictures with micro structures on the surface,three dimensional sculptures or large exhibits like building monuments, the object lighting will differ a lot, especially as thereplacement of exhibitions requires a certain variety. For a true colour reproduction of artwork it is highly important whether daylight or artificial light sources are used and which colour rendering is applied on the room surfaces.The conservation of objects often is in contradiction to good visibility, which increases with the brightness. The energy of absorbed light damages the object. The shorter the wavelength the higher the destructive energy of radiation is, thus UV or blue light has a higher damage factor than green or red. This means that a dark (absorbing) surface will be damaged more than a light one, and a red surface more than a blue one. In addition the sensitivity highly depends on the kind of material, e.g. paper is more sensitive than metal. Finallythe ageingof a material is influenced by the time of illumination. Because of these reasons maximum values for the energetic exposuretolight are defined. As 50 lux is the lowest valuefor good visibility, this illumination often is defined as maximumvalue for sensitive objects of paper or fabric, while 150 lux aredefined for paintings on canvas. This regulation is vulnerable fromthe scientific point of view, as it does not consider the spectral component and the time of illumination. Therefore many museumstry to define the conservation of objects by [4]:- Definition of varying maximum illumination depending on light source - Limitation of maximum duration of exhibition- Absolute protection against UV and blacking-out before/after visiting hours- Individual classification of artwork in light sensitivity categories.These regulations stress the necessity of light control in museums, concerning daylight as well as artificial light.For the orientation of visitors a general room illumination is needed, which can be object lighting simultaneously. Daylight openings should allow the visitors a view to the outside.Daylighting is applied in many museums, as it is characterizedby good colour reproduction, natural lighting conditions, contin-uous spectral distribution, and energy efficiency. Although integralpart of the architectural design lighting experts should be consulted. For illumination purposes skylights are more efficient than vertical windows. Transmission of direct sunlight must be avoided because of glare. For cooling situations solar heat gains must be minimized. This can be doneby fixed or movable shading devices. Solar control glass without additional shading or light diffusion cannot be used, as glare is bound to occur. Movable shading devices, e.g. lamellas, havea high adaptabilityand allowfor an accurate daylight control and, may be, for thermal control as well as total light black-out. Fig. 9 shows the annual illumination of an exhibition room with a skylight and fixed shading devices,which is designed to guarantee a maximum illumination of 400 luxunder maximum external illumination. For poor daylight condi-tions inwinter and under covered sky the room illumination is very poor and (power consuming) artificial light has to be switched on.A movable shading device with variable light transmission, as shown in Fig. 10, can offer controlled daylighting for a significantlonger time of the year. Fig. 10 shows an example of a skylight constructionwith light control (positions from top down): External glazing (ventilated), movable solar and glare control (lamellas),highly insulated glazing, conditioned air gap, artificial lighting, light diffusing ceiling.Fig. 11. Light diffusing ceiling for daylighting from glazed faced facade and artificial lighting from clear storey. Kunshaus Bregenz, A., Architect: Peter Zumthor.As shown in Fig.10 daylight and artificial light systems are often integrated the same building elements, e.g. skylights. A good example is the Kunsthaus (art house) in Bregenz with a suspended light diffusing ceiling and a clear storey above, distributing daylight from the glazed facades and artificial light sources (Fig. 11).Artificial light will vary a lot depending on the kind of museum room and exhibit, and accordingly the energy consumption will.The installed capacity can range from 10 W/m2(general room illumination) to 100 W/m2. The annual electricity consumption willbe influenced strongly by the daylight facilities and the automatic control of artificial light (dimming and switching).3. ConclusionsMuseum buildings can be highly energy