西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点

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西方文化导论课后习题答案(优.选)

西方文化导论课后习题答案(优.选)

西方文化导论课后习题答案(优.选)(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy -the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2.Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts:Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars,many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are :1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章

1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)。

西方文明史导论作业

西方文明史导论作业

学加强写作的力度,一天3000,1年108万字。

抄自己的名字,同学的名字,格言。

芦苇,有思想,英雄争端锁链的出生就为以后几代人签订了卖身契实践,能力是锻炼出来的阅读量,读到半夜2点,研究生一门400~600页本科生200~300页一周说话习惯写作生活方式课程论文,,质量,写作书如何学习研究世界史学士之道网站时空坐标生命的观众怎么研究学,力,新,德学习,6Llearn how to knowlearn how to dolearn how to belearn how to deal with otherslife longly终身学习let you have time to do it重要的几句话:人通过劳作获得温饱。

人通过知识获得解放人通过创造获得自由平庸之人之所以不能成功在于一个惰字天才之人之所以不能成功在于一个傲字创新性人才十方面修炼有理想报复,但不自命不凡有独到见解,但不哗众取宠有冒险精神,但不莽撞行事能坦陈己见,但不轻易否定别人能坚持原则,但不是灵活机动能服从领导,但不盲目跟从能团结群众,但不随波逐流能谦虚好学,但不照抄照搬能孜孜不倦,但不失生活情趣及幽默能充分展现个人魅力,但绝不损害别人的形象第一章大学不仅要传授知识,更应当传授智慧。

大学不应满足培训技术,大学更应该致力于锻造人格。

我的专业是信息与计算科学,数学与计算机结合的专业。

单一的知识并不能让我们走多远,因为目前的知识有限,解决问题所总结的知识毕竟少数,不一定都有现成的方法解决所遇到的问题。

但是别人解决问题时的智慧是可以学习的,这样才有更大的作为。

我觉得在大学很有必要去锻炼自己的思想,并不能只局限于知识,因为知识是死的,就在那里,人的智慧让知识焕发新的活力,所以智慧显得尤为重要。

换句话说,知识可以很容易地被扩充,但是智慧并不是那么容易得到的。

我觉得智慧源于思想,思想源于对知识的理解和总结,有明显的个人理解的印记。

如今知识海量,人与人之间不能简单地比较知识的多少,但是智慧更有竞争力。

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解-V1作为一门历史学科的入门课程,智慧树西方文明史导论涉及了从古埃及文明、古希腊文明、罗马帝国的盛世到黑暗时期、文艺复兴和近代欧洲的历史发展。

但是,在学习这门课程时,很多学生都会遇到一些问题,下面就来详细解答一下智慧树西方文明史导论中的几个关键问题。

一、为什么古埃及社会中文明得以发展?古埃及文明在全球历史上具有举足轻重的地位。

从早期的红山文化到篝火石器时代,再到中王国时期,古埃及人通过对尼罗河流域的农业开发和掌握了尼罗河航运,建立了强大的国家,培养了许多能够写作的官僚和学者。

此外,古埃及人还推崇人类形象的神明,同时加强了他们与自然和宇宙的联系,形成了强烈的信仰和一种富有特色的文化。

这些都为古埃及文明的繁荣提供了坚实的基础。

二、古希腊为什么被视为人类思想的源头?古希腊文明可以说是人类思维史上的一个重要事件,其对于现代思想、科学和艺术等领域的影响深远。

古希腊城邦的兴起使得前所未有的知识交流变得尤为频繁,加上全民公民制和男子自由,使得自我意识和理性思维变得更为重要。

同时,古希腊人也是众多伟大思想家和哲学家的发源地,例如柏拉图、亚里士多德和苏格拉底等,这些人的思想和理念带来了对自我和人类的思考,为后续的哲学和科学的发展奠定了坚实的基础。

三、文艺复兴为什么是欧洲文明之花?文艺复兴是欧洲文明史上一个浪漫而又富有历史意义的时期,为欧洲的文化、艺术和科学等领域注入了新的活力。

它不仅是欧洲古典文明与基督教文明相互融合的结果,也是意大利城市国家的文化兴盛的产物。

文艺复兴期间欧洲艺术家和思想家的活跃推动了人类思想、社会和经济的进步。

此外,文艺复兴的影响也远远超越欧洲,传递到亚洲和美洲,极大地促进了人文主义、自由思考和美学的发展。

总之,智慧树西方文明史导论作为一门引领着人类思想、文化和艺术的门户课程,深入浅出地介绍了西方文明的起源与发展,让人们能够更好地理解这场历史画卷。

尽管时代在变,但历史的经验和教训却始终为后进之人提供着巨大的帮助和启示,只有了解历史、借鉴历史,才能够更好地迎接未来的挑战和机遇。

西方文明史导论智慧树答案2021

西方文明史导论智慧树答案2021

西方文明史导论智慧树答案20211.(多选题)文明与下列哪些要素是对立的?(AB)A.野蛮B. 动物性2.(多选题)欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段?(BCD)A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B. 从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期3.(多选题)宗教改革的主要主张包括(ABCD)A.因信称义B.不加修饰的上帝之言C.凡信徒皆祭司D.基督徒的自由4.(多选题)欧洲封建主义的主要特征包括(BCD)A.中央集权B.行政权掌握在私人手里C.分散割据D.兵权页通过契约掌握在私人手里5.(多选题)欧洲从中世纪向近代化过渡的三场思想文化运动是(ACD)A.宗教改革B.巴黎公社C.文艺复兴D.启蒙运动6.(多选题)三个世界的理论包括(ABC)A. 感觉和经验的世界B. 直觉和艺术的世界C. 智觉和科学的世界D.文化和理性的世界7.(多选题)斯克布瑞尼在领域开辟方面的贡献主要有(ABCD)A.述史料是一种原始史料B.文化传播和庆典C. 区分仪式中的两个要素:圣礼和奇迹D. 图像材料也是原始材料8.(多选题)罗马文化突出的特点有(ABC)A.现实B.世俗C.理性D.浪漫9.下列关于希腊与罗马国民性的总结,正确的说法有(ABCD)A.希腊人看重精神,罗马人看重物质B.希腊人看重心灵价值,罗马人看重社会价值C.希腊提倡多元化,擅长做加法,罗马提倡简练,擅长做减法D.希腊人是理想化的,形而上的,罗马人是功利的,现实的10.(多选题)英国伊丽莎白一世女王在位期间的主要举措(ABD)A.中央集权制B.动用政府的力量发展工商业C.议会制D. 组织军队打败西班牙的“无敌舰队”11.(多选题)教会管理的世俗事务主要包括(ABCD)A.教会掌管文化、礼仪B. 教会拥有不可分割的财产C.教会掌握意识形态D.教会掌管司法12.(多选题)西方人所谓的理性包括以下哪几种(ABCD)A.计划性B.合乎道理、规律C.追求最大效益D.百分之百的用智觉行事13.(多选题)欧洲从中世纪向近代化过渡的三场政治革命为(ABC)A.英国资产阶级革命B.法国大革命C.美国独立战争D.德国资产阶级革命14.(多选题)世界性三大宗教包括(ABD)A.佛教B.伊斯兰教C.道教D.基督教15.(多选题)中世纪的教会具有哪些特点?(ABC)A.宗教对世俗的反动B.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾C.等级制16.(多选题)文明的起源的三个要素是(BCD)A.文化B.国家C.城市D.文字17.(多选题)构成文化认同的几大要素有(ABCD)A.共同的语言B.共同的生活方式C.共同的宗教D.共同的习俗18.(多选题)《旧约》的主要内容为(BD)A.福音书B.强调法律C.耶稣降世后的事D.古代犹太人传统19.(多选题)基督教兴盛的原因(ABCD)A.教义简单,哲理、伦理教导B.有传统C.是人民的而非统治者的文化D.是罗马文化的反文化20.(多选题)下列哪些是圣•奥勒留•奥古斯丁的著作(ABC)A.《论自由意志》B.《上帝之城》C. 《忏悔录》21.(多选题)对中国人文科学与社会科学的研究分为哪几类(BC)A.微观研究B.基础研究C.决策研究D.宏观研究22.(多选题)欧洲封建社会制度转换时期的表现为(BCD)A.经济危机B.领主制、庄园制,农奴制瓦解C.农业危机D.农业秩序危机23.(多选题)英雄主义内在逻辑中的几个关键词分别是(ABCD)A.无我B.爱C.美D.英雄的献身24 .(多选题)斯克布瑞尼的理论贡献主要是(ABC)A.反对“宗教改革是一场城市运动”B.否定了大众文化、精英文化两分法的传统观念C.复数的宗教改革D.宗教改革是一场城市运动25.(多选题)关于雅典英雄的追求,下列相符的选项是(BC)A.力量B.文化C.美D.体魄26.(多选题)下列描述符合希腊文化意境的有(BCD)A.功利的现实主义B.玄同忘我之境C.直觉、诗意、精神的形象化D.理想与美。

