英国文学总结
英美文学之英国文学总结表
Dramatic Romance传奇剧：The Tempest暴风雨
One of the founders of realism in world literature; the summit of the English Renaissance; fist-rank writer the world over.Sonnet
Richard Steele/ Joseph Addison
创办刊物：Tatler闲谈者
Spectator观察者
Jonathan Swift
Guilliver’s Travels；A Modest Proposal;The Battles of Books
最伟大的讽刺散文作家
Guilliver’s Travels,selfish and sick bestiality of humanity on the guise of so-called Yahoos and Houyhnhnms
The Vicar ofWakefield
(poet, novelist, dramatistand essayist combined in one person)
James Thomson
The Seasons四季歌
William Collins
Ode to Evening黄昏颂
Thomas Gray
MollFlanders
The Father of English Novel.英国小说之父
Henry Fielding
Tom Jones;
The Founder of the English Realist Novel.
英国文学(期末总结)
content
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
the Anglo-Saxon period The Anglo-Norman period Renaissance period The 17th Century period The 18th Century period Romantic period Romanticism Literature Victorian Age Critical Realism Literature
Chapter 5. The 18th Century period
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
The Enlightenment(reason) The rise of English novels (realistic novel) Neo-classicism Satiric literature Sentimentalism Pre-romanticism back
back
Romance
(1) Three Literary Periods (2) Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (3) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (plot; theme)
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Renaissance period
Chapter 6.Romantic Age Literature
(1) (2) (3)
Romantic poets of the first generation Romantic poets of the second generation Novelists of the Romantic Age
英国文学下半部分总结
一：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1)Pope 18世纪被称为是Pope的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“heroic couplet”1)16岁Pastorals《田园诗》2)1711 Essay on Criticism《批评论》—heroic couplets and didactic poem3)1714 The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》—a mock-heroic poem4)The Dunciad《群愚史诗》5)Essay on man《人论》—philosophical poem in heroic couplets6)Imitation of Horace《仿贺拉斯》7)Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿勃诺斯特医生书》2)Swift 讽刺作家1)1704 A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》—parable寓言2)1704 The Battle of the Books《书站》3)1708 Bickerstaff Almanac《比克斯塔福历书》4)1708 Elegy of Mr.Partridge《帕特里奇挽歌》5)1708 Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff《艾萨克·比克斯塔福的辩护》6)1726，10 Gulliver’s Travels《格里佛游记》7)Pamphlets on Ireland(小论文) 关于爱尔兰的小册子（1）The Drapier’s Letters《布商的书信》（2） A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》8)Tragic love affairs: Candenus and Vanessa《坎迪纳斯和文莎》、Journal toStella《给斯拉特的信》—love-letters9)1745 On the Death of Dr. Swift3)Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人，1)1701 Trueborn Englishman—A Satire《纯血统英国人》---- pamphlet2)1702 The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的途径》3)1703,5 Hymn to the Pillory《木枷颂》4)The Review《评论报》—a political and literary magazine5)代表作Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》4. Richardson1)1740 Pamela《帕米拉》或者Virtue Rewarded:In a Series of FamiliarLetters from a Beaytiful Young Damsel to Her Parents—书信体形式Epistolary novels，a long tale2)1747-1748 Clarissa《克拉丽莎》—the best one3)1753-1754 Sir Charles Grandison《查尔斯·格兰迪森爵士的历史》5. Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父1)1729-1737 26plays burlesques(滑稽剧) and dramatic satires(讽刺剧)1737年3月The Historical Register for the Year 1736《一七三六年历史纪事》2)1739 The champion《斗士》—a newspaper3)From 1742 4 novels（1）1742,2 Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁》（2）1743 Jonathan Wild the Great《大诗人江奈生·威尔德》—political satire （3）1749 Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》—great novel（4）1751 Amelia《艾米利亚》—last novel4)1749-1750 as a magistrate地方法官，died in 1754,10.8 at Lisbon5)V oyage to Lisbon《里斯本航海日记》—unpublished6. Sheridan1)1775 The Rivals—first comedy, love affair2)1777 The School for Scandal—masterpiece, a great comedy of manners7. Sentimentalism（18世纪中期形成）1)Thomas Gray :neo-classicismIn 1716-1771 Elegy Written in the Country Churchyard《墓园挽诗》2)William Cowper （1731-1800）The Task《任务》— a long poem written in blank verse3) George Crabbe : a clergymanThe Village《乡村》—classical form in couplet4）James Thompson Seasons《四季》5）Edward Young Night Thoughts《夜思》6）William CollinsTo Simplicity《致简单》The Passions《激情》To Evening《致夜晚》8. Pre-Romanticism(18世纪后期)—against the bondage of ClassicismUshered引领人物：Percy，Macpherson，Chatterton1)Percy 1756 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry《英诗辑古》—folk songsand ballads, marks an epoch in the history of English poetry2)Macpherson 1762 Fingal《芬歌儿》—an epic3)Chatterton The Rowley Papers《罗利诗篇》Represented 代表人物：Blake，Burns1)William Black（1）1783 Poetical Sketches《诗歌素描》—first collection of poemsSpenserian stanza, blank verse, ballad form, lyric metres（2）1789 Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》--- The lamb（3）1794 Songs of Experience《经验之歌》（4）The Marriage of Heaven and Heal《天堂和地狱的结合》（5）1791 The French Revolution《法国大革命》（6）1793 Vision of the Daughters of Albion and America, a prophecy2)Robert burns Scottish poet（1）1876,7 Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect《苏格兰方言诗集》Farewell to Scotland《再见苏格兰》（2）Scottish folk songs for two anthologies: The Scots Musical Museun《苏格兰音乐汇总》和Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs《原始的苏格兰歌曲选集》（3）Poem: A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》和Bruce at Bannockburn （4）革命主题诗歌：➢The Tree of Liberty《自由树》➢ A Revolutronary Lyric《一首革命抒情诗》➢The Slave’s Lament《奴隶怨》—sympathy➢The Toadeater《致谄媚者》—satire➢The Jolly Beggars《欢乐的乞丐》—humour and lightheartedness➢Auld Lang Syne《昔日时光》二：The Age of Romanticism(1798----1832) 18世纪末19世纪初期出现Liberty, equality, fraternity(自由、平等、博爱)1)浪漫主义代表人物（1）E dmund Burke 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France（2）R adical writers（进步作家）：➢Thomas Paine 1791-1792 The Right of Man《人权》➢William Cobbett 1802-1835 Political Register《政治纪事周刊》（3）Prose（散文家）：Lamb，Hazlitt, De Quincey, Hunt（4）Novelist：Walter Scott 标志着从romanticism到realism（5）两大流派two schools:➢Elder generation of romanticists/escapist romanticists/ The Lake poem: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey➢Young generation of romanticists/active romanticists:Byron, Shelley, Keats2)Wordsworth 湖畔诗人（1）1789 with Coleridge Lyrical Ballads《抒情诗歌谣》（2）作品：★Lines written in the Early Spring《早春遣句》★To the Cuckoo《致杜鹃》★I wondered lonely as a Cloud《我如行云独自游》★My heart leaps up when I behold《我心荡漾》★Intimations of Immortality《永生颂》★Lines composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey《丁登寺杂咏》—lyrical hymn of thanks to nature★Lucy—poem, short pathetic lyrics between humanity and nature★The prelude《序曲》—1799-1805 autobiographical poem, in 14 books 3)Coleridge湖畔诗人（1）With Southey, The Fall of Robespierre— a poetical drama in three acts（2）1798 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》—a long poem （3）1797 Kubla Khan《忽必列汉》— a dream-poem 54 lines（4）1797-1800 Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》— unfinished（5）As a litreary critic(1808-1815) 文学评论家✧Notes and Letrures on Shakespeare✧Biographia Literaria, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions—1817 the most important prose work and literary authbiography4)Southey 湖畔诗人（1）1793 Joan of Are《圣女贞像》—an epic（2）1794 Wat Tyler《瓦特·泰勒》—a drama（3）1794 With Coleridge, The Fall of Robespierre— a poetical drama in three acts（4）1821 A vision of Judgement《审判的幻景》—a long poem（5）Short poems: The Inchcape Rock, The battle of Blenhein, My Days among the Dead Are Passed（6）As a prose writer : The Life of Nelson(1813) 《尼尔森的生活》（7）Poetical romances浪漫诗歌：只有4首★1801 Thalaba the Destroyer 《萨拉巴》★1805 Madoc《麦道克》★1810 The Curse of kehama《克哈马的诅咒》★1814 Roderick, the Last of the Goths《罗德克·最后的高斯人》5)Byron the Satanic School(撒旦派)（1）1807 Hours of Idleness《悠闲的时光》—first collection of poem（2）1809 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers—satire（3）1816 Songs for the Luddites《卢德者之歌》（4）1809 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈尔德游记》—拜伦式英雄long poem （5）Narrative poem 叙事诗1813年Giaour，The Bride of Abydos，Lara1814年The Corsair oriental tales东方叙事诗1816年Parisina，The Siege of Corinth（6）lyrical poem 抒情诗：1815 Herbrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》（7）Switzerland瑞士：Sonnet on Chillon, The Prisones of Chillon(1816,narrative poem), Manfred（a poetical drama）（8）文学成就：Childe Harold《恰尔德·哈尔德游记》Don Yuan《唐璜》—masterpieceCain 《该隐》—a poetical dramaThe Prophecy of Dante《但丁预言》The vision of Judgement《审判的幻景》6)Shelly the Satanic School(撒旦派)（1）1811 The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》—an anti-religious pamphlet （2）1812 Address to the Irish People《致爱尔兰人民》（3）Queen Mab《麦布女王》—first important poem（4）1818 The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰反叛》（5）1819➢Masque of Anarcy《专制的假面游行》—allegorical poem➢Prometheus unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》—lyrical drama➢The Cenci《钦挚一家》—a historical tradgedy on Italian Subject（6）1819年后，写了大量的poems➢Peter Bell the Third《彼特·贝尔三世》—a dramatic satire➢Hellas《海勒斯》—a lyrical drama➢Adonais《阿多尼》—an elegy on the death of Keats➢A Defence of poetry《诗辩》—an essay（7）Love lyrics 爱情抒情诗➢Love’s Philosophy《爱的哲学》➢One Word Is Too Often Profaned《有一个字常被人亵渎》➢With a Guitar, to Jane《用一把吉他，献给简》➢The Indian Serenade《印度小夜曲》➢Ode to the