efficient although the performance requirements for comfort and object conservation are ambitious. Advanced passive and active means of temperature andlight control were developed, which are predestined for utilizationof geothermal energy and daylight. Energy consumption can be reduced to less than one tenth compared to traditional museum buildings with standard air conditioning. Comfort and conservationof exhibits are improved and lifecycle economy is given. To achievethis result forenergyefficient museum buildings, an integral design process of architects, engineers and experts and the application ofsimulation tools are necessary.References[1] V on Naredi-Rainer P, editor. Entwurfsatlas Museumsbau. Basel, Berlin, Boston:Birkhäuser e Verlag für Architektur; 2004.[2] www.Kolumba.de.[3] www.esmh.de.[4] Müller HFO, Schmitz H-J. Lighting design for museums. In: V on Naredi-Rainer P,editor. Entwurfsatlas Museumsbau. Basel, Berlin, Boston: Birkhäuser e Verlag für Architektur; 2004.博物馆建筑的节能赫尔穆特•四时米勒环境体系结构部门、建筑学院科学技术大学(TU)多特蒙德,多特蒙德,德国绿色建筑研发、绿色建筑4,杜塞尔多夫,德国文章历史：网上2012年3月13日关键词:博物馆建筑节能保护展品舒适性热调节照明博物馆建筑执行雄心勃勃的展览要求声音条件和舒适的游客。

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原文：Energy efficient museum buildingsHelmut F.O. Muellera,b,*aDepartment of Environmental Architecture, Faculty of Building Sciences, Technische Universität (TU) Dortmund, Dortmund, GermanybGreen Building R&D, 4greenarchitecture, Duesseldorf, GermanyArticle history:Available online 13 March 2012Keywords:Museum buildings Energy efficiency Conservation of exhibits Comfort Thermal conditioning LightingMuseum buildings perform ambitious demands for sound conditions of exhibits and comfort of visitors.There is a narrow allowance for room temperature and relative humidity, which has to be maintained forvarying situations of weather and occupancy. Lighting has to assure an excellent visual performance butto avoid deterioration of exhibits. Energy consumption can be kept extremely low contrariwise. Severalhigh quality and low energy museum buildings could be realized recently by utilization of energy effi-cient measures and renewable energies. Outstanding pieces of architecture, e.g. Kolumba Art Museum,Cologne (architect P. Zumthor), Emil-Schumacher-Museum, Hagen (architect M. Lindemann), arepresented and integrated advanced technologies like thermal active room surfaces, low air changeventilation, geothermal heating and cooling, and controlled daylighting are explained.1. IntroductionThere is a basic conflict between conservation and exposure of exhibits for museums. On the one hand minimal fluctuations of room temperature (21℃±3℃), relative humidity (55%±5%), and air flow throughout the year as well as low irradiation of light and ultraviolet radiation are required in order to reduce ageing of samples to a minimum. On the other hand visitors and staff demand excellent thermal comfort, air quality, room illumination,and visual perception of objects.The erection and operation of museum buildings with such high performance standards nowadays has to be energy efficient with a minimum output of green house gases over the life cycle. This means a low embodied energy in the building materials and construction, a low energy demand for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting as well as a utilization of renewable instead of fossil energies.Last not least economical conditions have to be fulfilled. While building investments often tend to be increased by measures of energy efficiency, the operation costs for energy and maintenance will be reduced. Overall life cycle costs must clearly account for sustainability.This ambitious and complex task of high quality as well as ecologically and economically sustainable museum buildings can only be realized by a comprehensive design approach of architects,engineers and experts utilizing the latest knowledge about passive andactive means of architectureand technology. This challenge hascreated new principles of design, which differ a lot from the traditional and fully air conditioned museum building, as advancedexamples show [1].2. Principles of energy efficient museum buildings2.1. Thermal controlThe narrow bands of room temperature and relative humidityare traditionally aimed at by complete air conditioning with heat-ing, cooling, dehumidification, humidification of air and varying air change rates for exhibition rooms. The “ideal climate” supposed tobe created by these means provokes some doubts: The ac plants,which have to adjust by measurement and control technology tothe