扫描探针显微镜原理及其应用-精工
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
扫描探针显微镜原理及其应用
扫描探针显微镜的历史
General term of a type microscope, which performs surface form
observation in minute domain by detecting the physics properties
between probe and sample .
STM (1981 invention 1987 utilization) AFM (1986 invention 1990 utilization)
DFM (Dynamic Force Mode )FFM (Friction Force Microscope)MFM (Magnetic Force Microscope)VE-AFM (Viscoelasticity AFM)KFM (Surface potential)SNOM
Probe
Sample surface
physical interaction
10 mm 10μm
10 nm
10 nm 10 mm
X,Y resolution/m
10μm
Z r e s o l u t i o n /m
SEM Optical Microscope
10 pm
SPM
TEM
扫描探针显微镜与其他显微镜在分辨能力上的比较
0.2nm
800μm 15μm
Reference :NIKKEI MICRDEVICES 86.11
High Resolution in 3D image
Atomic Image (HOPG)STM(~2nm□)
Magnet-Optical Disk
MFM(10μm□)
Lung cancer cell among culture solution DFM(100μm□)
AFM Lithography by oxidization with elec. field
Vector Scan(1μm□)
~ In Air ,High Vacuum ,Liquid ,Heat ,Cool ,Magnetic Field
扫描探针显微镜的优势
Observation・Analysis ⇒Processing
Topography & Physical property
Measurement in various environment
Before
After
扫描探针显微镜原理
标准配置功能
♦Contact AFM(接触式原子力模式)
♦DFM (动态力模式,包括非接触式和间歇接触式原子力模式)♦Phase Mode(相位模式)
♦FFM (摩擦力模式)
♦MFM (磁力模式)
♦Vector Scan(矢量扫描,纳米刻蚀)
♦Force vs Distance Curve (力曲线测量模式)
Contact AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)
DFM(Dynamic Force Mode)
PZT
DFM/Phase
PZT Cantilever PZT
SPI
MFM(Magnetic Force Microscope)
Cantilever
PZT
PZT
SPI
Surface Processing by SPM (Vector Scan)
Before
processing
Cantilever
Direction of scanning
Electrolytic
oxidation
After
processing
SPI
扫描探针显微镜原理
物理特性测量
♦VE-AFM/VE-DFM (微区粘弹性测量模式)
♦LM-FFM (切向调制摩擦力测量模式)
♦Surface Potential Microscope KFM(表面电位势测量模式KFM)♦Piezo Response Mode(压电响应模式)
SPI
VE-AFM/DFM (微粘弹性模式)
【测量原理】
在AFM 模式下,使扫描器边产生Z 方向微小振动,边加一定周期的力在样品上,将这时的悬臂的弯曲振幅影象化,以测量粘弹性的表面分布。
【特征】
可同时测量物质表面的形貌像及粘弹性分布。
形貌像
VE-AFM 像
OUTPUT
Deflection Signal of Cantilever
INPUT
Vibration Signal to PZT
(1~10kHz)
OUTPUT
Deflection Signal of Sample (Large)
(Small)
PZT
Cantilever
(Large)
(Small)聚苯乙烯上的Si 油膜分散样品的测量数据。
在表面形貌像上,可以知道附着的薄油膜部分比底材的聚苯乙烯软。
(测量范围10×10μm )
SPI
扭曲形变信号扭曲振动信号
Topography(5μm □)FFM
LM-FFM
样品:聚苯乙烯上的薄膜
LM-FFM (横向振动摩擦力模式)
【测量原理】
在AFM 模式操作下,使样品产生横方向振动,将Cantilever 的扭曲振动振幅影象化,以测量摩擦力的表面分布。
【特征】
可同时测量物质表面的形貌像及摩擦力分布。
从形状无法判断的材质差异或混合物分布状态是有效。
【应用领域】
润滑剂・有机・高分子・塑胶・橡胶
Lateral Modulation
Edge Effect
Friction Force Microscope Lateral Modulation FFM
Twisting Distortion Twisting Amplitude
Small Friction Large Friction Small Friction Large Friction
SPI
Vrsin ωr t(for
cantilever vibration)
V AC sin ωt (for AC electric field)
2ωingredient (A2ω)
ωingredient (A ω) ωr ingredient (Aω)r)
Photo Detector
PZT scanner
Pre Amp.
