中国社会保障英文关键词(keywords on social security)

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社会保障英语作文

社会保障英语作文Social Security。

Social security refers to the various programs and policies put in place by the government to provide economic assistance to individuals and families in need. The goal of social security is to ensure that all citizens have access to the resources they need to live a decent and dignified life, regardless of their economic circumstances.There are several key components of social security, including unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, disability benefits, and health care assistance. These programs are designed to provide financial support to individuals who are unable to work due to unemployment, illness, or disability, as well as to provide a safety net for retirees who may not have enough savings to support themselves in their old age.One of the most important aspects of social security isthe old-age pension program, which provides financial assistance to retirees who have reached a certain age and are no longer able to work. This program is funded througha combination of payroll taxes and government contributions, and it is designed to ensure that all citizens can enjoy a comfortable standard of living in their old age.In addition to old-age pensions, social security also provides disability benefits to individuals who are unableto work due to a physical or mental impairment. These benefits are intended to help disabled individuals cover their living expenses and medical costs, and they are an important source of support for people with disabilitiesand their families.Another key component of social security is unemployment insurance, which provides financial assistance to individuals who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own. This program is designed to help workers andtheir families make ends meet while they search for new employment, and it plays a crucial role in preventing poverty and hardship during times of economic downturn.Finally, social security also includes various health care assistance programs, which are designed to ensure that all citizens have access to affordable medical care. These programs provide financial assistance to low-income individuals and families, as well as to seniors and people with disabilities, and they are an important tool for promoting public health and well-being.In conclusion, social security is a vital component ofa just and equitable society. By providing financial assistance to individuals and families in need, social security helps to ensure that all citizens have access tothe resources they need to live a decent and dignified life. As such, it is essential that governments continue toinvest in and expand social security programs in order to promote the well-being of all members of society.。

高中英语高考复习中国社会与经济必知词汇

高考英语中国社会与经济必知词汇多元文化论cultural pluralism文化适应 acculturation社会保障 social security班车 shuttle bus搬迁户a relocated unit or household独生子女 the only child in a family单亲 single parent福利彩票 welfare lotteries家政服务household management service民工 migrant laborers名人 celebrity农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labor青春期 puberty; adolescence全民健身运动 nationwide fitness campaign全国人口普查nationwide census社会保险 social insurance暂住证temporary residence permit/card青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency性骚扰 sexual harassment走私 smuggling性别歧视 gender/sexual discrimination年龄歧视 age discrimination工作歧视 job discrimination享乐主义 hedonism文盲 illiteracy贫富分化 disparity between the rich and the poor 盗版 pirated/illegal copies“一国两制”One Country, Two Systems“三个代表”理论 the Three Represents Theory 两会(人大、政协)Two Conferences(NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作 South-South Cooperation南北对话North-South Dialogue人大常委会People’s Congress Standing Committee 法制观念awareness of law法治国家 a country with an adequate legal system 改革开放 reform and opening-up公务员 civil servants官僚主义作风the bureaucratic style of work和谐并存harmonious coexistence计划生育 family planning居委会neighborhood committee可持续发展 sustainable development领土完整 territorial integrity民族精神 national spirit普选制 general election system人大代表NPC member物质文明和精神文明material and spiritual civilization小康社会a well-off society与时俱进 keep pace with the times综合国力 overall national strength人口老龄化 the aging of population人口出生率 birth rate社区服务 community service道德法庭 court of ethics盗用公款embezzlement大学城 college town高等教育higher education综合性大学 comprehensive university文科院校 colleges of(liberal) arts理工科大学 college/university of science and engineering师范学院 normal college高分低能 high scores and low abilities高考(university/college)entrance examination 考研 take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动 extracurricular activities必修课 required/compulsory course选修课 elective/optional course基础课 basic courses专业课 specialized course课程表school schedule学历 record of formal schooling学分 credit人才交流 talent exchange素质教育quality-oriented education应试教育 exam-oriented education填鸭式教学 cramming method of teaching希望工程Project Hope走读生 extern; non-resident student住宿生 boarder研究生 graduate student; post-graduate(student) 应届毕业生 graduating student; current year's graduate校园数字化 campus digitalization校园文化 campus culture学历教育 education with record of formalschooling学龄儿童school-ager学生减负 alleviate the burden on students职业道德 work ethics; professional ethics网络世界 cyber world网络文化 cyber culture网络犯罪 cybercrime网络购物 online shopping信息革命 information revolution1电子货币e-currency人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)生物技术 bio-technology克隆 cloning基因工程 genetic engineering转基因食品genetically modified food(GMF)试管婴儿 test-tube baby基因突变 genetic mutation3D 电影 three-dimensional movie虚拟银行 virtual bank信息高速公路information superhighway同步卫星 geostationary satellite多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)电子商务e-business; e-commerce电子管理e-management办公自动化Office Automation(OA)重点项目 key project网络谣言 online rumors森林生态系统forest ecosystem海洋生态系统marine ecosystem垄断价格 monopolize the price汽车限购 vehicle purchase restrictions汽车购买配额 vehicle purchase quotas车牌摇号a lottery for license plates牌照单双号限行 odd-even license plate system 黑名单制度a blacklist system二代身份证 2nd-generation ID card直接经济损失 direct economic loss应急系统 emergency response system闯红灯 run red light遮挡、污损号牌block or deface license plates 扣分处罚 point penalty酒驾 drunk driving终身禁驾 lifetime ban from driving总需求aggregate demand总供给aggregate supply企业文化 corporate culture企业形象 corporate image(CI); enterprise image 跨国公司transnational corporation创业精神 enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业 foreign-funded enterprise猎头公司head-hunter假日经济 holiday economy人力资本human capital航空和航天工业aerospace industry电子工业 electronic industry汽车制造工业 car industry娱乐业 entertainment industry信息产业information industry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry轻工业 light industry博彩业 lottery industry制造业manufacturing industry垄断行业 monopolized industry市场多元化 market diversification市场经济 market economy市场监管 market supervision购买力purchasing power熊市 bear market牛市 bull market城镇化 urbanization房地产real estate首付 down-payment业主home owner个人购房贷款individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones(SEZ)经济增长 economic growth泡沫经济 bubble economy关税tariff纳税人 tax payer宏观经济macro economy经济过热overheated economy通货膨胀 inflation贴现率 discount rate存款准备金率reserve requirement ratio(RRR)公开市场业务open market operation(OMO)稳健的货币政策 prudent monetary policy硬着陆 hard landing软着陆 soft landing二十国集团Group of Twenty(G20)财政部部长Minister of Finance经济活力economic vitality结构改革 structural reform硬资产hard assets软资产 soft assets有形资产tangible assets经济走廊 economic corridor反垄断antitrust; anti-monopoly定价浮动 price fluctuations债务审计audit of debt地方性政府债务 local government debt/liability 公共财政体制改革an overhaul of the publicfinance system信用支持credit support2。

社会保障专业术语中英文对照(1)

社会保障Social Security社会保险Social Insurance➢参保participation in social insurance scheme➢参保人the insured➢个人缴费比例ratio of individual contribution➢个人账户individual account➢个人账户储存额deposit amount of individual accounts➢个人账户基金fund for individual accounts➢个人账户基金结余surplus in fund for individual accounts➢个人账户计息利率interest rate for calculation of interest of individual accounts➢社会保险机构Social security institution➢社会保险业务经办Social Insurance Operation➢在城镇强制推行以养老、失业、医疗为重点的社会保险Social welfare insurance, particularly old-age, unemployment and medical insurance, must be mademandatory in urban areas.1.养老➢养老保险retirement insurance➢养老保险制度the old-age insurance system➢基本养老金basic pensions➢农村养老保险Old-age Insurance in Rural Area➢法定退休年龄statutory retirement age➢个人储蓄性养老保险old-age insurance by personal savings➢个人账户养老金individual old-age insurance account➢规定领取年龄prescribed age of benefits entitlement➢补发拖欠的离退休人员统筹项目内的养老金All back pension entitlements have been paid for the retired covered by the overall government plan.➢工资总额total pay-roll➢确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活费和离退休人员基本养老金按时足额发放to ensure that subsistence allowances for laid-off workers from state-ownedenterprises and basic pensions for retirees are paid on time and in full 2.医疗➢医疗保险制度the medical insurance system➢医疗保险medical insurance➢城镇职工基本医疗保险制度basic medical insurance system for urban employees➢大病统筹social pooling for catastrophic disease➢大额医疗费用补助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure➢定点药店designated pharmacy➢定点医疗机构designated medical institution➢定额控制quota control➢非营利性医疗机构non-profit medical institutions➢多层次医疗保障体系multi-level medical security system➢公费医疗free medical service➢国家基本医疗保险药品目录state medicine catalogue for basic medicalinsurance➢城镇职工基本医疗保险制度the basic medical insurance system for urban employees3.失业➢失业保险unemployment insurance➢失业保险制度the unemployment insurance system➢失业保险金Unemployment insurance benefits➢失业率rate of unemployment➢城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate➢城镇失业率urban unemployment rate➢非本人意愿中断就业employment termination against one’s own wills ➢非正规就业non-standard employment➢待业人员job seekers➢完善失业保险制度to improve the unemployment insurance system4.工伤➢工伤work-related injury➢工伤保险work-related injury insurance➢工伤保险制度the on-job injury insurance system➢工伤保险待遇benefits for work-related injury insurance➢工伤保险基金fund for work-related injury insurance➢《工伤保险条例》Regulation on Work-related Injury Insurance➢工伤补偿work-related injury compensation➢工伤认定work-related injury certification➢工伤医疗medical treatment of work-related injury5.生育➢生育保险制度the childbirth insurance system6.补充➢补充保险supplementary insurance➢补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance➢补充医疗保险supplementary medical insurance社会救助Social Assistance➢补助金subsidy➢国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障制度basic living standard guarantee system for laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises➢关心和支持残疾人事业Programs to help the physically and mentally challenged deserve our care and support.➢弱势群体disadvantaged groups1.低保➢城市居民最低生活保障制度scheme of guaranteeing minimum living standards for urban residents/guarantee of subsistence allowances forurban residents/the minimum living standard security system ➢贫困线the poverty line➢救助站social relief station2.住房➢公积金public accumulation fund➢安居工程housing project for low-income families3.就业➢残疾人就业保障金employment security fund for the disabled➢充分就业full employment➢促进就业employment promotion➢定向培训designated training➢工会trade union➢工会组织trade union organization➢公共就业服务public employment service➢保障妇女就业权力guarantee women’s right to employment➢合理调整就业结构to rationally readjust the employment structure➢建立市场导向的就业机制to establish a market-oriented employment mechanism➢建立新型的劳动关系to establish a new type of labor relations➢扩大就业和再就业to expand employment and reemployment➢实施积极促进就业的政策to implement the policy of vigorously increasing employment➢实行弹性大、灵活性强、多样化的就业形式to adopt elastic, flexible, diversifiedforms of employment➢提高劳动者素质to enhance workers’ quality➢统筹兼顾城乡就业to make overall plans for urban and rural system ➢推动就业服务向社区延伸，形成多层次的就业服务网络to encourage the formation of community-run agencies as a part of the multi-levelemployment service network➢完善和落实再就业优惠政策to improve and implement preferential reemployment➢优化就业结构to optimize employment structure➢职业培训Vocational Training4.灾害➢灾害救助制度the natural disaster relief system社会福利Social Welfare优抚安置Special treatment and placement社保基金➢保值增值maintenance and appreciation of values➢部分积累模式partial accumulation model➢财政补贴financial subsidy➢财政投入financial input➢待遇给付payment of benefit➢当期结余current surplus➢地方财政补贴local financial subsidy➢费率调整adjustment of contribution rate➢费用结算settling accounting of fees➢费用审核expense audit➢风险准备金reserve fund of risk➢付费方式method of payment➢给付利率interest rate of payment➢国家债券state bond➢国有股减持state stock reduction➢社会保险基金管理S ocial Insurance Fund Management➢社会保障基金监管Social Security Fund Supervision其他➢按劳分配distribution according to work➢保障水平level of security➢城乡二元结构dual economic structure of urban and rural areas ➢恩格尔系数Engel Coefficient➢覆盖率coverage rate➢雇佣关系employment relationship➢管理信息系统management information system➢国有企业改革reform of state-owned enterprises➢加强舆论监督ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion➢人口老龄化aging of population➢人口增长与社会经济发展相协调try to keep population growth in line with social and economic development➢人民生活水平quality of life; the living standards➢预期寿命life expectancy➢政府主导计划government-sponsored programs➢剩余劳动力surplus labor➢贫困陷阱poverty trap。