ever-changing influences of number and local concentration of visitors as well external climate factors, cannot warrant stableclimate condition in spite of their technical and financial input. The large volumes of heated and cooled air, which have to be trans-ported under peak loads (2 to 3 and up to 6 air changes per hour),make it difficult to avoid negative effects of draft and raised dust.For the case of failure redundant back-up systems have to beinstalled or exhibits have to be removed.The energy efficiency of completely air conditioned museumscan be improved by passive means like geometry, thermal insu-lation,thermal capacity of room surfaces, orientation and solar control of windows as well as by advanced systems and compo-nents, but the new principles of climate control, which are shown in Table 1, allow for higher efficiency and performance:Thermal capacity of indoor room surfaces in combination with chilled/heated ceilings, floors and walls are the basic principals ofa stable climate control. The room surfaces maintain the required temperature for exhibits by embedded water pipes (Figs. 1 and 2).Thus all conventional heat or cold distributers like radiators or convectors can be omitted with regard to conservatory reasons. Thematerials used are concrete (ceilings, walls), screed (floors), plasterwith cement, lime, gypsum or clay binder (ceilings, walls) or masonry (walls). Clay plaster has a relatively high sorption rate,which allows for storing excess humidity (e.g. for times of high visitor frequency).Components of the building envelope are characterized by air tightness and thermal insulation in addition to the described surface temperature control.The ventilation system can be reduced in comparison to complete airconditioning, as air change rates are mainly based onloads of occupants and lighting. The design of advanced ventilationand surface control systems requires dynamical simulations of the thermal behaviour and the air flow (Figs. 3 and 4).Geothermal energy is predestined for heating (in combinationwith a heat pump) and cooling (free cooling) of room surfaces inMiddle Europe. Boreholes of a depth until 100 m with heat exchangers are used for the basic loads of water systems. Hori-zontal earth airheat exchangers are applied for preheating/-cooling of fresh air (Figs. 5e7).Three examples of out a larger number of museums using these principles (compare ) are shown here, KolumbaArt Museum in Cologne and Emil-Schumacher-Museum in Hagen(ESMH), and Kunsthaus Bregenz. A comparison of energy consumption with traditional buildings could be demonstrated in Hagen, where the existing Osthaus-Museum (OMH) is located directly beside the new Emil-Schumacher-Museum, which was opened 2009. Fig. 8 shows, that the annual energy costs of the ESMH could be reduced to 11.85 V/m2a by means of energy efficiency and to 2.71 V/m2a in addition by renewable energies in comparison to 29.67 V/m2a of the OHM. In terms of energy the classification of consumers and renewable sources is given in Table 2.2.2. Light controlThere are three tasks for the lighting in museums, visibility of objects, conservation of objects, and illumination of rooms, which can be realized by daylight and/or artificial light.A good visibility of objects needs a minimum brightness, good contrasts without cast shadows, good colour reproduction, and avoidance of glare. Depending on the kind of objects, e.g. two-dimensional pictures with micro structures on the surface,three dimensional sculptures or large exhibits like building monuments, the object lighting will differ a lot, especially as thereplacement of exhibitions requires a certain variety. For a true colour reproduction of artwork it is highly important whether daylight or artificial light sources are used and which colour rendering is applied on the room surfaces.The conservation of objects often is in contradiction to good visibility, which increases with the brightness. The energy of absorbed light damages the object. The shorter the wavelength the higher the destructive energy of radiation is, thus UV or blue light has a higher damage factor than green or red. This means that a dark (absorbing) surface will be damaged more than a light one, and a red surface more than a blue one. In addition the sensitivity highly depends on the kind of material, e.g. paper is more sensitive than metal. Finallythe ageingof a material is influenced by the time of illumination. Because of these reasons maximum values for the energetic exposuretolight are defined. As 50 lux is the lowest