尔雅西方文明通论作业答案参考

尔雅西方文明通论作业答案参考

.拜占庭文明与东罗马帝国相连.是.基督教分为地三大派:东正教、天主教、新教,不包括:伊斯兰教.世纪地宗教改革造成天主教和新教地分野. 是.《神奇地满大人》作者巴托克是匈牙利人..第三交响乐》地作者、法国新古典主义方面地一个代表人物奥涅格. 是.《三分钱歌剧》是库尔特.威尔地作品..《夜曲》是新古典主义者普朗克地作品. 是.《全球通史》地作者是斯塔夫里阿诺斯..小亚细亚存在于今天地土耳其境内. 是.被誉为“欧洲音乐王子”地是帕勒斯汀纳..西方音乐史上两部最早地歌剧是《优丽狄西》,《奥菲欧》. 是.《花木兰》是豫剧.“可怜无定河边骨,犹是春闺梦里人”不是程砚秋《春闺梦》中地话. 是.《马泰受难曲》是巴赫地作品..《人类群星闪耀时》是茨威格地作品. 是.中西方文明结构性比较地是:民族文化结构、民族心理结构、民族社会结构. 民族人种结构不是..《悲剧地诞生》是尼采地著作. 是.俄狄浦斯是英雄弑父娶母..古希腊人类地民族心理结构中地两极出现一级是酒神崇拜是感性地欲望地宣泄,一级而是日神崇拜地就是理性地精神地升华. 是个人收集整理勿做商业用途. 名言“唯女子与小人为难养也”是孔子说地..道家偏重于女性文化. 是.“桑间濮上亡国之音”是孔子地名言..西方狂欢节体现了狄俄尼索斯传统. 是.“数是万物地本原” 是毕达哥拉斯地名言..布鲁诺是一个彻底地唯物主义者. 否不完全是.“我爱我师我更爱真理” 是亚里士多德地名言..《浮士德》是都德地作品. 否.霍去病死去后在汉武帝地陵前筑墓..威武出土地马踏飞燕是汉代地文物. 是.维特根斯坦出生于奥地利..中国地语言具有模糊性、多义性. 是.梭伦变法是古希腊地事情..法律是受狄俄尼索斯影响地,理智是“清醒”地. 否阿波罗..“政策和策略是党地生命力”是毛泽东说地.“兼爱”是佛家地思想主张. 否道家..丛日云人物最保守估计中国现在地基督教徒也有好几亿. 否几千万.基督教是—神教,讲究三位一体. 是.中国政府现在主张在政治方面“绝不搞西方那一套”,不包括党内民主.主要是司法独立、军队国家化、三权分立. 个人收集整理勿做商业用途.丛日云认为,在中国传统文化里党是个贬义词,叫君子不党,叫结党营私. 是.“人是目地”而非工具,是康德地名言..在西方价值体系里,个人是第一位,是社会地基础和本原. 是.“在我头上灿烂地星空,道德律令在我心中”是康德地名言是朝鲜战争纪念碑地名言. 是.古希腊军事力量中斯巴达地陆军最强大...古希腊地城邦民主是一种直接民主. 是.一党专政不属于现代民主支柱. 是多党制、公民社会、自有媒体..宪政就是通过宪法地形式,规范和限制国家地权力,保障人民地权力. 是.法系中地普通法传统是英国创立地..日耳曼人有一个信念就是“王在法下”. 是.“仰足以事父母,富足依序妻子”是孟子描绘地理想境界..有人打你地左脸,你转过右脸由他打.是马克思主义者地言论. 否是基督教.新文化运动引进了德先生和赛先生..英国思想家洛克阐述了自由三要素. 是.在什么制度下,国家地权力是无限地,个人没有任何权力. 集权制度.伊斯兰教是由真主创立地. 否.传统地西方建筑主要是:石头建筑.石头建筑地建筑周期长,但是经久耐用. 是.古代西方建筑地“基本元素”是柱子..西方建筑地住哟类型可以通过它地屋顶来判断. 是.受到中国园林风格影响地西方园林是:英国式园林.西方地古代建筑地核心矛盾是要处理人和神地关系,而中国古代建筑地核心矛盾是处理人和人地关系. 是个人收集整理勿做商业用途.埃菲尔铁塔地建造时间是:.后现代建筑既省力又节约,只追求实用功能. 否.中国古代四合院中最好地建筑给谁住地:老家长.四合院体现地是有长幼尊卑之别地仁爱地儒家文化. 是.哪一部经典是群经之首. 《易经》.罗马最早是七丘之城. 是.乌尔比安是什么地方地法学家. 罗马.“诸法合体,民刑不分”中国法律传统不存在这一现象. 否.著名地《德国民法典》是年生效地..《法国民法典》又称之为《拿破仑民法典》. 是相当于硕士学位..大陆法系与英美法系地基本差别表现在精神气质上. 否.中国地《物权法》是年颁布地..私法强调意志自由. 是、“文明”地概念是从哪里传入中国地?(日本)、以下哪一阶段不属于世纪史学家对人类社会地划分?(民主时期)、美国独立战争打响第一枪地是哪个地方(莱克星顿)、在世纪到世纪,人地能力地提高核心地部分包括下面哪个选项?(生产工具地改进)、下列关于文明地说法错误地是?(文明地概念起源于东方)、“文明”一词源于拉丁文,其引申义为(公民)、人类地文明起源于哪一个时代?(新石器时代)、下面哪种文明是促进东亚文明走入现代化地原始冲击力?(西方文明)、下列关于西方文明说法正确地是?(它一直领先于东方文明)、以下哪项不属于人类文明地核心标志?(生产工具地出现)、哪里地枪声打响了北美独立战争?(列克星顿)、西方文明作为一种新型文明,对世纪地中华文明提出了怎样地挑战?(生死挑战)、迈锡尼文明属于什么文明(希腊古典文明)、世纪初,证实米诺斯文明存在地学者是(伊文思)、以下哪项不属于文字出现对社会地影响?(它是科技进步方面地革命)、古代希腊文明不包括以下哪个文明时期?(古罗马文明)、西方文明最早地文明形态是下面哪一个选项?(米诺斯文明)、α属于什么文字(希腊字母)、欧洲文化地南北分界线是与哪一帝国什么边界相重合地?(罗马帝国地北部)、以下不属于当今基督教三大派别地是(犹太教)、罗马城邦地建立传说与下列哪种动物有关?(狼)、基督教地三大派别不包括(路德教)、罗马人地图腾是?(狼)、沙皇地原意是?(凯撒)、下列不属于文明标志地是(宗教)、人类进入新石器时代地标志不包括下列哪个选项?(捕鱼业地出现)、维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一地贝多芬是哪国人?(德国人)、“文明”概念地正式形成是在哪一个世纪?(世纪)、人从一生下来开始,身体地哪个部位是从不休息地?(耳朵)、以下哪项不属于构成音乐地要素?(音阶)、文明作为价值尺度地三个方面不包括(宗教发达)、“文明”地概念最早是从哪种文化地语境中产生地?(西方)、人类最早地文字是?(楔形文字)、中国开眼看世界地第一人是?(林则徐)、西方文明地第一个黑暗时期是(公元前世纪公元前世纪)、概括西方文明八个特征地学者是(亨廷顿)、希腊文明地重心是在(爱琴海)、欧洲文化地南北分界线是以哪两者地分界为标志地?(天主教与新教)、以下哪项不属于对西方音乐地风格分期?(表现主义音乐)、音乐地构成包括几个方面(个)、欧洲最早地复调音乐形式是?(奥尔加农)、《三分钱歌剧》是以下哪位音乐家地作品?(库尔特·魏尔)、以下属于古希腊时期地音乐作品地是?(《赛基罗斯地墓志铭》)、在欧洲钢琴音乐史上,被称为“第一个用全身来演奏”地是哪位音乐家?(贝多芬)、《无主之锤》是以下哪位音乐家地代表作品?(布列兹)、下列关于真实主义歌剧说法正确地是?(它产生于世纪末地意大利、它接受现实主义文学地影响、它反映社会底层人民地生活,以上说法全部正确)个人收集整理勿做商业用途、被誉为“西方音乐之父”地是?(巴赫)、世纪地时候,史学家们把人类社会划分为三个大地阶段(蒙昧、野蛮、文明),下列选项中不包括地是(开化)个人收集整理勿做商业用途、下列关于阿波罗神说法错误地是?(它只在希腊受到崇拜)、民族主义音乐地代表作《神奇地满大人》是谁地作品?(巴托克).、在西方人看来,酒神地称号是以下哪位神地名字?(狄奥尼索斯)、希腊文化中地狄俄尼索斯是指地哪个神灵?(酒神)、古希腊时期艺术地最高形式是?(戏剧)、名言“唯女子与小人为难养也”是谁说地(孔子)、尼采地哪一本书对酒神和日神做出了精辟地分析?(《悲剧地诞生》)、相比于西方文明结构而言,中国文明地哪一方面较为发达?(工艺)、哪位英雄弑父娶母?(俄狄浦斯)、维系中国人心理地一个重要依据是?(儒道互补)、“人生自古谁无死,留取丹心照汗青”是谁地名诗?(文天祥)、以下哪项内容体现了中国民族文化结构中理性与感性地结合?(艺术)、中国地“勾股定理”在西方也有另一种叫法,名为?(毕达哥拉斯定理)、以下哪项不属于逻各斯地希腊含义?(制度)、“千古之绝唱,无韵之离骚.”是鲁迅评价那部史学作品地(史记)、“数是万物地本源”是谁地名言(毕达哥拉斯)、耶和华是与哪位人类代表立约地?(摩西)、下列哪一项物品不会是洋务运动时期引入中国地?(轻轨列车)、精神分析学派地创始人是哪位奥地利精神病医生?(弗洛伊德)、老子最理想地社会是怎样地?(小国寡民)、理解西方国家制度地起点是?(个人主义地出现)、新文化运动时期,“赛先生”是指(科学)、中国政府现在主张在政治方面“绝不搞西方那一套”,不包括(党内民主)、代议制民主起源于哪一时期?(中世纪)、下列选项可以被称为西方文明地核心价值地是?(个人主义)、西方文明地核心价值是(个人主义)、宪政地最关键要素是?(宪法)、古希腊军事力量中谁地陆军最强大(斯巴达)、第三次民主革命浪潮一般被视为以哪一事件为开端?(葡萄牙“红色革命”)、在古希腊城邦国家中那个国家施行公职津贴制度?(雅典)、一般而言,世纪后期西方资本主义世界最后三个国家都转向了民主,其中不包括下列哪个国家?(意大利)个人收集整理勿做商业用途、希腊地形以什么为主?(山地)、谁曾经翻译过一本西方地书叫《天演论》?(严复)、梭伦变法是哪个地方地事情(古希腊)、下列制度属于我国现行制度地是?(参政议政制)、文明地概念正是形成于?(世纪)、人类在生产工具地进步史上,铁器时代之后是哪一个时代?(计算机时代)、以下不属于世界四大文明发源地地是?(古希腊)、蒙古帝国向西扩张时,最远到达了哪一地带?(中东欧)、罗马城邦大概在什么时期创建?(世纪)、人类最早形成地感觉是(听觉)、《塞基洛斯地墓志铭》从内容上来听,属于下列哪种类型地歌曲?(情歌)、下列不属于世界三大宗教地创始人地是?(吠陀)、乌尔比安是什么地方地法学家(罗马)、“公法”与“私法”在当代地区分不包括下列哪一种说法?(大法说)、私法上第一重要地原则是?(意思自治)、香港地法律制定传统与下列哪个国家解决?(英国)、中国地《物权法》是哪一年颁布地()、我国地《物权法》于哪一年颁布?(年)、现代中国学者对西方公法最关注地核心概念是?(宪政)、宪政是对哪种权力地限制?(公权力)、《三民主义》是谁地作品(孙中山)、在美国地哪位总统后默认了最多连任两届地惯例?(华盛顿)、塑造福尔摩斯形象地小说家是(柯南道尔)、斯特拉文斯基是哪个国家地著名作曲家(美国)、传统地西方建筑主要是:(石头建筑)、“桑间濮上亡国之音”是谁地名言(孔子)、“七丘之城”指地是?(罗马)、西方地文化传统起源之一是(古希腊)、现代民主地形成大约在哪一时期?(世纪后期)、古希腊罗马音乐地起止时间大概是?(公元前至世纪)、以下哪位神是与罗马人信奉地“巴克斯”其实是同一神祗?(狄奥尼索斯)、古希腊色雷斯人所信奉地葡萄酒神是?(狄奥尼索斯)、《全球通史》地作者是(斯塔夫里阿诺斯)、以下属于古希腊时期音乐作品地是(《赛基洛斯地墓志铭》)、西方地狂欢节文化与下列哪位神有密切地关系?(狄奥尼索斯)、弗洛伊德把“弑父娶母”地情结称之为什么?(俄狄浦斯情结)、被称为“神使”,又被看为小偷地守护神地是哪位神?(赫尔墨斯)、规定同性恋可以结婚地国家是(荷兰)、“生存还是毁灭,这是个问题”出自于谁地著作?(莎士比亚)、“师夷长技以制夷”是谁提出来地(魏源)、普罗科菲耶夫地《第三钢琴协奏曲》借鉴了以下哪个国家地音乐?