社会保障专业英语词汇

劳动与社会保障专业词汇汇总劳动经济学Labour Economics/ Industrial Relation Studies劳动心理学Labor Psychology福利经济学Welfare Economics社会政策Social Policy公共管理Public Management社会保护Social Protection劳动法Labour Law劳动关系Labour Relations劳动合同Labour Contract劳资谈判Collective Bargaining劳资纠纷labor Dispute劳动统计Labour Statistics劳动指标Labour Indicators就业指标Employment Indicators社会保障指标Social Security Indicators就业Employment劳动力labor force经济活动人口Economically Active Population就业人口Employment Population在业人口Working Population劳动力参与率Labor Force Participation Rate就业登记Employment Registration再就业Re-employment非正规就业Informal Employment灵活就业Flexible Employment自雇者Self-employment失业Unemployment / Jobless失业率Unemployment Rate / Jobless Rate城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate调查失业率Surveyed Unemployment Rate长期失业Long-term Unemployment培训Training职业培训Vocational Training职业教育Vocational Education Exchange人力资源Human Resources人力资本Human Capital公开招聘Open Recruitment面试Interview职位Position工作经历Work Experience企业文化Corporate Culture定位Orientation工作分析Job Analysis工资Wages / Income / Salary工资等级Salary Grade最低工资Minimum Wages收入分配Income Distribution收入差距Income Disparities / Income Gap职业安全Work Safety劳动保护Labour Protection事故预防Accident Prevention职业病Occupational Disease社会保障Social Security社会保障号码Social Security Number社会保险Social Insurance劳动保险Labour Insurance社会保险范围Social Insurance Coverage社会保险基金Social Insurance Fund缴费Contribution社会保险待遇Social Insurance Benefits社会保险待遇享受资格Qualification of Social Insurance养老保险Old-Age Insurance老年保障Old-Age Security社会统筹Social Pooling个人账户Individual Account现收现付Pay as You Go职业年金/企业年金??Annuity Pension / Supplementary Pension / Private Pension医疗保险Medical Care / Public Health公费医疗Free Medical Service大病统筹Social Pooling for Serious Disease医疗救助Medical Assistance失业保险Unemployment Insurance失业保险金Unemployment benefits生育保险Maternity Insurance工伤保险Work-related Insurance工伤康复Injury Rehabilitation家庭津贴Family Benefit / Family Allowance社会福利Social Welfare贫困Poverty扶贫Poverty Relief / Poverty Alleviation社会捐助Social Donation孤儿Orphan弱势群体Disadvantaged / Vulnerable Population/ Groups社会工作Social Work优抚Preferential Treatment五保Five Guarantees社会救济Social Relief最低生活保障minimun living standard guarantee劳资关系union-management relations雇佣关系employment relations员工employee雇主协会manager union斡旋者councilor调解者mediator仲裁者arbitrator合作cooperation冲突conflict力量power权利right罢工stike沟通communication共同协商negotiation外购outsourcing转包contracting out宽容型accommodative职位阶梯job ladder家长制管理paternalistic management工作生活质量计划quality of work life programs职务扩大化job enlargement职务轮换job rotation职务深度job depth自主性工作团队autonomous work teams综合性工作团队integrated work teams雇员参与计划employee involvement schemes劳资联合委员会labor-management committees共同管理计划comanagement arrangement内部公平制度internal justice system工会申诉制度union grievance system雇员持股计划employee stock ownership plans全面质量管理total quality management双轨经营战略twin-track business strategy心理契约psychological contract“非强制“条款non-imposition clause工会trade union总工会general union职业协会professional association职业工会occupational union同行工会craft union白领工会non-manual union行业工会industrial union公司工会company union垄断性行业工会monopoly industrial union谈判单位bargaining unit北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement 对抗confrontation休战armed truce和睦相处working harmony合作cooperation利润分享计划gainsharing program授权选举certification election间接纠察secondary picketing失业效应unemployment effect工会巡视员walking delegate申诉程序grievance procedure公共部门雇主public sector employer公共选择理论public choice theory自由放任主义laissez faire社团主义corporatism社会正义social justice维持生活工资living wage热炉规则hot-stove rule渐进性惩处progressive discipline公正与公平fairness and equity权力与职权power and authority个人主义individualism集体主义collectivism保护者protector促进者promoter调停者peace-maker规划者planner选举捐款campaign contribution社会伙伴机制social partnership mechanism 失业政策unemployment policy收入政策income policy维持生活工资living wage小额福利fringe benefit劳动合同labor contract体面工作decent work核心劳动标准core labor standards工资决定wage determination计时工hour rated worker非正规部门informal sector书面合同written contract诚实谈判bargain in good faith正式谈判formal bargaining协调性谈判coordinated bargaining合作式谈判cooperative bargaining让步式谈判concession bargaining和解conciliation实地调查的fact-finding利益仲裁interest arbitration常规仲裁conventional arbitration最后仲裁final arbitration集体协议collective agreement小环境niche国际劳工公约International Labor Organization Convention劳动统计Labor statistics变量Variable补贴Subsidy长期职工Long-term staff城乡一体化City and countryside integration城镇登记失业率urban registered unemployment rate城镇登记失业人员registered unemployed urbanites城镇失业率urban unemployment rate城镇失业人员unemployed persons in urban areas城镇私营从业人员urban privately operated jobholders出生率(又称粗出生率) birth rate (crude birth rate)从业人员Jobholders简单随机抽样Simple random sampling奖金Bonus津贴Allowance经济活动人口Economically active population劳动力资源Labor force resources类型抽样??分层抽样?? Typical sampling(Stratified sampling)临时职工Temporary staff劳动报酬Payment for labor劳动工资Labor wages劳动就业Labor employment劳动生产率Labor productivity劳动收入Labor income离休人员Retired personnel离休人员保险福利费用Retired personnel's insurance and welfare expense 卖方市场Seller market买方市场Buyer market高失业??High unemployment低失业??low unemployment自然失业??natural unemployment白领失业??White-collar unemployment高龄失业??Old unemployment高学历失业??Highly educated unemployment结构性失业??Structural unemployment周期性失业??Cyclical unemployment隐蔽性失业??Disguised Unemployment摩擦性失业??Frictional unemployment季节性失业??Seasonal unemployment教育性失业??Educational unemployment制度性失业??Institutional unemployment永久性失业??Permanent unemployment知识性失业??Intellectual Unemployed暂时性失业??Temporary unemployment需求不足型失业?? Unemployment of insufficient demand自愿失业??Voluntary unemployed非自愿失业??Involuntary unemployment城镇登记失业?? urban registered unemployment rate长期失业??Long-term Unemployment均衡失业??Balanced unemployment增长型失业??Increasing unemployment失业率??Unemployment Rate / Jobless Rate平均失业率??The average unemployment rate自然失业率??natural rate of unemployment原住民登记失业率?? registered unemployment rate in indigenous 最优失业率??也就是自然失业率??natural rate of unemployment ??调查失业率??Surveyed Unemployment Rate失业救济??Unemployment Relief失业津贴??Unemployment benefits失业保险??unemployment insurance失业保险金?? Unemployment insurance benefits失业补助金??Unemployment benefits失业补偿金??unemployment compensation失业辅助??Unemployment Guidance失业赔偿??Unemployment compensation失业登记?? registration of unemployment失业保险制度??the unemployment insurance system失业风险??Unemployment Risk妇女儿童福利Women and children ’ s Welfare住房公积金??Housing Provident Fund住房抵押贷款??Housing Mortgage Loan社会优抚Social Entitle军人保障Soldier Security补充保障Additional Security慈善事业Charity Work ??Philanthropy社区服务Community Service企业年金Annuity Pension商业保险Commercial Insurance家庭保障Family protection社会保险型模式The social insurance-type model福利国家模式The welfare state model强制储蓄型模式Compulsory savings-type model国家保险型模式National Insurance-model社会保障基金Social Security Fund社保基金的来源渠道Sources of Social Security Fund国家财政拨款State funding其他渠道Other channels发行特种国债Issuing special bonds国际援助International aid社会保障基金的筹集模式The social security fund-raising mode现收现付式Pay-as-you-go完全积累式fully accumulated model部分积累式partial accumulation model征税方式Tax form征费方式Levy way强制储蓄制Compulsory savings system自由筹资Free Financing福利彩票Welfare Lottery社会募捐Community donation社会保险基金Social Insurance Fund社会保险基金的所有权分类The social insurance fund ownership classification 公共基金Public fund机构基金Institutions Fund个人基金Personal Fund养老保险基金Pension Fund医疗保险基金Medical insurance Fund失业保险基金Unemployment insurance fund工伤保险基金Injury Insurance Fund生育保险基金Maternity Insurance Fund护理保险基金Care Insurance Fund社会保险基金来源Social insurance fund sources三方负担Tripartite burden双方负担Both burden单方负担Unilateral burden医疗保险medical care/ public health大病统筹social pooling for serious disease免费医疗free medical service农村合作医疗cooperative medical service in rural areas离休人员医疗保障medical security for honored retirees医疗卫生体制health care system社会医疗救助social medical relief/social medical assistance医疗保障制度medical insurance system城镇职工基本医疗保险制度basic medical insurance system for urban employees 医疗保险制度改革the reform of the medical insurance system劳保医疗制度medical labor insurance system基本医疗保险basic medical insurance大额医疗费用互助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure企业补充医疗保险supplementary medical insurance for enterprise商业医疗保险commercial medical insurance多层次医疗保障体系multi-level medical security system大病风险risk for catastrophic disease医疗保险覆盖范围medical insurance coverage卫生部Ministry of Health卫生所health care center卫生院community clinic医务室clinic/infirmary医疗保险机构medical insurance institutions商业医疗保险公司commercial medical insurance company医院信息管理系统information management system for hospitals专科医院specialized hospitals综合医院general hospitals民营医疗机构private medical institutions营利性医疗机构profit-going medical institutions医院等级hospital grade定点医疗机构designated medical institution社区医院community hospital定点药店designated pharmacy/designated drug store慢性病chronic disease精神病mental illness医疗保险费medical insurance expenses基本医疗保险基金basic medical insurance fund企业补充医疗保险基金supplementary medical insurance fund for enterprise 医疗保险信息管理系统medical insurance management information system 医疗补助金medical subsidies社会统筹social pooling离退休人员医疗费用统筹social pooling for medical expenditures of retirees 个人帐户individual account医疗保险金medical insurance premium门诊outpatient service门诊包干reimbursement quotas system for outpatient service charge门诊病人patients of outpatient department门诊部outpatient department门诊费outpatient service charge门诊人次person-times of outpatient service门诊特殊病种special disease in outpatient service诊疗项目范围scope of clinic items诊疗项目管理management of clinic items急诊费emergency call charge手术费operation costs药品费用drugs expenses补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance企业补充养老保险supplementary old-age insurance for enterprise多层次养老保障体系multi-level old-age security system资金来源fund source个人缴费individual contribution用人单位缴费contribution of the employing units基金筹集模式the mode of fund collection缴费确定型defined contribution〔DC〕完全积累式total accumulation model个人储蓄性养老保险old-age insurance by personal savings基金收缴contribution collection企业/ 个人负担比例ratio of corporate/individual responsibility企业/ 个人缴费率enterprise / individual contribution rate企业/ 个人缴费额amount of corporate/ individual contribution个人账户individual account企业/个人缴费基数bases of corporate/ individual contribution月平均工资average monthly wage企业在职职工工资总额total pay-roll of enterprise employees年金生命表annuity life table职工福利费workers welfare fund从成本中列支be listed as a production cost代扣代缴withhold and remit待遇支付benefit payment现金给付cash payment一次性给付Lump-sum benefit分期给付staged benefit给付条件qualifying condition/qualification for benefit实际缴费年限actual contribution time法定退休年龄statutory retirement age提前退休early retirement正常退休normal date retirement累计缴费时间accumulated contribution time待遇水平benefit level企业年金替代率replacement rate of corporate pension个人账户基金fund for individual accounts专项基金special fund积累基金accumulation funds个人账户存储额deposit amount of individual accounts累积数额accumulation amount个人账户计息利率interest rate for calculation of individual accounts 基金收入revenue of the fund给付增长率accrual rate of benefit年金购买率annuity purchase rate投资运营investment operation投资组合investment portfolio投资基金investment fund年金风险annuity risk运营收益率return rate of operation保值增值maintenance and appreciation of values信托trust信托财产/基金trust property/fund信托受益人beneficiary of trust信托合同trust contract 〔between corporate and trustee〕信托关系fiduciary relation集体协商机制collective consultation system职工代表大会congress of works representation职工大会workers congress。

社会保障专业术语中英文对照(1)

社会保障的英语作文

社会保障的英语作文Social security is a critical component of any modern society, providing a safety net for individuals and families during times of need. It encompasses a range of government programs designed to support citizens financially and medically, particularly when they are unable to work due to illness, injury, unemployment, or old age.The concept of social security is rooted in the principles of equity and solidarity. It aims to reduce poverty andinequality by redistributing wealth from those who can afford to contribute to those who are in need. This system is funded through various means, including payroll taxes, income taxes, and sometimes general government revenue.In the United States, the Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for managing the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, commonly known asSocial Security. This program provides benefits to retirees, disabled individuals, and the survivors of workers who have contributed to the system.Healthcare is another significant aspect of social security. Many countries have public healthcare systems that offer free or subsidized medical services to their citizens. For example, the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK provides comprehensive healthcare to all residents.Unemployment benefits are also an integral part of social security systems. These benefits provide temporary financial assistance to those who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own. The goal is to help individuals maintain abasic standard of living while they search for new employment.In addition to these programs, many countries offer other forms of social security, such as family allowances, housing assistance, and child support. These programs are designed to support families and ensure that children have access to the resources they need to grow and thrive.However, social security systems are not without their challenges. They must be carefully managed to ensure thatthey remain financially sustainable as populations age and economic conditions change. Additionally, there is an ongoing debate about the balance between providing adequate supportto those in need and encouraging personal responsibility and self-reliance.In conclusion, social security is a vital part of a just and caring society. It helps to protect individuals and families from the financial and medical hardships that can accompany unemployment, illness, and old age. By providing a safety net, social security enables people to lead more secure andfulfilling lives.。

