英语阅读-根据上下文猜测词义的技巧
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三、词汇题解题技巧
词汇题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点在哪里,不需要考生查找所考查内容。它可以考一个单词的含义,一个词组的意思,或者考一个句子的弦外之音。
词汇题常见提问方式如下:
The word “accentuate” (Line 4, Para.3) most probably means _____.
What is the meaning of …?
The word “colonies” (Line 2, Para.4) refers to _____.
T he statement “The business of America is business” probably means “_____”.
The phrase “puts it down to” (Line 1, Para3) is closest in meaning to “_____”.
By “white elephant” the author refers to _____.
实例讲解:
原文:
This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
题目:
60. “Shadowland”in the last sentence refers to____ .
A) the wonderland one often dreams about
B) the bright future that one is looking forward to
C) the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached
D) a world that exists only in one's imagination
此题可以利用并列关系来求解。首先,and后面的句子告诉我们“任何有梦想的人必须要学会在那里生活”,这暗含了“那里”不好的环境。再从and可知,两个分句的逻辑是一致的,据此Shadowland也应该是不利的环境,故选择C项。
考句子含义的,如果句子简单,一般在上下文中寻找答案;如果句子复杂,则更加倾向于在句子内部找答案。
下面介绍一些常用的根据上下文猜测词义的技巧。
第一,针对性解释。
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性,利用它们猜词义比较容易。
1.根据定义猜测词义
如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如:
Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 由定义可知,anthropology就是“研究人类的科学”。
2.根据复述猜测词义
1) 同位语
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科”。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系,因此我们不难猜出semantics指“语义学”。
2) 定语从句
Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.
根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我们可以推断出SAD含义,即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。
3. 根据举例猜测词义
例如:
The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“战争”和
“重大科学发现”是生词的实例,通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”,这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。
第二,内在逻辑关系。
1. 根据对比关系猜测词义
例如:
Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast,(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
2. 根据比较关系猜测词义
例如:
Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious 词义为“健谈的”。
3. 根据因果关系猜测词义
例如: