the introduction of P&G 宝洁公司简介
新视野大学英语3第三版Section A B3U5课件
such a striking difference in job satisfaction?
Section A
Will you be a worker or a laborer?
1
Task
Global understanding of the text
People differ in personal satisfaction they derive from their jobs. (Para. 5)
In modern times, workers and laborers spend their leisure time in different ways. (Paras. 6-8)
Partr_as_. _1-_3_) ___
The introduction part includes the first three paragraphs, providing a framework to differentiate among work, labor, and play. Part II: Body ___(P_a_ra_s._4_-8_)___
Work may serve different purposes and have different meanings to different people. The text argues, by differentiating among work, labor and play, that interest and enjoyment in work are important for the benefits of both individuals and society.
英语教材解读人教八年级上册Unit4Section B Reading(2b)
most exciting magicians, the funniest actors and so on.
All kinds of people join these shows. But who can play the
piano the best or sing the most beautifully? That’s up to you
1 Which three talent shows are mentioned ? 提及
talent shows 才艺节目
American Idol 美国偶像
America’s Got Talent China’s Got Talent
美国达人秀
中国达人秀
Talent shows are getting more and more popular.
A. The people who watch the show.
B. The judgers评委 ( play a role发挥作用)
role [rəul] 作用
Mind map（思维导图）Read paragraph 2 and fill in the blanks:
They try to look for t_h_e_b_e_s_t_s_in_g_e_r_s_,
However, not everybody enjoys watching these shows. Some think that the lives of the performers are made up. For example, some people say they are poor farmers, but in fact they are just actors. However, if you don't take these shows too seriously, they are fun to watch. And one great thing about them is that they give people a way to make their dreams come true.
电池的反相保护方法
Automotive PowerApplication Note, V 1.0, May 2005Reverse Battery Protectionby Marco PürschelTable of Content1.Abstract (1)2.Introduction (1)3.Possible Solutions (1)3.1.Reverse Battery Protection with Diode..1 3.2.Reverse Battery Protection withn-channel MOSFET (2)3.3.Reverse Battery protection withp-channel MOSFET (3)4.Conclusion (4)1.AbstractThis Application Note is intended to provide an overview of reverse battery protection in automotive applications. The pros and cons of each solution will be discussed.2.IntroductionBy changing the battery of a car or during maintenance work on the electronic system of a car, the battery has to be reconnected. During this event, it is possible that the polarity of the battery could be applied in reversal direction. Today’s battery terminals are marked with colours and the terminal post itself are mechanically different, nevertheless the possibility for reverse battery is still present, at least for short connection duration.With reverse applied voltage, shorts via diodes or transistors could occur leading to fatal errorsof the electronics of the car. This means, that the ECUs (Electronic Control Unit) have to be protected against reversal battery polarity. 3.Possible SolutionsIn this chapter three most common reverse battery protection circuits will be discussed. A solution with relay is not taken into account.3.1.Reverse Battery Protection with Diode The easiest way for reverse battery protection would be a series diode in the positive supply line of the ECU accordingly the load. By applying the battery in the wrong polarity the pn junction of the diode blocks the battery voltage and the electronic is protected.VDiodeFigure 1: Solution with diodeFrom a correctly installed battery the supply current is flowing in forward direction through the diode to the load.Power losses of the diode can be calculated easily with its forward voltage drop characteristic.1234567050100150200250P load[W]P loss[W]97.0%97.2%97.4%97.6%97.8%98.0%98.2%98.4%98.6%Efficiency[%]Figure 2: Ptot= f(Pload) for diode solutionFigure 2 shows an example of a solution using 45V rated Schottky diode(s). The total power losses as a function of the power rating of the load with the assumption of a battery voltage of 14V are shown. If the power losses at high output powers can not be handled by one diode, several devices have to be switched in parallel. Due to the diode threshold, which is a constant, switching the devices in parallel the power losses itself will stay more or less at the same level. They will be distributed only accordingly to the amount of used diodes.3.2. Reverse Battery Protection with n-channel MOSFET To lower the power losses of the reverse battery protection, a MOSFET can be used. Inserting such a device in the right direction in the positive supply line can protect the load against reversal battery as well. Note that a MOSFET has always an intrinsic anti parallel body diode.The MOSFET is fully turned on when applying the battery in the right direction. Due to the fact, that the Source is on high potential, the MOSFET is a high side switch not referring to ground. A charge pump circuit (or something equivalent) is needed to boost the Gate-voltage over the Source-voltage to turn the MOSFET on.During reverse