中山大学影像医学与核医学2017--2019年考博真题
中山大学影像医学与核医学2018年考博真题试卷
8.肝癌介入的三种方法介绍
9.TACE综合治疗及新技术的进展
10.肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗
11.Pet肿瘤显像的假阴性和假阳性常见原因
12.给了一个分子影像论文图表的解读
5.TACE禁忌症
6.Pet-CT的三大临床应用
二、论述题选5作答
1.PTCD的适应症和禁忌症，ECRP和PTCD各有什么优势
2.消融分类和原理
3.分子影像学概念和技术分类
4.病例题胰岛细胞瘤的CT描述，诊断，进一步检查和鉴别诊断
5.病例题突发胸痛无叩诊异常咳血的影像选择及表现
6.病例题胸椎破坏伴软组织肿物的鉴别诊断
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学
注意：所有答案一律写在答ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、问答题选5题作答
1.骨肉瘤的X光表现和分型
2.鼻咽癌和纤维血管瘤鉴别
3.TIPS中英及定义
4.Pet显像剂和其半衰期举例
中山大学影像医学与核医学2017年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 简答题 1 鉴别CT增强时动脉粥测量血流速度时的影响因素，3 在测量血流速度时需要注意什么？ 4 颈动脉超声检查内容，颈动脉狭窄及斑块的判断标准。 5 颈部淋巴结分区及其意义。 6 简述经皮肿瘤物理消融的方法。 7 简述血管造影时肿瘤血管的特点。 8 简述窦口鼻道复合体的结构及开口的鼻窦。 9 在国际上要求孕妇妊娠期间行几次超声检查，分别在哪几个时间？各个检查 有什么意义？
1 I131治疗甲亢的原理和影响及治疗计量的使用。 2 试述12对脑神经的名称及功能。 3 试述医学多普勒超声的基本原理，连续多普勒和脉冲多普勒有什么区别。 4 如何利用超声检查判断双胎的绒毛膜性？简单描述常见的两种单绒毛膜双胎 的胎儿异常。 5 详述转移性肝癌和肝细胞性肝癌的超声鉴别和特点。 6 详述肿瘤消融对于肝细胞肝癌治疗的地位，并谈谈自己的了解。 7 试述布加综合征介入治疗的原则和方法。
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19992017中山医考博内科学历年真题分科室
心内1.尖端扭转性室速2.洋地黄应用的适应症、禁异征、毒性反映、注意要点3.急性肺水肿的处理原则4.心律失常的诊断及治疗5.心绞痛和心脏神经官能症的鉴别6.左心衰的处理7.冠心病的临床处理8.Q-T间期延长的心律有哪些？其中胺碘酮治疗哪些有效？试述胺碘酮的副作用？9.急性冠脉综合征定义、处理10.脂蛋白分类及功能76211.试述急性心肌梗塞的溶栓指征及疗效判断标准12.什么是4S试验? 他汀类非降脂方面的心血管保护作用13.简述急性左心衰的治疗。
14.试述ST段抬高性心肌梗塞心电图表现的特点和动态性改变。
15.心力衰竭的诱因16.有关急性冠脉综合征方面的17.简述高血压急症的临床表现及治疗方法。
18.试述急性左心衰的定义、常见病因及治疗19.心包炎的原因，急性心包积液的体征，心包亚塞的临床表现20.冠心病分型,心梗治疗原则,心泵功能分级21.心衰的病因及诱因22.扩张型心肌病的诊治23.β-RB治疗心衰的机制、适应范围、注意事项、禁忌症24.各型AVB的ECG特点25.舒张性心功能不全26.胺碘酮抗心律失常的机制、适应症、禁忌症、不良反应和用法27.病例分析：舒张性心衰28.心内科病例分析29.舒张型心衰的定义，常见病因，治疗要点。
30.病例分析31.试述室性心动过速的定义、常见临床类型与特征，各类型的心电图表现？32.病例分析（关于老年男性，急性胸痛3小时，既往有高血压病史等）给出完整诊断；如未及时行血运重建，未来24小时内可能出现哪些临床状况；心电图ST段广泛抬高与肌钙蛋白升高不一致的原因；若行PCI前发生急性左心衰伴血压下降，这是心泵功能评级如何？最合理的抢救措施如何？简述急性左心衰的抢救措施；请列出该例的抗凝、抗血小板治疗方案规划与理由33.BNP和NT-ProBNP的区别，以及其在诊断慢性心衰中的程序。
