陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第13~15章【圣才出品】

第13章英语语言变体（Ⅰ）13.1 复习笔记【本章要点】1. Regional dialects of English 地域方言2. Social dialects of English 社会方言3. Styles of English 英语语体4. Genres and registers of English 英语语类和语域【本章考点】方言的定义；地域方言；社会方言；英语正式语体和非正式语体；英语语类；语域。

【本章内容索引】Ⅰ. Regional dialects of EnglishⅡ. Social dialects of EnglishⅢ. Styles of EnglishⅣ. Genres and registers of EnglishⅠ. Regional dialects of English（地域方言）Dialect: A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called a dialect.方言：是指在一个特定的区域或一个特定的社会阶层内所使用的能够识别的语言变体。

Like other languages, English may vary in its use in different places and at different historical times. The former results in regional or geographical dialects. It is worth noting that the social value of a regional dialect or variety reveals the social status of its speakers.同其他语言一样，在不同区域范围和历史发展阶段中，英语的使用方法可能不同。

由于地域不同所产生的语言变体就是地域方言。

值得注意的是，地域方言或变体的使用体现语言使用者的社会地位。

Ⅱ. Social dialects of English（社会方言）English also varies with the social attributes of its speakers, resulting in what is called social dialects (also termed “social-class dialects”, “sociolects”, or “class dialects”). Often, they arise from the separation brought about by different social conditions.社会方言，或社会阶层方言，是指具有某一特定社会阶层特征的语言变体。

体现使用者的社会属性。

通常，社会方言是由不同社会条件所造成的分离引起的。

Ⅲ. Styles of English（英语语体）English, like Chinese, makes a distinction between two styles: formal style and informal style.和汉语一样，英语也有两种语体：正式语体和非正式语体。

Formal Style: It occurs in social contexts that are formal, serious, often official insome sense, in which one has to mind one’s language and in which the manner of saying or writing something is regarded as socially important.正式语体：通常出现在比较正式，严肃和官方的社会场合及语境当中。

使用时要求使用者注意口头表达及书写方式的正规性。

正式语体的使用在社交方面具有重要的作用。

Informal Style: It also has two forms, written and spoken.非正式语体：非正式语体也有两种形式：口头语和书面语。

The spoken type occurs in casual, relaxed social settings in which speech is spontaneous, rapid, and uncensored by the speaker.口头语具有自发性，突然性，出现在较为随意轻松，说话者感觉不受约束的场合。

The written type of informality occurs in the writing of personal letters, short text messages, lecture notes, daily emails, and the like.非正式的书面语出现在私人信件，短信，讲稿以及日常来往邮件中等诸如此类。

Ⅳ. Genres and registers of English（英语语类和语域）English is characterized by its variability in different genres.英语的语类具有可变性。

Genre: A genre is a particular class of speech events which are considered by the speech community as being of the same type.语类：言语团体认为某些言语行为具有相同的风格或形式，语类就是指由这些具有相同风格或形式的言语行为所构成的特殊类型的集合。

Traditionally it is classified according to purpose and other criteria; novels, newspaper articles, and business letters each belong to separate genres, forinstance.传统上根据使用的目的和标准将语类进行分类。

例如在小说，报刊文章，商务信函中所使用的都属于不同的话语类型，即不同的语类。

A register has three components: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.语域有三个组成部分：语场、语旨和语式。

13.2 课后习题详解Check your understandingState whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) A language often has some dialects.【答案】T(2) London Cockney is very prestigious in Britain.【答案】F(3) Different social classes often have their own dialects.【答案】T(4) Spoken English is informal in style.【答案】FIn-Class Activities1. Regional dialects used to coincide with geographical barriers, like mountains andrivers. However, as modern communications technology develops, such physical barriers seem to disappear.Ask(1) Do you speak any local dialect(s)? Demonstrate a little bit.Key: Yes, there still exists a unique dialect in my hometown. According to latest research on language, there are ten kinds of dialects in China and each has their special properties. Some dialects can even be divided to more dialects that varya little in pronunciation and intonation.(2) How did dialects come into existence?Key: People speaking the same language are long separated and then variations occur.(3) What do you think about the future of dialects? Should we take measures to protect our dialects?Key: Dialects will be disappeared, if we ban speaking dialects or without transmitting to next generation. Yes, we should take measures to protect our dialects, because it’s our valued culture legacy.2. Temporal dialects are also one dimension of linguistic variation. For example, English has gone through several major stages of development, from Old English, through Middle English, to Modern English. Study the following passage from Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Act Ⅳ, Scene iii.HAMLET: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of thefish that hath fed of that worm.KING: What dost thou mean by this?HAMLET: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts era beggar.KING: Where is Polonius?HAMLET: In heaven. Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him in the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.Ask(1) Can you identify any linguistic difference between Elizabethan and current Modem English? (e.g., in line 3, thou is now you.)Key: The differences are underlined below:HAMLET: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm.KING: What dost thou mean by this?HAMLET: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar.KING: Where is Polonius?HAMLET: In heaven. Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him in the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.(2) Since Shakespeare (1564-1616), do you think the English grammar has changed。