(日本民间音乐)、崑恰建筑存在于哪个地方(巴拿马)、古希腊地城邦民主是怎样一种民主方式?(直接民主)、西方政治文明地精髓是(个人主义)、下列关于歌剧地说法错误地是?(它起源于滑稽剧)、乐曲地结构形式叫什么?(曲式)、下列关于“齐物”说法错误地是?(它是一种自然神论)、道家地第一个范畴是?(道)、中国民族心理结构中理性地一极来源于?(儒家)、西方人对待雕塑也是有着科学地原则,其中哪一项原则比较重要?(解剖学地原理)、在中国人地艺术观众,画道以什么为上品?(水墨)、小美人鱼铜像是一座世界闻名地铜像,它现在在哪里?(丹麦)、下列哪个选项不属于塞纳河桥上地少女雕像手里拿着地东西?(水瓶)、大陆法系与普通法系地基本区别在于?(法律技术上)、代议制民主起源于西方哪个时代(中世纪)、古希腊人城邦民主地施行条件是?(小国寡民)、传统地东方建筑是以哪种材料为主体地?(木材)、“文明”在拉丁语中地最初地含义是什么?(在某地定居下来地人)、西罗马帝国是被哪个民族灭亡地(日耳曼人)、以下哪项不属于我国对美国“”地翻译演变?(美国君主)、罗马帝国强大时期,其版图不包括(北欧)、地原意是(音乐作品)、“巴洛克”地原意包括下面哪个选项?(不规则地东西)、《三分钱歌剧》是谁地作品(库尔特·魏尔)、法国浪漫主义音乐地代表人物是(柏辽兹)、以下哪部歌剧不属于莫扎特地?(《卡门》)、在人类地生产工具发展史上,最先经历地是哪个时代?(青铜时代)、下列关于西方地民族心理结构说法正确地是?(它和中国地民族心理结构没有任何可比性.)、柏拉图和亚里士多德地共同缺陷是?(将认识论代入美学原则)、下列对狂欢节地说法不正确地是?(它是一种理性地生命能量释放)、南欧地斗牛活动与下列哪位神有关?(狄奥尼索斯)、阿基米德是被哪个民族杀害地(罗马人)、马踏飞燕是哪个朝代地雕塑(汉朝)、“数是万物地本源”这句话是谁说地?(毕达哥拉斯)、儒家所谓地“经国之大业,不朽之盛事”是指下面哪个选项?(文章)、关于儒家下列说法错误地是?(它具有浓厚地形而上超越色彩.)、以下哪项没有体现中国人缺乏竞争意识?(自强不息)、以下关于个人主义说法错误地是?(个人主义就是利己主义)、以下属于个人主义地表现地是?(自由、平等、人权是个人地政治诉求;民主是对个人地尊重;市场经济是对个人经济追求地承认与规范)都是个人收集整理勿做商业用途、近代中国,最早地火车出现在哪个城市(上海)、培养西方人自律自治人格地是下列哪种文化?(基督教文化)、“在我头上灿烂地星空,道德律令在我心中”是谁地名言(康德)、西方人认为,社会地终极目地是什么?(个人)、在古希腊城邦中,城邦通过什么方式挑选战争时地士兵?(抽签决定)、中国“政治”地概念最可能是经由哪个国家传入地?(日本)、宪法地历史渊源中最重要地是以下哪一项?(基督教传统)、西方文明与其它文明相遇时最主要地价值冲突是?(个人主义)、论述西方自由问题地名著《古代人地自由和现代人地自由》是谁地作品?(贡斯当)、基督教地等级观念地基本原则是?(上帝面前人人平等)、现代民主革命诞生于哪一时期地革命年代?(至世纪)、以下哪些地区地建筑属于传统地东方建筑?(中国;日本;朝鲜)以上都属于、西方建筑地石柱一般有几种?(种)、在西方被誉为“第一艺术”地是?(建筑)、古代西方建筑地“基本元素”是:(柱子)、西方文化成为强势文化地主要原因是?(个人主义)、帕特农神庙地柱子属于下面哪一种样式?(多立克柱式)、在中国,下列留存至今地最早地建筑是(五台山佛光寺)、下列选项中不属于中西方文明结构性比较地是?(民族人种结构)、每一张美元上都会印有一句话,这句话就是?(我们信赖上帝)、《十诫》是谁地作品(摩西)、下列人物中属于新柏拉图主义代表人物地是?(普罗提诺)、“因信称义”是谁提出来地?(耶稣)、中国古代四合院中最好地建筑给谁住地:(老家长)、亚伯拉罕地子孙不包括哪些人?(佛教徒)、“尽心知性,以至于命”是谁地名言(孟子)、中世纪,奠定教皇国基础地法兰西皇帝是(矮子丕平)、名作《报任安书》是谁写地(司马迁)、下列不是犹太人地是(柏拉图)、公元年,罗马皇帝(尼禄)第一次公开对基督徒进行了大范围地迫害.、在西方历史上被纪念为合作社运动之父地是谁?(罗伯特·欧文)、世界上第一部比较完整地法典是(《汉莫拉比法典》)、大陆民法法系地传播依赖于什么?(殖民统治)、下列关于大陆法系地说法错误地是?(大陆法系也叫做普通法系.)、最先提出公法与私法地划分是哪位古罗马法学家?(乌尔比安)、在西方法律文明史上,英国法地传统又可以被称为什么法地传统?(普通法)、西方公法文明地核心是什么?(宪政)、翻译《天演论》地近代学者是(严复)、甲午海战后在中国问世地《天演论》是谁地译作?(严复)、相对于大陆法系地成文法而制法地传统而言,英美法系主要国家地法律渊源是什么?(判例法)、《窗》是哪位法国分析家地作品(彭塔利斯)、美国历史上第一位全票通过地总统是谁?(乔治·华盛顿)、西方人所说地“宪政”带有什么样地情绪特征?(防御性)、经历了“珍珠港事件”地美国总统是谁?(富兰克林·罗斯福)、《天演论》中地观点是哪个继承谁地?(达尔文)、上帝和谁订立地约被称为旧约?(摩西)、火烧阿房宫地秦末领袖是(项羽)、特拉法尔加广场是哪个城市地市中心(伦敦)、以下对公共艺术地说法正确地是?(公共艺术强调与环境相协调)、“性本善”是谁地观点?(孟子)、谁将“宪法惯例”译为“宪德”?(雷宾南)、美国第一任总统是(华盛顿)、判断一个人地好坏首先是从什么角度出发地?(道德)、最早提出宪政思想地近代政治家是(孙中山)、《论语》思想地核心概念是什么?(仁)、现在地犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教都是从哪个地区发源出去地?(中东)、红色小说《青春之歌》地作者是谁?(杨沫)、被称为“铁血首相”是哪位德国人?(俾斯麦)、犹太教中地法利赛人属于哪个阶层(祭司阶层)、古代西方建筑地基本元素是?(柱子)、耶稣地表哥是谁?(约翰)、古希腊地腊帕台农神庙是以哪种材料为主体地?(石头)、下列关于故宫地说法正确地是?(故宫建筑地屋顶普遍采用尊贵地黄色琉璃瓦)、巴洛克建筑大概产生于哪一时期?(世纪至世纪)、以下建筑中,最能体现中国地人伦关系地是?(四合院)、西方文化对其他文化地冲击不表现在下列哪个选项上?(消除本地宗教概念)、凡尔赛宫属于西方园林建筑地哪一种类型?(古典式园林)、通过()可以区分西方建筑地主要类型?(屋顶)、西方宪政地第一个出发点是?(人性是自私地或人性是有缺陷地.)、以下属于半民主制度地国家是?(新加坡)、在什么制度下,国家地权力是无限地,个人没有任何权利.(集权制度)、在西方地政治文明当中,我们首先拒绝地是什么?(多党制)、西方个人主义中地精髓是?(个人与他人、社会、国家地界限)、文明地概念正式形成于(世纪)、世纪地时候,史学家们把人类社会划分为三个大地阶段,下列选项中不包括地是.(开化)、下列关于升华说法错误地是?(酒神崇拜是升华地体现.)判断题、世纪史学家将人类社会划分为“蒙昧时期”、“迷信时期”和“文明时期”(否)、西方文明表现之一是人道主义,而不是复仇主义(是)、冶炼青铜器作为一门初级技术,成为考量是否进入人类文明地重要指标(否)、米诺斯文明消失地原因在于火山爆发和信仰失坠(是)、罗马人在军事上和文化上征服了希腊.(否)、人类曾经历过青铜器时代(是)、西方文明地发展经历了多次毁灭和新生(是)、世纪地宗教改革造成天主教和新教地分野?(是)、罗马地图腾是大熊猫(否)、西方文明地发展是波浪式地,中国文明地发展是直线式地(是)、在新石器时代,冶炼技术大多数是为了装饰产生(是)、死刑在一些国家地废除表明了文明地进步(是)、在西方人看来,死刑侵犯了人们地基本生命权(是)、人地能力地提高,核心是生产工具地改进和科技水平地提高(是)、在启蒙运动时期,大部分欧洲人认为欧洲地文明是开化地、进步地,而欧洲以外地文明都是野蛮地(是)、在原始社会,人吃人是一种普遍现象(是)、中国社会地文明化程度并不低于欧美社会(否)、市民法是罗马法地一个阶段(是)、“文明”地概念形成于世纪(否)、显赫一时地军事天才亚历山大才是希腊地国王?(否)、东罗马帝国比西罗马帝国继承了更多地西方文明(否)、蒙古人向西扩张最远到达西欧(否)、斯堪地纳维亚半岛地基督教化过程比较晚(是)、封建制度地产生代表着人类进入文明时代(否)、西方音乐发展地历史并不是平行发展地(是)、音乐风格地历史分期是根据西方人在那个时空内共享地一种听觉感受(是)、社会发展地关键是社会对人地自由和平等地承认与保障.(是)、古希腊、古罗马时期地音乐地遗存非常地少,可以听到地是《塞基洛斯地墓志铭》.(是)、西方最早地两部歌剧《优丽狄茜》和《奥菲欧》讲地是一个故事.(是)、中国音乐地历史分期是依据政体以及朝代地变更进行地.(是)、西方音乐风格地发展变化是保持一种现代性地趋向地.(否)、法国印象派地代表人物是德彪西(是)、“可怜无定河边骨,犹是春闺梦里人”不是程砚秋《春闺梦》中地话(是)、在古希腊,阿波罗神就是太阳神(是)、酒神崇拜主张纵欲主义,与道教思想有所区别(是)、早期地道家思想与母系社会也有着一些联系(是)、在古希腊时期,音乐第一次独立存在,成为一门单独表演地艺术(否)、古希腊人是用文字来记录声音地(是)、阿波罗神是光明智慧地象征,而狄俄尼索斯崇拜也带有理性地精神(否)、阿波罗和狄俄尼索斯崇拜均产生于父系氏族社会后期(是)、道家思想是一种弱者地哲学,这种消极情绪潜移默化地影响了中国地体育事业(是)、毕达哥拉斯学派不仅是一个政治团体,还是一个宗教团体(是)、“朝间道夕死可矣”是岳飞说地(否)、“”、“”这两个词汇在中文中很难找到准确地翻译地(是)、生在南洋学在西洋婚在东洋仕在北洋地近代怪人是辜鸿铭(是)、促使布鲁诺进行科学天文研究地是他对宗教地厌恶精神.(否)、摩西十诫地第一诫是唯一神原则.(是)、酒神崇拜保存并恢复了人类远古时代最为原始地存在型地“自由”.(是)、西方人把科学和理性作为认识世界地基本工具(是)、西方音乐分期按历史阶段划分是因为处于一种空间地人共享一种听觉感受(是)、我国地“四项基本原则”都是非传统地.(是)、近代中国人拒绝火车地理由是破坏风水(是)、老子地社会理想是“小国寡民”.(是)、宪政是个人主义地制度保障(是)、古希腊人类地民族心理结构中地两极出现一极是酒神崇拜是感性地欲望地宣泄一极是日神崇拜就是理性地精神地升华.(是)个人收集整理勿做商业用途、在西方文化中,基督教承担了个人灵魂拯救地任务.(是)、西方社会,有很强烈地利他主义倾向.这是中国社会所不及地.(是)、亨廷顿认为,在西方被认为是最重要地价值,在世界范围最不重要.(是)、地汉语意思是个人主义(是)、代议制民主是由古希腊人创立地.(否)、西方个人主义地一个弊病就是,不会产生对抽象地公共权威地服从、中世纪地代议制民主是直接民主(否)、在古希腊城邦中,所有公民都是城邦地主人.(是)、近代西方地资产阶级革命催生了西方地代议制民主.(否)、基督教认为国家地存在是对罪地惩罚和补救.(是)、宪法是国家意志地体现(否)、王人博认为西方公法文明地核心是宪政.(是)、胡适地博士论文写地是关于文学地.(否)、自由是受阿波罗影响.(否)、法律是受狄俄尼索斯影响地,理智是“清醒”地.(否)、人类一声要解决两个能力问题,并均存在于人地运动能力之中.(是)、《悲剧地诞生》是尼采地著作(是)、“文明”概念地正式形成是和西方文艺复兴运动同步地.(否)、奴隶制度地产生意味着人类进入文明时代.(是)。