valuefor good visibility, this illumination often is defined as maximumvalue for sensitive objects of paper or fabric, while 150 lux aredefined for paintings on canvas. This regulation is vulnerable fromthe scientific point of view, as it does not consider the spectral component and the time of illumination. Therefore many museumstry to define the conservation of objects by [4]:- Definition of varying maximum illumination depending on light source - Limitation of maximum duration of exhibition- Absolute protection against UV and blacking-out before/after visiting hours- Individual classification of artwork in light sensitivity categories.These regulations stress the necessity of light control in museums, concerning daylight as well as artificial light.For the orientation of visitors a general room illumination is needed, which can be object lighting simultaneously. Daylight openings should allow the visitors a view to the outside.Daylighting is applied in many museums, as it is characterizedby good colour reproduction, natural lighting conditions, contin-uous spectral distribution, and energy efficiency. Although integralpart of the architectural design lighting experts should be consulted. For illumination purposes skylights are more efficient than vertical windows. Transmission of direct sunlight must be avoided because of glare. For cooling situations solar heat gains must be minimized. This can be doneby fixed or movable shading devices. Solar control glass without additional shading or light diffusion cannot be used, as glare is bound to occur. Movable shading devices, e.g. lamellas, havea high adaptabilityand allowfor an accurate daylight control and, may be, for thermal control as well as total light black-out. Fig. 9 shows the annual illumination of an exhibition room with a skylight and fixed shading devices,which is designed to guarantee a maximum illumination of 400 luxunder maximum external illumination. For poor daylight condi-tions inwinter and under covered sky the room illumination is very poor and (power consuming) artificial light has to be switched on.A movable shading device with variable light transmission, as shown in Fig. 10, can offer controlled daylighting for a significantlonger time of the year. Fig. 10 shows an example of a skylight constructionwith light control (positions from top down): External glazing (ventilated), movable solar and glare control (lamellas),highly insulated glazing, conditioned air gap, artificial lighting, light diffusing ceiling.Fig. 11. Light diffusing ceiling for daylighting from glazed faced facade and artificial lighting from clear storey. Kunshaus Bregenz, A., Architect: Peter Zumthor.As shown in Fig.10 daylight and artificial light systems are often integrated the same building elements, e.g. skylights. A good example is the Kunsthaus (art house) in Bregenz with a suspended light diffusing ceiling and a clear storey above, distributing daylight from the glazed facades and artificial light sources (Fig. 11).Artificial light will vary a lot depending on the kind of museum room and exhibit, and accordingly the energy consumption will.The installed capacity can range from 10 W/m2(general room illumination) to 100 W/m2. The annual electricity consumption willbe influenced strongly by the daylight facilities and the automatic control of artificial light (dimming and switching).3. ConclusionsMuseum buildings can be highly energy efficient although the performance requirements for comfort and object conservation are ambitious. Advanced passive and active means of temperature andlight control were developed, which are predestined for utilizationof geothermal energy and daylight. Energy consumption can be reduced to less than one tenth compared to traditional museum buildings with standard air conditioning. Comfort and conservationof exhibits are improved and lifecycle economy is given. To achievethis result forenergyefficient museum buildings, an integral design process of architects, engineers and experts and the application ofsimulation tools are necessary.References[1] V on Naredi-Rainer P, editor. Entwurfsatlas Museumsbau. Basel, Berlin, Boston:Birkhäuser e Verlag für Architektur; 2004.[2] www.Kolumba.de.[3] www.esmh.de.[4] Müller HFO, Schmitz H-J. Lighting design for museums. In: V on Naredi-Rainer P,editor. Entwurfsatlas Museumsbau. Basel, Berlin, Boston: Birkhäuser e Verlag für Architektur; 2004.博物馆建筑的节能赫尔穆特•四时米勒环境体系结构部门、建筑学院科学技术大学(TU)多特蒙德,多特蒙德,德国绿色建筑研发、绿色建筑4,杜塞尔多夫,德国文章历史：网上2012年3月13日关键词:博物馆建筑节能保护展品舒适性热调节照明博物馆建筑执行雄心勃勃的展览要求声音条件和舒适的游客。