(完整版)社会保障相关英语词汇

社会保障social security残疾人社会保障social security for handicapped福利保障security on welfare风险risk抚恤comfort and compensation个人账户individual account给付确定制defined benefit给付项目benefit package后付制post-payment环境保障security on environment公平equality工伤社会保险social insurance for work-related缴费确定制defined contribution基金积累funded pooling健康维护组织health maintenance organization(HMOs) 济贫法Poor Law教育保障security for education就业保障security for employment康复保障security for recovery老年福利elderly welfare老年服务service for elderly商业保险commercial insurance社会保障制度social security system社会保障制度改革the reform of social security system 社会保障法Social Security Act社会保障基金social security fund社会保障管理social security management社会保障水平social security level社会保障水平指标index of social security level社会保险social insurance社会保险基金social insurance fund社会救济(社会救助) social assistance生育基金child-bearing fund现收现付pay as you go医疗社会保险social insurance for medical优待special treatment优抚安置veteran placement总额预付制global budget最低生活保障标准minimum living level职工福利employee welfare职工福利项目employee welfare project职工福利基金employee welfare fund职工福利管理employee welfare management职工福利设计employee welfare design基本养老保险basic endowment insurance基本医疗保险basic medical insurance工伤保险employment injury insurance失业保险unemployment insurance生育保险maternity insurance社会保障体系social welfare system大额医疗费用补助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure 公费医疗free medical service公积金public accumulation fund雇佣关系employment relationship国际劳工公约international labor convention劳动和社会保障部the ministry of labor and social security社会救济social relief优抚安置special treatment and placement。

中国的社会保障外文原文及译文

SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM IN CHINA: ISSUES AND OPTIONSSummaryAs part of its far-reaching reform of the overall economy, China has successfully initiated fundamental reforms of the social security system over the past decade, establishing a structure consistent with the needs of a market economy. The combination of a social pool and individual accounts in the mandatory system provides a structure which addresses the basic objectives of a pension system –poverty relief, income redistribution, insurance and consumption smoothing. Outside the mandatory system, enterprise annuity schemes, individual retirement plans, and other pension schemes organised by industries or localities are further essential components. These voluntary pensions can accommodate different needs, tastes and jobs, particularly necessary in a country as large and diverse as China. Thus the three elements of the present reformed system, if properly designed and administered, complement and strengthen one another, and together can serve as the basic structure of China’s pension system for the coming decades.In the course of implementation, however, problems have emerged. Fragmented organisation and limited coverage contribute to financing difficulties and to incompleteness of social insurance. The deficits contribute to the ‘empty individual accounts’ –empty because local governments often use the contributions made by workers to their individual accounts to finance deficits in the social pool. Moreover, a system has not been developed for organising investments in capital markets by individual accounts. Nor are the capital markets in a satisfactory condition for such investments. Over time these problems will be a vicious circle, as the deficits are likely to persist, requiring continuing l arge fiscal subsidies, while ‘empty accounts’ and other systemic problems continue to undermine the credibility of the system, making further implementation enforcing compliance and extension of coverage –increasingly difficult. The emergingproblems are therefore serious and should be addressed urgently.This report by an international team of economists and social security experts is an attempt to address the key challenges faced by the Chinese pension system today. The full report contains 23 recommendations for further reforms, as well as a brief summary of the economic principles and international experience that form the basis for these recommendations. The next section briefly discusses the principles of pension design. The last section presents the team’s keyrecommendations.I. Principles of Pension DesignObjectives of a Pension SystemRetirement pensions allow a person to transfer consumption from his productive middle years tohis older years in retirement. They also provide insurance, mainly in the form of annuities, weekly or monthly payments to the individual for the rest of his life. Since the length of life isuncertain, such annuities are a form of pooling against the risk of individuals outliving theirpension savings.For a government, pension systems have additional objectives. They canredistribute incomes on a lifetime basis, complementing the role of progressive taxes on annual income. This can be achieved, for instance, by paying low earners pensions which are a higher percentage of their previous earnings. Pension systems can also redistribute across generations, for instance by imposing a higher contribution rate on the present generation, thereby allowing future generations to have higher pensions or to pay lower contributions. Finally, poverty relief targeted at the elderly, through minimum or citizen’s pensions, can be particularly efficient compared to a general system of poverty relief for the entire population. The latter creates some disincentives to work and a country may not be able to afford it.Issues of Pension DesignMany different structures can combine to address the objectives of pensions, but design must avoid large distortions which contribute little, if anything, to the achievement of core objectives. For instance, labour mobility is essential for an efficient labour market. To avoid unduly discouraging mobility, pensions should be portable for workers moving from job to job and place to place. Portability is achieved most readily when the system has a uniform structure across the covered population, both across localities and across sectors.An important feature of pension design is the degree of funding, i.e. whether contributions are used for current pension payments (‘pay as you go’ – PAYG), or to accumulate assets from which pensions in the future are paid (Funding). Funding may or may not be desirable, depending on the circumstances of each country. The degree to which contributions are used to accumulate assets for the pension system can affect the level of national savings and thus the rate of growth. Funding may also improve the efficiency with which savings are channelled into investment. This is more likely in countries with developing financial institutions, if increased investment encourages reform of regulatory and supervisory capacity to improve the functioning of capital markets. However, greater recourse to capital markets with poor regulation and insufficient improvement can increase the risk and lower the return to investment. Finally, funding means increased contributions by the current generation of workers so that future generations may enjoy lower contributions or higher benefits, and thus it involves income redistribution from this generation to future generations.A desirable characteristic of a pension system is that it has the capacity to evolve in a straightforward way as incomes rise, overall economic reforms proceed and administrative capacity grows.International ExperienceThere is a wide range of pension designs across countries and many ways to design good systems. Most countries have a combination of different pension schemes. The simplest scheme is a tax-financed citizen’s pension, available to everyone beyond a given age, as in the Netherlands and New Zealand. Alternatively, there can be a guaranteed minimum income, available to all poor elderly people on the basis of an income test, as in many countries. A most common element internationally is a national defined-benefit (DB) scheme, in which a worker receives a pension based on his wage history and his age on first receipt of benefits. With funded defined-contribution (DC) schemes, also known as funded individual accounts,pensions are paid from a fund built over the years from members’ contributions. Countries with DC systems can use publicly organised investment (as in Singapore) or private, regulated financial intermediaries (as in Chile). A recent innovation internationally is the notional definedcontribution (NDC) schemes of Sweden and Italy, which have many properties of the DC element in individual accounts but with no funding. These various elements are assembled in different ways and with different relative sizes across countries. Thus, internationally, there is no single, dominant system.II. Options for Further ReformsOn the basis of economic principles and lessons from international experience, our full report makes a number of recommendations for further reform of the pension system in China, of which the most important are discussed in the section below. National Pensions Administration Pooling lies at the core of the redistributive and risk-sharing elements of pensions. Given the size and diversity of China, national pooling of the mandatory pension schemes is particularly important. The following measures will help achieve this. There should be a single set of regulations on mandatory pensions, preferably in the form of legislation that is enforceable. The rules on contributions and benefits should be set centrally by formula, though they should include room for regional variation in basic benefit levels, to reflect disparities both in price evels and living standards. Variation must be compatible with a national system for portability of pension rights and hence labour mobility.There should be a single national pensions administration.A single administration which receives all pension revenues and delivers pensions is essential to achieve national pooling. A necessary element is a national database with information on each worker’s account, both to foster a national labour market and to control the pension spending of localities (which could otherwise pay pensions at whatever level they wanted out of the national pool). The national pensions administration should be part of central government and funded from the central government budget. The pensions administration should administer both the basic pension and individual accounts. Contributions should be collected by the tax authority. The contributions base should be changed to match a definition of earnings to be used also in determining income-tax liability, with the contribution rate adjusted so that total contributions are broadly unaffected by the change.Reforms of the Individual AccountsIndividual accounts should be organised on a notional defined contribution (NDC) basis. NDC pensions are a recent innovation internationally, used by countries seeking to retain the usefulness of defined contributions without the necessity of funding. Each worker accumulates a notional individual account, comprising his contributions over the years, which is each year credited by the pensions administration with a notional interest rate defined by law. At retirement, each worker receives a pension based actuarially on his accumulation. Basing individual accounts on the NDC approach has sign ificant advantages in China’s current circumstances. It offers consumption smoothing to today’s contributors in a similar way to funded DC schemes, and hence maintains the purpose of individual accounts. But, because nofund is built up, it does not requir e today’s (poorer) workers to make larger contributions so that future (richer) generations of workers can make smaller contributions, thus avoiding unsatisfactory intergenerational redistribution. It does not require the considerable private-sector financial and administrative capacity of funded schemes, since it is run by the public authorities. It is less risky for workers, since the rate of return avoids the short-run volatility of assets in the capital market; this is particularly important at a time when banking and financial-market institutions are still developing. Finally, the NDC approach will not require an increase in the contribution rate, or an increase in subsidies from the central Budget, as will be necessary if the ‘empty’ individual account s are to be funded under the present scheme. By regularising the encouragement and regulation of voluntary supplementary pensions, there can be adequate capital-market 。