Lock-in amplifier Potential feedback
(Voff is controlled to A ω=0) => surface potential Vs=-Voff be detected.
Z
Z servo
(Z is controlled to ⊿A ω= const. ) => topography (Z) is detected.
Voff
Vs : Surface potential
F
Sample Signal
Magnification
Potential control I gain
It is set in the KFM measurement.
KFM (表面电位显微镜)
【可得到什么信息?】样品微小区域的表面电位分布【测量原理】
利用作用于探针-样品间的静电力来测量样品的表面电位【特征】
测量电位:±10V 电位分辨率约1mV 可测量厚度在数100μm 以下的样品【应用领域】
金属,半导体,陶瓷等
SPI
形貌像压电响应像蝴蝶曲线
基于正的DC 电场的余留的极化
基于负的DC 电场
的余留的极化
样品提供:八户工业大学
增田教授偏压:-9V ~+10V
位移:约6.5ÅPiezo Response Mode (压电响应法)PZT 强电介体薄膜的记录与放录
扫描探针显微镜原理
电特性测量
♦STM(扫描隧道测量模式)
♦AFM with Current measurement Mode (AFM同时电流测量模式)♦AFM-CITS (AFM电流隧道谱)
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Metal Probe
X,Y-Scan
Computer
Monitor Bias Voltage
Electron
Cloud
PZT Scanner
Tunnel
Current
Electric
Conductive Sample
Z-Servo Tunnel Current Amplifier
SPI
【可得到什么信息?】
样品微小区域的导电性分布任意点的I / V 曲线特性【测量原理】
导电性Cantilever 和样品间加任意的电压可以进行导电性分布测量或局部I / V 曲线测量【特征】
电流分辨率:约60fA RMS 用电场氧化的样品表面加工【应用领域】
半导体,陶瓷,绝缘膜导电性高分子等
I/V 放大器
Conducting AFM(電流同時測定)
扫描探针显微镜原理
液体及电化学测量
♦Contact AFM in Liquid(液体中接触式AFM测量)♦DFM in Liquid(液体中DFM测量)
♦Electro Chemical AFM/STM(电化学AFM/STM)♦Hermetic Type Circumstance Control Cell
电化学和液体中成像体系
封闭的液体样品池(带蠕动泵)10ml
开放的液体样品池1ml
液体样品池样品可移动范围:2mm
工作方式:探针固定部分与样品池在扫描中相对独立运动。
SPA-400加液体样品槽
封闭式液体样品槽+蠕动泵
Comparison of A FM and DFM
AFM
Contact Cycric-Contact Non-Contact Interaction Large (~10-9N)Medium (~10-10N)Small (~10-11N)
Feature ●Symple
●3D Atomic image
●Pysical property at
contact state
●Influence adhesive and
charged sample
●All-round topography imaging
●Small influence adhesive and
charged sample
●Advantage of Large up and
down sample
●Pysical property at
intermittent contact state
●Advantage of soft
materials
●Setup of very small force
●Pysical property at
Intermittent non-contact
state
Application ●Frection
●VE-AFM
●Adhesion
●Current
●Phase
●VE-DFM
●MFM
●KFM
DFM
Mode
Applications of A FM and DFM
Liquid crystal 11CB STM
DVD DFM
Al-grain DFM
Chromosome DFM in liquid
Cilia of Rat DFM
HOPGAFM
Applications of Multi-function SPM Topography
Ra・Particle & grain analysis・Pitch & height measurement
VE・Friction・Adhesion・Hardness(Nano-indentation)Mechanical
Electric
Leak Current ・Polarization ・Dielectric constant ・Surface Potential