polarity of the battery, the diode in the ground line of the charge pump blocks the voltage. No voltage supplies the Gate and the MOSFET will be switched off. The diode protects as well the charge pump against reversal battery. Otherwise a short via the two transistors would occur.V 30V n-Channel MOSFET Figure 3 shows a typical solution for reverse battery protection with an n-channel MOSFET. The power losses of an n-channel MOSFET for a reverse battery protection are determined by the R DS(on) of the device and the load current. Switching losses can be neglected because the device will be switched on once when the battery is applied and stays in on state during normal operation. The power losses and ratio of power losses versus output power are shown in Figure 4 with an example of a 30V, 3.3mOhm MOSFET (SPP100N03S2-03).0.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8050100150200250P load [W]P l o s s [W ]99.2%99.3%99.4%99.5%99.6%99.7%99.8%99.9%100.0%100.1%P t o t / P l o a d [%]Figure 4: P tot = f(P load ) for n-channel MOSFET (1 and 2 in parallel) solutionThe power losses of the MOSFET are increasing by the power of two over the output power and decreasing linear by the size of the MOSFET. Meaning by switching two MOSFETs in parallel the power losses will be reduced by a factor of two. This means by switching n MOSFETs in parallel, the total power losses will be reduced by a factor of n and the power losses which has to be handled by eachMOSFET will be reduced by n 2.Such a solution would be feasible for high output power requirements.The drawback of this solution is the additional circuit effort which has to be spent to drive the n-channel MOSFET during normal operation. A charge pump circuit is needed to create the required offset on the Gate pin over the battery line.EMI is an issue because the oscillator of the charge pump circuit is switching the two MOSFETs alternating. But the power which will be handled by the charge pump is not a huge one because the power MOSFET is switched on only once. This means that the EMI is not as high as it is normally by dealing with such circuits.It is not useful in automotive applications to insert the MOSFET in the ground line to get rid of the high side driver. The voltage drop over the MOSFET would result in a shift of the ground level. For sensitive loads this can lead to malfunction.3.3.Reverse Battery protection with p-channel MOSFET forward direction from Drain to Source.V 30V p-channel MOSFETFigure 5: Solution with p-channel MOSFET The huge benefit by using a p-channel MOSFET belongs to the fact, that no additional high side driver circuit is needed. Compared to an n-channel MOSFET the device will be turned on by applying a negative Gate Source voltage. By referring the Gate signal to the ground line, the device is fully turned on when the battery is applied in the right polarity. For the first start up, the intrinsic body diode of the MOSFET will conduct, till the channel is switched on in parallel. The Zener diode will clamp the Gate of the MOSFET to its Zener voltage and protects it against over voltage.By reverse polarity, the MOSFET will be switched off, because the Gate Source voltage for this case will be positive (voltage drop over the Zener diode).The main difference in terms of technology between an n-channel MOSFET and a p-channel MOSFET is the inverse doping profile over the whole device as it can be seen in Figure 6.p-channel MOSFETTo switch on a p-channel MOSFET a negative Gate Source voltage has to be applied. The electrical field will push the electrons in the channel region back and will attract the holes, the “p-channel” is created and a load current can flow through the device. But this current is a hole current and not an electron current as for an n-channel MOSFET. Holes do not have the same mobility of electrons. It is much harder to push them through the device, resulting in a higher area specific on state resistance. In the past this was a blocking point for the use of a p-channel MOSFET because you have to replace an n-channel MOSFET with a two to three times larger p-channel. With today’s technologies it is possible to shrink the p-FET and the price is going down accordingly.The power losses of a p-channel MOSFET versus the output power and the efficiency are shown in Figure 7. By switching several MOSFETs in parallel the same effect is valid as for n-channel MOSFETs. The power losses of each device are decreasing with a dependencyof n 2.00.511.522.5050100150200250P load [W]P l o s s [W ]98.8%99.0%99.2%99.4%99.6%99.8%100.0%E f f i c i e n c y [%]Figure 7: P tot = f(P load ) for p-channel MOSFET solutionn-channel MOSFETp-channel MOSFET4. ConclusionThis application note points out the three most common ways to achieve reverse battery protection which are:- solution with a diode- solution with an n-channel MOSFET - solution with a p-channel MOSFETEach solution has its advantages and drawbacks.diode n-channel MOSFET p-channelMOSFETParts + - 0 EMI + - + Power losses-- ++ + Efficiency -- ++ + High power -- +++The table is summarizing the pros and cons of the three described solutions. For high power applications the diode is not feasible for reverse battery protection, since power losses are much too high.01234567050100150200250P load [W]P l o s s [W ]Figure 8: Comparison of power losses for the three solutionsFor such applications, the n-channel MOSFETsolution offers the highest efficiency with the drawback of additional circuit requirements like a charge pump circuit and EMI filter.A very simple solution still with an excellent efficiency would be the p-channel approach. Nearly no additional circuit effort compared to the diode and only a slightly worse efficiency in comparison to the n-channel MOSFET makes this solution very attractive.With the introduction of p-channel MOSFETs in a trench technology the performance of the device increased dramatically and compensates the disadvantage of the hole mobility significantly.0.970.9750.980.9850.990.9951050100150200250P load [W]E f f i c i e n c y [%]Figure 9: Comparison of efficiency for the three solutionsThe best solution for reverse battery will be determined by the requirements of the application. The designer will have to find the trade off between power losses and the effort to spend on the reverse battery protection schematic itself.Published by Infineon Technologies AG,St.-Martin-Strasse 53,81669 München© Infineon Technologies AG 2004.All Rights Reserved.Attention please!The information herein is given to describe certain components and shall not be considered as a guarantee of characteristics.Terms of delivery and rights to technical change reserved.We hereby disclaim any and all warranties, including but not limited to warranties of non-infringement, regarding circuits, descriptions and charts stated herein.InformationFor further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies OfficeWarningsDue to technical requirements components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question please contact your nearest Infineon Technologies Office.Infineon Technologies Components may only be used in life-support devices or systems with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system, or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body, or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered.Published by Infineon Technologies AG。
中考英语阅读理解技巧单选题40题
中考英语阅读理解技巧单选题40题1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The history of a city.B. The introduction of a famous person.C. The benefits of doing exercise.D. The description of a natural disaster.答案：A。
解析：文章主要讲述了一个城市的发展历程，包括其建立、发展中的重要事件等。
选项B 只涉及到一个名人的介绍，并非文章重点。
选项C 侧重于锻炼的好处，与文章内容不符。
选项D 关于自然灾害的描述并非文章主旨。
2. The main purpose of the text is to _____.A. explain a scientific theoryB. describe a travel experienceC. introduce a new productD. tell a funny story答案：B。
解析：文本详细描述了一次旅行中的所见所闻、感受等。
选项A 科学理论的解释并非文章核心。
选项C 新产物的介绍并非主要内容。
选项D 有趣故事的讲述不是重点。
3. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The ways to protect the environment.B. The importance of friendship.C. The development of technology.D. The customs of a foreign country.答案：D。
解析：文章着重介绍了一个外国国家的风俗习惯。
选项 A 环境保护的方法不是主旨。
选项 B 友谊的重要性未在文中重点体现。
选项C 技术的发展并非文章重点。
4. The main topic of this passage is _____.A. A famous artist's lifeB. A traditional festivalC. The history of a schoolD. A popular sport答案：B。
Canton Fair广交会
中国进出口商品交易会（广交会）概况 • China Import and Export Fair, also known as the Canton Fair, is held biannually [bai'ænjuəli] in Guangzhou every spring and autumn, with a history of 57 years since 1957. The Fair is a comprehensive one with the longest history, the highest [haɪɪst] level, the largest scale, the most complete exhibit variety, the broadest distribution of overseas buyers and the greatest business turnover in China.
the introduction of pavilions
广交会场馆介绍
• 流花路展馆 • The pavilion of LiuHuaLu was founded in 1974, the exhibition Space is about 170000 square meters, it is famous for the china import and export fair. • 中国进出口商品交易会流花路展馆建于1974年，展馆面积达17万平 方米，因每年举办中国进出口商品交易会而举世闻名。
• The first part: Briefing Profiles ['profail] of Canton Fair
• The second part: the introduction of pavilions [pə'viljən] • The third part: the range of products • The fourth part: the important influence on China
学术写作2
Letters for Publishing Papers
Publication is the goal of almost all academic research.
Communication for publishing papers becomes essential for researchers and scholars.
3
Lessons from Steve Jobs
佛教中有一句话：初学者的心态；拥有初学 者的心态是件了不起的事情。 There’s a phrase in Buddhism, “Beginner’s mind.” It’s wonderful to have a beginner’s mind. 成为卓越的代名词，很多人并不能适合需要 杰出素质的环境。 Be a yardstick of quality. Some people aren’t used to an environment where excellence is expected.
Letters for submitting a paper Letters about review and modification Letters about acceptance and copyright
8
Cover letter for submission (p. 230)
I enclose two copies of my paper entitled “Model-Based Automatic Programming for Plant Control”. I should like to have it published in your journal. Thank you for your consideration.