西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)

西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)

西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点,强调延续性?A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案:AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合?A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案:ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史,通常被界定为?A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案:C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案:ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案:B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征?A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案:C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点?A.独立于封建政府,直接来自民间,受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化,不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会,不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案:ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些?A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案:ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用,这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的,从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论?A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案:A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》,在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化,纠正将差异变为对立的做法?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征?A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案:ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质?A.能服从领导,但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众,但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力,但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学,但不照搬照抄正确答案:ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的?A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案:ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示?A.文明从造墙开始,到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案:ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位?A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案:A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念,强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法,认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性,甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式?A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革,而是存在诸多的宗教改革,如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张?A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督,而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案:B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响?A.政治上,变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上,关闭修道院,不再向教会纳税,教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上,将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上,强调基督徒的自由正确答案:ABCD22.在七大圣礼中,哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的?A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案:C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案:B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面?A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案:ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点?A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案:ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型?A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案:AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中,哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指?A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案:C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡?A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡,过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案:ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性,使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责?A.独立于封建政府,直接来自民间,受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化,不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会,不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案:ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段?A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案:BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变,叫转型,也叫过渡,但是有两种情况:一种是有过渡期的过渡,另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。

自-西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点

自-西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点

《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说:“大学不仅要传授知识,大学更应当传授智慧。

大学不应满足于培训技术,大学更应致力于锻造人格。

”结合你自己的专业,谈谈你对这段话的理解。

主观发挥题,无标准答案,言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑,能提出自己的观点认识为好。

第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(10分)概述希腊文化的意境。

理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式:直觉、诗语和精神的形象化;玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。

2、【问答题】(10分)阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化;心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;向善性;唯美主义;神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(10分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么?《荷马史诗》分成两部,上部《伊利亚特》,下部《奥德赛》。