Magnetic
Magnetic Force ・Magnetic Domain & Flux
Fluorescence ・Spectrum ・Optical Transition ・Optical Record Optical
Lithography ・Manipulation・oxidization ・Scratch Processing
应用半导体研究精密表面粗糙度评价
Measurement of Wafer’s Measurement of Wafer’s Surface Roughness
Centre (Ra:0.61A)
Edge (Ra:0.63A)
应用于记录材料形貌及磁畴研究
CD -
CD -R and DVD Pit morphology of Optical disk DFM mode (10μm□)
Groove morphology of CD-R DFM mode (5μm□)
Storage
Magnetic Head
Memory Pattern
Material
Hard Disk
Magnetic Dots
FeNi
Garnett Ferrite
Applications of MFM
・Conductivity of ITO Film
・TFT Potential etc
・Conductivity of ITO Film ・TFT Potential etc LCD
LCD Semiconductor
Semiconductor ・Leak Current of Gate Oxide Layer ・Dopant Profile ・P-N Junction ・Failure Analysis etc
・Leak Current of Gate Oxide Layer ・Dopant Profile ・P-N Junction ・Failure Analysis etc Ceramics
Ceramics ・Leak Current of Domain Boundary
・Ferro-electric Material Polarization ・Dielectric Constant Mapping etc
・Leak Current of Domain Boundary ・Ferro-electric Material Polarization ・Dielectric Constant Mapping etc Data Storage
Data Storage ・Phase Change Layer
etc
・Phase Change Layer etc 电特性测量研究
Polymer
Polymer ・Conductive Rubber
・Conductive Film ・I/V Measurement etc
・Conductive Rubber ・Conductive Film ・I/V Measurement etc ・
・・
不同材料I/V曲线测量
不同材料I/V曲线测量Conductor Insulator
Semiconductor
应用AFM-CITS微区原位漏电流测量
Leak Current Measurement of the Insulator for MRAM
Topography
[pA]
Insulation Failure
Rapid Growth of Leak Current over 1.5V
Measurement area :100nm
Cnductivity
I/V Curve
Sample :
Dr. Kakuta of Tohoku Univ.
导电AFM对FeRAM失效分析The Result of Conduction AFM
Bad Cell
Upper Ele
Ferro-electric layer
Lower Ele
Poly-Si plug Good Cell
Bad Cell
对于Pt上的厚度150Å的PZT薄膜进行电流同时测量。
约100nm的粒子形状可以被观察到,
并且从grain Boundary检测到pA order的微小电流。
导电AFM边界漏电流分析
测量范围∶800nm □样品∶PZT 薄膜
TOPO 像
电流像
强介电体薄膜Process 的最合适化
KFM表面电位势测量
Phase Transition Layer of DVD-RAM
Phase Transition Layer changes between the crystalline & amorphous.
The left image shows the land & groove structure of DVD-RAM and the right image shows the surface potential image of same position.
Surface Potential Image (7μm)
Topography (7μm)
KFM Image
Bias :3V
Topography
Potential distribution caused by the Zn distribution is measured.