中图分类号_H313
正文 字体：Times New Roman 字号：四号， 固定行距：26 磅 首行缩进：2 字符（即四个英语字母） 英文摘要的内容必须与汉语摘要对照。
III
目录汉字 字体：宋体 字号：四号
Contents
一级标题
字体：Times New Roman； 字号：三号，加粗，居中； 下与正文空一行。
两行的话，必须悬挂缩进，
2.4 Summary of Key L即ea两rn行in的g文P字rin部c分ip对le齐s ，..数.................................... 23 3. Some Critical Issues in Pr字im空a出ry来E。FL Instruction in Chinese Context... 25
By Zhang Sanfeng
1. 黑色碳素笔，亲笔签 名，不可打印。 2. 名字为两个汉字的， 仅第一个汉字大写。
Supervisor：
Acknowledgements
一级标题
字体：Times New Roman ； 字号：三号，加粗,居中； 下与正文空一行。
I would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help,
毕业论文
1. 填写论文汉语标题。如果标 题太长，可适当分行；
2. 不可改变本表格的大小和格 式；
3. 格式：宋体；20 号字；加粗； 居中
作 者：
黑色碳素笔，亲笔 签名，不可打印
指导教师：
黑色碳素笔，亲笔 签名，不可打印
The Use of Linking Adverbials by Chinese College English Learners
高考英语一轮选择性必修第四册Unit6Spaceandbeyond外研版
[构织连脉词汇]
1.__h_a_z_a_rd_o_u_s___adj.危险的,不安全的→____h_a_z_ar_d____n.危险,冒险的事 2._u_n_e_x_c_ep_t_i_o_n_al_adj.平常的→_e_x_c_e_p_t_io_n_a_l__adj.异常的,例外的 →__e_x_c_e_p_ti_o_n___n.例外,异议 3.__t_ra_g_i_c_a_ll_y___adv.悲惨地,不幸地→___t_ra_g_e_d_y____n. 悲剧 4.__s_u_s_p_e_n_d____v. 暂停,中止→__su_s_p_e_n_s_io_n___n. 暂停;暂缓,延期 5.___s_u_b_m_i_t ____vt.提交;呈递(文件等)→__su_b_m__i_ss_i_o_n__n.提交(物);呈递(书) 6.__i_n_v_is_i_b_le____adj.看不见的→___v_i_s_ib_l_e____adj.看得见的 →____v_is_io_n_____n.视力;视觉;想象
3.The sacrifice of the Challenger calls to us,reminding us that we must continue to reach for the stars,no matter how distant they might seem. 【尝试翻译】 “挑战者”号的失事召唤着我们,提醒我们必须继续向星空进军,不管它们看 起来有多遥远。 【考点凝练】“no matter+疑问词”引导让步状语从句 4.So great was the distance from Earth that it would need to travel for almost six years to reach its destination. 【尝试翻译】 它与地球的距离是如此之远,以至于它要走将近6年才能到达目的地。 【考点凝练】so...that...句型的倒装结构
外文翻译原文--电子学
ElectronicsAbstract: Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of devices, usually electronic circuits, the operation of which depends on the flow of electrons for the generation, transmission, reception, and storage of information. The information can consist of voice or music in a radio receiver, a picture on a television screen, or numbers and other data in a computer. Electronic circuits provide different functions to process this information, including amplification of weak signals to a usable level; generation of radio wave; extraction of information, such as the recovery of an audio signal from a radio wave; control, such as the superimposition of an audio signal onto radio waves; and logic operations, such as the electronics processes taking place in computers.Keywords: Electronics, electronic circuits, numbers, logic operations.1.1IntroductionElectronics is a field of engineering and applied physics dealing with the design and application of devices, usually electronic circuits, the operation of which depends on the flow of electrons for the generation, transmission, reception, and storage of information. The information can consist of voice or music (audio signals) in a radio receiver, a picture on a television screen, or numbers and other data in a computer.Electronic circuits provide different functions to process this information, including amplification of weak signals to a usable level; generation of radio wave; extraction of information, such as the recovery of an audio signal from a radio wave (demodulation); control, such as the superimposition of an audio signal onto radio waves (modulation); and logic operations, such as the electronics processes taking place in computers.1.2Historical BackgroundThe introduction of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. With vacuum tubes the manipulation of signals became possible, which could not be done with the early telegraph and telephone circuit or with the early transmitters using high-voltage sparks to create radio waves. For example, with vacuum tubes weak radio and audio signals could be amplified, and audio signals, such as music or voice, could be superimposed on radio waves. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the swift progress of radio communication technology before World War II and the development of early computers during and shortly after the war.The transistor, invented in 1948, has now almost completely replaced the vacuum tube in most of its applications. Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts, the transistor provides the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced cost, weight, and power consumption and with higher reliability. Subsequent advances in semiconductor technology, in part attributable to the intensity of research associated with the space-exploration effort, led to the development of the integrated circuit. Integrated circuits may contain hundreds of thousands of transistors on a small piece of materials and allow the construction of complex electronic circuits, such as those in microcomputers, audio and video equipment and communications satellites.1.3Electronic ComponentsElectronic circuits consist of interconnections of electronic components. Components are classified into two categories-active or passive. Passive elements never supply more energy than they absorb; active elements can supply more energy than they absorb. Passive components include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Components considered active include batteries, generators, vacuum tubes, and transistors.(1) Vacuum TubesA vacuum tube consists of an air-evacuated glass envelope that contains several metal electrodes.A simple, two-element tube (diode) consists of a cathode and an anode that is connected to thepositive terminal of a power supply. The cathode-a small metal tube heated by filament-frees electrons, which migrate to the anode-a metal cylinder around the cathode (also called the plate). If an alternating voltage is applied to the anode, electrons will only flow to the anode during the positive half-cycle. During the negative cycle of the alternating voltage, the anode repels the electrons, and no current passes through the tube. Diodes connected in such a way that only the positive half-cycles of an alternating current (AC) are permitted to pass are called rectifier tubes, these are (DC). By inserting a grid, consisting of a spiral of metal wire, between the cathode and the anode and applying a negative voltage to the grid, the flow of electrons can be controlled. When the grid is negative, it repels electrons, and only a fraction of the electrons emitted by the cathode can reach the anode. Such a tube, called a triode, can be used as an amplifier. Small variations in voltage at the grid, such as can be produced by a ratio or audio signal, will cause large variations in the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode and, hence, in the circuitry connected to the anode.