west wind《西风颂》➢To a Skylark《致云雀》7)John Keats（1）1817 First collection of poem was published（2）1818 Endymion《恩底弥翁》—second book（3）Third and last volume—include Isabella《伊莎贝拉》，The Eve of St.Agnes 《圣阿格尼斯前夜》，Eamia《拉米亚》（4）Long poem长诗5部★Endymion《恩底弥翁》4000多行★Isabella《伊莎贝拉》/The Pot of Basil(based on Boccaccio’s Decameron)★The Eve of St.Agnes《圣阿格尼斯前夜》—narrative poem in Spensorian Stanzas★Emaia《拉米亚》—Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy★Hyperion《赫波里昂》—unfinished long epic in two fragments （5）Short poem短诗➢Sleep and porety《睡与诗》➢sonnets and odes✧Bright Star《灿烂的星》✧When I Have Fair《当我害怕时》✧Ode to Autumn《秋颂》✧Ode to Melancholy《忧郁颂》✧Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》✧Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》8)Scott 历史小说之父“the father of history novels”（1）Three volumes三卷本(1802-1803)：Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border《苏格兰边区歌谣集》（2）Long poem★1805 The lay of the Last Minstrel—first long poem★1808 Marmion《玛米恩》★1810 The Lady of the Lake《湖上夫人》（3）Novel 1814 Waverley《威弗利》—first novel（4）Historical novel⏹Scotland✧1814 Waverley《威弗利》✧1815 Guy Mannering《盖曼钠令》✧1816 Old Morality《清教徒》✧1817 Rob Roy《罗伯·罗伊》✧1818 The Heart of Midlothian《爱丁堡监狱》⏹English✧1820 Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》—the most famous one✧1821 Kenilworth《肯纳尔沃思堡》✧1822 The Fortunes of Nigel《尼格尔的家产》✧1826 Woodstock《皇家猎官》✧1828 Peveril of the Peak《贝弗利尔·皮克》⏹Europe✧1823 Quentin Durward《昆延·达沃德》✧1823 St. Ronan’s Wells 《圣罗南之泉》—the only one tells hiscontemporary life三．Critical Realism批判现实主义1)English Critical Realism(流行于19世纪40年代、50年代早期) The Victorian Age(1831---1901)代表人物：Dickens，Thackeray, Brontes’ sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell, Eliot19th century realistic novels become“the epic of the bourgeois society”2）Dickens critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家（1）Sketches by Boz《博兹随笔》—first book on Cockeny characters伦敦人物（2）Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》—long novel（3）1838-1841 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》, Nicholas Nickleby，The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》，Barnaby Rudge（4）1842 in America：American Notes《美国札记》，Martin Chuzzlewit （5）From 1844 in Frence and Italy●Novels of social criticism★Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》★David Copper field《大卫·科波菲尔》★Bleak house《荒凉山庄》★Hard Times 《艰难世事》★Little Dorrit《小杜丽》●Two weekly magazines★1850-1859 Household words《家常话》★1859-1870 All the Year Round《一年四季》（6）A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》—a historical novel of the French Revolution （7）Novels on contemporary theme: Great Expectations《远大前程》, Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》（8）1867-1868 in England: Edwin Drood《艾德温·德鲁德》—unfinished, his last work （9）1843-1848 5 Christmas Books The Hungry Forties◆ A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》◆The Chimes 《钟声》◆The Cricket on the Hearth《炉边蟋蟀》◆The Battle of Life《人生的战场》◆The haunted Man《被折磨的人》3）Thackeray critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家（1）1833 The National Standard《立宪报》—a bourgeois radical newspaper （2）1842 Punch《笨拙》—humorous and satirical weekly（3）1846-1847 The Snobs of England《势利者集》—satirical sketches （4）1847-1848 Vanity fair《名利场》，副标题是：A Novel Without Hero 源自John Bunyuan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》（5）1849-1850 Pendennis《彭登尼斯》（6）1853-1855 The Newcomes《纽克姆一家》（7）Two historical novels★1852 Henry Esmond《亨利·埃斯德蒙的历史》★1859 The virginians《弗吉尼亚人》—Henry Esmond的续篇（8）Last year of life : Denis Duval—unfinished4）Jane Austen critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家6 novels:●Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》●Sense and sensibility《理智与情感》●pride and prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》1813年出版●Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》●Emma 《艾玛》●Persuasion《劝导》5）The Bronte Sister critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家19Th的小说是Female，三姐妹合出诗集Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell （1）Charlotte Bronte：Jane Eyre《简爱》,Shirley《谢利》，Villette《维莱特》（2）Emily Bronte：1847 Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》（3）Anne Bronte：Agnes Grey，The Tenant of the wildfell Hall6）George Eliot 真名：Mary Ann Evans（1）翻译了Feuerbach的The Essence of Christianity《宗教的本质》（2）The Westminster Review《威斯敏斯特评论》—as an assistant editor（3）Scenes of Clerical Life《教区生活场景》—first three stories for a magazine（4）Three remarkable novels:➢1859 Adam Bede 《亚当·贝德》➢1860 The Mill on the Floss《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》➢1861 Silas Marner《织工马南》（5）1863Romola《罗慕拉》—a historical novel（6）1866Felix Holt the Radical—a novel on political questions（7）1871-1872Middlemarch《米德尔马契》（8）1876 Daniel Deronda《但尼尔·狄隆达》四：The Victorian Age1) Tennyson 维多利亚时代最重要诗人Laureate Poet桂冠诗人，被葬在Westminster Abbey（1）1827 with brothers Poems by two brothers—a little volume（2）1830 first book in his on name Poem,Chrefly Lyrical《歌集》（3）1842 Poems《诗集》—in two volumes（4）Long poems after 1842★1847 The Princess《公主》—medley 杂集★1855 Maud《默德》—monodrama 单人剧★1859-1885 The Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》—an epic of King Arthur（5）1850 In Memorian《悼念》—a collection of elegies（6）Crossing the Bar 《过沙洲》—death of his 81 years（7）Break, break ,break《冲击，冲击，冲击》2）Robert Browning 诗人，创造“Dramatic Monologue”戏剧独白（1）1833 Pauline 《波林》—first poem（2）1835 Paracelus《帕拉塞尔萨斯》（3）1837 Strafford《斯特拉福》—tragedy（4）1840 Sordello《索尔代洛》（5）1841 Pippa Passes《皮帕经过》—a dramatic poem（6）1841-1846 Bells and Poemgranates《铃铛和石榴》—a series of poems（7）1855 Men and Women《男人和女人》（8）1868-1869 The Ring and the Book《指环与书》—the most famous,2万行诗，12个dramatic monologue（9）Dramatic Lyrics《戏剧抒情诗》，Dramatic Romances《喜剧罗曼史》，Men and Women《男人和女人》，Dramatic Personae《戏剧人生》all use monologue（10）Short lyrics短篇抒情诗★Home Thoughts from Abroad《异国思乡》★The Pied Piper of Hamelin《哈曼林的风笛手》—a narrative poem for children★1889 Asolando《阿索兰多》—published on his death day3）Elizabeth Barrett(Mrs. Browning) 诗人（1）13岁The Battle of Marathon《马拉松战役》（2）1833 翻译了Prometheus Bound《被监禁的普罗米修斯》—Greek tragedy（3）1843 The Cry of the Children《孩子们的哭泣》（4）1847 Sonnets from the Portuguese《葡萄牙十四行诗》—lyrics（5）1851 Casa Guidi Windows《圭迪公寓的窗子》（6）1860 Poems before Congress《在大会以前写成的诗》4）Naturialism 自然主义20世纪后半期流行于欧洲，特别是法国和德国true to life George Gissing:★New Grub Street 《新格鲁勃街》★Charles Dickens：A Critical Study《查尔斯·狄更斯批评论》★The Private Paper of Henry Ryecroft《亨利·赖伊克罗夫特私信集》—part diary, part essays, part confessions, partly autobiographical5）Neo-Romanticism 新浪漫主义at the end of 19th centuryRobert Louis Stevenson:★1878 An Inland V oyage《内陆游记》★1879 Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes《骑驴旅行》★Essay of 3 volumes:➢Virginibus Puerisque《给少年男女》➢Familiar Studies of Men and Book《作家与作品随笔研究》➢Memories and Portraits《回忆与画像》★Treasure Island《宝岛》—romance entitled★Kidnapped《诱拐》，The Black Arrow《黑箭》，The Master of Ballantrae, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. hyde《化身博士》6）Aestheticism 唯美主义19世纪中叶在欧洲盛行（1）Walter Pater：scholar, critic, essayist★Studies in the History of the Renaissance《文艺复兴历史研究》—简称The Renaissance《文艺复兴》，是代表作★Marius the Epicurean《享乐主义者马里斯》—a philosophic novel★Imaginary Portraits《假面的肖像》★Appreciations《赏析篇》（2）Oscar Wilde：Irish poet, dramatist, novelist, essayist“aesthetic movement”美学运动代表人物主要理论是：为了艺术而艺术art for Arts’ sake★Poems《诗集》★Fairy stories童话故事：The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》, A house of Pomegranates《石榴之屋》★ A collection of short stories短篇故事集: Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories《阿瑟·萨维尔勋爵的罪恶》★ A series of critical essays评论集: Intention《意向》★The only novel: The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·雷格的画像》★ 4 comedies：➢Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德美尔夫人的扇子》➢ A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》➢An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》➢The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要》★One tragedy：Salome《莎乐美》★ A prose work散文作品集：De Profundis《惨痛的呼声》★The Ballads of Reading Gaol《累丁狱之歌》—last work★An essay of social criticism: The Soul of Man Under Socialism 五．20世纪的英国文学1）Thomas Hardy自然主义小说家代表作：Tess of D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding crowd《远离尘嚣》2）Bernard Shaw ：critical realist Novelist，dramaist代表作：Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》Window’s house《寡妇的房产》Major Barbar《巴巴拉少校》六：The twentieth Century------Modernism 现代主义The psychological Fiction心理小说（20世纪20、30年代）1）David Herbert Lawrence代表作：Sons and lovers《儿子和情人》The Rainbow《彩虹》Women In Love《恋爱中的女人》2）James Joyce 意识流主要表人物“stream of consciousness”代表作：Ulysses《尤里西斯》A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man《一个青年艺术家的肖像》Dubliners《都柏林人》3）Virginia Woolf 意识流另一代表人物代表作：To The lighthouse《到灯塔去》，Jacob’s Room《雅各布的房间》The Waves《海浪》，Mrs Dalloway《达罗维夫人》。
英国文学要点总结
英国Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英国文学期末重点总结
英国文学期末一.The contributions of Geoffrey Chaucer.1.The first to present a comprehensive and realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all works of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.2.Introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to replace the Old English alliterative verse the first to use heroic couplet.3.Contributed to the establishment of English as the literary language of England, based on London dialect. He raised the language to the higher literary level by writing with a polish and ease.二.The feature of humanism.1.It believed that man is the measure of all things, it stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature.2.Against the medieval feudal value and blind faith in after-life, the humanists believed in man's capability of self perfection and emphasized the importance of personal worth and the joy of the present life.三.The character of Shylock.1.Shylock's demand for a pound of flesh has made him one of literature's most memorable villains, but many readers and play gores have found him a powerful and sympathetic figure.Shakespeare makes him seem more human by showing that his hatred is born of the mistreatment he has suffered in a christian society.2.At the same time, when the Merchant of Venice was created, anti-semitism prevailed in England.Traits of the stereotyped Jews:greedy, miserly, cruel, full of hatred and revenge, devoid of gentility and interests in music and poetry.3.In a word,he is a Jews usurer,mean, greedy,cunning,cruel,vengeful,merciless,a,sophist,but also a victim of racial discrimination and religious persecution.四.Metaphysical conceit.A conceit is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaborately sustained comparison between two dissimilar things.五.Features of Neoclassicism.1.Reason emphasized: it is inartistic to show unrestrained emotion in lit,reason,order,regularity are admired rather than fancy and imagination.2.Form is stressed rather than content: craftsmanship, balance,proportion,harmony,grace,poetic diction; "what oft was thought, but never so well expressed."(pope)3.Didactic and satirical: writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people, satire being an effective means of correcting people's folly and weakness.4.City life and man-made object preferred: city life gives a sense of order while rural wild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.六.The character of Robinson Crusoe.A real hero, a typical 18th century English middle class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against hostile natural environment and also against human fate.七.Gulliver's Travels.1.Four travels:a. Lilliput (6-inch high people):An allegory of English politics in the early 18th century when the Whigs and Tories were fighting bitterly for the control of the country.Exposure of the corruption,political and religious strife and social vices.b.Brobdingnag,a mock utopia. The inhabitants of the country are gentle and peace,loving and ruled by a fair and merciful king; Gulliver,in contrast,seems petty,vindictive and cruel;The giants are superior the human beings both in wisdom and in humanity.c.The kingdom of Laputa, a flying island and its colonies;the so called philosophers and scientists engrossed in abstract speculation and useless experiments;containing criticism of the malpractices and false illusions about science,philosophy,history and immortality in early 18th C.d.The land of the Houyhnms,the horse are governed totally by reason and created a society perfectly ordered and peaceful the Yahoos are greedy,envious,cruel anddisgusting bruts.The Yahoos represent the worst traits in human nature,and the lowest level to which man might sink.2.The significance of this book.Gulliver's Travel is a biting satire,both humorous and critical,attacking British and European society through its description of imaginary countries.As a whole,the book is one of the most effective and devastating satires of all aspects in the English and European life......socially,politically,religiously, philosophical scientifically and morally.Caused critical controversy,often mistaken for a misanthropist.八.The significance of Tom Jones.The novel is admirable for the panoramic view of the 18th C English society;about 40 characters are portrayed from nearly all classes of society;the setting is wide-ranging and varied, shifting from the country to the city.The superb plot contruction; 18 books equally divided into 3 sections,clearly marked out by the change of scenes; classical effect of balance.九.The features of Romanticism.1.A strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rules and conventions;favored innovations in subject and form.2.Turned the nature,particularly the rural,wild landscape, for its poetic imagery and subject matter.3.Admired passion and imagination;regarded passion, imagination and originality as something crucial for true poetry.4.Interested in the ancient, the exotic,the uncivilized way of life;turned the the primitive literature for inspiration and models.5.Emphasis upon the individuality of people as against the neoclassicist s’ stress on social virtues.十.Wordsworth's Theory.In the preface the the second edition of lyrical Ballads he explained his poetic theory.It is regarded as the declaration of Romanticism.1.Good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.mon life as subject,scenes and events of everyday life,joys and sorrows of thecommon people most suitable for poetry.3.Simple language:the fresh ,living everyday speech is most suitable for poetry.4.Return the nature,nature as a teacher,the stepping stone between God and Man.十一.What's Byronic Hero?1.The Byronic Hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.2.This Byronic Hero would shoulder the burden of righting all the wrongs in the world and fight alone against any type of tyranny.十二.What's the author's opinion about marriage in Pride and Prejudice?1.We must have good judgment if we want to form good relationships in life.2.Our first impression ually wrong.Maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.3.She regarded love and marriage as the typical theme of her novel,her ideal marriage have three elements:true love ,personal merits and money.十三.Features of Dickens' work.1.His works offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English society of his age.2.He believed in the moral self-perfection of class contradictions.There is a tendency for a reconciliation of class contradictions.3.Almost all his novels have happy endings.4.He drew a lot from the experiences of his childhood.5.As a humorist, his novel are full of humor and laughter.十四.Theme of the Vanity Fair.Selfishness and corruption of the upper classes;Showing a society which judges people on money and appearance and ignores the true virtues.十五.The character of Jane Eyre.1.Jane is intelligent,well educated,industrious,compassion:ate,and morally upright,with an independent spirit.2.A woman of high principle,religious faith self-respect and moral strength.3.Desire for independence,self-identification and self-fulfilment.4.For this Charlotte is considered a forerunner of feminism and Jane Eyre a feminist novel.十六．有特殊地位的作家1.Geoffrey Chaucer:Father of English Literature.2.William Shakespeare:The master of language.3.John Donne: Father of the Metaphysical poetry.4.John Milton：The greatest poet of 17th C.5.Three poet laureate:William Wordsworth ; Alfred Lord Tennyson ; Southey6.Daniel Defoe: Father of English novel.7.Charles Dickens: The greatest representative of critical realism.8.James Joyce: Father of stream of consciousness novel.9.Henry Fielding: Father of English realistic novel.10.William Blake: The forerunner of Romanticism.ke poets:William Wordsworth; Coleridge; Southey十七．各个时期的文学潮流1.The Anglo-Saxon period and The Anglo-Norman period: epic and romance.2.The renaissance:humanism.3.The period of revolution and restoration: metaphysical poets.4.The age of Enligtenment: neoclassicism; Gothic novel ; sentimentalism ; Pre-romantic poetry ; drama ; chivalry.5.The romantic period: lake poets ; Byronic hero ; ode6.The victorian age: critical realism; romantically and realistically; novel。
英国文学史--最全总结中英
盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）旧约：上帝创世纪新约：耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。
2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。
3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。
The Canterbury Tales1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3）.特点：反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。
c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光第四章：民间文学1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。
英语专业英国文学总结
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、头韵体代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法【Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）和metaphor暗语understatement婉转表达】3、散文Bede比德Alfred二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、romance 传奇文学佚名诗人：代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗2、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期① the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父②heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)③代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)3、Langland 朗格兰Piers the plowman《农夫彼尔斯》4、Malory 马罗礼Le Morte D'Arthur亚瑟王之死5、Popular Ballads大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔三、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期十四行诗sonnet和对白体无韵诗（主体）1、key work: humanism 人文主义：admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：（第一阶段）1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦Book two is more important2）、Wyatt 魏阿特1st man to introduce into England sonnet3)、Surrey 萨利1st man to reform sonnet/ to use blank verse/ to use sonnet series（二、伊莉沙白时代:)4)、Sidney 锡特尼（田园）阿斯特罗菲尔与斯黛拉Astrophel and StellaApology for poetry 诗辨（人文主义、文学批评）5）Spenser斯宾塞（田园）poet's poet① The Faerie Queene仙后(epic poem 史诗) The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历② Amoretti爱情小唱Epithalamion婚后曲Colin Clouts Come Home Againe柯林•克劳特回来了Foure Hymnes四首赞美歌6）、Lyly 李雷Euphues 尤菲倚斯7)、Marlowe马洛（戏剧）Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧（代表作）desire for knowledgeTamburlaine帖木耳大帝desire for powerThe Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人desire for moneyblank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