Scan Size :10μ
KFM表面电位势测量
The Gate part of the laser diode
KFM表面电位势测量
Spontaneous
oxidation
970mV
Electrolytic
oxidation
960mV
Surface potential (3.5μm□)
Topography(3.5μm□)
Potential difference in spontaneous oxidation part and
electrolytic oxidation part in metal film
TOPO 像
KFM 像
作成之后不久的PZT 膜
表面电位变成约一半(197mV →95mV ),但是H2 Anneal 后的PZT 膜上也残存强感应电性。
H 2Anneal 后的PZT 膜
以DC-10V 极化
TOPO 像
KFM 像
以H 2Anneal 后的PZT 膜的强感应电性变化∶KFM
0V
200
0V
100
Topography Response Image Butterfly Curve
Residual strain
by +DC Field Residual strain by –DC Field
3.5ÅDisplacement at ±8V Bias
Piezo Response Mode (压电响应模式)
PZT Ferroelectric thin layer Measurement
Sample :
Prof. Masuda of Hachinohe Institute
垂直及面内压电响应测量∶压电响应法
压电响应像(垂直方向)
压电响应像(面内方向)
KNbO 3 单结晶的压电响应像。
以中央线为界线左右的极化方向相反,所以明确的信号差可以清楚地辨别出来。
右上的三角形部分是表示2 种不同的极化方向。
上(测量面)
下(加电场的面)
结晶构造
在微小领域的Domain 观察∶压电响应法
TOPO像压电响应像
袋状结晶
微结晶
测量范围∶2µm□
样品∶SBT薄膜
Bias 电压∶-9V ~+10V 位移∶约6.5Å
压电Hysteresis 测量(Butterfly Curve 测量)
TOPO 像∶5µm □SPI3800N Software
从TOPO 像来指定测量点
样品∶PZT 薄膜
Phase Separation Structure
・ABS resin ・PC/AES alloy ・PC/ABS alloy ・ABS/PVC alloy etc
・ABS resin ・PC/AES alloy ・PC/ABS alloy ・ABS/PVC alloy etc Lamella Structure
・LD-, MD-, HD-Polyethylene
・Linear LD Polyethylene ・UH Molecular Weight PE ・Polypropylene etc
・LD-, MD-, HD-Polyethylene ・Linear LD Polyethylene ・UH Molecular Weight PE ・Polypropylene etc Next Generation
・Conducting Polymer
・Organic EL ・Biodegradable Polymer etc
・Conducting Polymer ・Organic EL ・Biodegradable Polymer etc Micro PSS
Thermoplastic Elastomer
・Styrene Butadiene-・Polyester-・Polyvinyl Chloride-etc
Thermoplastic Elastomer ・Styrene Butadiene-・Polyester-・Polyvinyl Chloride-etc 聚合物材料研究
SPI
Material Characterization
DFM /PM (Phase mode )measurement
【Purpose】
◆Distribution of the characteristics change in the polymer surface can be observed. 【Principle】
◆Detecting the phase change in DFM measurement 【Advantage】
◆Simultaneous imaging with DFM
◆Same advantage as DFM for the soft or charged surface.(which is difficult to apply LM-FFM or VE-AFM)
resin
silicon rubber
Topography (7μm)
PM image (7μm)
Observed image of the heat shrinkage rubber (resin/silicon rubber)
→
SPI 100 nm
100 nm Topography
PM image
PP (matrix)
EPR
●Lamella structure can be observed clearly with PM mode.
●Domain of Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) is distributed in the Polypropylene (PP) matrix.
(SPA-300HV, Environment Control Type Unit)
Data No.1Lamella structure of Polypropylene
Phase (PM :Phase Mode )measurement
-Structure and Function of Polymer -
Thin Oily Film on Polystyrene Sheet Thin Oily Film on Polystyrene Sheet
Topography VE-AFM
Hard (Light) : Polystyrene
Soft (Dark) : Thin Oily Film
VE-AFM mode(10μm□)
Morphology of PP Blockcopolymer
Morphology of PP Blockcopolymer 1μm
TEM image
PE
EPR
PP
Rich
Texture model of block PP
Phase
Morphology of PP Blockcopolymer Morphology of PP Blockcopolymer
Phase
Topography VE-AFM
VE-DFM mode(4μm□)
Morphology of Nylon66 / PPE Morphology of Nylon66 / PPE
Topography
Phase VE-AFM
Adhesion Topography VE-AFM
Island:Nylon66
Sea:PPE(Polyphenyleneether)
电化学和液体中成像体系
封闭的液体样品池(带蠕动泵)10ml
开放的液体样品池1ml
液体样品池样品可移动范围:2mm
工作方式:探针固定部分与样品池在扫描中相对独立运动。
SPA-400加液体样品槽。