(2) TransistorsTransistors are made from semiconductors. These are materials, such as silicon or germanium, that are ‘doped’ (have minute amounts of foreign elements added) so that either an abundance or a lack of free electrons exists. In the former case, the semiconductor is called n-type, and in the latter case, p-type. By combining n-type and p-type materials, a diode can be produced. When this diode is connected to a battery so that the p-type material is positive and the n-type negative, electrons are repelled from the negative battery terminal and pass unimpeded to the p-region, which lack electrons. With battery reversed, the electrons arriving in the p-material can pass only with difficulty to the n-material, which is already filled with free electrons, and the current is almost zero.The bipolar transistor was invented in 1948 as a replacement for the triode vacuum tube. It consists of three layers of doped material, forming two p-n (bipolar) junctions with configurations of p-n-p or n-p-n. One junction is connected to a battery so as to allow current flow (forward bias), and the other junction has a battery connected in the opposite direction (reverse bias). If the current in the forward-biased junction is varied by the addition of a signal, the current in the reverse-biased junction of the transistor will vary accordingly. The principle can be used to construct amplifiers in which a small signal applied to the forward-biased junction caused a large change in current in the reverse-biased junction.Another type of transistor is the field effect transistor (FET). Such a transistor operates on the principle of repulsion or attraction of charges due to a superimposed electric field. Amplification of current is accomplished in a manner similar to the grid control of a vacuum tube. Field-effect transistors operate more efficiently than bipolar types, because a large signal can be controlled by a very small amount of energy.(3) Integrated CircuitsMost integrate circuits are small pieces, or ‘chips’, of silicon, perhaps 2 to 4 sq mm (0.08 to 0.15 sq in) long, in which transistors are fabricated. Photolithography enables the designer to create tents of the many n-type and p-type regions. These are interconnected with very small conducting paths during fabrication to produce complex special-purpose circuits. Such integrated circuits are called monolithic because they are fabricated on a single crystal of silicon. Chips require much less space and power and are cheaper to manufacture than an equivalent circuit built by employing individual transistors.(4) ResistorsIf a battery is connected across a conducting material, a certain amount of current will flow through the material. This current is dependent on the voltage of the battery, on the dimensions of the sample, and on the conductivity of the material itself. Resistors with known resistance are used for current control in electronic circuits. The resistor are made from carbon mixtures, metal films, or resistance wire and have two connecting wires attached. Variable resistors, with an adjustable sliding contact arm, are often used to control volume on radios and television sets.(5) CapacitorsCapacitors consist of two metal plates that are separated by an insulting material. If a battery is connected to both plates, an electric charge will flow for a short time and accumulate on each plate. If the battery is disconnected, the capacitor retains the charge and the voltage associated with it. Rapidly changing voltages, such as caused by an audio or radio signal, produce larger current flows to and from the plates; the capacitor then functions as a conductor for the changing current. This effect can be used, for example, to separate an audio or radio signal from a direct current in order to connect the output of one amplifier stage to the input of the next amplifier stage.(6) InductorsInductors consist of a conducting wire wound into the form of a coil. When a current passes through the coil, a magnetic filed is set up around it that tends to oppose rapid changes in current intensity. As a capacitor, an inductor can be used to distinguish between rapidly and slowly changing signals. When an inductor is used in conjunction with a capacitor, the voltage in the inductor reaches a maximal value for a specific frequency. This principle is used in a radio receiver, where a specific frequency is selected by a variable capacitor.(7) Sensing Devices and TransducersMeasurements of mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical quantities are made by devices called sensors and transducers. The sensor is responsive to changes in the quantity to be measured, or example, temperature, position, or chemical concentration. The transducer converts such measurement into electrical signals, which, usually amplified, can be fed to instruments of the readout, recording, or control of the measured quantities. Sensors and transducers can operate at locations remote from the observer and in environments unsuitable or impractical for humans. Some devices act as both sensor and transducer. A thermocouple has two junctions of wires of different metals, these generate a small electric voltage that depends on the temperature difference between the two junctions. A thermistor is a special resistor, the resistance of which varies with temperature. A variable resistor can convert mechanical movement into an electrical signal. Specially designed capacitors are used to measure distance, and photocells are used to detect light. Other devices are used to measure velocity, acceleration, or fluid flow. In most instances, the electric signal is weak and must be amplified by an electronic circuit.。
新时代核心英语教程写作3教学课件unit2
The postscript
You can sign a postscript with your first name or the initials of your full name, or you can just leave out the signature.