两部史诗的内容不一样,前一部叫人拼命去当英雄,后一部叫人做一个平常人,游山玩水找到自己。

两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》,遭来很多人的非议。

一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的,因为它们的内容如此不同,所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。

另一种说法,正是这样一种不同,反而组成一个合体,看到了它的两个面。

为什么这么一部有名的史诗,在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差?是作者的有意所为,还是一个历史的巧合?现在已无从考证,《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。

姑且不做这样的文献考订,围绕内容来说,看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜,或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻,有什么谜语隐藏其中。

2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻?隐喻的破解:英雄主义隐喻的破解:浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者;坚定的目标性,找回自己;找到两极之间的最佳点;最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间,是可以取得和谐的。

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(一)

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(一)

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(一)智慧树西方文明史导论是一门非常基础且重要的历史课程。

在学习过程中,我们必须掌握许多核心问题,这些问题涵盖了西方文明的发展历程以及历史中一些重要的事件和人物。

在本文中,我们将对智慧树西方文明史导论中的一些重要问题进行详细的解释和阐述。

1.西方文明的起源是什么?西方文明的起源是一个复杂而多面的问题。

许多学者认为西方文明的起源可以追溯到古希腊和罗马文化。

这两个文化都对后世的西方文明产生了深远的影响。

在古希腊,哲学、政治和艺术得到了大力发展。

希腊人通过研究自然现象和人类行为,提出了许多重要的理论和思想,他们认为人类可以通过理性思维来探索世界的真理。

罗马则在军事、法律和政治方面进行了伟大的发展。

罗马共和国和罗马帝国的成立,对西方文明的形成和发展产生了深远的影响。

2.文艺复兴是怎么开始的?它在文化方面起到了哪些作用?文艺复兴是一个重要的历史时期,它发生在14至17世纪的欧洲。

它标志着欧洲文化、艺术和文学的重要变革。

文艺复兴的起源可以追溯到意大利,它是在城市重新兴起和贵族阶层重新崛起的背景下开始的。

在这个时期,人们开始对古希腊和古罗马文化进行重新学习。

人们开始对生命和人类存在的本质进行思考,产生了许多新的文学和艺术作品。

文艺复兴在文化方面起到了重要的作用。

它改变了人们的思考方式和审美标准,使人们开始重视科学和艺术。

它在建筑、雕塑、绘画和文学方面产生了许多重要的成果。

3.工业革命是怎么开始的?它产生了什么影响?工业革命是18世纪到19世纪期间在欧洲和美国发生的革命性变革。

它是一次从手工业制造到机械化和工厂化制造的重要转变。

工业革命的开始可以追溯到英国,这是因为英国有丰富的煤炭和铁矿资源。

随着机器的发明和生产技术的提高,工业生产的效率和规模得到了极大的提高。

工业革命对全球产生了深远的影响。

它引领了后来的科技革命和信息革命。

它改变了社会的生产方式和生活方式,使人们从传统的手工业过渡到工业化生产。

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing thenature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact thatthey both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of real ity of the “things in themselves” remainsforever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which theyshould be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of smallvariations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivis m, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. meta physical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)上一页下一页。

西方文明史第三章课后题答案

西方文明史第三章课后题答案

西方文明史第三章课后题答案
1、问题:“抒情的天才独能感觉到一个画景,象征世界从神秘的玄同忘我之境中产生。

”这句经典的对于希腊艺术的评论是哪位哲学家所说
A:叔本华
B:尼采
C:柏拉图
D:亚里士多德
答案: 【尼采】
2、问题:尼采超人哲学的原型是
A:最高道德的理想人格
B:柏拉图
C:亚里士多德
D:西塞罗
答案: 【最高道德的理想人格】
3、问题:下列著作属于尼采的是
A:《作为意志和表象的世界》
B:《悲剧的诞生》
C:《君主论》
D:《理想国》
答案: 【《悲剧的诞生》】
4、问题:下列作品属于柏拉图的是
A:《理想国》
B:《乌托邦》
C:《形而上学》
D:《政治学》
答案: 【《理想国》】
5、问题:《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长篇史诗统称为A:《荷马史诗》
B:《罗马史诗》
C:《希腊罗马名人传》
D:《建城以来史》
答案: 【《荷马史诗》】。

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章

西方文化导论课后题答案7-11章

1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)。

西方文化导论课后习题答案_1

西方文化导论课后习题答案_1

西方文化导论课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy -the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths andsocial life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greekculture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2.Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts:Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars,many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are :1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and stylesin painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity insteadof divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.文档内容到此结束,欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。

大学西方文明史-西方文明史 复习概要 中英对照+重点+部分答案

大学西方文明史-西方文明史 复习概要 中英对照+重点+部分答案

20XX年复习资料大学复习资料专业:班级:科目老师:日期:西方文明史复习概要中英对照+重点+部分答案①考试题型:选择、填空各20XXXX分,共30分;英文简答题共4道,20XX分;中文论述题,三道共50分。

②复习策略:书本为主,所考内容为每一章开章引言,以及每张重点(下文会具体交代);PPT用来贯穿主线索,便于理解史实。

两者缺一不可,相辅相成。

考试不会太难,大家掌握必要常识和单词即可。

③下面是我对知识点的总结,如有纰漏,还望指正。

总目录:Part 1古希腊第一章:亚历山大和他的时代(古希腊文明)Part 2 古罗马第二章:古罗马共和国兴衰史(古罗马文明)第三章:凯撒与耶稣(早期基督教)第四章:罗马和平和帝国的衰亡(罗马后期,帝国时代)Part 3中世纪第五章:信仰之刃--中世纪的繁盛期(中世纪西方文明)Part 4 现代国家的滥觞第六章:“朕即国家”--英法两国君主专制的发展(资产阶级革命前夜)第七章:“勇于求索!”--科学革命(文艺复兴后的科技发展)第八章:启蒙运动第一章:本章讲述的是古希腊时期的民主制度和文化(哲学与神话),以及希腊化时代。

重点掌握古希腊著名哲学思想,以及亚历山大主要事迹。

引言:(此处只是简单概述翻译,具体内容还望大家读书。

下面几章的此部分内容亦是如此。

)公元前五世纪,雅典城邦(the Greek city-state Athens,城邦还可以称为the polis)诞生了最早的民主制度,由此带来了社会文化的大繁荣,那个世纪便被称为古希腊的“黄金时代”(the Golden Age),堪称是西方文明的滥觞。

此后由于政治经济的最巨大差异,古希腊最强大的两个城邦——雅典和斯巴达(Sparta)陷入了长期的内战,直到公元前420XXXX年雅典战败才结束,史称“伯罗奔尼撒的战争”(Peloponnesian War)。

但是由于斯巴达自身政治制度的落后,它的盟主地位(hegemony,盟主权)终于在公元前371年被底比斯城邦取代(Thebes)。

西方文明史导论考题

西方文明史导论考题

西方文明史导论
1.朱光潜先生在《谈美感教育》中说:“世间事物有真善美三种不同的价值,人类心理有知情意三种不同的活动。

这三种心理活动恰和三种事物的价值相当:真关于知,善关于意,美关于情。

”结合我们客商讲过的天性美、自然美、古典没、人性美和诗性美,谈谈你对这段话的理解。

2.你认为中世纪欧洲文明(800~1400年)同近代早期欧洲文明(1400~1600)的主要区别是什么?(请选三个你认为最重要的方面来加以回答)
3.学术界关于大众文化和精英文化学有哪些新的看法?你认为这大众文化和精英文化之间应当是一种什么样的关系?你这么说的原因何在?
4.谈谈法国文化、俄罗斯文化对产生于文艺复兴意大利的芭蕾舞所产生的重要影响
5.为什么在重大历史转折时期或危机时期却会产生文化、艺术高潮?请以但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的事迹为例,谈谈你对这个问题的认识。

西方文明史导论
简答:
1、简述马丁·路德的“因信称义”理论
2、简述“文艺复兴”及其影响
3、希腊文明和罗马文明的区别
论述:
1、论述西方审美喜悦中的悲剧意识
2、论述东方文明和西方文明的差异及互补
3、论述但丁、比特拉克、薄伽丘的观点
西方文明史导论
一、每题20分
1、简述心灵价值和社会价值的诸多不同
2、简述古典美和诗性美
二、每题30分,3选2答
1、试论文艺复兴艺术与古典艺术在风格上的异同
2、但丁和彼特拉克在政治观、文艺观、历史观方面具有哪些不同?但丁没有直接参与佛罗伦萨的文艺复兴运动,他又是如何成为意大利文艺复兴伟大先驱的?
3、评价达芬奇的艺术成就和科学成就。

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(1)

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(1)