34.病例分析35.b受体阻滞剂的临床应用适应征36.病例分析题诊断、鉴别诊断；GRACE评分的意义以及这个病人的GRACE评分结果如何；如果不进行紧急开通血管治疗，可能出现的后果及疾病转归如何？37.心内科的药物题目（四种药物），室速的病人哪种药物引起一过性神志不清？。
中山大学历年复试真题Ⅳ
九、耳鼻咽喉科学（一）名词解释1.Corti 器2.OSAHS3.Reinke 间隙4.半月裂孔5.贝佐尔德（Bezold）脓肿6.鼻道7.鼻肺反射8.鼻前庭9.鼻丘10.鼻阈11.鼻中隔偏曲12.传动性聋13.胆脂瘤14.窦口鼻道复合体15.腭扁桃体16.耳聋17.耳硬化症18.负压置换法19.光锥20.喉弹性圆锥（elastic cone）21.喉阻塞22.呼吸暂停低通气指数23.交替性鼻塞24.胶耳26.利特尔区（黎氏区）27.林纳试验（RT）28.梅尼埃病（Meniere’s disease）29.三凹征30.筛漏斗31.筛前神经痛32.生理性鼻周期33.声带小结34.声门裂35.声门旁间隙36.声门区37.声门上区38.声门下区39.四凹征40.听骨链41.听力曲线（纯音听阈图）42.听阈43.蛙鼻44.危险三角区45.韦氏误听46.吴氏鼻-鼻咽静脉丛47.吸气型呼吸困难48.腺样体面容49.响度重振（recruitment phenomenon）50.嗅裂、嗅沟51.牙源性上颌窦炎52.咽淋巴内环53.咽峡54.咽隐窝55.易出血区56.增殖体面容58.总鼻道（二）简答题1.鼻出血病因及止血方法2.鼻咽癌病因、临床表现及治疗方法3.扁桃体切除术适应征和禁忌症，手术并发症4.变应性鼻炎发病机制，分类，临床表现，并发症，治疗方法，该如何选用抗生素5.耳源性颅内外并发症6.喉的生理功能7.喉阻塞病因、临床表现，分级、检查和治疗原则8.急性扁桃体炎鉴别诊断9.急性会厌炎病理、临床表现及治疗10.慢性鼻窦炎的症状、鼻窦炎性头痛的特征、治疗原则及其方法11.慢性单纯性鼻炎和慢性肥厚性鼻炎鉴别12.气管、支气管异物临床表现13.三种慢性化脓性中耳炎鉴别，各型的临床特点和治疗原则14.上颌窦恶性肿瘤临床表现和治疗15.小儿喉部解剖16.咽的生理功能17.蝶窦各壁的毗邻关系18.成人食道生理狭窄的成因及距门齿距离19.化脓性中耳炎并发症20 慢性肥厚型鼻炎的临床表现和治疗21.急性化脓性中耳炎的临床表现和治疗22.腺样体肥大的临床表现23.气管切开术的适应症，并发症及处理24.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症的定义及标准25.人体感知声音的过程26.慢性分泌性中耳炎的病因、症状、体征、治疗原则、治疗方法27.急性鼻窦炎的疼痛特点28.耳聋的分级29.林纳试验（－）的临床意义及见于哪些疾病30.咽淋巴结内环包括什么31.鼓室 6 壁结构32.列举有声嘶的十种疾病33.鼻源性框内并发症34.功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术的原理35.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的病因和治疗36.颈淋巴结分区（1991 美国耳鼻喉头颈外科学标准）37.耳源性颅内外并发症病因及感染扩散途径38.鼻窦炎的分型各型最常由哪些病原菌引起临床上该如何选用抗生素39.急性鼻窦炎的发生与鼻窦解剖特点的关系40.急性化脓性鼻窦炎与鼻窦解剖结构有何关系41.鼻内镜手术的并发症42.鼻窦分组及开口43.扁桃体周脓肿的临床表现和治疗44.简述扁桃体血管45.慢性喉炎的临床表现及分型46.小儿急性喉炎临表鉴别诊断和治疗原则47.喉癌的转移途径48.分别列举出可以引起传导性聋和感音神经性聋各 5 种疾病49.小儿急性化脓性中耳炎的诊断标准和治疗原则50.慢性化脓性中耳炎的分类，临床特点，鉴别诊断和治疗原则51.咽鼓管生理功能52.ST(+)见于哪些情况53.