The language
Types of letters and notes for social purposes
Difficult Points
1. Writing a letter with clarity and force
2. Comparing different types of letters and their social purposes
The structure and format
The structure and format
Every well-constructed social letter is made up of five essential parts. • the heading • the salutation • the body • the complimentary close • the signature
• If you want more information, please be sure to write to me again.
• Thanks again for your kindness. • Looking forward to seeing/hearing from you
(第二版)综合教程4-Unit1Exercises
8. With the price of fuel skyrocketing, I really don’t know how we are going to __g_e_t_t_h_r_o_u_g_h_ the severe winter.
随着燃料价格的飞涨，我真不知道怎么度过这个严 寒的冬天。
面对经济危机,许多工厂开始裁员。现在政府面临的问 题就是为大量的下岗工人创造就业机会。
2. If you let yourself g__e_t _b_o_g_g_e_d__d_o_w__n in paper work, you’ll never find time to deal with the really important issues. (bog)
Vocabulary 1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given. Change the form where necessary.
1. The Labor Party’s electoral （竞选）strategy, which was based on a tactical _a_l_li_a_n_c_e__ with other minor parties, has proved successful.
尽管遭到强烈的反对,政府继续进行铲除腐败的战斗。
4. “We can take no chances; if we fail in Normandy the war might d_r_a_g__o_n_ for years,” said the Allied commander-in-chief. (drag)
廉价劳动力和税收鼓励将被用于吸引公司到我国远 离东部的西部地区投资.
Unit2NaturaldisastersExtendedReading课件高中英语牛津译林版(20
hopeless, desperate
3. Read paragraph 2 and fill in the blanks.
The awful night rolled (1)_s_lo_w__ly_ away, and the dawn (2)_g_r_e_y_ly__ broke on THE LAST DAY OF POMPEII! When the citizens looked upwards with (3)__u_n_s_p_e_a_k_ab_l_e fear，they saw a (4)__h_u_g_e___ cloud shooting from the peak of the volcano. It took the form of a (5)_h_u_g_e__ tree. Then, there was a fire. This fire moved and changed in colour with every moment：now it was bright, now of a pale and (6)_d_y_i_n_g__ red, and now again it burnt with an (7)__u_n_b_e_a_ra_b_l_e_ light. What’s the function of the words filled in above? They vividly show that the eruption is approaching.
While-reading
Activity 1 Fast-reading for basic informatdea of the text?
√A. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and destruction of Pompeii.
PPP模式 外文文献翻译
划的纯粹的社会主义经济。基础设施投资和发展是政府唯一的责任。随着PPP 以基础设施发展的形式引入，并且考虑到这些经济交易活动的复杂性，PPP实 践在中国已成为近年来学者们研究的焦点，尤其是PPP风险(e.g. Cheung and Chan, 2011; Ke etal., 2010; Song et al., 2013; Wang et al., 1999)，潜在的问 题(e.g. Chan et al., 2010a)，成功的关键因素(e.g. Chan et al., 2010b; Zhao et al., 2010)以及拟从实际PPP项目的实施中汲取教训和经验的案例研究这些方面 (e.g., Chen, 2009; Chen andHubbard, 2012)。Biblioteka 1.introduction
Infrastructure is considered to be “life supporting services”(Noel and Brzeski, 2005) and has long been under the monopoly of government. However, insufficient infrastructure has been a problem for almost all countries; this problem is exacerbated by the lack of funds available in the public sectors (Matos-Castaño et al., 2014; Qiu and Wang, 2011). Further, the monopoly of government over infrastructure has been seen as a cause of low efficiency in the development and operation of infrastructure facilities. Public–private partnership (PPP), as an innovation of project delivery alternatives, has been widely applied in many countries in the past two decades, attempting to resolve the problems (Chan et al., 2011); now it is, arguably,the most significant, worldwide trend in the public sector(Garvin and Bosso, 2008; 基础设施被认为是“生活配套服务” (Noel and Brzeski, 2005) 并且长期处于政府的 Koch and Buser, 2006), and good governance is an important factor for the 垄断之下。然而，几乎所有的国家都存在基础设施不足的问题；资金缺乏的公共部 success of PPP 门加剧了这个问题的严重性 (Matos-Castaño et al., 2014; Qiu and 2011)。此 projects in terms of developing sound economic policy andWang, administrating 外，政府对基础设施的垄断被视为导致低效率的基础设施发展和运营的原因。 PPP， projects (Li et al., 2005).