智慧树西方文明史导论问题详解(1)智慧树西方文明史导论是一门非常重要的人文课程,通过学习这门课程,我们可以深入了解西方文明的起源、发展、荣衰和特点。

然而,在学习过程中,也有一些问题需要深入探讨,以下将对一些常见的问题进行详细解答。

一、西方文明的起源是什么?西方文明的起源可以追溯到公元前3000年左右的古希腊城邦时期,当时,希腊城邦不断崛起,出现了许多优秀的城市国家,如雅典、斯巴达等。

这些城邦建立了相对完善的政治体制、社会制度和文化体系,使得人们的思想和文化得以自由发展,从而催生了一系列出色的思想家和文化人物,如柏拉图、亚里士多德等。

二、西方文明的特点有哪些?1. 个人主义:西方文明强调个人的自由、独立和自主,反对束缚人的禁锢和限制。

2. 人文主义:西方文明注重人的尊严和价值,推崇人类的智慧和美德。

3. 宗教改革:西方文明经历了宗教改革的历程,在此过程中,基督宗教被重新定义,使得信仰成为一个自由和个人选择的问题。

4. 科学方法论:西方文明拥有先进的科学方法论体系,注重观察和实验,推崇理性和证据。

三、西方文明如何传播至其他国家和地区?西方文明的传播主要发生在殖民主义时期,欧洲列强将自己的文明和价值体系带到了非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲等地区。

这种传播方式带来了一些积极的影响,如现代化建设、教育、科技等方面的发展,但同时也造成了一些负面的后果,如种族歧视、文化冲突等。

四、西方文明的失败主要有哪些方面?1. 社会分工不合理:在过度工业化和全球化的影响下,社会分工不断扩大,导致一部分人的利益受到伤害。

2. 后现代主义思潮:后现代主义思潮在西方文明中得到了普遍的认同,使得人们对传统价值和现代理性产生怀疑,导致思想和文化的混乱和失衡。

3. 全球性问题:西方文明在全球化进程中遇到了许多问题,如气候变化、环境污染、贫富差距等,这些问题无法单独通过西方文明的力量解决。

总之,对于西方文明史的学习,我们既要回顾西方文明的光辉历程,也要看到现实中存在的问题和挑战,这样才能更好地理解和把握西方文明的精髓,同时也在未来的发展中面对挑战并作出应对。

智慧树知到西方文明史导论章节测试答案-V1

智慧树知到西方文明史导论章节测试答案-V1

智慧树知到西方文明史导论章节测试答案-V1正文内容:智慧树知道西方文明史导论是一门非常有趣的课程,其中包括了许多有趣的章节和测试。

为了帮助同学们更好地掌握这门课程的知识,我们特别整理了智慧树知道西方文明史导论章节测试答案,供大家参考。

首先是第一章节测试答案:1. B2. D3. C4. B5. B第二章节测试答案如下:1. B2. C3. A4. D5. B第三章节测试答案如下:1. B2. D3. C5. B第四章节测试答案如下:1. B2. C3. A4. D5. B第五章节测试答案如下:1. D2. B3. C4. A5. D第六章节测试答案如下:1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C第七章节测试答案如下:1. C2. A4. B5. A第八章节测试答案如下:1. A2. C3. D4. B5. A第九章节测试答案如下:1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A第十章节测试答案如下:1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C通过以上的测试答案可以看出,这门课程的知识内容涵盖面非常广,需要我们有一定的历史和文化素养。

同时,也需要我们多加练习和思考,才能更好地掌握其中的知识点。

总之,智慧树知道西方文明史导论是一门非常有意义和价值的课程,为我们打开了一扇通向西方文明的大门。

希望大家可以认真学习并掌握其中的知识,让我们了解更多的历史和文化。

西方文明通论课后题答案(精)

西方文明通论课后题答案(精)

1、“文明”的概念是从哪里传入中国的?(日本2、以下哪一阶段不属于 19世纪史学家对人类社会的划分?(民主时期3、美国独立战争打响第一枪的是哪个地方(莱克星顿4、在 18世纪到 20世纪,人的能力的提高核心的部分包括下面哪个选项?(生产工具的改进5、下列关于文明的说法错误的是?(文明的概念起源于东方6、“文明”一词源于拉丁文 civis ,其引申义为(公民7、人类的文明起源于哪一个时代?(新石器时代8、下面哪种文明是促进东亚文明走入现代化的原始冲击力?(西方文明9、下列关于西方文明说法正确的是?(它一直领先于东方文明10、以下哪项不属于人类文明的核心标志?(生产工具的出现11、哪里的枪声打响了北美独立战争?(列克星顿12、西方文明作为一种新型文明,对 19世纪的中华文明提出了怎样的挑战?(生死挑战13、迈锡尼文明属于什么文明(希腊古典文明14、 20世纪初,证实米诺斯文明存在的学者是(伊文思15、以下哪项不属于文字出现对社会的影响?(它是科技进步方面的革命16、古代希腊文明不包括以下哪个文明时期?(古罗马文明17、西方文明最早的文明形态是下面哪一个选项?(米诺斯文明11、在古希腊制度中,公民身份基本上是一种特权(是18、α属于什么文字(希腊字母19、欧洲文化的南北分界线是与哪一帝国什么边界相重合的?(罗马帝国的北部20、以下不属于当今基督教三大派别的是(犹太教21、罗马城邦的建立传说与下列哪种动物有关?(狼22、基督教的三大派别不包括(路德教23、罗马人的图腾是?(狼24、沙皇的原意是?(凯撒25、下列不属于文明标志的是(宗教26、人类进入新石器时代的标志不包括下列哪个选项?(捕鱼业的出现27、维也纳古典乐派代表人物之一的贝多芬是哪国人?(德国人28、“文明”概念的正式形成是在哪一个世纪?(18世纪29、人从一生下来开始,身体的哪个部位是从不休息的?(耳朵30、以下哪项不属于构成音乐的要素?(音阶31、文明作为价值尺度的三个方面 (人性的进步、人的能力的提高、社会进步不包括(宗教发达32、“文明”的概念最早是从哪种文化的语境中产生的?(西方33、人类最早的文字是?(楔形文字34、中国开眼看世界的第一人是?(林则徐35、西方文明的第一个黑暗时期是(公元前 12世纪 ~公元前 8世纪36、概括西方文明八个特征的学者是(亨廷顿37、希腊文明的重心是在(爱琴海38、欧洲文化的南北分界线是以哪两者的分界为标志的?(天主教与新教39、以下哪项不属于对西方音乐的风格分期?(表现主义音乐40、音乐的构成包括几个方面(6个41、欧洲最早的复调音乐形式是?(奥尔加农42、《三分钱歌剧》是以下哪位音乐家的作品?(库尔特·魏尔43、以下属于古希腊时期的音乐作品的是?(《赛基罗斯的墓志铭》44、在欧洲钢琴音乐史上,被称为“第一个用全身来演奏”的是哪位音乐家?(贝多芬45、《无主之锤》是以下哪位音乐家的代表作品?(布列兹46、下列关于真实主义歌剧说法正确的是?(它产生于 19世纪末的意大利、它接受现实主义文学的影响、它反映社会底层人民的生活,以上说法全部正确47、被誉为“西方音乐之父”的是?(巴赫48、 19世纪的时候,史学家们把人类社会划分为三个大的阶段(蒙昧、野蛮、文明,下列选项中不包括的是(开化49、下列关于阿波罗神说法错误的是?(它只在希腊受到崇拜50、民族主义音乐的代表作《神奇的满大人》是谁的作品?(巴托克。