英国文学要点总结
英国Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英国文学作品总结
Part 3. The eighteenth Century十八世纪
Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744
An Essay on Man人论;An Essay on Criticism批评论; ;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记
William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850
An Evening Walk黄昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）; The Prelude序曲：I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud; The Solitary Reaper孤寂的割麦人)
Part 5.The Victorian Age
George Eliot爱略特(Mary Ann Evans)1819-1880
Adam Bede亚当·贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner织工马南;Middlemarch米德尔马契;Felix Holt奥力克斯·霍克；the Radical激进派
Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人; My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;
William Blake布莱克1757-1827
Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;
Part 1. The English renaissance文艺复兴时期
Thomas More托马斯.莫尔
英国文学总结
British and American Literature ReviewBritish LiteratureI. Old English LiteratureBeowulf：national epicII．Middle English Literature1.Medieval English LiteratureGenerally refers to the literature written in the Middle English Period (1066-1485), from the date of the Norman Conquest, up until the 1480s.2. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the greatest of Middle English literature The Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer is called as the founder of English poetry.3. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）:refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on.The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer.III English Renaissance1. Renaissance: is an intellectual movement sprung first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. This movement is characterized by a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and humanism, the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.2. The English Renaissance ：The English Renaissance was dated from the early 16th century to the early 17th century, which is associated with the pan-European（全欧洲的）Renaissance. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as "the age of Shakespeare" or "the Elizabethan era."In this period, poets such as Edmund Spenser and John Milton produced works that demonstrated an increased interest in understanding English Christian beliefs; playwrights, such as William Shakespeare, composed theatrical representations of the English life and history; philosophers like Sir Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published their own ideas about humanity and the aspects of a perfect society.3.Sonnet: a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to one of certain definite schemes. A common English sonnet is composed of 3 quatrains followed by a couplet.4. Shakespearean Sonnet is English sonnet or Elizabethan sonnet, a verse form containing fourteen lines. In English sonnet these lines are always iambic pentameters with rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg.In Shakespeare's sonnets, the first twelve lines rhymed alternately, and the last two rhyme together.5. William Shakespeare(1564 – 1616) ：Was the greatest of British literary figure born in the Elizabeth I era. He completed 38 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth are his famous tragedy plays.6. Comment on:---Sonnet 18It’s poem in iambic pentameter of 3 quatrains followed by a couplet with abab cdcd efef gg rhyme scheme.The poet introduces an unchanging beauty, likened to summer, which dims in comparison to the beauty of the youth. With a glimpse of the youth's 'summer', his beauty, readers are left in awe of someone so undeniably beautiful. The youth's beauty is frozen in the framework of the poem and is immortalized.IV．17th Century English Poets and Adventure Fictions1. Important literary figures:⏹John Donne (metaphysical school*)⏹John Milton (epic and sonnet)2. The metaphysical poets:a group of British lyric poets(with John Donne as the most famous) of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their style was characterized by wit, subtle argumentations, "metaphysical conceits",and/or an unusual simile or metaphor.(Georg Lukács, the Hungarian Marxist critic, described the school's common trait of "looking beyond the palpable" and "attempting to erase one's own image from the mirror in front so that it should reflect the not-now and not-here" as foreshadowing existentialism. )The Flea⏹---by John Donne⏹---a flea symbolizing love that needs to be taken good care and that is fragile( silly andsarcastic tone)⏹---strange metaphor common for the metaphysical poets---rhyme pattern: aabbccddd3. John Milton (1608-1674)⏹three great poems:--- Paradise Lost (1667); Paradise Regained (1671); Samson Agonistes (1671) (poetic drama)4. Daniel Defoe(1660 – 1731;)⏹Robinson Crusoe⏹--Plot⏹--Characterization⏹--Theme : praising labor and man’s courage and effort to conquer nature⏹--Style : journalistic5. Jonathan Swift (1667 –1745)⏹--Gulliver‘s Travels⏹Broadly, the book has three themes:1. a satirical view of the state of European government, and of petty differences between religions.2. an inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether they become corrupted.3. a restatement of the older "ancients versus moderns" controversy.V．Romanticism1.Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.⏹The movement stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience,placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation(恐惧) and aw2、R omanticism in British literature is associated with the poets WilliamWordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The publication of Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 marked the beginning of British Romanticism which ended in 1832 with the death of Sir Walter Scott. Lyrical Ballads sought to reject Augustan poetry in favor of more direct speech derived from folk traditions.3. Literary figures of British Romanticism⏹*William Wordsworth (*“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud)⏹*Percy Bysshe Shelley（*Ode to the West Wind）(1) William Wordsworth"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"is written by William Wordsworth in iambic tetrameter. It expressed the full impact of the daffodils' beauty on the author. When he's feeling lonely, dull or depressed, he thinks of the daffodils and cheers up.(2) Percy Bysshe Shelley---One of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is most famous for such classic anthology verse works as Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, and The Masque of AnarchyPercy Bysshe Shelley---One of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language.⏹Ode to West Wind written by Percy Bysshe Shelley begins with three cantos describingthe wind's effects upon earth, air, and ocean. In the last two cantos Shelley speaks directly to the wind, asking for its power, to lift him like a leaf, a cloud or a wave and make him its companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread them all over the world so that the youth are awoken with his ideas.⏹The west wind in the poem signifies the great revolution force which can destroy allexisting vices in human world.⏹Structure：The poem Ode to the West Wind consists of five cantos(篇、诗章) 。
英国文学知识点总结