英美文学Unit 2 shakespeare Merchant
II. Difficult Points in Scene 1, Act IV
P 5: Your Grace hath ta’en great pains to qualify his rigorous course; …
qualify: v. to make less harsh or severe; moderate rigorous: adj. harsh course: n. a mode of action or behavior 行为，做法
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
II. The Merchant of Venice: Scene 1, Act IV 1. Tell about the setting of this scene. 2. What are the characters? 3. What is the conflict?
II. Difficult Points in Scene 1, Act IV
P 5 What does the court expect Shylock to do? To show human gentleness and love, and to “loose the forfeiture”, and to “forgive a moiety of the principal”. loose the forfeiture: give up the penalty a moiety of: a half of forgive: loose 豁免，免除
※
Why does Antonio think is the reason for Shylock’s cruel nature? “His [hardest] Jewish heart .” Racial discrimination?
新视野大学英语第三版B4U3教案
新视野大学英语读写教程第四册教案B4U3Unit 3Being Entrepreneur＊Teaching Objectives:Students will learn to use English to1。
To talk about the entrepreneurial spirit2. To understand the text fully3。
To apply the phrases and patterns4. To master the essay writing skill*Time Allotment：each unit 8 classes1st———2nd classes：Part I Warming up1.Lead-in : Guessing activity and short answer questions2.Pre-reading activities：compound dictation3.Cultural background：Proper names3rd--4th classes:Part II Text Study4.Reading in Depth: Structure Analysis, Summary, Difficult sentences analysisnguage Focus: More practice in Language Points (language points explanation,Sentence Patterns，Useful Expressions)5th—6th classes：Part III Reflection6.Critical thinking：More speaking practice in discussion related to beingentrepreneur.7.Writing Practice: Essay writing• Write a narrative with biographical information。
Unit 3 Passage A Exercise
1. France has already pledged billions of dollars in aid next year.
Answer: France has already pledged billions of dollars in aid next year.
法国已经保证明年提供数十亿美元的援助。
* Ivory Soap is far more well than . (Line 12)
* With a bar of Ivory Soap in your hand, you are holding a chunk of . (Line 43)
Answer: 1. the introduction of its floating soap, an enormous new factory in a place called Ivorydale,
Answer: Measures have been taken to guarantee that no student will have to drop out of college for financial reasons.
（学校）已经采取措施来保证学生不会因经济原因而辍学。
Answer: 1) The quality of the product: safe, mild, and pure. And it floats.
2) The profitability of the product:
* Ivory Soap has earned billions of dollars for the company.
Annual sales, billions of dollars,
宝洁公司英文介绍
----Procter & Gamble（宝洁公司）
The Outline
The
introduction of P&G
Market segmentation Market segmentation by geographic variables Market segmentation by humanities variables Market segmentation by psychological variables Market segmentation by Behavioral variables Conclusgions, P& G’s main push of the products are also different, such as in the remote mountain village areas, launched cheap cleaning products, such asTide. Shampoo Rejoice has affordable products-family pack. The main push for the international metropolis of Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong are high-end products such as Oil of Olay, Pantene.
1, social class Social class refers to the relative nature and persistence in a particular social group. A member of a different class will be very different. Procter & Gamble well use the characteristics of different sectors with the marketing strategy of the social strata. Purchase of higher social status can find personal tastes from the product, while purchaser in the bottom of society more focus on its value. Such as: Procter & Gamble internationally renowned skincare brand SK-II for the higher social status of the purchaser. Essence ranging from 800-1200 Price. OLAY products are faced with lower consumer.