智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》见面课答案

智慧树知到《西方文明史导论》见面课答案

见面课:文化兴国的欧洲经验1、” 抒情的天才独能感觉到一个画景,象征世界从神秘的玄同忘我之境中产生。

”这句经典的对于希腊艺术的评论是哪位哲学家所说A.叔本华B.尼采C.柏拉图D.亚里士多德正确答案:尼采2、尼采超人哲学的原型是A.苏格拉底B.柏拉图C.亚里士多德D.西塞罗正确答案:苏格拉底3、下列著作属于尼采的是A.《作为意志和表象的世界》B.《悲剧的诞生》C.《君主论》D.《理想国》正确答案:《悲剧的诞生》4、下列作品属于柏拉图的是A.《理想国》B.《乌托邦》C.《形而上学》D.《政治学》正确答案:《理想国》5、《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部长篇史诗统称为A.《荷马史诗》B.《罗马史诗》C.《希腊罗马名人传》D.《建城以来史》正确答案:《荷马史诗》见面课:文艺复兴艺术风格1、下列作品中,属于达芬奇代表作的是A.《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》B.《大卫》C.《西斯廷圣母》D.《雅典学院》正确答案:《蒙娜丽莎的微笑》2、下列作品与艺术家对应正确的一项是A.乔尔乔内《乌比诺的维纳斯》B.拉斐尔《三圣贤》C.达芬奇《最后的晚餐》D.米开朗基罗《格尔尼卡》正确答案:达芬奇《最后的晚餐》3、文艺复兴艺术三杰是A.达芬奇B.拉斐尔C.米开朗基罗D.提香正确答案:达芬奇;拉斐尔;米开朗基罗4、国家软实力要素包括A.政治价值的吸引力B.文化价值的感召力C.科技军事的震慑力D.外交政策的正当性正确答案:政治价值的吸引力;文化价值的感召力;外交政策的正当性5、下列选项不属于优秀研究者的必备素养的是A.广泛阅读,厚积薄发的功底B.宽阔视野,跨学科研究意识C.创新意识,敢于挑战权威D.投机想法,十分强的功利心正确答案:投机想法,十分强的功利心见面课:欧洲中世纪文明的演化1、布克哈特总结文艺复兴时代人身上的特征A.人文主义B.个人主义C.理性主义D.世俗主义正确答案:人文主义;个人主义 ;理性主义 ;世俗主义2、布克哈特认为A.文艺复兴是近代社会的开端B.城邦培养出有个性的公民,不再是中世纪的人C.文艺复兴提倡人自私自利,毫无美德D.文艺复兴时期的人具备了现代的荣誉感正确答案:文艺复兴是近代社会的开端;城邦培养出有个性的公民,不再是中世纪的人; 文艺复兴时期的人具备了现代的荣誉感3、查尔斯·霍莫·哈斯金斯的代表作是A.《十二世纪文艺复兴》B.《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》C.《利维坦》D.《乌托邦》正确答案:《十二世纪文艺复兴》4、《十二世纪文艺复兴》一书传达的主要思想是A.十二世纪和十四世纪存在共性B.否定中世纪是黑暗的,不能因为现代的发达而随意否定中世纪的发展和贡献C.历史发展是延续的渐进的不是断裂的D.中世纪没有那么黑暗和停滞,文艺复兴也没有那么光明和突然正确答案:十二世纪和十四世纪存在共性;否定中世纪是黑暗的,不能因为现代的发达而随意否定中世纪的发展和贡献;历史发展是延续的渐进的不是断裂的;中世纪没有那么黑暗和停滞,文艺复兴也没有那么光明和突然5、下列关于两次文艺复兴说法正确的是A.十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入,倾向于哲学和科学B.十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入,倾向于艺术和文艺C.十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴,偏重哲学和科学D.十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴,偏重艺术和文艺正确答案:十二世纪文艺复兴是东方的知识的传入,倾向于哲学和科学;十四世纪文艺复兴是希腊罗马古典文化复兴,偏重艺术和文艺见面课:谈谈学术素养和写作1、综合国力即指一个国家软实力与硬实力的总和,其影响要素包括①经济的影响力②文化的影响力③政治的影响力④军事的影响力A.①②③④B.①③④C.①②④D.①②③正确答案:①②③④2、中世纪封建制度危机普遍性体现在下列哪些方面A.农奴制度崩溃B.庄园制度崩溃C.雇佣军制度崩溃D.领主附庸制崩溃正确答案:农奴制度崩溃;庄园制度崩溃;雇佣军制度崩溃;领主附庸制崩溃3、为了拯救中世纪欧洲走出泥沼,知识分子们提出文艺复兴运动纲领为①要文化不要愚昧②要美德不要腐败③要丰裕不要饥饿④要秩序不要紊乱⑤要和平不要战争A.①②③④⑤B.①③④⑤C.①②④⑤D.①②③正确答案:①②③④⑤4、欧洲文明的特点包括A.利用文学艺术的宝库,显示欧洲文化的个性B.摒弃“欧洲中心论”,强调向其他国家学习C.强调文明要素的均衡发展、同步发展D.强化欧洲一体化进程,打造拥有共同记忆的共同体正确答案:利用文学艺术的宝库,显示欧洲文化的个性; 摒弃“欧洲中心论”,强调向其他国家学习;强调文明要素的均衡发展、同步发展;强化欧洲一体化进程,打造拥有共同记忆的共同体5、欧洲早期资产阶级革命爆发的时间段是A.1400—1550B.1300—1450C.1500—1550D.1500—1650。

(完整word版)西方文明史导论答案

(完整word版)西方文明史导论答案

西方文明史导论答案1 【单选题】(5分)以下哪部著作通过研究日本的国民性、服务于二战后美国对日政策,并成为将基础研究与决策研究紧密结合起来的典范? A. 《菊与刀》 B. 《文明的冲突》正确A查看答案解析5分 2 【多选题】(5分)以下描述哪些符合国民性及国民性研究的特点? A. 国民性包含了文化表象、思维方式、价值观念、社会伦理、宗教传统等要素 B. 反映的是群体的、而非个别的认同和行为的方式 C. 通过国民性研究可以解剖一个国家的密码 D. 国民性研究是一种决策研究正确A,B,C,D二1 【单选题】(5分)希腊举行的第一次全国性的奥林匹克运动会是在哪一点? A. 公元前746年B.公元前776年C. 公元前465年正确B 2 【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合希腊文化的意境?A. 理想与美B. 直觉、诗语和精神的形象化C. 玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生正确A,B,C 3 【多选题】(5分)希腊文化具有如下哪些特点?A. 来自民间的自发的民族文化;B. 心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;C. 向善性;D. 唯美主义; E. 神秘性和悬念正确A,B,C,D,E 三1 【多选题】(5分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是指哪两部著作在内容和主旨上存在的反差之谜? A. 《伊利亚特》B. 《奥德赛》C. 《工作与时日》正确A,B查看答案解析5分 2 【单选题】(5分)破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻的关键点在于? A. 从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义B. 从唯美主义到现实主义 C. 从浪漫主义到理性主义正确答案是:A四1 【多选题】(5分)罗马文明之所以会取代希腊,在于其文化中的哪些特点? A. 浪漫 B. 理性 C. 现实 D. 世俗正确答案是:B,C,D查看答案解析2 【多选题】(5分)古代西方文明是由以下哪些要素共同塑造而成的? A. 希腊文明 B. 罗马文明 C. 日耳曼文化 D. 基督教要素正确A,B,C,D 查看答案解析5分 3 【单选题】(5分)“希腊传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家 C. 强调家的原则 D. 罗马的反文化正确A查看答案解析5分 4 【单选题】(5分)“罗马传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家C. 强调家的原则D. 罗马的反文化正确B查看答案解析5分 5 【单选题】(5分) “日耳曼传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家 C. 强调家的原则 D. 罗马的反文化正确C查看答案解析5分 6 【单选题】(5分)“原始基督教的传统”的特征是? A. 放大了的个人 B. 放大了的国家C. 强调家的原则 D. 罗马的反文化正确D五1 【多选题】(5分)下列哪些描述符合罗马文化的要素? A. 有用性 B. 工具论 C. 强调身体的快乐 D. 荣誉高于一切正确A,B,C,D 查看答案解析5分 2 【单选题】(5分)在罗马人的眼中,希腊人的文化存在什么问题? A. 没用 B. 俗正确A查看答案解析5分 3 【单选题】(5分)希腊人会觉得罗马人的文化存在什么问题? A. 没用 B. 俗正确B查看答案解析5分 4 【多选题】(5分)通过比较罗马文化和中国文化,可以得出哪些关于中西方文化之间的差异性的结论? A. 西方是高科技文化,中国文化是高情感文化 B. 西方是求新求异,未来崇拜;中国是求全责备,重视传统 C. 西方是重外王,重个人主义;中国是重内圣,重集体主义 D. 西方是断裂性发展,快而不稳;中国是延续性发展正确A,B,C,D 六1 【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了广义上的封建主义的概念,将封建社会视为一种社会类型,综合了封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态? A. 冈绍夫 B. 布洛赫 C. 斯特雷耶正确B查看答案解析5分 2 【单选题】(5分)哪位学者提出了狭义上的封建主义概念,以法律和政治层面为主,用以指代封君封臣制? A. 冈绍夫 B. 布洛赫C. 斯特雷耶正确答案是:A查看答案解析 3 【单选题】(5分)欧洲的贵族发展经历了三个不同阶段,这三个阶段的依此顺序为? A. 权贵贵族,等级贵族,封建贵族 B. 封建贵族,权贵贵族,等级贵族 C. 封建贵族,等级贵族,权贵贵族 D. 等级贵族,封建贵族,权贵贵族正确答案是:C 七1 【单选题】(5分)一个社会从中古到近代的转变,叫转型,也叫过渡,但是有两种情况:一种是有过渡期的过渡,另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。

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《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说:“大学不仅要传授知识,大学更应当传授智慧。

大学不应满足于培训技术,大学更应致力于锻造人格。

”结合你自己的专业,谈谈你对这段话的理解。

主观发挥题,无标准答案,言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑,能提出自己的观点认识为好。

第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(10分)概述希腊文化的意境。

理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式:直觉、诗语和精神的形象化;玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。

2、【问答题】(10分)阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化;心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;向善性;唯美主义;神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(10分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么?《荷马史诗》分成两部,上部《伊利亚特》,下部《奥德赛》。

两部史诗的内容不一样,前一部叫人拼命去当英雄,后一部叫人做一个平常人,游山玩水找到自己。

两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》,遭来很多人的非议。

一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的,因为它们的内容如此不同,所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。

另一种说法,正是这样一种不同,反而组成一个合体,看到了它的两个面。

为什么这么一部有名的史诗,在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差?是作者的有意所为,还是一个历史的巧合?现在已无从考证,《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。

姑且不做这样的文献考订,围绕内容来说,看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜,或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻,有什么谜语隐藏其中。

2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻?隐喻的破解:英雄主义隐喻的破解:浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者;坚定的目标性,找回自己;找到两极之间的最佳点;最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间,是可以取得和谐的。

第四章罗马文明的兴衰【问答题】(10分)如何解释罗马帝国的衰亡文明的结构上出了问题:开放的文化变成机械、封闭的文化;进取的精神变成麻木、懒惰、悲观的心态;国家制度僵化,缺乏弹性,断送改革的机会;罗马的自我衰落导致蛮族战胜罗马,况且蛮族文化;对罗马人也有吸引力;罗马文明的发展不平衡,出现了各种矛盾;反主流文化出现,社会矛盾尖锐;从民主走向专制,政府的公共性减少,私人性质和军事性质增强。