英国⽂学知识点总结Part One Early and Medieval English literature& Masterpiece: “The Song of Beowulf ”1. Significance:The national epic of the English people;A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from Northern Europe;Passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before written down in the 10th century;The most important and representative work of the Old English (the Anglo-Saxon )literature.2. Characters:Beowulf: nephew of Hygelac Hygelac: king of Geats in Jutland Hrothgar: king of the Danes Grendel: a monster3. Plot:(1) Beowulf’s fight with the monster Grendel in Hrothgar’s hall(2) Beowulf’s slaying of Grendel’s mother in her lair(3) Beowulf’s return to his u ncle, and his succession to the throne.(4) Beowulf’s victory in death, fifty years later, over the fire dragon4. Features:i. Position: The national epic and the first long poem in English .ii. Rhyme: The poem is written in alliterative verse in a line, with 4 accents in a line , three of which show alliteration( beginning with the same consonant sound )iii. Rhetorics: A figurative language is used , which is called “kenning” or metaphor .iv. Structure: It is written in inverted order with two parts in a line (as pause)& The Medieval English LiteratureI. Romance : (in prose or verse form)a.Subject matter (题材，话题，论题)（See the definition）：The life and adventures of a noble hero , generally a knightb. Theme (主题)（See the definition）：The loyalty to the king and lord .c. Three romance cycles (传奇故事系列)The Matter of France (about Charlemagne and his peers )The Matter of Rome (about Alexander the Great )The Matter of Britain(about the adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table) d. The class nature of Romance :It’s written for the upper classChivalry （骑⼠精神）is represented to show the quality of the knight : courage , honor , courtesy , loyalty and devotion to the helpless , the weakand women .e. Masterpiece :“Sir Gawin and the Green Knight” 《⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠》in alliterative verse .* Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)1. Position: i.“The father of English poetry”ii. The founder of English realism (by Gorky)iii. The forerunner of humanism .2. Contribution:i.He introduced the “heroic couplet”(the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter抑扬格五⾳步)ii. He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language .iii. He did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech .3. Literary Creation:Influenced by：Dante (1265-1321): “The Divine Comedy”Petrarch (1307-1374) : “Sonnets”Boccaccio (1313-1375): “Decameron”4. Masterpiece : “The Canterbury Tales”i. Significance :a. A comprehensive picture of Chaucer's time a splendid realistic portrayal .b. An artistic corridor of people from all walks of life in the medieval England :a) the gentle class: knight , squire , monk prioress (⼥修道院的院长), the oxford scholar .b) the burgher class : tradesman , carpenter , weaver , the Wife of Bath , lawyerc. Realism and Humanism is revealed :The praise of man’s energy quick wit and love of life .The equal right of man and woman to pursue their happiness on earth and the opposition of the dogma of asceticism.ii. Features:a. Structural features :a) A prologue and 24 tales b) All the tales are closely knitted by interspersing them with the talk ,the quarrels , opinions of the pilgrims and especially the judgment of the innkeeper .b. Literary features :Heroic couplet : a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines .Tone : gentle satire and mild irony .& The English Ballads (Popular Ballads)1. Literary Features :i. English folk literature in feudal society .ii. In song , usually in 4-line stanza , with the 2nd and 4th lines rhymed .iii. iambic trimeter / tetrameter 抑扬格三⾳步/四⾳步2. Themes :i. The struggle of young lovers against their feudal families.ii. The conflict between love and wealth.iii. The cruel effect of jealousy.iv. The border wars between England and Scotland.v. The matters of class struggle.3. Masterpieces:1) Robin Hood Ballads : gathered into a collection called “The Geste of Robin Hood”2) “Ro bin Hood and Allan –a –Dale” “Get up and Bar the Door”“Sir Patrick Spans”Robin HoodStatus: a yeoman forced to be an outlaw/fugitiveDeeds: Greenwood of Sherwood Forest near Nottingham in the center of EnglandHunting the King’s deer, robbing from the r ich and distributing among the poorFriends and followers: the Merry Men (Little John, Friar Tuck, Will Scarlet, and the romantic minstrel Alan-a-Dale)His enemy: the Sheriff of NottinghamHis wife: Maid Marian4. Linguistic characteristics:RomanceIt uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There is often mysteries and fantasies in romance.Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance. Characterization is standardized, while the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.Questions for consideration:1. The features of the medieval English literature ?2. The significance of The Canterbury Tales ?3. The literary features of English ballads ?4. The differences between romance and balladPart II The English Renaissance&Literary influence of the Bible on English language:Household words from Bible:root of all evil万恶之源clear as crystal极其明⽩a thorn in the flesh眼中钉，⾁中刺to cast pearls before swine明珠投暗a labor of love 不计较报酬的⼯作eye for eye , tooth for tooth 以眼还眼，以⽛还⽛The Development of Literaturei. The Beginning of the English Renaissancea. Geoffrey Chaucer（1340-1400）The forerunner of English Renaissanceb.William Caxton introducing printing to England in 1476 bringing a multitude of classical works .& c. Thomas More (1478-1535) The first humanist in EnglandI. IntroductionGreat thinker and humanist in the RenaissanceII. Masterpiece: “Utopia”Utopia, from two Greek words meaning “nowhere”, is an island discovered on a voyage to the newly discovered Americas. It is an description of the ideal communist society and ideal commonwealth, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Practical basis for the communist society:From everyone according to his capacities ,to everyone according to his need”各尽所能，按需分配)B. Different Genres and their representatives: essay, poetry, dramaa. essayist: Francis Baconb.poets:Thomas Wyatt, HenryHoward,Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespearec. dramatists/playwrights: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson&1. Francis BaconA. Position and Contribution:He is the first great essayist . He is the founder of English materialist philosophy （唯物主义哲学）He is the founder of modern science in England .Inductive Method of Reasoning (归纳法) was stated in his essay “New Instrument”He represents the intellectual energy of the age .B. Masterpiece:a. “Advancement of Learning”《科学的进展》b. “New Instrument” 新⼯具c. “Essays” 《随笔集》Subjects : love truth , friendship , parents and children , beauties , studies , riches , youth and ages , death etc .Features : clearness ,brevity and force of expression .C. Wise Sayings:“Knowledge is power”“Men fear death, as chi ldren fear to go in the dark; and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other.“⼈们惧伯死亡，正如孩童惧于⿊暗中⾏路：孩童⼼中的恐惧感随着听到的童话故事的增多⽽增长，⼈们对死亡的惧怕亦是如此。
英国文学总结一览表
英国的文学复习资料1 Old and medieval period中古时期的文学1 The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)The Story of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》：the poetry represents the highest achievement of the old english.2 The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章romance 传奇文学代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟12、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：《the Canterbury Tales 》坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
英国文学简史归纳总结
英国文学简史归纳总结英国文学的历史源远流长，可以追溯到中世纪。
在这个长达几个世纪的发展过程中，英国文学经历了多个时期的变迁和演变。
下面将对英国文学的简史进行总结。
中世纪文学中世纪是英国文学的起源时期，主要以口头传承的方式存在。
这个时期的文学作品主要包括史诗、英雄传说和宗教作品。
其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《亚瑟王传奇》。
这些作品描绘了英国的历史和传统，同时也反映了当时社会的价值观和信仰。
文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学的重要阶段，也是一段充满创新和变革的时期。
在这个时期，人们开始对古希腊和罗马文化产生兴趣，并以之为灵感创作文学作品。
著名的作家包括威廉·莎士比亚和约翰·米尔顿。
莎士比亚的戏剧作品被广泛演出和阅读，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
米尔顿则以史诗《失乐园》而闻名，该作品探讨了人类的自由意志和神的正义。
启蒙时期启蒙时期是18世纪英国文学的重要时期，也是理性和科学思想兴起的时期。
启蒙作家们通过批判和思考来探索人类的本质和社会问题。
著名的作家包括弗朗西斯·培根和亚历山大·蒲柏。
培根是一位哲学家和科学家，他的作品强调实证主义和科学方法。
蒲柏则以《人类理解论》和《社会契约论》等作品提出了关于政治和社会组织的思想。
浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期是19世纪英国文学的重要时期，反映了对情感和想象力的追求。
浪漫主义作家们强调个体的感受和内心世界。
著名的作家包括威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·柯勒律治。
华兹华斯的《抒怀诗集》和柯勒律治的《抒情诗》被视为浪漫主义的经典作品，表达了对自然和人类情感的热爱。
维多利亚时代维多利亚时代是19世纪末到20世纪初的英国文学时期，以女王维多利亚的统治命名。
这个时期的作品反映了社会的变革和工业化进程。
著名的作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯和奥斯卡·王尔德。
狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》和王尔德的《道林·格雷的画像》等作品揭示了社会的不公和道德问题。
英国文学总结
英国文学总结英国文学总结：一：The Anglo-Saxon period（央格鲁萨克逊时期）(450----1066)1. First Anglo-Saxon poet: Caedom.2. Two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature-----Northumbrian school and Wessex literature3. “Father of English History” is Venerable Bede. “英国历史之父”代表作：The Ecclesiastical History of the English People4. The king Alfred：代表作：The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleHe created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.他创造了Anglo-Saxon散文体。
5. Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf《贝奥武夫》( national and religion epic)A mixture of paganism(异教) and Christian elements.二：The Norman Period (1066---1350) =The Medieval Period1. Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.(1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland(2): the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy.(3): the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the death of King Arthur. 三：The Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代) (1350----1440)1.John Wycliff：Father of English prose“英国散文之父”, translate the Bible into standard English.2.William Langland: Piers Plowman《农夫彼尔斯》Form: Allegory寓言3.Geoffrey Chaucer:The Father of English Poetry“英国诗歌之父”，首创“heroic couplets”英雄双韵体，首次用伦敦方言写作，被葬在：Westminster AbbeyWorks divided three periods:A: 1360—1372: French literature: The book of the Duchess B: 1372---1836: Italian literature: Troilus and Criseyde adapted from Boccaccio The DecameronC: the last fifteen year of his life: The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》四:The Fifteen Century (1400----1550)1.Ballds(歌谣) became an important feature in the 15th. The most popular is the Robin Hood Ballads.五：The English Renaissance (1550—1642)1.Edmund Spenser斯宾塞：The poet’s poet 诗人的诗人代表作：The Shepherds Calendar《牧羊人日记》The Faerie Queene《仙后》Amoretti《爱情小唱》2. Christopher Marlow马洛创造了无韵体/素体诗“blank verse”,代表作：Tumburlaine《帖木儿大帝》The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德斯博士的悲剧》3. William Shakespeare莎士比亚代表作：two narrative poems: Venus and Adonis The rape of Lucrece四部悲剧：Othello Macbeth Hamlet King Lear四部喜剧：As you like it《皆大欢喜》Mid-summer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》六：The Seventeenth Century (1603---1688)1.Francis Bacon培根：father of science 科学之父First English essayist 第一位随笔作家The founder of English materialist philosophy唯物主义哲学开拓者代表作：Essay《随笔》----of studies《论学习》2.John Donne:The fonder of Metaphysical poets 玄学诗代表人物另一代表人物：George Herbert3.Ben Jonson 保皇派代表人物，另一代表人物是：Robert Herrick; 代表作: To the celia4.John Milton弥尔顿：清教徒诗人代表作：epic :Paradise Lost《失乐园》由blank verse 写成的，情节来自Old Statement《旧约全书》;Paradise regained 《复乐园》; drama: Samson Agonists 《力士参孙》The Defence of English people《为英国人民申辩》5.John Bunyan班扬：清教徒诗人代表作：The pilgrim’s progress《天路历程》---allegory（寓言）, 被誉为：具有永恒意义的百科全书6.John Dryden代表作：戏剧：All for love文学评论：An essay of Dramatic Poesy7.Andrew Marvell 代表作：To His Coy Mistress七：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment（理性、启蒙时期）1.Daniel D efoe“the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人，代表作：Robinsoncrusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》; Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》; Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》;Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》2.Jonanthan Swift斯威夫特：讽刺作家(Satirist)代表作：Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》The battle of books《书战》A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》小册子作品：The Drapper’s Letters《一个麻布商的书信》A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》3. Joseph Addison 代表作：The Talter; Richard Steele 代表作：The Spectator4. Alexander pope 18世纪被称为是Pop的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“heroic couplet”代表作：The rape of the Lock 《劫发记》Essay on Man 《人论》Essay on Criticism《批评论》heroic coupletThe Dunciad《愚人记》5. Samuel Jonson 代表作：A dictionary of the English Language《英语词语词典》6. Henry Fielding代表作：Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》Amelia《艾米利亚》Jonathan Wild the Great《大诗人·江奈生·威尔德》7.Samuel Richardson 代表作：Pamela 书信体形式Epistolary novels8.Thomas Gray 新古典主义代表人物neo-classicism代表作：The Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard9.Robert Burns: Scottish poet(苏格兰诗人)代表作： A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》My Hearts’ in the Highland《我的心在那高原上》10.William Blake代表作：Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》--- The lambSongs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Heal《天堂和地狱的结合》Poetic Sketches《诗歌素描》William Blake and Robert Burns 是前浪漫主义代表诗人八：The Age of Romanticism(1798----1832)1.William Wordsworth湖畔诗人“the Lake Poet”另外两位诗人是：Robert Southey and SamuelTaylor Coleridge代表作：The prelude 《序曲》The Solitary reaper 《孤独的收割人》I wondered lonely as a Cloud《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》My heart leaps up when I behold《我心荡漾》2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge代表作：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》Kubla Khan《忽必烈传》3.George Gorden Byron拜伦代表作：Don Yuan《唐璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈咯德尔游记》---拜伦式英雄Cain 《该隐》诗歌：When we two parted《当我们俩分别时》She walks in beauty 《她在美中行》4.Percy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱代表作：Prometheus unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Queen Mab《麦布女王》Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰反叛》A Defence of poetry《诗辩》The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》Ode to the west wind《西风颂》To a Skylark《致云雀》Adonais 关于Keats的死亡5.John Keats 济慈代表作：Ode to the Nightingale《夜莺颂》Ode to autumn《秋颂》Ode to Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode to psyche《心灵颂》When I have fears《当我害怕时》6.Walter Scott 历史小说之父“the father of history novels”代表作：WaverleyRob RoyIvanhoe7.Jane Austen简?奥斯丁代表作：Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》Emma 《艾玛》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Persuasion《劝导》浪漫主义时期的两位小说家：Jane Austen和Walter Scott九.The Victorian Age(1831---1901)1.Charles Dickens:critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家代表作：Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》; Bleak house《荒凉山庄》; Hard Times 《艰难世事》; GreatExpectations《远大前程》; Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》; A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》; David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》2.William Makepeace Thackeray代表作：Vanity fair 《名利场》源自John Bunyuan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》副标题是：A Novel Without Hero3.Lord Alfred Tennyson:维多利亚时代最重要诗人Laureate Poet桂冠诗人，被葬在Westminster Abbey代表作：In Memorian《悼念》Break, break ,break《冲击，冲击，冲击》Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》4.Robert Browning 创造“Dramatic Monologue”戏剧独白代表作：My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》5．The Bronte Sisters: 19th的小说是Female（女性小说）Charlotte Bronte：Jane Eyre《简爱》Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte：Agnes Grey6.Thomas Hardy哈代：自然主义小说家代表作：Tess of D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding crowd《远离尘嚣》7.Oscar Wilde王尔德: “aesthetic movement”唯美运动代表人物. 主要理论是：为了艺术而艺术art for Arts’ sake代表作：喜剧：The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》An Ideal Husband《理想的丈夫》小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray《多利安·格雷的画像》8.George Bernard Shaw 批判现实主义作家critical realist Novelist代表作：Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》Window’s house《寡妇的房产》十：The twentieth Century------Modernism 现代主义1.T.S.Eliot 艾略特代表作：The waste Land《荒原》; Four Quartets《四个四重奏》;2.David Herbert Lawrence代表作：Sons and lovers《儿子和情人》; The Rainbow《虹》; Women In Love《恋爱中的女人》3.James Joyce乔伊斯：意识流主要表人物“stream of consciousness”代表作：Ulysses《尤里西斯》A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man《一个青年艺术家的肖像》Dubliners《都柏林人》3.Virginia Woolf 伍尔芙：意识流另一代表人物To the lighthouse《到灯塔去》Jacob’s Room《雅各布的房间》The Waves《浪》Mrs. Dalloway《达罗卫夫人》4.William Bulter Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰诗人代表作：The T ower《塔》The Wind among the Reeds《苇间风》。
英国文学总结(很好的)
1. Chaucer(1340-1400): The founder of English Poetry, and the founder of English realism, and buried in W estminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’Corner”. He was against Catholicism. Language: Middle English.代表作: The Canterbury Tales(1387-1400),其中有故事：Wife of Bath，owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, somewhat vulgar, and exceedingly talkative。
Married five times and expected to one or two more.2. Thomas More(1478-1535)代表作：Utopia, an ideal communist society, meaning “no place”. 全文分两部分，第一部分：a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes, the greed and luxury among the rich, and an eagerness for war on the part of the rulers.第二部分：we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.3. Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)代表作：Tamburlaine(1587)-------帖木儿大帝The Jew of Malta(1592)----马耳他岛的犹太人Doctor Faustus(1588)-------浮士德重点介绍：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the hero is a young and brilliant scholar. Feature: an insatiable thirst for knowledge.影响力：1.show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie;2.the theme of his plays is the praise of individuality, the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe, and soaring aspiration after power and knowledge and beauty in their ideal forms. Marlowe：It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.4.Shakespeare: he was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon. And he died on April 23, 1616, buried in Stratford Church.一. The great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of V enice, As Y ou Like It and Twelfth Night剧情介绍：it is a beautiful fairy-tale combined with the story of the struggle for happiness of two pairs of lovers: Hermia and Lysander, Helena and Demetrius. 特色：the most lyrical of all his plays, in which elements of Greek mythology and fancifully combined with those of British folklore.2. 威尼斯商人It is a “grave comedy”. It takes its plot from an Italian story. 人物：Bassanio borrowed money from Shylock, and Antonio is Bassanio’s friend. Portia is one of Shakespeare’s ideal women---beautiful, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency.3.As Y ou Like It.人物：Frederick, Rosalind, Celia, Orlando, Oliver。
英国文学知识简单整理
一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。
代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。
英国文学总结(中英文)
The School for Scsanda造谣学校The Rivals情敌
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰生1709-1784
A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯
Francis Bacon培根1561-1626
Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）
The founder of English materialist philosophy
（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）
his contribution to English poetry: introduced fromfrancethe rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect ofLondonthe standard for the modern English speech.