社会政策词汇

【社会保障Social Security】社会保障Social Security (298) 社会保障计划Social Security Programs (309) 社会保障立法Social Security Legislation (309) 社会保障权利Social Security Rights (309) 社会保障义务Social Security duties (311) 社会保障政策Social Security Policy (311) 社会保障体系Social Security System (310) 保障需求Needs of Security (7) 需求层次论Theory of Hierarchy of Needs (447) 保障供给Ensure Supply (7) 自我保障Self-Security (542) 家庭保障Family Security (145) 互助互济Help and assistence Each Other (128) 国家保障State Security (120) 企业保障Business Security (251) 集体保障Collective Security (140) 雇主责任制Employer-liability System (113) 储蓄基金制Saving Funds System (39) 老年、残疾、遗属保障Old-age, Invalidity and Survivors’ Programs(188) 医疗和生育保障Sickness and Maternty Programs (470) 职业伤害保障Employment injury Programs (513) 失业保障Unemployment Benefit Programs (383) 公务员保障Special Security System for public Employees(107) 教育保障Security of Education (153) 住房保障Security of Housing (538) 农村社会保障Social Security in Rural Area (235) 保障意识Consciousness of Security (7) 公平与效率Just and Efficiency (105) 消费基金Consumption Fund (439) 社会消费基金Social Consumption Fund (344) 社会后备基金Social Reserve Fund (335) 社会保证基金Social Guaranteed fund (316) 社会保障基金Social Security Fund (308) 为丧失劳动能力的人设立的基金Fund established for the Disabled (423) 资金保障Income-maintenance Programs (540) 服务保障Service Programs (78) 社会保障税Social Security Tax (310) 社会保障号码Social Security Number (307) 就业关联津贴制度Employment-Related Benefit Systems (159) 普遍保障或“按人头”的津贴制度Universal Security or Poll Benefit(249) Systems须经家庭经济状况调查的津贴制度Means-Tested Benefit Systems (447) 社会保障发展的历史阶段Historical Period of Social Security (304)Development慈善事业Philanthropy (40) 国家济贫Government Relief (122) 《伊丽莎白济贫法》The Elizabethan Pool Law (463) 《新济贫法》The New Pool Law (442) 斯宾汉姆兰德制System of Speenhamland (392) 汉堡制Hamburg System (126) 德国社会保险立法Social Insurance Legislation in Germany (47) 罗斯福新政The Roosevelt’s New Deal(219) 美国《社会保障法》Social Security Act of U. S. A. (223) 《贝弗里奇报告》The Beveridge's Report (9) 福利国家Welfare State (73) 福利社会Welfare Society (75) 美国社会保障制度The Social Security System of U. S. A (223) 英国社会保障制度The Social Security System of United Kingdom (482) 德国社会保障制度The Social Security System of Germany (47) 日本社会保障制度The Social Security System of Japan (275) 新加坡社会保障制度The Social Security System of Singapore (443) 香港社会保障制度The Social Security System of Hong Kong (433) 社会保障管理体制Social Security Administrative System (305) 中国社会保障管理体制Social Security administrative System of(530) China国家计划委员会State Planning Commission of P. R. China (122) 国家经济体制改革委员会State Commission for Economic Systems(123) Reform劳动部The Ministry of Labour of P. R. China (171) 民政部The Ministry of Civil Affairs of P. R. China (227) 人事部The Ministry of Personnel of P. R. China (273) 卫生部The Ministry of Public Health of P. R. China (414) 财政部The Ministry of Finance of P. R. China (20) 中华全国总工会All-China Federation of Trade Unions (535) 劳动人事学院Labour and Personnel college (181) 民政管理干部学院Institute of Administrative Cadres of Civil Affairs (227) 中国工运学院Chinese Trade Union Movement College (525) 社会福利与社会进步研究所Institute of Social Welfare and Social(327) Progress劳动科学研究所The Institute for Labour Research (177) 财政科学研究所The Institute for Fiscal Research (20) 中国医学科学院Chinese Academy of Medical Science (534) 中国预防医学科学院Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine (535) 《中国民政》Chinese Civil Affairs (526) 《中国劳动科学》Labour Science of China (526) 《中国工运》Chinese Trade Union Movement (525) 《卫生工作通讯》Health Work Report (420)《社会工作研究》Social Work Studies (333) 《中国社会报》China Society News (531) 《健康报》Health News (150) 《财政研究》Finance Research (21) 国际劳工组织International Labour Organization (117) 国际劳工公约International Labour Conventions (116) 《社会保障(最低标准)公约》Social Security (Minimum(315) Standard)Convention国际社会保障协会International Social Security Association (118) 联合国儿童基金会United Nations International Childrens’Emergency(206) Fund国际减灾十年委员会International Commission of Ten(116) Y ears’Diminishing Calamities国际残疾人工作委员会International Working Committee for the(115) Disabled世界聋人联合会World Federation of the Deaf (387) 国际防盲局International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (115) 中国残疾人联合会Chinese Federation of the Handicapped (518) 全国公费医疗事务管理中心National Center of Administration(256) forGovernment Medical Insurance中国社会工作者协会China Association of Social Workers (531) 中国福利会China Welfare Institute (524) 中国残疾人康复协会Chinese Association of Rehabilitation for the(518) Handicapped中国民政福利企业管理协会Chinese Administration Association for(526) Civil Welfare Enterprises中国人民保险公司The People’s Insurance C ompany of China (527) 中国保险公司The Insurance Company of China (518) 中国太平洋保险公司China Pacific Insurance Company Ltd. (532) 【社会保险Social Insursnce】社会保险Social Insurance (285) 中国社会保险立法Social Insurance Legislation of China (527) 《中华人民共和国劳动保险条例》Regulations for Labour Insurance P.(536) R. China国家公务员社会保险Social Insurance for Civil Servants (121) 城镇集体经济组织职工社会保险制度The Staff and Workers’(35) SocialInsurance System in the City and Town Collective Economic Groups农民社会保险Social Insurance for Peasants (239) 社会保险的基本方法Methodology of Social Insurance (290) 社会保险的基本类型Major Types of Social Insurance (291) 传统型社会保险Traditional Social Insurance (39) 福利型社会保险Welfare Social Insurance (75) 国家型社会保险National Social Insurance (123)储金型社会保险Banking Social Insurance (39) 社会保险基金Social Insurance Funds (296) 积累式The Accumulative Type (136) 现收现付式Pay-As-Y ou-Go (432) 部分积累式The Partial Accumulative Type (18) 社会保险滞纳金Social Insurance Delaying Payment Fine (298) 社会保险费率Social Insurance Rates of Fee (292) 社会保险所得税Income Tax for Social Insurance (297) 社会保险金计算基数Calculating Base of Payment for Social Insurance (297) 社会保险金给付比例Ratio of Payment for Social Insurance (297) 社会保险会计Social Insurance Accounting (295) 社会保险财务管理Financial Management on Social Insurance (290) 社会保险个人缴费制度Individual Contributions to Social Insurance (293) 社会保险管理Social Insurance Management (294) 企业劳动保险管理组织The Organization of Labour(253) InsuranceAministration of Enterprises劳动保险委员会Committee for Labour Insurance (171) 长休职工管理组织Management of Workers Taking Long-leaves (29) 退休职工管理委员会The Management Committee for Retired Workers (408) 劳动保险卡片Labour Insurance Cards (170) 职工供养直系亲属Workers’ Family Members Dependents(499) 逆向选择行为Reverse Selection Behaviors(229) 西方发达国家社会保险制度The Social Insurance Systems in Western Developed Countries(429) 发展中国家社会保险制度Social Insurance System in DevelopingCountries (63)前苏联、东欧国家社会保险制度The Social Insurance Systems inthe(254) Former U. S. S. R. and Eastern European Countries年金保险制度Annuity Insurance Scheme (229) 【养老、遗属保险Old-Age and Suvivour Insurance】养老保险Old-Age Insurance (450) 中国养老保险制度China’s Old-Age Insurance System (532) 养老保险金Old-Age Insurance Pension (460) 养老保险金的保值Old-Age Insurance Pension Not Effected by Price(461) V ariation养老保险年金Old-Age Insurance Annuity (462) 养老保险待遇Old-Age Insurance Benefit (453) 养老保险基金Old-Age Insurance Fund (455) 养老保险基金积累率Accumulation Rate of Old-Age Insurance Fund (457) 养老保险积累基金Accumulated Fund of Old-Age Insurance (459) 养老保险基金的保值与增值Preservation and Growth of V alue for(456) Old-Age Insurance养老保险基金专户Old-Age Insurance Fund Account (458) 职工养老保险手册Old-Age Insurance Handbook for Workers (509)养老保险国际公约和建议书International Convention(454) andRecommentation Concening Old-Age Insurance养老保险给付年龄条件Age Condition of Old-Age Insurance Payment (453) 养老保险交费条件Contribution Condition of Old-Age Insurance (459) 指数化月平均缴费工资Indexation of Monthly A verage Contribution(513) Wage养老保险滞纳金Old-Age Insurance Delaying Payment Fine (462) 养老保险就业条件Old-Age Insurance Employment Condition (461) 养老保险工资替代率The Substitute Rate of Old-Age Insurance Wage (454) 养老保险家属补助金The Dependent Subsidy of Old-Age Insurance (459) 养老保险基金模式Old-Age Insurance Fund Model (457) 多层次养老保险制度Multi-Hierarchy Old-Age Insurance (56) 基本养老保险Basic Old-Age Insurance (137) 企业补充养老保险Enterprise Supplememtary Old-Age Insurance (252) 个人储蓄性养老保险Individual Saving Old-Age Insurance (85) 致仕Retirement (516) 分享社会发展成果Sharing the Results of Social Progress (72) 退休Retirement (406) 退休费Retirement Benefit (406) 退休费用社会统筹Social Financing Cost of Retirement (407) 退休费用社会统筹提取比例The Rate of Payment for Social Financung(408) Cost of Retirement提高退休费待遇Raising Retirement Benefits (398) 异地安置Inter-Region Placement (480) 异地支付Inter-Region Payment (481) 离休Termination (202) 离休费Termination Benefit (203) 养老保险基金委员会Old-Age Insurance Fund Committee (458) 退职Resignation (409) 非因工死亡保险Insurance Against Death not Sustained at Work (68) 丧葬费Funeral Allowance (281) 遗属抚恤金Survivor Pension (479) 农村社会养老保险Social Old-Age Insurance in Rural Areras (237) 【医疗、生育、伤残保险Medical Care,Materhity and Invarlidity Insurance】疾病保险Sickness Insurance (138) 医疗保险Medical Insurance (464) 中国医疗保险制度Medical Insurance System of China (533) 中国的劳保医疗制度The Labour Insurance Medical Care System of(521) China中国劳保医疗制度沿革History of The Labour Insurance Medical Care(525) System of China医疗照顾Medical Care (475) 人人享有卫生保健Everybody Enjoys the Health Services (272)健康Health (149) 病Sickness (14) 伤Injuries (282) “预防为主, 防治结合”“The Policy of Putting Prevention First and(488) Giving Treatment as Well”三级医疗预防网Three Level of Preventive Medical Networks (280) 医疗保险覆盖Medical Insurance Coverage (465) 免费医疗Free Medical Care Services (225) 半费医疗Medial Care for Half Payment (2)医疗保险补偿方式Mode of Imbursement in Medical Insurance (464) 职工疾病、负伤、残疾期间生活待遇Daily Payment for the Periodof(500) Sickness, Injuries and Disability职工供养直系亲属医疗待遇Medical Care Benefits of Worker's(499) LinealDependents优异医疗待遇Special Medical Care Benefits(487) 退休职工医疗待遇Retired Workers’ Medical Care Benefits(409) 劳保医疗经费The Medical Care Fund of Labour Insurance (170) 劳保医疗记帐单The Medical Bill-Statement of Labour Insurance (169) 医药卫生补助费Subsidies for Medicin e and Health (478) 医疗卫生津贴Benefits for Public Medical Care and Health (475) 保健津贴Personal Health Benefits (3)卫生防疫津贴Health and Epidemic Prevention Benefits(415) 医疗服务Medical Services (468) 医疗事故Medical Accidents (474) 医疗机构Medical Organization (471) 企业医疗机构Enterprise-owned Health Institution (253) 医师Doctors (477) 职工医院A Workers’ Hospital(511) 工厂诊疗所Clinic of Factory (86) 医务室Office of Medical Service (478) 联合病房United Wards (205) 家庭病床Beds of the Home-Ward (146) 临终关怀护理院Hospital for Nursing the Death bed men (21 6) 医疗期限The Period of Medical Care (472) 医疗证明A Medical Certificate (476) 康复证明Rehabilitation Certificates (166) 医务劳动鉴定委员会The Appraisal Committee for Medical Care and(477) Labour病假Sick Leave (15) 病假待遇Sick Leave Benefits (15) 病假工资Sick Leave Wages (15) “五、二九” 现象“5·29” Phenomena(424) 病伤救济费Allowances for Sickness and Invalidity (18) 疗养与休养事业Sanatory and Convalescent Services (209)疗养疗程Periods of Medical Treatment in Recuperation (209) 疗养院Sanatoria (213) 休养院Convalescent Homes (446) 职工业余疗养所Workers’ Sparetime Rest Homes(509) 疗休养事业经费Funds of Sanatory and Convalescent Services (208) 职工疗休养期间待遇Treatments for the Period of Workers’Sanatorium(501) and Convalescence疗休养事业的管理Management of Sanatory and Convales centServices (206) 职工疗养生活管理委员会The Committee of Management for(502) Workers’Convalecence公费医疗制度System of Free Public Health Care (F. P. H. C.) (103) 公费医疗制度实施的基本原则Basic Principles of Implementing the(101) Free Public Health Care System公费医疗享受人员的义务Liabilities of Those Who Enjoy Free Public(101) Health Care公费医疗享受人员范围Eligibility for Those Who Enjoy Free Public(102) Health Care公费医疗经费Fund for Free Public Health Care (100) 公费医疗报销范围Range of Refunding Medical Bills of Free Public(98) Health Care公费医疗管理委员会Administrative Committee of Free Public Health(99) Care公费医疗管理办公室Administrative Office of Free Public Health Care (99) 公费医疗门诊部(医院)Clinics (Hospitals) of Free Public Health Care (101) 定点医疗Medical Treatment Given Designated Hospital (51) 公费医疗专职医生Doctors Designated to Free Public Health Care (104) 公费医疗转诊程序Procedures of Transfer from a Designated Hospital(105) to Another One职工子女统筹医疗Payments of Children’s Medical Treatment(511) Balanced Through Parent’s Working Units人工器官Artificial Organs (261) 生育社会保险Maternity Social Insurance (373) 生育医疗保健Maternity Health Care (374) 生育社会保险的特点Characteristics of Maternity Insurance (373) 产假Maternity Leave (29) 生育补助费Maternity Benefits (370) 生育保险基金统筹Financing of Maternity Insurance Funds (372) 非因工伤残Invalidity and Injuries Not Sustained at Working (65) 非因工伤残保险Insurance Against Invalidity and Injuries Not(66) Sustained at Work非因工伤残保险给付合格期Qualifying Period of Insurance Payment(67) for Invalidity and Injuries Not Sustained at Work农村医疗保险Medical Insurance in Rural Areas(239) 合作医疗Cooperative Medical Services (127)出境定居人员入境医疗待遇Medical Benefits for Persons Living(38) Abroad When Going Back China【职业伤害保险Occupational Injury Insurance】工伤社会保险Social Industrial Injury Insurance (91) 职业伤害保险Occupational Injury Insurance (513) 工伤Industrial Injury (87) 公伤Employment Injury (106) 因工死亡Death Caused by job (481) 因公牺牲Sacrifice Caused by Public Services (481) 雇主责任保险Employer’s Liability Insurance(112) 无责任补偿Compensation Without any Responsibility (426) 差别费率制度System of Differential Contributions (28) 功过制System of Achievement and Error (107) 医疗终结End of medical Treatment (476) 伤残程度分级主要依据Fundamental Basis for Grading Extent of(283) Disablement伤残等级Degrees of Disablement (284) 机关事业单位工作人员伤残等级Degrees of Injury and Disablement(134) Set for Employees of Agencies and Undertaking Units职工工伤致残程度鉴定Appraisal of Extent of Disablement of Workers(498) Caused by Industrial Injuries劳动能力Earning Capacity (180) 丧失劳动能力Loss of Earning Capacity (281) 部分丧失劳动能力Partial Loss of Earning Capacity (19) 大部分丧失劳动能力Loss of Greater Part of Earning Capacity (43) 完全丧失劳动能力Total Loss of Earning Capacity (413) 工伤保险待遇支付Payments of Industrial Injury Insurance (89) 工伤补偿Compensation in respect of Industrial Injury (90) 工伤保险残疾补助费Disablement Benefits in Industrial Injury(88) Insurance工伤保险残疾抚恤费Disablement Pension in Industrial Injury(88) Insurance工伤保险遗属抚恤金Pension for Survivors in Industrial Injury(89) Insurance因工死亡丧葬费Funeral Allowance Given to Families of those Who(481) Die by Job因工死亡遗属抚恤金Survivor Benefit of Occupational Fatality (482) 暂时丧失劳动能力Temporary Loss of Earning Capacity (492) 暂时丧失劳动能力补助金Temporary Incapacity Benefits (492) 永久丧失劳动能力Permanent Loss of Earning Capacity (485) 永久丧失劳动能力补助金Permanent Incapacity