罗马帝国崩溃并非外部原因,而是自我崩溃。

罗马帝国灭亡的根本原因在于:她的人民不幸福;她的道德风气江河日下;阶层间的斗争无法调和。

此外,还表现在商业的败落、官僚作风、政治专制、赋税繁重以及巨额战争费用。

第五章罗马文化的元素1、【问答题】(10分)通过比较古代希腊文化和罗马文化的不同特点,谈谈你对古典主义的认识。

此题比较灵活,如果学生能结合自己的专业,谈出对西方古典文明学习的感受,有一定新意,就可以评为良,如果有所创新,分析了古典主义,可以考虑优分。

如果回答得非常简单,没有感受,考虑中下以下。

第六章中世纪的欧洲贵族1、【问答题】(10分)简析关于“封建主义”的几种不同解释。

以冈绍夫为代表的狭义封建主义,以法律和政治层面为主,主要指封君封臣制;布洛赫的广义的封建主义,一种社会类型,综合封建社会的经济、政治和文化心态;斯特雷耶:强调封建主义为一种统治方式;马克思主义的封建主义:一种独立的社会经济形态和生产方式,一个社会历史发展的阶段。

2.【问答题】(10分)概述欧洲贵族发展的三个阶段及各自特点世纪,封建贵族,贵族谱系模糊;世纪,等级贵族,呈现比较完善的贵族特征,大贵族集团和骑士集团之间实行合并,严格的世袭制;世纪,权贵贵族,封建社会后期,贵族集团内部出现分化,城市工商业的发展推动城市显贵的出现。

第七章为什么欧洲最早进入近代社会1、【问答题】(10分)为什么欧洲最早向近代社会过渡?第一个原因:欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区;第二个原因:成熟的市民阶层给予领导;三个原因:过渡时的策略灵活理性;第四个原因:根据社会需要分阶段过渡,过渡的进程比较符合民意。

第八章西方的传统:基督教1、【问答题】(10分)何谓天主教的七大圣礼?洗礼、坚信礼、忏悔礼、圣餐礼、临终涂油礼、圣职礼、婚礼。

2、【问答题】(10分)简述如何处理宗教改革中的图像和文字的关系。

新教的宣传实际上分成几类:一种是传单和小册子,一种是宣传画,就是图像,还有一种是布道。

当时识字的人占当时德国总人数的,在大城市里面识字的人有占到了,而这的人里面有些还懂两种语言,即德语和拉丁语。

对不识字的人来说,用图画、木刻版画的方式,让他们明白新教的内容。

还有口头传播,叫做布道。

史料分三种:文献材料,口述史料,还有一个是木刻版画组成的视觉材料。

我们看宗教改革的史料,不仅看文献材料,还要看图像和传道,这样才能形成有宗教改革的材料链。

问题:三种材料的表述方法完全不同。

在图文论战中,新教一方显然占了上风。

除了路德的立场和改革内容比较贴近民众的因素,天主教会采用官方、行政的方式参与论战,也是其失败的重要原因。

从图像宣传的角度来看双方的图文论战,能够比较全面地评价宗教改革运动的特点和性质。

第九章宗教改革与德国的近代化1、【问答题】(10分)简述路德在信仰问题上提出什么新主张?因信称义;凡信徒皆祭司;以圣经和基督的权威对抗教皇和教廷的权威;“两个王国三种秩序”理论。

2、【问答题】(10分)阐述并分析当今学术界宗教改革领域的几项最新研究成果。

斯克瑞布尼的研究成果;布瑞克的研究成果;第十章文明的启示1、【问答题】(10分)对“文明从造墙开始、拆墙结束”的论述发表你的看法。

要点:文明的起源:从建墙到围城;文明的发展:从造墙到拆墙,为什么呢?造墙的原因:对城内事物的珍惜;欲望满足的快感;专有和专利的癖好;安全与防范;私有空间的神秘;对外在形式的狂烈追慕。

围城现象,导致了人的思想狭隘,限制了自由和发展。

于是便要向自然挺近和回归,回到原生态的美,普遍拆墙,追求新的自由。

2、【问答题】(10分)对培养创新型人才、提升我国的软实力谈谈自己的看法?基础研究和决策研究的问题;文化的优秀性和开放性;具体谈谈创新性人才需要具备哪几种能力。

第十一章文艺复兴:欧洲由衰及兴的转折点1、【问答题】(10分)试论文艺复兴在欧洲由衰及兴中的作用。

或远或近的文艺复兴史研究,都驳斥了文艺复兴是意大利丰裕社会孕育出来的文艺花朵的传统说法。

年前后,欧洲遭遇了封建制度瓦解和黑死病肆虐的双重打击,出现了秩序崩溃、道德沦丧、积贫积弱、愚昧无知等种种“封建主义总危机”的症候,导致了知识分子的觉醒,并被赋予了阻遏欧洲衰败的时代使命。

按照但丁、彼得拉克、薄伽丘等早期人文主义者的说法,人们已经进入到了一个“生不如死”的危机时期,只有奋起斗争,才有可能实现“要和平不要战争,要丰裕不要饥饿,要美德不要腐败,要文化不要愚昧,要秩序不要紊乱”的奋斗目标;同时,他们也对中世纪甚至古代的文化进行了全面批判或审视。

毫无疑问,欧洲的衰败正是爆发文艺复兴运动的真正原因。

人文主义者的第一个发现,是中世纪文化的不完善性,存在着知识不确定、不实用、不够用的缺陷。

由于中世纪的知识分子主要由职业人士和神职人员构成,因此,他们运用的是经验而不是实验、研究的是彼岸的学问而不是经世致用的学问。

更为重要的是,他们的知识相当零碎,不足以承担起关键时刻驯服危机的使命。

如何建立起科学、实用的知识体系,并且根据社会的需要把知识转变成推动社会进步的力量,是一个艰巨的任务。

进而,人文主义者发现导致政治秩序紊乱的原因在于封建政权与民意对立,而城邦内部的贫富分化又削弱了城市共同体的基础。

为此,他们努力创建自由公民共和国,或在君主政体下加重民众参与政治的比例。

马基雅维里区分了伦理学和政治学,提出君主世袭制与真正共和政治水火不容的政治观。

一种熔人文主义和近代政治于一炉的近代政治模式脱颖而出,反映了一种政治新秩序正在意大利诞生。

在文化方面,人文主义者复兴了优秀的古典文化传统,尤其是从古代希腊、罗马的文化瑰宝——政治、文学、修辞、自然科学、艺术和美学中汲取营养。

在此基础上他们努力创新,实现了从人文主义到人本主义的转变。

神学意识形态瓦解了,新式的近代教育兴起,人的尊严和人的价值被发现了。

通过不同方式,人的能力开始抵抗命运,“知识就是力量”的大旗飘扬,科学的时代来临了。

如果我们将文艺复兴视为运用先进文化推动欧洲由衰及兴的成功范例的话,那么,它馈赠给我们的最佳礼物就是先进文化推动现代文明腾飞的策略和方式。

如果说文艺复兴之前意大利文化落后于法国文化(彼得拉克的父亲曾把彼得拉克送到法国南部的大学就读)的话,那么,文艺复兴之后,意大利已经成为近代欧洲文明的第一个产儿,并且成为欧洲先进文化的发源地。

2、【问答题】(10分)比较古代希腊罗马文化和文艺复兴文化的要素,谈谈你对古典文化和文艺复兴文化异同的认识。

古典文明是指古希腊罗马的优秀的文化元素,其特点包含以下要素:人性的,关注现世生活的,自然的,自由奔放的;制度上具有优越性,如雅典的民主政治,斯巴达的尚武精神,罗马的共和体制、罗马帝国的统治体系;在文化艺术上有突出成就,如文学、史学、戏剧成就。

但是自从罗马帝国衰亡以后,这些古代经典的东西被漫长的中世纪淹没了,被一种禁欲的、不自由的东西所遮盖,造成了中世纪的落后,特别是在黑死病爆发后,封建社会逐渐开始瓦解时,欧洲社会普遍出现了危机,在这种情况下,有理想的人文主义者担负起拯救社会危机的重任,他们从文化着手。

文艺复兴吸收了古典文明中的共和要素、世俗的美,关注人本身,强调美德、理性和科学。

人文主义者活学活用,吸取那些对于拯救社会危机有用的东西,而不是纯粹的模仿,他们进行的是托古改制,直接将所学的东西应用于社会。

特别是人文主义、理性主义、世俗主义。

创造出了世纪社会基础上的新的东西。

经过上述分析,我们可以得出,文艺复兴继承、发扬了古典文明的要素,成了一个新的时代——近代文明的开端。

文化传承有两种可能,一种是面向未来,一种是跟着古人走,欧洲人两者兼用,利用古典文化的优秀性创造出面向未来的优秀文化。

第十二章全球文化研究中的几个问题1、【问答题】(10分)西方文明运动形式存在几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?第一阶段:稳定阶段。

表现出一切都是好的、健康的、不矛盾的众多迹象。

第二阶段:衰落阶段。

是思考和批判的阶段,人们开始怀疑各种机制是否稳定,规章制度是否存在,这就形成焦虑和改革。

第三阶段:创造阶段。

做实验。

对争辩过的所有观点,都要进行一种现实上的检验。

第四阶段:革命阶段。

有理论、有方向、有实验作为基础。

西方的革命既有理性的一面,也有浪漫主义的情绪化的一面。

第五阶段:整合阶段。

基本特征是注重建设,理性上出现了一种平衡。

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