The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;
英国文学知识点总结
莎士比亚莎士比亚（W. William Shakespeare；1564～1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家、诗人，欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义文学的集大成者。
莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》(英：Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello)、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Mac Beth）。
著名喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》（《As you like it》）。
历史剧：《亨利四世》《亨利五世》《查理二世》。
正剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
还写过154首十四行诗，二首长诗。
本·琼森称他为“时代的灵魂”，马克思称他和古希腊的埃斯库罗斯为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。
虽然莎士比亚只用英文写作，但他却是世界著名作家。
他的大部分作品都已被译成多种文字，其剧作也在许多国家上演。
儒略历1616年4月23日（公历1616年5月3日）病逝，出生日期与逝世日期恰好相同。
莎士比亚和意大利著名数学家、物理学家、天文学家和哲学家、近代实验科学的先驱者伽利略同一年出生。
被人们尊称为“莎翁”。
The course of true love never did run smooth. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)真爱无坦途。
——《仲夏夜之梦》/真诚的爱情之路永不会是平坦的。
Things base and vile, holding no quantity, love can transpose to from and dignity: love looks not with the eyes, but with mind. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1)卑贱和劣行在爱情看来都不算数，都可以被转化成美满和庄严：爱情不用眼睛辨别，而是用心灵来判断/爱用的不是眼睛，而是心。
——《仲夏夜之梦》Lord, what fools these mortals be! (A Midsummer N ight’s Dream 3.2)上帝呀，这些凡人怎么都是十足的傻瓜！——《仲夏夜之梦》The lunatic, the lover and the poet are of imagination all compact. (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 5.1)疯子、情人、诗人都是想象的产儿。
英国文学作家作品总结
一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1343~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.作品：① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗勒斯与克丽西德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之堂④<The book of the Duchess>公爵夫人之书⑤<The Parliament of Fowls>百鸟议会二、William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616playwright,poet评价comments：Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English literature莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（Ben Johnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于。
（He was not of an age, but for all time.）作品：①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg三、Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626Bacon’s quote1、knowledge is power 知识就是力量。
英国文学总结
A Summary of the English LiteraturePart I The Anglo-Saxon Period: the old English literature.1.In 55BC, Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror.Along with the invasion came the Roman mode of life2.The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from the tribal societyto feudalism.3.The Song of Beowulf is the oldest poem in English language, and alsothe oldest surviving epic in the English language.4.The early inhabitants on the island now we call England were Britons5.In Anglo-Saxon period, the Song of Beowulf represented the paganpoetry.6.Prose literature did show its appearance until the 8th century.7.The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century.8.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England.Of old English literature, Beowulf, the national epic of the English people, is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.9. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes came from the continent and settled in the island. They composed the Teutonic tribe. The language spoken by these tribes were called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon10. literature of this period is divided into two types: Pagan(异教) and Christian(基督教)literature. It was a mixture of pagan and Christianelements.11. National epic of the Anglo-Saxon is called the Song of Beowulf (贝奥武夫).1.Epic is long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroicdeeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. The example of epic is the Song of Beowulf, Iliad and Odyssey.2.The hero of the song of Beowulf is Beowulf.3.The artistic features of the national epic the song of Beowulf areusing alliteration and metaphor and understatement.4.alliteration is a rhetorical device, meaning some words in asentence begin with the same consonant sound (头韵). Or two of more words in a phrase or line have the same initial sound.Example: the song of Beowulf.PartⅡThe Anglo Norman Period.1.In 1066, the conqueror William, with his Normans army, succeeded ininvading and defeating England in the battle of Hasting.2.The literature in this period was remarkable for its bright, romantictales of love and adventure. The language in this period was a combination of French and Saxon elements.3.The most noted literature form in this period is romances4.the prevailing form of Medieval English literature is romance5.The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized inromance.6.Romances are a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes inprose, described the life and adventures of a noble hero. It was the prevailing literature form in the feudal England. The example for romances is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.7.The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination ofthe Arthurian romances.8.Chivalry refers to the great spirits which shown in the knight’s deeds. Part ⅢGeoffrey Chaucer.1.He is regarded as the “the father of English poetry” or “the founderof English poetry”2.In the 14th century, the most important writer(poet) is Chaucer3.Chaucer’s main contributions to English literature can be found fromlanguage aspect.4.It is Chaucer who formally finished the blend of three languages,Anglo-Saxon English, French and Latin to shape the early form of modern English.5.It is Chaucer who first used the London Dialect English in formalwriting, and it is due to his writing that modern English became the only national language accepted by all English people.6.It is Chaucer who first used the “Heroic Couplet”(双韵体).7.the “Heroic Couplet”refers to the rhymed a couplet of 5 accents iniambic meter8.Chaucer devoted masterpiece The Canterbury Tales to Englishliterature. Which remains a classic with sufficient heritage in both language and artistic achievements?9.The Canterbury Tales is more than a collection of true-to-lifepictures. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’ right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.10.C haucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in WestminsterAbbey. He was the first to be buried in the poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.11.C haucer’s earliest work of any length is his The Romanut of theRose, which is a translation of the French Roman de la Rose. It was a love of allegory(寓言) enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.12.T ough the Canterbury Tales was never finished, Chaucer succeeded inhis purpose so well that in it he has given us a picture of contemporary English life.13.T he Canterbury Tales begins with a general prologue.(总序言) wherewe are told of a company of pilgrims.14.T he pilgrims are people from various parts of England,representativeness of various walks of life and social group, with various interests, tastes and predilections15.In the 14th, the most important writer is Geoffrey Chaucer.16.Today Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of Englishpoetry” but also as the “the father of English fiction”. His masterpiece is Canterbury Tales17.The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barrenage in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English ballads 民谣18.After the Norman Conquest, feudal system was established inEnglish society.19.The romances were usually composed for the noble, and had nothingto with the common people.20.The prevailing form of Medial English literature is the romance21.The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination ofthe Arthurian romances22.After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England atthat time. The Normans spoke French23.The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized inromancesTrue and False statements1.In 1066, Alexander the Great led the Norman army toinvade England. It was called the Norman Conquest (F) Alexander the Great→William the Conqueror2.After Norman Conquest, scholars often wrote chroniclesand religious poems in English (F) English→Latin or French3.The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is theculmination of the romances about Charles the Great (F) Charles the Great→King Arthur and his knights.4.Chaucer adopted and attitude of opposition againstChristianity and attacked the corruption of the contemporary church government in his poems (T) Christianity→Catholicism5.All the 22 tales in the Canterbury Tales were written inverse form. (T)6.Chaucer’s language, now called Old English, is vivid andexact. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language (F) Old English→Middle English7.The spoken English of Chaucer’s time consisted of severaldialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. (T)partⅢ. The Renaissance1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and establishing of the foundations of capitalism.2. Thomas More wrote his famous work Utopia3. during Elizabethan period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayist in English literature.4. Spenser is often referred to as the “poet’s poet”5. In the Elizabethan period, Shakespeare is the greatest playwright of England.6. The principle idea of Shakespeare’s historical plays is the necessity for national unity under one king. These ideas were of vital interest to the Elizabethan audience.7. Shakespeare’s sonnet is made up of three quatrains with different rhymes, followed by a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg1. The 16th century was a time when, according to Thomas Morse, "sheep devoured men"2. The old English aristocracy having been exterminated in the course of the War of the Roses,3. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign ofQueen Elisabeth.4. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance.5. Renaissance marked the transition from the medieval to the modern world5. Utopia was written by Tomas More, who was an outstanding humanist of 16th century. In the Utopia, he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society. Nowadays, this word has become synonym with utopian socialism.6.At the end of the century the great English scientist and philosopherFrancis Bacon, wrote his famous philosophical and literary works.7.Lyrical poem refers to the poems that express the writer’s deepemotion. In the period of Renaissance, Thomas Wyatt was the representative of lyrical poem. And he was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English literature.8.Great popularity was won by John Lyly’s novel Eupheus which gaverise to the term “euphuism”(华丽辞藻)9.The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was ChristopherMarlowe(马洛)10.It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle ofexpression in drama11.Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regularmeter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter. Note: Shakespeare’s poems were written in the form of blank verse.12.Tomas Wyatt was the first one to introduce the sonnet into Englishliterature.13.The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development ofEnglish drama. It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.14.Francis Bacon was the first English essayist.15.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reignof Queen Elizabeth16.English Resistance was an age of poetry and drama17.“Shall we compare thee to a summer’s day?” This is the beginningline of one of Shakespeare’s sonnet.P11818.The comedies of Shakespeare include A Midsummer Night’s Dream,the Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night and As Y ou like It.True and False statements1. Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of letters between More and Hythloday. F letter 改为conversation2. The highest glory of the English Renaissance was unquestionably its poetry. F poetry 改为drama.3. From Shakespeare’s history plays, it can be seen that Shakespeare took no interest in the political questions of his time. F4. Shakespeare is one of the founders of romanticism in world literature.F 把romanticism 改为realism5. Generally speaking, after Shakespeare, the English drama was undergoing a process of prosperity. F prosperity 改为decline6. English Renaissance was an age of poetry and drama but not a time of prose. TRenaissance period 文艺复兴时代What is the renaissance?The activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and leering in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.The essence of the Renaissance? -----rebirth or revivalThe great event during the Renaissance period?1.The discoveries in geography and astrology.2.The religious reformation and economic expansion.3.Rediscoveries of Roman and Greek culture.DramatistWilliam Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚The poet’s poet is Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.史宾塞The first one to be buried in the poet corner of Westerminster Abbey.威斯敏斯特The reason that Edmund Spenser becomes the poet’s poet?1.his idealism2.his love of beauty3.his exquisite melody仙后：Elizabethan QueenThomas More 托马斯摩尔One of the greatest humanistsMasterpieceUtopia 乌托邦现在“乌托邦”已成为理想的代名词，Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯. 培根Philosopher, scientist, lay foundation for the modern science. The first English essayist. Knowledge is power知识就是力量Metaphor philosophy to man’s reason.The advancement of Learning 学术的推进Studies 论学习The uses and benefits of studies and the different ways adopted by different people to pursue study.Blank verse 无韵诗Please define the literary term “blank verse”The poems written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.马耳他Malta马耳他的犹太人the Jew of MaltaWilliam Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚1.historical plays: Henry VI, Henry IV Richard III Henry V Richard H Henry VIII2.four comedies: As Y ou Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜A Midsummer Dream 仲夏夜之梦Merchant Of V enice 威尼斯商人3.four tragediesHamlet 哈姆雷特。
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一：The Anglo-Saxon period (450----1066)1.First Anglo-Saxon poet : Caedom.2. Two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature----- Northumbrian school and Wessex literature3.“Father of English History” is Venerable Bede. “英国历史之父“代表作：The Ecclesiastical History of the English People4. The king Alfred代表作：The Anglo-Saxon ChronicleHe created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.他创造了Anglo-Saxon散文体。
5. Anglo-Saxon poetry: Beowulf 贝奥武夫( national and religion epic)A mixture of paganism and Christian elements .Using alliteration, kenning, repetition and variation二：The Norman Period (1066---1350) =The Medieval Period1. Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. (1): the matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the great and Roland, Chanson de Roland(2):the matter of Rome: Alexander the great and the Great and the siege of troy.(3):the matter of British: the Arthurian legend: Sir Gawain ,Launcelot, Merlin , the death of King Arthur.三：The Age of Chaucer (1350----1440)1.John Wycliff Father of English prose“英国散文之父”translate the Bible into standard English.2.William Langland: Piers Plowman《农夫彼尔斯》Form: Allegory寓言3.Geoffrey Chaucer The Father of English Poetry”英国诗歌之父”首创“heroic couplets”双韵体，首次用伦敦方言写作被葬在：W estminster AbbeyWorks divided three periods:A:1360—1372: French literature : The book of the DuchessB:1372---1836:Italian literature: Troilus and Criseyde adapted from Boccaccio The DecameronC:the last fifteen year of his life: The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》四:The Fifteen Century(1400----1550)1.Ballds became an important feature in the 15th. The most popular is the RobinHood Ballads.五：The English Renaissance(1550—1642)1.Edmund Spenser The poet’s poet 诗人的诗人代表作：The Shepherds Calendar《牧羊人日记》The Faerie Queene《仙后》Amoretti《爱情小唱》2.Christopher Marlow 创造了无韵体“blank verse”,“University Wits”大学才子代表人物，英国戏剧伟大开拓者代表作：Tumburlaine《帖木儿大帝》The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德斯博士的悲剧》3.William Shakespeare代表作：two narrative poems: Venus and Adonis The rape of Lucrece四部悲剧：Othello Macbeth Hamlet King Lear四部喜剧：As you like it《皆大欢喜》Mid-summer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》The Merchant of V enice《威尼斯商人》4. Sonnet was introduced to England by poet Thomas W yatt六：The Seventeenth Century(1603---1688)1.Francis Bacon father of science 科学之父First English essayist 第一位随笔作家The founder of English materialist philosophy唯物主义哲学开拓者代表作：Essay《随笔》----of studies2.John Donne : The fonder of Metaphysical poets 玄学诗代表人物另一代表人物：George Herbert3.Ben Jonson 保皇派代表人物，另一代表人物是：Robert Herrick代表作: To the celia4.John Milton 清教徒诗人代表作：epic :Paradise Lost《失乐园》由blank verse 写成的，情节来自Old statement Paradise regained 《复乐园》drama: Samson Agonists 《力士参孙》The Defence of English people《为英国人民申辩》5.John Bunyan 清教徒诗人代表作：The pilgrim’s progress《天路历程》---allegory被誉为：具有永恒意义的百科全书6.John Dryden代表作：戏剧：All for love文学评论：An essay of Dramatic Poesy7.Andrew Marvell 代表作：To His Coy Mistress七：The Eighteenth Century(1688---1798)-----The Age of Reason/Enlightenment 1.Daniel Defoe “the pioneer novelist of England”英国现实主义小说开创人，代表作：Robinson crusoe《鲁比逊漂流记》Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》Moll Flanders 《莫尔·弗兰德斯》Colonel Jacque《雅克上校》2.Jonanthan Swift 讽刺作家代表作：Gulliver’s Travels 《格列佛游记》The battle of books《书战》A Tale of a Tub《木桶的故事》小册子作品：The Drapper’s Letters《一个麻布商的书信》A Modest Proposal《一个温和的建议》3.Joseph Addison 代表作：The TalterRichard Steele 代表作：The Spectator4. Alexander pope 18世纪被称为是Pop的时代，18世纪最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“heroic couplet”代表作：The rape of the Lock 《劫发记》Essay on Man 《人论》Essay on Criticism《批评论》heroic coupletThe Dunciad《愚人记》5. Samuel Jonson 代表作：A dictionary of the English Language《英语词语词典》6. Henry Fielding “ father of English Novel”英国小说之父代表作：Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁》Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》Amelia《艾米利亚》Jonathan Wild the Great《大诗人·江奈生·威尔德》7.Samuel Richardson 代表作：Pamela 书信体形式Epistolary novels8.Thomas Gray 新古典主义代表人物neo-classicism代表作：The Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard9.Robert burns Scottish poet代表作：A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》My Hearts’ in the Highland《我的心在那高原上》10.William Black代表作：Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》--- The lambSongs of Experience《经验之歌》The Tyger London The Chimney SweeperThe Marriage of Heaven and Heal《天堂和地狱的结合》Poetic Sketches《诗歌素描》William black and Robert burns 是前浪漫主义代表诗人八：The Age of Romanticism(1798----1832)1.William Wordsworth 湖畔诗人“the Lake Poet”另外两位诗人是：Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge代表作：The prelude 《序曲》The Solitary reaper 《孤独的收割人》I wondered lonely as a CloudMy heart leaps up when I behold《我心荡漾》2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge代表作：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子吟》Kubla Khan《忽必列汉》3.George Gorden Byron代表作：Don Yuan《唐璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈咯德尔游记》---拜伦式英雄Cain 《该隐》诗歌：When we two parted《当我们俩分别时》She walks in beauty4.Percy Bysshe Shelly代表作：Prometheus unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Queen Mab《麦布女王》Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰反叛》A Defence of poetry《诗辩》The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》Ode to the west wind《西风颂》To a Skylark《致云雀》Adonais 关于Keats的死亡5.John Keats代表作：ode to the Nightingale《夜莺颂》Ode to autumn《秋颂》Ode to Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode to psyche《心灵颂》When I have fears《当我害怕时》On first Looking into Chapman’s Homer6.Walter Scott 历史小说之父“the father of history novels”代表作：WaverleyRob RoyIvanhoe7.Jane Austen代表作：pride and prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》Emma 《艾玛》Sense and sensibility《理智与情感》Persuasion《劝导》浪漫主义时期的两位小说家：Jane Austen和Walter Scott九.The Victorian Age(1831---1901)1.Charles Dickens critical realist writer批判现实主义小说家代表作：Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Bleak house《荒凉山庄》Hard Times 《艰难世事》Great Expectations《远大前程》Dombey and Son 《董贝父子》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》3.William Makepeace Thackeray代表作：V anity fair 源自John Bunyuan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》副标题是：A Novel Without Hero4.Lord Alfred Tennyson 维多利亚时代最重要诗人Laureate Poet桂冠诗人，被葬在W estminster Abbey代表作：In Memorian《悼念》Break, break ,break《冲击，冲击，冲击》Idylls of the King《国王叙事诗》5.Robert Browning 创造“Dramatic Monologue”戏剧独白代表作：My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》6 The Bronte Sister19Th的小说是FemaleCharlotte Bronte：Jane Eyre《简爱》Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte：Agnes Grey6.Thomas Hardy自然主义小说家代表作：Tess of D’Urbervilles 《苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding crowd《远离尘嚣》7.Oscar wilde “aesthetic movement””美学运动代表人物“主要理论是：为了艺术而艺术art for Arts’ sake代表作：喜剧：The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》An Ideal Husband《理想的丈夫》小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray《多利安·格雷的画像》8.George Bernard Shaw 批判现实主义作家critical realist Novelist代表作：Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》Window’s house《寡妇的房产》Major Barbars’十：The twentieth Century------Modernism 现代主义1.Thomas Stearns Eliot代表作：The west Land《西地》Four Quartets《四个四重奏》The Love Song of J`Alfred PrufrockMurder In the Cathedral 《大教堂谋杀》2.David Herbert Lawrence代表作：Sons and lovers《儿子和情人》The Rainbow《彩虹》Women In Love《恋爱中的女人》3.James Joyce 意识流主要表人物“stream of consciousness”代表作：Ulysses《尤里西斯》A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man《一个青年艺术家的肖像》Dubliners《都柏林人》3.Virginia Woolf 意识流另一代表人物To The lighthouse《到灯塔去》Jacob’s Room《雅各布的房间》The Waves《浪》Mrs Dalloway《打洛韦夫人》4.William Bulter Y eats 爱尔兰诗人代表作：The Tower《塔》The Second coming《第二春》。