Benefits (485) 工伤康复Rehabilitation from Industrial Injuries(91) 工伤保险的护理费Nursing Expenses of Industrial Injury Insurance (89) 职业病Occupational Diseases (511)职业病待遇Treatments for Occupational Diseases (513) 机关事业单位工作人员的伤残保健金Invalidity Fund for Staffand Workers of Enterprises and Agency Units (134) 劳动鉴定Labour Appraisal (175) 劳动鉴定委员会Labour Appraisal Committee (175) 工伤保险争议处理Settlement of Disputes on Industrial Injury(90) Insurance【失业保险Unemployment Insurance】失业Unemployment (375) 失业风险Unemployment Risk (384) 失业保险Unemployment Insurance (375) 中国的失业救济Unemployment Assistance of China (522) 中国待业保险制度The System of Waiting for Employment of China (519) 隐蔽性失业Disguised Unemployment (482) 劳资纠纷失业Unemployment Caused by Industrial Disputes (186) 本身过错行为不轨失业Unemployment Caused by Worker’s Erroneous(10) Behaviors失业人口Unemployment Population (385) 失业人员The Unemployment Persons (386) 失业人员预测Forecasting of Unemployment (386) 适当职业Appropriate Job (387) 失业率Unemployment Rate (384) 取代比Replaceable Rate (255) 失业保险法The Law of Unemployment Insurance (377) 失业保险范围The Range of Unemployment Insurance (378) 失业登记Unemployment Registration (384) 失业保险资金来源The Source of Funds of Unemployment Insurance (383) 失业税Unemployment Tax (386) 失业保险费用预测The Forecasting of Unemployment Insurance Cost (379) 失业保险缴费The Contribution for Unemployment Insurance (381) 失业保险基金The Fund of Unemployment Insurance (381) 失业保险待遇The Payment for Unemployment Insurance (376) 失业保险待遇水平The Level of Unemployment Insurance Treatment (377) 失业保险给付The Payment for Unemployment Insurance (379) 失业保险给付标准The Level of Unemployment Insurance Payment (379) 失业保险给付有限期The Period of Payment for Unemployment(380) Insurance失业保险金领取时限The Time Limit of Receiving Umployment(382) Insurance Benefits失业保险给付等待期The Waiting Period of Payment for(379) Unemployment Insurance失业保险给付合格期The Qualifying Period of payment for(380) Unemployment Insurance失业保险替代率The Replaceable Rate of Unemployment Insurance (383)失业津贴Unemployment Benefit (384) 失业救济金Unemployment Relief Fund (384) 失业保险管理机构The Adiministrative Organization ofUnemployment Insurance (380)雇佣保险Employment Insurance (110) 国外失业保险制度改革Reform of Unemployment Insurance System(124) in Foreign Countries待业Waiting for Employment (44) 待业人员Persons Waiting for Employment (46) 城镇待业人员Persons Waiting for Employment in Towns (34) 待业保险的范围Waiting for Employment (44) 待业登记Waiting for Employment Rigistration (45) 待业保险资金来源The Source of Funds of Waiting for Employment(45) Insurance待业保险费用The Cost of Waiting for Employment Insurance (45) 生产自救费Subsidies for Helping Oneself by Engaging Production (364) 转业训练费Cost of Training for Changing a Job (540) 【社会救助Social Assistance】社会救助Social Assistance (338) 公共救助Public Aid (105) 补充津贴Supplementary Benefits (18) 社会救济Social Relief (338) 家庭经济状况调查Family-Means-Test (147) 贫困Poverty (244) 绝对贫困Absolute Poverty (161) 相对贫困Relative Poverty (436) 贫困线Poverty Line (245) 自然灾害救助Natural Calamity Assistance (542) 自然灾害Natural Calamity (541) 查灾Examine Calamity (28) 报灾Report Calamity (8) 灾民Victims of Natural Calamities (491) 轻灾人口Victims of Light Calamities (255) 重灾人口Victims of Heavy Calamities (538) 特重灾人口V ictims of Especially Heavy Calamities (396) 春夏荒救济Spring or Summer Famine Relief (40) 救灾储备基金Calamity Relief Reserve Fund (158) 农村救灾合作保险Calamity Relief Cooperative Insurance in Rural(233) Areas孤寡病残救助Assistance to the Orphaned ,Widowes,Sick or(109) Handiscapped“五保”“Five Guarantees” (Households of Childless and Infirm Old Persons Who are Guarranteed Food, Clothing, Medical Care,Housing(427)and Burial Expenses)城镇“三无”对象Object of “Three Nothings” in City and Town(36) 分散供养Dispersed Support (72) 集中供养Concentrated Support (141) 精简退职老职工40%救济40% of Wages as Relief to Simplified and(156) Resignted Old Workers城乡贫困户救助Low Income Family Assistance (34) 扶贫Help the Poor (76) 贫困户Low Income Family (244) 救灾扶贫互助储金会Mutual Aid Saving Groups for Calamity Relief(158) and the Helping the Poor扶贫经济实体Economic Entity for Helping the Poor (77) 扶贫周转基金Current Fund for Helping the Poor (77) 科技扶贫Help the Poor by Scie nce and Technology (166) 教育扶贫Help the Poor by Education (153) 脱贫Get Free from Poverty (410) 脱贫率Rate of Freedom from Poverty (410) 定期定量救济Periodic Quantum Relief (54) 临时救济Temporary Relief (215) 失业救助Unemployment Assistance (384) 工赈Provide Work as a form of Relief(93) 【社会福利Social Welfare】社会福利Social Welfare (320) 发展型社会福利Developmental Social Welfare (62) 社会福利社会化Social Welfare Socialization (324) 社会津贴Social Allowance (337) 家庭津贴Family Allowance (146) 儿童津贴Child Allowance (61) 独生子女奖励Single Child Allowance (56) 社会福利服务Social Welfare Service (321) 社会服务Social Service (320) 老年福利Old-Age Welfare (189) 老龄问题The Aging Problems (186) 老年福利的目标Objective for Old-Age Welfare (190) 老年人合法权益保护Protection for Old-Age on Legal Rights and(195) Interests老年人法律咨询Legal Advice for Old-Age (194) 老年人心理咨询Psychological Consultation for Old-Age (200) 老年人赡养Provide for Old-Age (198) 老年人日托Old-Age Day-Care (198) 托老所Old-Age Pay-Care House (410) 老年婚姻Old-Age Marriage (192) 老年婚姻介绍所Old-Age Matchmake Centre (193) 老年人再就业Old-Age Reemployment (200) 老年人活动中心The Activities Centre for Old-Age (196)老年教育Old-Age Education (193) 老年大学Old-Age College (189) 老年体育Old-Age Sports (201) 老年康复Old-Age Rehabilitation (194) 老年病医院Old-Age Disease Hospital (189) 老年人临终护理The Deathbed Tendance for the Old-Age (197) 老人节Old-Age Day (202) 儿童福利Child Welfare (60) 儿童保健所Child Health Centre (60) 儿童活动中心The Activities Center for thr Children (61) 托儿所Nursery (410) 幼儿园Kindergarten (488) 国际“SOS”儿童村The International “SOS” Children Village(119) 中国SOS儿童村China SOS Children Village (517) “六一”国际儿童节“6.1” International Children’s Day(217) 残疾人福利The Handicapped Welfare (24) 残疾人The Handicapped (23) 视力残疾者The Sight-Handicapped (387) 盲人The Blind (222) 听力语言残疾Hearing and Speaking Handicapped (398) 聋哑人The Deaf-Mute (218) 肢体残疾者The Crippled Handicapped (494) 智力残疾者The Intelligence Handicapped (516) 弱智儿童Weak Intelligence Children (278) 精神病残疾者The Psychosis Handicapped (156) 综合残疾者The Compound Handicapped (543) 《残疾人保障法》Security Law of the Handicapped (23) 无障碍社会环境Social Environment without Any Hindrance (426) 残疾人康复Rehabilitation of the Handicapped (26) 残疾人“三项康复” The“Three Items of Rehabilitation” for the(26) Handicapped聋儿语言训练The Speaking Traning of Deaf Children (217) 中华聋儿听觉语言康复中心Deaf Children’s Hearing and Speaking(535) Rehabilitation Center of China精神病群防群治Prevention and Cure of Mental Disease by Masses (157) 特殊教育Special Education (395) 弱智儿童培智学校School for Cultivating Weak Intelligence Children (278) 残疾人成人教育Adult Education for the Handicapped (24) 残疾人自学成才奖A wards to the Accomplished Self-taught(28) Handicapped残疾人就业安置Employment Placement for the Handicapped (25) 盲人读物邮资减免Reducing or Remitting the Postage of Reading(222) Matters for the Blind联合国残疾人十年U. N. ’s Ten Y ears for the Handicapped(205)亚洲及太平洋地区残疾人十年Ten Y ears for the Handicapped in Asia(450) and Pacific Areas国际残疾人年International Years for the Handicapped (115) 国际聋人节International Day for the Deaf (118) 助残日Helping the Handicapped Day (538) 红领巾助残活动Y oung Pioneer's Activities for Helping the(128) Handicapped伤残人体育运动Sports Activities of the Disabled Handicapped (285) 国际残疾人奥林匹克运动会International the Handicapped's Olympic(114) Games国际特殊奥林匹克运动会International Special Olympic Games (119) 社会福利企业Social Welfare Enterprise (324) 社会福利工厂Social Welfare Factories (322) 社会福利商店Social Welfare Shops (324) 街道福利生产单位Street Social Welfare Production Unit (154) 厂矿福利企业Social Welfare Enterprise of Factory or Mine (29) 乡镇福利企业Social Welfare Enterprise of V illage or Town (433) 社会福利事业Social Welfare Services (325) 社会福利事业“三转变”“The Transformations” o f Social Welfare(326) Services社会福利院Social Welfare House (327) 儿童福利院Children’s Welfare House(61) 精神病人福利院Psychopathics’ Welfare House(157) 敬老院Old Person’s Home(158) 社区服务Urban Community Service (354) 城市社区服务Community Service in Cities(34) 邻里之家Neig hbours’ Home(214) 社区服务规划Community Service Programme (356) 社区服务设施Community Service Installation (356) 社区服务中心Community Service Centre (358) 社区康复中心Community Rehabilitation Centre (360) 精神病人工疗站Psychopathics’ Work Medical Centre(158) 社区文化服务设施Community Cultural Service Installation (360) 社区服务项目Community Service Project (357) 社区福利服务Community Welfare Service (359) 社区便民利民服务Community Services for Convenience and Benefit of(352) People社区优抚对象服务Community Service for Subjects of Special Care (361) 军烈属包户服务Taking Full Responsibility for Serving Each Household(162) of Members of Armyman’s Family or Revolutionary Martyr’s Family敬老包户服务Taking Full Responsibility for Serving Each Household(158) of the Aged社区庇护服务Community Sanctuary Service (351) 社区康复服务Community Rehabilitation Service (360)社区残疾人服务Community Service for the Disabled (352) 社区精神病人工疗服务Community Medical Service for Psychopathics (359) 治疗社区Therapy Community (516) 社区文化生活服务Community Cultural Life Services (361) 社区民俗改革服务Community Folk Custom Reform Service (360) 社区治安调解服务Community Public Security and Settlement(362) Services社区家务劳动服务Community Domestic Labour Service (359) 无偿服务Service without Payment (426) 有偿服务Service with Payment (487) 社区服务组织Community Service Organization (359) 社区服务工作者Community Service Workers (356) 社区服务志愿者Community Service V olunteers (358) 社区服务专业公司Community Service Corporation (358) 社会福利社团Social Welfare Groups (325) 中国SOS儿童村协会China Association for SOS Children's V illage (517) 信任与安慰者协会Trust and Comfort Association (444) 社区服务志愿者协会Community Service V olunteers Association (358) 社会福利有奖募捐Raising Social Welfare Fund with A wards (326) 【职工福利Workers’ Welfare】职工福利Workers’ Welfare(496) 生活性福利Livelihood Welfare (366) 生活福利计划Livelihood Welfare Program (365) 劳动保险福利费分类Classification of Labour Insurance and(168) WelfareExpenses劳保福利费用总额Total Cost of Labour Insurance and Workers’welfare(168) 职工福利基金Workers’ Welfare Fund(497) 职工生活费支出Expenditure of Workers’ Cost of Living(505) 职工生活费地区差价指数Area Marginal Index of Workers’ Cost of(504) Living职工福利补贴Welfare Subsidies for Workers (479) 职工生活困难补助制度System of Subsidizing Workers with Livelihood(506) Difficulties职工冬季宿舍取暖补贴制度System of Subsidizing Workers’Home(495) Warming in Winter职工探亲制度System of Workers’Leave for V isiting their Family(508) Member职工带薪年假制度System of Workers’ Annual Leave With Pay(495) 职工上下班交通费补贴制度System of Subsidizing(504) Workers’Commuting Expenses职工生活互助互济活动Activities of Workers' Mutual Aid and Relief to(506) their Livelihood职工互助储金会Workers’ Mutual aid Foundation(500) 职工集体福利设施Collective Welfare Facilities of Workers (501)职工福利“五小设施”“ Five Basic Institutions” for Workers’Welfare(498)职工食堂Workers’ Canteen(507)职工医院Workers’ Hospital(511)职工文化娱乐设施Workers’ Cultural and Recrea tional Facilities(509)工人文化宫、俱乐部Workers’ Palaces of Culture and workers’ Club(86)职工集体福利事业管理委员会Workers’ Collective Welfare Institutions(501) Management Committee【优抚保障Special Care Security】优抚保障Special Care Security to Disabled Servicemen and to FamilyMembers of Revolutionary Martyrs and Servicemen (485)中国的优抚工作Special Care Work of China (523)中国的安置工作Placement Work of China (521)“双拥”“Dual Supports” of Civilians and the Army(391)拥军优属Civilians Support the Army and Give Preferential Treatment(484)to Family of Revelutionary Soldiers and Martyrs拥政爱民The Army Support the Government and Cherish the People (485)“双拥”模范城(县)“Dual Supports” Model Cities(County) (391) 优抚对象Subject of Special Care (486)革命烈士Revolution sl Martyrs (83)革命烈士家属Families of Revolutional Martyrs (83)牺牲、病故军人家属Families of Martyrs and Soldiers Died of Sickness (430)牺牲、病故人员Martyrs and Personnels Died of Sickness (431)革命伤残军人Revolutionary Disabled Soldiers (84)革命伤残人员Revolutionary Disabled Personnel (84)评残Appraisal of Disability (249)现役军人家属Families of Serviceman (432)退伍军人Demobilized Soldiers (404)带病回乡退伍军人Demobilized Soldiers Back Home with Sickness (44)退伍红军老战士Demobilized V eterans of the Red Army (404)复员军人V eterans (79)孤老优抚对象Subject of Special Care for the Parentsless and Aged (109)国家抚恤Comfort and Compensation by Government (121)死亡抚恤Death Pension (393)伤残抚恤Disablement Pension (285)定期抚恤金Periodic Pension (55)一次性抚恤金Lump-sum Pension (463)国家补助Government Subsidies(121)定期定量补助Periodic Quota Subsidies (54)临时补助Temporary Subsidies (215)群众优待Mass Preferential Treatment (259)群众优待金Mass Preferential Treatment Payment (259)优抚事业单位Special Care Service Unit (487)荣誉军人康复疗养院Sanatoriums for Disabled Revolutionary(278) Servicemen复员军人慢性病疗养院Sanatoriums for Demobilized Servicemen (79) 复员退伍军人精神病人疗养院Psychiatric Sanatoriums for(79) Demobilized Retired Servicemen光荣院Honour Home (113) 军人饮食饮水供应站Armyman’s Food and Drink Supply Center(163) 退伍军人安置Ex-servicemen Placement (405) 军地两用人才Personnels Both for Military and Civil Services (161) 志愿兵退役安置Demobilization Placement for V olunteers (514) 军队离退休干部接收安置Acceptence and Placement for Terminated(162) and Retired Millitary Cadres军队离退休干部休养所Convalecent Homes for Terminated and Retired(162) Millitary Cadres【社会保障统计Social Security Statistics】社会保障统计指标体系Statistical Indicator System of Social Security (313) 劳动力资源Labour Force Resources (178) 社会劳动者总数Total Social Employment (340) 就业率Employment Rate (160) 职工人数Number of Workers and Employees (503) 劳动生产率Labour Productivity (182) 劳动生产率指数Labour Productivity Index (184) 工资指数Wages Index (95) 工资外收入Workers’Income other Than Wages(94) 城镇居民家庭全部收入与生活费收入Total Receipts and Receipts of(35) Living Cost of Urban Households城镇居民家庭实际支出与生活费支出Actual Expenditure and(36) Expenditure of Living-Cost of Urban Households居民消费构成Consumption Composition of Residents (160) 恩格尔系数与恩格尔定律Engle Coefficient and Engle’s Law(59) 消费倾向与边际消费倾向Consumption Inclination and Marginal(440) Consumption Inclination洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient (218) 生活质量指数Index Number of Living Quality (367) 物价总指数Overall Prices Index (427) 职工生活费价格指数Workers'Cost of Living Prices Index (505) 货币购买力指数Purchasing Power of Money Index (131) 赡养系数Coefficient of Family Dependents (282) 社会保险覆盖面Coverage of Social Insurance (293) 医疗机构数Number of Medical Establishments (472) 医疗床位数Number of Medical Beds (466) 医疗工作人员数Number of Medical Staff (470) 工伤事故发生率Incidence of Industrial Injuries (91) 协调度Degree of Coordination (441) 满意度Degree of Goodness (221) 参与度Degree of Participating (22)。