Unit4+History+and+Traditions+Reading人教版(2019)必修第二册
5th century 8th century 11th century
Anglo-Saxons Vikings Normans
English language; the way people built houses
new vocabulary; names of locations castles; legal system
changeKingdom of the Kingdom United Kingdom The United
England
of Great
of Great Britain Kingdom
Britain
and Ireland
Para3：What are the similarities and differences?
in the 16th century
in the 18th century
in the 19th century
in the 20th century
Contry Wales
Scotland
Ireland Southern Ireland
was joined to was joined to was added to broke away from
They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. (Para. 3, Line 1)
Summary
The United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England—many people are confused by 1._w_h_a_t_ these different names mean. In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales2. w__a_s_j_o_in_e_d__(join) to the Kingdom of England. In the 19 th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, the southern part of Ireland 3. _b_r_o_k_e_ (break) away from the UK, which resulted in the full name today. However, most people just use the4._s_h_o_r_t_e_n_e_d__(shorten) name: the UK.
关于封茗囧菌的英语作文
关于封茗囧菌的英语作文The Introduction of Phengjun Mushroom。
Phengjun mushroom, also known as Hericium erinaceus, is a kind of edible and medicinal fungus. It is a white, fluffy, and spiky mushroom that resembles a lion's mane, which is why it is also called lion's mane mushroom. Phengjun mushroom is native to Asia, North America, and Europe and has been used in traditional Chinese medicinefor centuries.The Nutritional Value of Phengjun Mushroom。
Phengjun mushroom is a rich source of nutrients and contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, beta-glucans, and ergosterol. It is also high in protein, fiber, and minerals such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Additionally, phengjun mushroom is low in calories and fat, making it an ideal food for those who are watching their weight.The Health Benefits of Phengjun Mushroom。
高二政治理论英语阅读理解25题
高二政治理论英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Marxism is a profound and far - reaching theoretical system that has had a great impact on the world. One of the fundamental aspects of Marxism is the Materialist Conception of History. According to this view, history is not shaped by abstract ideas or the will of individual heroes alone. Instead, it is the result of the development of the material conditions of society. The economic base, which includes the means of production and the relations of production, plays a decisive role in determining the superstructure of society, such as politics, law, and ideology.Another crucial theory in Marxism is the theory of surplus value. In a capitalist society, workers sell their labor power to capitalists. However, the value that workers create during their labor time is greater than the value of their labor power (the wages they receive). This extra value is the surplus value, which is appropriated by the capitalists. This theory reveals the exploitation at the heart of the capitalist system. Marx believed that this exploitation would inevitably lead to class struggle between the proletariat (the working class) and the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class).Marxism also emphasizes the importance of historical development in stages. Each stage has its own characteristics and contradictions, andthrough the continuous development and resolution of these contradictions, society progresses towards a more advanced form. Overall, Marxism provides a comprehensive framework for understanding society, economy, and history, and has inspired numerous social movements and revolutions around the world.1. <问题1>A. According to the Materialist Conception of History, what mainly determines the superstructure of society?A. Abstract ideasB. The will of individual heroesC. The economic baseD. Religious beliefs答案：C。
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we have 50 leadership brands
Brands with strong equities in the minds of consumers. Brands that retailers want in their stores. Brands that are platforms for innovation.
And Our Principles articulate P&G’s unique approach to conducting work every day.
Sustainability
At P&G, we are focused on making every day better for people and the planet, through our innovation and our actions.
Taken together, our Purpose, Values and Principles are the foundation for P&G’s unique culture.
Our Purpose unifies us in a common cause and growth strategy of improving more consumers’ lives in small but meaningful ways each day. It inspires P&G people to make a positive contribution every day. Our Values reflect the behaviors that shape the tone of how we work with each other and with our partners.
Core Strengths
Company Culture
Inspired by purpose
we serve about 4.8 billion consumers around the world today
Our Values
Integrity
Leadership
Ownership
Passion for winning Trust
Thank you
If you share our dreams and ambitions, join us!
Our Principles We show respect for all individuals We are strategically focused in our work We value personal mastery We seek to be the best We are externally focused Mutual interdependency is a way of life
P&G’s reputation is earned by our conduct: what we say, what we do, the products we make, the services we provide and the way we act and treat others. As conscientious citizens and employees, we want to do what is right. For P&G, and our global operations, this is the only way to do business.
Procter &on
founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble one of the world's biggest consumer products companies 110,000 employees around the world annual sales of $300 billion dollars have operations in about 70 countries market our products in more than 180 countries
Environmental Sustainability
Social Responsibility
provide comforts of home
health and hygiene programs
Grant Application
Each grant request we receive is carefully evaluated to determine alignment with opportunities where P&G can uniquely add value and to be certain we are investing in sustainable solutions.
Corporate Structure
Corporate Governance
management, shareholders and the board working together employees are long-term investors a foundation of integrity, control and stewardship doing what’s right