中国的社会保障状况和政策(英文)

China's Social Security and Its Policy (Full Text) 2004-09-07 10:28:28BEIJING, Sept. 7 (Xinhuanet) -- The Information Office of China's State Council on Tuesday issued a white paper titled "China's Social Security and Its Policy". The following is the full text ofthe document:China's Social Security and Its PolicyInformation Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of ChinaSeptember 2004, BeijingContentsForewordI Old-Age InsuranceII Unemployment InsuranceIII Medical InsuranceIV Insurance for Work-related InjuriesV Maternity InsuranceVI Social WelfareVII Special Care and PlacementVIII Social ReliefIX Housing SecurityX Social Security in Rural AreasConclusionFirst Edition 2004 China Internet Information CenterHomepage:E-mail:*******************ISBN 7-80148-653-16Published by New Star Publishers 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation 35 Chegongzhuang Xilu, Beijing 100044, China P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Printed in the People's Republic of ChinaForewordSocial security is one of the most important socio-economic systems for a country in modern times. To establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development is a logical requirement for coordinated economic and social development. It is also an important guarantee for the social stability and the long-term political stability of a country.China is the biggest developing country with a large populationin the world, and its economic base is weak and the development between regions and between town and country is unbalanced. Establishing a sound social security system in China is an extremely arduous task.In light of China's actual situation and adhering to the principle of "putting people first," the Chinese Government attaches great importance and devotes every effort to establishingand improving its social security system. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the state shall establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development. The Chinese Government regards economic development as the basic prerequisite for improving people's livelihood and effecting social security.For a long time before 1978, when China adopted the reform and opening-up policies, China had practiced a social security policy corresponding to its planned economic system, providing social security services to its people as best it could. Since China established and improved its socialist market economy system in the mid-1980s a series of reforms have been introduced to change the old social security system practiced under the planned economy,and a basic framework of a social security system has been set up in China corresponding to the market economy system, with the central and local governments sharing specific responsibilities.China's social security system includes social insurance, social welfare, the special care and placement system, social relief and housing services. As the core of the social security system, social insurance includes old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance.I. Old-Age InsuranceChina is now an aging society. As the aging of the population quickens, the number of elderly people is becoming very large. This trend will reach its peak in the 2030s. To guarantee the basic living standards of the elderly and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, the Chinese Government has continuously improved the old-age insurance system and reformed the fund-raising mode in an attempt to establish a multi-level old-age insurance system marked by sustainable development. Promoting the Development of a Basic Old-Age Insurance System for Employees in Urban Areas-- Reforming the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas. In 1997, the Chinese Government unified the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas across the country by implementing asocial-pool-plus-personal-accounts scheme. Enterprise employees who have reached retirement age as provided by law (60 for male employees, 55 for female cadres and 50 for female workers) and who have paid their share of the premiums for 15 years or more shall be entitled to collect a basic old-age pension every month after retirement. The basic old-age pension consists of two parts: base pension and pension from personal account. The monthly sum of the base pensionis tantamount to about 20 percent of an employee's average monthlywage in that area in the previous year. The monthly pension sum from the personal account is 1/120 of the total accumulated sum inthe personal account (11 percent of an employee's wage being deposited every month in the pension section). The state adjusts the level of the basic old-age pension with reference to the priceindex of living expenses for urban residents and employees' pay increases. In 2003, the monthly basic pension for enterprise retirees covered by the basic old-age insurance scheme was 621 yuan on average.-- Expanding the coverage of basic old-age insurance. Initially,China's basic old-age insurance covered only state-owned enterprises and collectively-owned enterprises in urban areas and their employees. In 1999, this coverage was expanded to include foreign-invested enterprises, private enterprises and other types of enterprises in urban areas, as well as their employees. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government can make provisions to include persons engaged in individual businesses of industry or commerce in the basic old-age insurance in accordance with the specific conditionsin their localities. In 2002 China expanded its basic old-age insurance coverage to all those who were employed in a flexible manner in urban areas. In 2003, the number of people participatingin the basic old-age insurance scheme across China reached 155.06 million, 116.46 million of whom were employees.-- Undertaking experimental reforms in selected areas to improve the basic old-age insurance system. In 2001, the Chinese Government began to carry out pilot projects along this line. The reform includes: gradually establishing personal accounts so that funds can be accumulated, and probing ways of preserving and increasing the value of the funds; changing the way the base pension is calculated and paid, whereby the amount of base pensionis more closely linked to the length of time of the employee's premium payment, and if an employee has participated in the basic old-age insurance program and paid the premiums for 15 years, he or she will be entitled to a higher rate of pension for every additional year of payment; unifying the procedures of premium payment by those who are employed in a flexible manner,whereby the base of their premium payment is uniformly set at 20 percent of the average wage of local employees. The pilot project was first conducted in Liaoning Province, and has been expanded to Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in 2004.-- Probing the reform of the retirement system of government agencies and public institutions. In China the retirement and pension system in government agencies and public institutions is different from that applied in enterprises. In 2003, there were 670,000 retirees who had joined the revolutionary ranks before October 1949 and 9,310,000 other retirees from these agencies and institutions. In the 1990s, some localities in China began to probe the procedures of reforming the retirement system in such agencies and institutions. Pilot projects were conducted to raise the retirement pension funds through the social pool program. By the end of 2003, some 11.99 million employees and 2.58 million retirees had participated in such pilot projects.Raising Funds for Basic Old-Age Insurance Through Multiple ChannelsAs the aging of the population quickens and the number of retirees increases steadily, the pressure on the payment of funds for basic old-age insurance is becoming ever greater. In order to make sure that basic pensions are paid in full and on time, the Chinese Government is raising such funds through multiple channels.-- Practicing joint premium payment by both enterprises and employees. Generally the premiums paid by enterprises will not exceed 20 percent of the total wage bill of the enterprise, with the specific proportion being determined by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Individual employees pay eight percent of their wages as premiums, whereas self-employed individuals and those who are employed in a flexible manner in urban areas pay an amount equal to about 18 percent of the averagewage in their locality. In 2003, the basic old-age insurance premium paid by enterprises nationwide totaled 259.5 billion yuan.-- Increasing the subsidy outlay from the government financial budget for basic old-age insurance funds. The state has called upon governments at all levels to increase the momentum of restructuring their financial expenditure and raise their input into social security. In 2003, state budgets at all levels contributed 54.4 billion yuan toward basic old-age insurance funds,of which 47.4 billion yuan came from the central budget.-- Establishing a national social security fund. In 2000, the Chinese Government decided to create a national social security fund. Its sources include: funds acquired from reducing state shareholding, stock ownership assets, funds from the central budget, funds raised by other means approved by the State Council,and investment returns. The national social security fund is administered by the National Social Security Fund Executive Council, and is operated on market principles in accordance with the procedures and requirements prescribed by the "Interim Measures for the Management of the Investment of the National Social Security Fund." The national social security fund provides an important financial reserve for theimplementation of old-age insurance and other social security programs. By the end of 2003, it had accumulated over 130 billion yuan.Promoting the Socialization of Management and Services for Old-Age InsuranceIn the past, Chinese enterprises were responsible for both the issuance of basic pensions to their own retirees and the administration of those retirees. Now, to ensure that all retireesreceive their basic pensions in full and on time, and lessen the burden of social affairs on enterprises, the government is actively practicing the delivery of basic pensions by social service institutions. At the end of 2003, the basic pensions of retirees from enterprises were all delivered by social service institutions, and 84.5 percent of those retirees were under the administration of such institutions.In 2003, the Chinese Government began to implement an information-based labor security project, or popularly called "golden social security project," in order to raise the overall management level of social insurance and to meet the needs of the floating labor force to continue with their social insurance coverage once they change jobs. The goal of the project is to realize computer-based networking of social security information across the country. So far the networking of old-age insurance information between the Central Government and the provinces has been initially effected.Establishing a Multi-Level Old-Age Insurance SystemIn recent years, the Chinese Government has made great efforts to build a multi-levelold-age insurance system. In addition to participating in the compulsory basic old-age insurance, enterprises with suitable conditions may set up annuities for their employees. Both enterprises and individuals will contribute to this annuity, which will be accumulated wholly for that specific purpose and managed in the form of personal accounts. Theenterprise annuity funds will be managed and operated in accordance with the market mechanism. In 2003, nearly seven million people participated in the enterprise annuity program. In addition, the state also encourages personal savings for old age.The first two decades of the 21st century will be a critical period in the development of China's old-age insurance. The state will further improve the basic old-age insurance system that combines social pool and personal accounts, and gradually consolidate the latter. Basic old-age insurance will extend to cover all eligible employees in urban areas, and at the provinciallevel the establishment and improvement of regulating funds for old-age insurance will be carried out. Social pool at the city level shall be improved and gradually raised to that at the provincial level.II. Unemployment InsuranceWhile promoting the reform of the enterprise employment system and setting up amarket-oriented employment mechanism, the ChineseGovernment is speeding up the development and improvement of an unemployment insurance system to guarantee the basiclivelihood ofemployees after they lose their jobs, to help them find new jobs, and accelerate the combination of the basic livelihood guarantee system for people laid off from state-owned enterprises with the unemployment insurance. By the end of 2003 there were 103.73 million people who participated in the unemployment insurance scheme, which provided unemployment insurance benefits of varying time limits to 7.42 million laid-off employees throughout the year.Standardizing and Improving the Unemployment Insurance SystemIn 1999, the Chinese Government issued the "Regulations on Unemployment Insurance," which effectively standardized and improved the unemployment insurance system.-- Range of participation and premium payment. All enterprises and institutions in urban areas and their employees must participate in the unemployment insurance program, under which employers pay two percent of their total wage bill and individualspay one percent of their personal wages as unemployment insurance premiums. When the unemployment insurance funds in areas that haveparticipated in the social pool program are not enough, the shortfall shall be made up by unemployment insurance regulating funds or subsidized by local financial budgets.-- Qualifying conditions for unemployment insurance. Laid-off persons must meet three requirements to qualify for unemployment insurance: having paid unemployment insurance premiums for at least one year; not having terminated their employment voluntarily;having registered as unemployed and being willing to be re-employed.-- Rate of unemployment insurance allowance. The people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government determine the unemployment insurance allowance in their own localities, which shall be lower than the minimum wage in their localities but higher than the minimum living allowance for urban residents. Provisions regardingthe time limit during which one receives the benefits are as follows: An unemployed person whose former employer and himself orherself have continually paid unemployment insurance premiums for more than one year but less than five years is eligible for benefits for up to 12 months; if they have paid the premiums for more than five years but less than 10 years, the unemployed personis eligible for benefits for up to 18 months; if they have paid the premiums for more than 10 years, the unemployed person is eligible for benefits for up to 24 months.-- Other unemployment insurance benefits. If an unemployed person falls ill while enjoying unemployment insurance allowance, he or she is entitled to receiving medical subsidies. If the unemployed person dies during this period, his or her family can receive funeral subsidies as well as a pension. In addition, an unemployed person may receive vocational training and subsidies for job agency services when receiving unemployment insurance allowance.-- Unemployment insurance provisions for farmers-turned-contract- workers who are employed by enterprises and institutionsin urban areas. Their employers shall payunemployment insurance premiums as required, while the individual workers shall not. Those who have worked for one year continuously, those who do not renew their contracts upon expiration or those who terminate theircontracts before they expire can apply for a living allowance, which shall come in a lump sum depending on the length of time they have been employed.Promoting Re-employmentWhile guaranteeing the basic livelihood of the unemployed, the state actively looks for effective ways to steer unemployment insurance in the direction of promoting re-employment. It has strengthened the link between unemployment insurance services and re-employment services. Through prompt registration of unemployment, active provision of employment information and giving comprehensive employment guidance and job agency services, the state helps unemployed people to enhance their capabilities for competitive employment in both skills and mentality. It also increases the input of unemployment insurance funds into job agency services and occupational training. Through organizing training directly or purchasing R and D achievements, the government provides all kinds of job skill training for the unemployed in order to improve their capabilities for re-employment.Guaranteeing the Basic Livelihood of Laid-Offs from State-ownedEnterprisesIn 1998, in view of the increased pressure on state-owned enterprises in re-positioning their redundant personnel and the inadequate bearing capacity of the unemployment insurance, the Chinese Government created the basic livelihood guarantee system for people laid off from state-owned enterprises.-- Making sure that the laid-off personnel from state-owned enterprises receive their basic living allowances in full and on time. Re-employment service centers have been established in all state-owned enterprises with laid-off personnel. After the latter have registered at are-employment service center, they shall receive from it a basic livelihood allowance a little higher than the unemployment insurance payment in their own locality. The re-employment service center also pays old-age, medical and unemployment insurance premiums for laid-off people. The centers' funds for basic living allowance payment to laid-off persons and their insurance premiums generally come from the following three sources: one third from the local government's financial budget, one third provided by enterprises, and the remaining one third from the social pool program (mainly from unemployment insurance funds). From 1998 to 2003, some 24 million laid-off persons from state-owned enterprises across China had registered at the re-employment service centers, and nearly 19 million of them had found new jobs. Those who had registered at the centers had received allowances for basic livelihood in full and on time, and the centers had also paid social insurance premiums for them.-- Establishing the "three guarantees" system. Since 1998, the Chinese Government has put into operation a system that provides for three guarantees: basic livelihood guarantee forlaid-off persons from state-owned enterprises, unemployment insurance guarantee and minimum living standard guarantee for urban residents. Laid-off persons can receive a basicliving allowance for up to three years. If they still have not found a job by then,they can receive unemployment insurance payments. If the per capita income of a family is below the local minimum living standard, they can apply for the minimum living standard guaranteefor urban residents.-- Integrating with unemployment insurance. With the steady improvement of the unemployment insurance system and the increase of the fund accumulations, since 2001, the basic livelihood guarantee system for laid-offs from state-owned enterprises has been integrated with the unemployment insurance program. State-owned enterprises now have ceased to establish any new re-employment service centers, and, in principle, people newly laid off by enterprises have also ceased to register at such centers. Instead, enterprises just terminate their labor contracts according to law, and the laid-off persons will then be entitled to unemployment insurance benefits according to relevant regulations.For some time in the future, the problem of surplus labor force and the problem of irrational employment structure will still exist, and unemployment insurance will continue to face considerable pressure. The Chinese Government will make every effort to expand the coverage of unemployment insurance, and standardize fund raising and payment as well as its use and management. While guaranteeing the basic livelihood of unemployed people, it will give further play to the role of unemployment insurance in promoting re-employment.III. Medical InsuranceIn 1998, on the basis of previous trials, the Chinese Government promulgated the "Decision on Establishing a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees," promoting a national reform of the basic medical insurance system for urban employees. By the end of 2003, some 109.02 million people around China had participated in the basic medical insurance program, including 79.75 million employees and 29.27 million retirees.Establishing a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban EmployeesChina has adopted a basic medical insurance system for urban employees that combines social pool and personal accounts. In principle, the medical insurance is managed locally.-- Insurance scope and premium. The basic medical insurance program covers all employers and employees in urban areas, including employees and retirees of all government agencies, public institutions, enterprises, mass organizations and private non-enterprise units. People employed in a flexible manner can also participate in the basic medical insurance program. The fundsfor basic medical insurance come mainly from premiums paid by bothemployers and employees: the premium paid by the employer is aboutsix percent of the total wage bill, while that paid by the employee is two percent of his or her wage. Retirees are exempted from paying the premiums. The individuals' premiums and 30 percentof the premiums paid by the employers go to the personal accounts,and the remaining 70 percent of the premiums paid by the employersgoes to the social pool program funds.-- Payment standards. Medical expenses are shared by the medical insurance fund and the individual: Outpatient treatment fees (smaller amounts) are mainly paid from the personal account, while hospitalization expenses (larger amounts) are paid mainly from the social pool fund. The minimum and maximum payments from the social pool fund are clearly set out. The minimum payment is, in principle, about 10 percent of the average annual wage of localemployees, and the maximum payment is about four times the averageannual wage of local employees. The medical expenses between the minimum and maximum standards are mainly paid from the social poolfund, and the individual pays a certain proportion. Expenses paid by retirees for medical treatment and medicine are reasonably lower than those paid by people in employment.Improving Medical Insurance Management and ServicesTo standardize medical services and reduce costs, the state simultaneously promotes the reform of the basic medical insurance system, medical and healthcare system, and pharmaceuticals production and circulation system. Catalogues have been made of medications, medical consultations and medical services and facilities covered by the national basic medical insurance scheme.Efforts have been made to ensure that the insured enjoy necessary medical services, to curb unreasonable medical expenses, and to enhance the utilization efficiency of the basic medical insurance fund. A management method of the designation of medical institutions and pharmacies allowed to provide services covered bymedical insurance has been put into practice. A competitive mechanism has been established to select and designate medical institutions and pharmacies that operate in a standard manner and provide good services. Meanwhile, account settlement procedures have been formulated and steadily improved for medical insurance handling organizations and designated medical institutions.Improving the Multi-Level Medical Security SystemWhile establishing the basic medical insurance system, to meet the medical demands of different types of people covered by the insurance, the state has established and improved a multi-level medical security system to reduce personal burdens on the insured individuals. In local areas, a system of subsidies for large medical expenses has been set up in accordance with actual conditions to settle medical expenses exceeding the maximum limit of the basic medical insurance payment, the funds for the subsidies being raised mainly from individuals or enterprises. Thestate encourages enterprises to establish supplementary medical insurance for their employees, mainly for settling medical expenses not covered by the enterprise employees' basic medical insurance. The part of the enterprise's supplementary medical insurance premiums that is within four percent of the total wage bill is booked as the production cost. A civil servants medical subsidy system has been established for civil servants and employees of public institutions who formerly enjoyed free medicalservices. The state is gradually establishing a social medical aidsystem mainly funded by the government to provide basic medical security for people with special difficulties.The reform of China's medical insurance system faces many heavytasks. In future, the state will further expand the coverage of medical insurance to steadily include eligible people in all kindsof employment in urban areas in the basic medical insurance scheme;strengthen and improve medical insurance management and services; curb the irrational increase of medical expenses, and provide better services for the insured; establish and improve a multi-level medical security system, gradually lessen personal burden onthe insured, and realize the stable operation and sustainable development of the medical insurance system.IV. Insurance for Work-related InjuriesThe Chinese Government has made great efforts to establish an insurance system for work-related injuries that includes work-related injury prevention, compensation and recovery. After January 2004, when the "Regulations on Insurance for Work-related Injuries" went into effect, the coverage of such insurance has expanded rapidly. By the end of June 2004, as many as 49.96 million employees had underwritten this insurance scheme.Establishing a Social Pool System for Insurance Funds for Work-related InjuriesThe state stipulates that all enterprises and all individual businesses engaged in industry and commerce with employees must participate in work-related injury insurance, and pay insurance premiums for all their employees, permanent as well as temporary. The individual employees do not pay such premiums. The work-related injury insurance scheme adopts a social pool fund program with a balance of revenue and expenditure, and collection determined by expenditure. The social pool funds are established by cities at the prefecture level or above. The government determines the differential premium rates according to the degree of risk of work-related injuries involved in different sectors, and sets several premium rates within each sector according to theinsurance payments and occurrence rates of such injuries.Defining the Social Security BenefitsThe work-related injury insurance scheme adopts the principle of "no-fault compensation." The benefit items mainly include medical expenditures for work-related injuries; injury and disability subsidy, allowance and nursing fee according to the degree of loss of the ability to work; funeral subsidy, pension for the keep of family members and a lump-sum death subsidy payment, all of which go to the directly-related family members ofthe deceased worker in the case of death resulting from a work-related accident. The main qualifying condition for insurance payment is that the employee has been injured as a result of a work-related accident or has contracted an occupational disease during his or her working hours and within his or her workplace.Exercising a Labor Ability Assessment SystemThe state has uniformly formulated and promulgated a national standard for assessment of the degree of a work-related injury andthe degree of a disability caused by an occupational。

中国社保的英语作文

中国社保的英语作文China's social security system is a vital aspect of the country's welfare and support for its citizens. It encompasses various programs and initiatives aimed at providing financial assistance, healthcare, and other benefits to individuals and families in need.The social security system in China includes basic pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance. These programs are designed to ensure that individuals have access to essential healthcare services and financial support during times of need.One of the key features of China's social security system is its universal coverage, which aims to provide support to all citizens, including urban and rural residents, migrant workers, and vulnerable populations. This inclusive approach helps to create a more equitable and sustainable social safety net for all members ofsociety.In recent years, the Chinese government has made significant efforts to reform and improve the social security system, with a focus on expanding coverage, enhancing benefits, and ensuring the long-termsustainability of the programs. These efforts have been instrumental in addressing the evolving needs of the population and promoting social and economic development.Despite these advancements, challenges remain in ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the social security system in China. Issues such as funding constraints, administrative capacity, and demographic changes pose ongoing hurdles that require continued attention and innovation.Overall, China's social security system plays a crucial role in promoting social welfare and stability. By providing a safety net for individuals and families, it contributes to the overall well-being and resilience of thepopulation, and it is an essential component of the country's broader social and economic development efforts.。

社会保障的英语作文

Social security is a fundamental aspect of any modern society,designed to provide a safety net for individuals and families in times of need.It encompasses a range of programs and services aimed at reducing poverty,ensuring access to healthcare,and providing support for the elderly,disabled,and unemployed.In this essay,we will explore the importance of social security,the various components that make up a comprehensive social security system,and the challenges faced in its implementation and maintenance.The Importance of Social SecuritySocial security is crucial for several reasons.Firstly,it helps to alleviate the economic burden on individuals and families who may be facing financial difficulties due to unemployment,illness,or old age.By providing financial assistance,social security programs can prevent individuals from falling into poverty and ensure that they can maintain a basic standard of living.Secondly,social security promotes social cohesion and stability.By providing support to those in need,it helps to reduce social tensions and the potential for unrest.It also fosters a sense of community and shared responsibility,as all members of society contribute to the system through taxes and benefit from it when necessary.Components of a Social Security SystemA comprehensive social security system typically includes several key components:1.Pensions for the Elderly:This is perhaps the most wellknown aspect of social security. It provides financial support to retirees,ensuring that they can maintain their independence and quality of life in their later years.2.Unemployment Benefits:These benefits provide temporary financial assistance to individuals who have lost their jobs,helping them to meet their basic needs while they search for new employment.3.Healthcare Coverage:Social security systems often include provisions for healthcare coverage,ensuring that all citizens have access to necessary medical services.4.Disability Benefits:For those who are unable to work due to a disability,social security provides financial support and may also cover additional costs associated with their condition.5.Family and Child Benefits:These benefits support families with children,providing financial assistance to help cover the costs of raising a family.6.Housing Assistance:In some countries,social security systems also include provisions for housing assistance,helping to ensure that all citizens have access to safe and affordable housing.Challenges in Social SecurityDespite its benefits,social security systems face numerous challenges.One of the primary issues is the sustainability of these programs,particularly in light of an aging population and increasing healthcare ernments must continually balance the need to provide adequate support with the financial constraints of their budgets. Another challenge is ensuring that social security benefits are distributed fairly and efficiently.There is often a tension between providing generous benefits that meet the needs of recipients and maintaining a system that is affordable and does not disincentivize work.Additionally,the administration of social security programs can be complex,requiring robust systems to verify eligibility and prevent fraud.This can be particularly challenging in countries with limited resources or where corruption is a concern.ConclusionIn conclusion,social security is a vital component of a just and caring society.It provides essential support to those in need,promoting both individual wellbeing and social stability.However,the effective implementation and management of social security systems require careful planning,ongoing evaluation,and a commitment to fairness and sustainability.As societies evolve and face new challenges,the social security system must adapt to continue serving its critical role.。

中国的社保英语作文

中国的社保英语作文Social security in China is a crucial aspect of the country's welfare system, providing a safety net for its citizens. It covers a wide range of benefits, from healthcare and pensions to unemployment and maternity allowances. This system is designed to protect individuals and families from the financial risks associated with various life events.One of the most significant aspects of China's social security is its healthcare coverage. Almost everyone in the country is eligible for some form of medical insurance, which helps to ensure that everyone can access necessary healthcare services without breaking the bank. This is particularly important in a country with a large population and diverse healthcare needs.Another key component of China's social security is its pension system. This system ensures that retirees receive a regular income, allowing them to maintain a certain levelof living standards after they stop working. The pension system is funded through contributions made by both employees and employers, ensuring its sustainability and stability.Unemployment benefits are also an important part of China's social security system. These benefits provide financial assistance to those who have lost their jobs, helping them to tide over the difficult period until they find new employment. This support is crucial in maintaining social stability and preventing widespread economic hardship.。

社会保障英语作文

社会保障英语作文Social security is like that reliable old friend who's got your back no matter what. It's the safety net we all need, whether we're soaring high or hitting a rough patch. You pay into it with every paycheck, and when life throws you a curveball, it's there to catch you. It's not just about retirement; it's about peace of mind, knowing that if you get sick or lose your job, there's something to fall back on.But let's not kid ourselves; social security isn't perfect. Sometimes it feels like trying to patch up a leaky boat with duct tape. The system groans under the weight of an aging population and shifting economic tides. We're living longer, which is great, but it means stretching those social security dollars further than ever before.Speaking of dollars, let's talk about funding. It'slike trying to fill a bucket with a hole in it. We keep pouring money in, but it never seems to be enough.Politicians love to squabble over how to fix it, but it's like rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic. We need some real solutions, not just kicking the can down the road.And don't even get me started on bureaucracy. It's like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded. The paperwork, the red tape – it's enough to drive anyone crazy. We need a system that's simpler, more efficient, more user-friendly. Because let's face it, nobody has time to spend hours on hold with the social security office.But hey, it's not all doom and gloom. Social securityis still the bedrock of our society, the glue that holds us together. We just need to roll up our sleeves and get to work fixing what's broken. Because at the end of the day, we're all in this together, and a strong social security system benefits us all.。

英语作文中国社保

英语作文中国社保China's social security system is a complex and comprehensive program that provides various benefits to its citizens. From healthcare to retirement pensions, thesocial security system in China aims to ensure the well-being of its people.One of the key components of China's social security system is the basic pension insurance, which provides financial support to retired individuals. This system is funded by both employers and employees, with contributions based on a percentage of the employee's salary.In addition to pension insurance, China also offers medical insurance to its citizens. This program helps cover the costs of medical treatment, including hospital visits, surgeries, and prescription medications. It is funded through a combination of government subsidies andindividual contributions.Furthermore, China's social security system includes unemployment insurance, which provides financial assistance to individuals who have lost their jobs. This program aims to help individuals and families during times of economic hardship, providing them with a safety net while they search for new employment opportunities.Another important aspect of China's social security system is the housing provident fund, which helps individuals finance the purchase of homes. Both employers and employees make contributions to this fund, which can be used to cover down payments, mortgage payments, and other housing-related expenses.Overall, China's social security system plays a crucial role in providing financial protection and support to its citizens. Whether it's through pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, or the housing provident fund, the social security system in China aims to improve the overall quality of life for its people.。

(完整版)社会保障相关英语词汇,-,党政事业

（完整版）社会保障相关英语词汇,-,党政事业(完整版)社会保障相关英语词汇- 党政事业- 社会保障social security 残疾人社会保障social security for handicapped 福利保障security on welfare 风险risk 抚恤comfort and compensation 个人账户individual account 给付确定制defined benefit 给付项目benefit package 后付制post-payment 环境保障security on environment 公平equality 工伤社会保险social insurance for work-related 缴费确定制defined contribution 基金积累funded pooling 健康维护组织health maintenance organization(HMOs) 济贫法Poor Law 教育保障security for education 就业保障security for employment 康复保障security for recovery 老年福利elderly welfare 老年服务service for elderly 商业保险commercial insurance 社会保障制度social security system 社会保障制度改革the reform of social security system 社会保障法Social Security Act 社会保障基金social security fund 社会保障管理social security management 社会保障水平social security level 社会保障水平1/ 2指标index of social security level 社会保险social insurance 社会保险基金social insurance fund 社会救济(社会救助) social assistance 生育基金child-bearing fund 现收现付pay as you go 医疗社会保险social insurance for medical 优待special treatment 优抚安置veteran placement 总额预付制global budget 最低生活保障标准minimum living level 职工福利employee welfare 职工福利项目employee welfare project 职工福利基金employee welfare fund 职工福利管理employee welfare management 职工福利设计employee welfare design 基本养老保险basic endowment insurance 基本医疗保险basic medical insurance 工伤保险employment injury insurance 失业保险unemployment insurance 生育保险maternity insurance 社会保障体系social welfare system 大额医疗费用补助subsidy for big amount of medical expenditure 公费医疗free medical service 公积金public accumulation fund 雇佣关系employment relationship 国际劳工公约international labor convention 劳动和社会保障部the ministry of labor and social security 社会救济social relief 优抚安置special treatment and placement2/ 2。

社会保障英语

社会保障英语Social security is an important concept that provides benefits to individuals who are in need of financial assistance due to old age, disability, or other reasons. In this article, we will discuss the significance of social security and its benefits.1. Definition of Social SecuritySocial security is a system that provides financial assistance to individuals, families or groups who are in need of financial support. The benefits of this system are provided by the government or other organizations, and they are designed to help people who are unable to provide for themselves.2. Types of Social SecurityThere are different types of social security programs available in different countries. The most common types of social security programs include retirement benefits, disability benefits, and survivor's benefits. These benefits are provided to individuals who have contributed to thesocial security system during their working years.3. Importance of Social SecuritySocial security programs are important for many reasons. They provide financial support to individuals who are unable to work due to old age, disability or other reasons. This support can help people to maintain their dignity and independence, and to live a decent life even when they are unable to work due to health issues or other reasons.4. Advantages of Social SecuritySocial security programs have several advantages. They provide a safety net for individuals who are facing financial difficulties. They also help to reduce poverty and income inequality by providing financial assistance to those who need it most.5. Challenges of Social SecuritySocial security programs also face several challenges. One of the main challenges is funding. These programs require a significant amount of financial resources, which can be difficult to provide in times of economic downturns. Another challenge is ensuring that the benefits are allocated fairly and efficiently.In conclusion, social security is an important system that provides financial assistance to individuals who are in need. It is a safety net for those who are facing financial difficulties and helps to reduce poverty and income inequality. However, it also faces challenges in terms of funding and ensuring fair and efficient allocation of benefits. Nevertheless, social security is an essential component of modern societies and plays an important role in ensuring a decent life for all individuals.。

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社会保障制度: Social security system社会保障体系: Social security system商业保险：Commercial insurance慈善事业：Charity补充保障：Supplemental Security养老保险: Old age insurance社会排斥：Social exclusion社会对抗: Social resistance医疗保障: Health security医疗卫生：Medical treatment and public health医疗保险: Health insurance公费医疗: Public medical services社会救助: Social assistance社会福利: Social welfare services社会服务: Social services失业保险: Unemployment insurance工伤保险: Work injury insurance生育保险：Maternity insurance军人保障：Military personnel security军人保险: Military personnel insurance军人抚恤: Military Personnel preferential treatment军人安置: Military Personnel placement老年人福利：Welfare for the elderly残疾人福利：welfare for the disabled妇女福利：Women welfare儿童福利：Child welfare职业福利：Occupational welfare其他保障：Other security专项救助：Special Assistance社会救济：Social relief护理保险：Long-term care insurance社会保险项目: Social insurance programs 住房福利：Housing welfare services住房公积金：Housing provident fund教育福利: Education welfare services灾害救济：Disaster relief最低生活保障制度：The minimum living standard guarantee system社会统筹：Social pooling 个人账户：Individual accounts单位：Work unit机关：State organs事业单位：Public institutions企业：enterprise五保(供养)制度: The five guarantees system国家—单位保障制：State-work unit security system国家-社会保障制：State-social security system国有企业改革: the reform of state-owned enterprises覆盖面：Coverage劳动合同制度: Labor contract system市场经济体制: The market economy system待业保险: Job-waiting subsidy计划经济: The planned economy分配: Distribution收入分配: Income distribution劳资双方: employee and employer改革开放: Reform and opening-up经济社会转型期: Economic and social transition period下岗：Lay-off下岗职工: Laid-off workers社会化：Socialization多元化：Diversification合同制工人: Contract workers离退休人员：Retirees农民工: Migrant workers城镇户口: Urban hukou公益事业：Public welfare programs文化大革命: Cultural Revolution扶贫开发poverty alleviation and development传统社会救济traditional social relief灾害救助disaster assistance医疗救助medical assistance教育救助education assistance住房救助housing assistance法律援助lawsuit assistance贫困线poverty line贫困陷阱poverty trap流浪乞讨人员救助assistance for vagrants and beggars in cities福利依赖welfare dependency安全网safety net三无人员Three-No’s包办就业arranged employment格局framework铁饭碗permanent employment自由流动权The rights of free flow队办企业Brigade-owned enterprises转移transfer试点pilot机构改革institutional reform政府代表government representatives企业代表employers’ representatives职工代表employees＇representatives 社会机构Social institutions统筹调剂pooling and co-coordinating保值增值Value maintenance and appreciation非主管部门department-not-in-charge主管部门department-in-charge定型stereotypes户籍制度the household registration system进城务工人员inter-provincial migrants人均纯收入net income per capita民生People's livelihood修正案the revised ordinance国家机关government organizations事业单位public institutions劳动保险制度the labor insurance system 财政拨款financial allocation生产收益Production Gain孤寡老人an elderly person of no family农业生产合作社agricultural production cooperation 五保“five guarantees”军官military officer集体经济the collective economy“文化大革命” “cultural revolution”老化aging终身制life-long tenure国营企业state-owned enterprise劳动保险金Labor insurance funds社会事务Social Affairs内部事务internal affairs阶级斗争class struggle思想路线指导the ideological guideline年老体弱Old and frail离休honorary retirement政策法规Policies and Regulations城镇劳动者urban workers土地联产c承包责任制the land contract responsibility system组织基础Organizational foundation配套措施supplementary measures劳动就业体制labor employment system 财政税收体制fiscal and taxation system 社会化socialization铁饭碗permanent employment局限性limitation单位保障work unit insurance责任分担responsibility-sharing单一层次Single-Level计划生育政策family planning policy土地保障land security计划生育政策family planning policy社会保险机构Social security institution标准工资standard wage退休待遇retirement benefits大队brigade生产队production team公益金public welfare fund社区（乡镇、村）Community (township and village)县级机构county-level organization中央层面the central level附件attachment探索试点the exploratory pilot计发办法payment method一次性lump-sum老人the people retired before the reform 中人the people worked before the reform and retired after the reform.新人the people worked after the reform 试点方案Pilot Project省级调剂制度Provincial adjustment system 属地化localization职业年金制度occupational pension system亚洲金融危机Asian Financial Crisis管理事务administration affairs养老金增长机制pension growth mechanism制度创新institutional innovations资料来源date source农业生产经营Agricultural production and operation漏洞巨大great vulnerability劳动合同制度the labor contrast system 正规就业劳动者formally employed workers 非正规就业劳动者informally employed workers灵活就业casual employment自我雇佣self-employment私营企业主private entrepreneurs雇员制employee system住房保障制度Housing security system民生保障制度Livelihood security system 住有所居residents have houses to live低收入家庭/低收入群体Low-income families/groups住房体制改革Housing System Reform道路Gradual path实物in-kind全民保障Security for all people住房非商品化Non-commercial housing分配体制Distribution system 公有住房public housing购房补贴housing subsidies货币cash经济适用房affordable house商品房commercial house公积金制度Housing Provident Fund system廉租房Low-rent house小康生活水平Comfortable standard of living住房券Housing vouchers/coupons经济体制改革Economic system reform社会主义有计划商品经济Socialist planned commodity economy无偿分配Free distribution再生产reproduction维修费、管理费、折旧费Maintenance fees, management fees, depreciation charges 基本思路Basic ideas住房建设投资housing construction Investment住房分配体housing distribution system国家贷款资金State loan城市配套资金City supplemental funds城市住房基金Urban Housing Fund单位住房基金work Unit housing funds其他房改资金Other housing reform funds 高收入户High-income households利润率profit rate住房公积金缴纳率Housing provident fund contribution rate按月补贴Monthly subsidy一次性补贴Lump-sum subsidy明补Public subsidies社会的安定团结social stability and unity财政预算资金the fiscal budget funds多渠道Multi-channel因地制宜under the local conditions行政事业性收费Administrative fees基础设施建设费用Infrastructure costs房地产市场the real estate market硬指标Fixed target社会建设Social construction民生发展目标Livelihood development goals农民工合法权益the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers完全产权the full property rights缴存余额Deposit balance三位一体Trinity政府主导的公共房屋Government-led public houses市场主导的商品房屋Market-led commercial houses市场规律the market rules公共土地资源the public land resources, 财政资源the financial resources补充保障体系the supplementary security system渐进式改革gradual reform子系统subsystem民政福利Civil Welfare职工福利employee welfare价格补贴price support(subsidy)生活保障living security儿童照顾child-care补救性模式Residual model住房福利housing welfare教育福利education welfare社会福利事业social welfare cause人民团体people's organizations老弱、病残、孤寡成员the elderly, sick, widows and orphans优待: preferential treatments义务兵役制: compulsory military service system 老年人抚养比old-age Dependency Ratio 文化福利cultural welfare农村集体经济rural collective economy土地承包责任制household contract responsibility system劳保labour protection利益共同体interests-shared Community 路径依赖Path－Dependence企业年金enterprise Annuity商业保险Commercial Insurance退休养老金待遇Treatment of pensions基本养老保险制度Basic old-age insurance system职业福利Occupational Welfare企业补充养老保险Enterprise Supplementary old-age insurance非营利性的事业单位Non-profit public institutions社会统筹和个人账户相结合combination of Social pooling and individual accounts 完全积累Fully funded法人受托机构Corporate trustee账户管理人Account Manager托管人Custodian委托代理Commissioned agent企业所得税Corporate Income Tax等价交换原则The principle of equivalent exchange费率payment Rates保险条款Insurance Terms企业财产保险Enterprise Property Insurance集体所有制企业Collectively-owned enterprises固定资产Fixed assets 赔付率Loss ratio。

中国社会保障英文关键词(keywords on social security)

社会保障 英语作文

高中英语高考复习中国社会与经济必知词汇

社会保障专业术语中英文对照(1)

社会保障专业英语词汇

社会保障专业术语中英文对照(1)

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