施瓦巴赫实验的结果54.韦氏错听定义及原理55.食管四个狭窄部位和成因56.颈淋巴结清扫术分类57.特异性免疫疗法58.简述面神经的分支59.胆脂瘤的临床特点及囊袋内陷学说60.典型部位的鼻咽癌伴耳部症状61.喉癌的诊断依据、进一步的检查、鉴别诊断、治疗方法62.小儿急性喉炎、诊断及根据、还需做什么检查、有哪些鉴别诊断、治疗63.耳硬化的临床表现64.写出用间接喉镜检查喉部可见到的结构名称65.外耳道分哪几部分，各部分的比例如何66.何谓窦口鼻道复合体67.小儿喉炎较成人更易呼吸困难的原因十、眼科学（一）简答题（6 选 5 作答）1.单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎的临床表现以及治疗2.糖尿病视网膜病变的临床分期3.急性虹膜睫状体炎的临床表现4.急性闭角型青光眼的临床分期以及症状5.引起白瞳症的眼科疾病有哪些6.视网膜萎缩的病因（二）翻译关于角膜内皮（corneal endothelium）的一篇文章2018 年中山大学眼科学复试真题（一）名词解释ber 氏病2.圆锥角膜3.屈光不正4.樱桃红斑5.共同性斜视（二）简答题1.后发性白内障的病因和治疗2.原发性开角型青光眼的治疗3.急性虹膜睫状体炎的临床表现和治疗4.带状疱疹性眼炎的发病机制和临床表现5.屈光手术的新进展（三）翻译1.英译中：视神经的损伤相关内容2.中译英：眼部疾病的发病因素，如白内障和年龄的关系十一、皮肤病与性病学2018 年中山大学第三附属医院皮肤病与性病学复试真题（一）名词解释（都是英文）1.白癜风2.crest 综合征3.溃疡（二）简答题1.痤疮的病因2.足癣的分型和临床表现3.寻常型天疱疮的组织病理和免疫病理4.带状疱疹的临床表现。
2019年中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题
中山大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of[D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before l ong.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do w ith his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a soc iety that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited th e genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice cha ncellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check w ith FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the o ffspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
中山大学在职研究生学位考试影像与核医学重点复习题与答案
中山大学在职研究生学位考试影像与核医学重点复习题及答案（答案仅供参考，以老师答案为准）一、名词解析有效半衰期 :指生物体内的放射性核素由于机体代谢从体内排出和物理衰变两个因素作用，减少至原有放射性活度的一半所需的时间。
过度填充 :肝脾胶体显像显示的放射性稀疏缺损区，在肝血池显像中放射性分布高于正常肝组织的放射性分布。
镜面右位心 :是相对多见的先天性心脏位置异常，是右位心合并内脏转位。
:超级骨显像：甲状旁腺功能亢进及恶性肿瘤广泛骨转移时，全身骨骼呈均匀、对称性的异常浓聚、影像非常清晰，软组织活性很低、双肾及膀胱不显影。
假肿瘤征 :绞窄性小肠梗阻，梗阻以上肠腔扩大积气积液表现，当扩大很大时，形似肿瘤，称假肿瘤征。
脱氧葡萄糖显像胆脂瘤 :是由于鼓膜、外耳道的复层鳞状上皮经穿孔向中耳腔生长堆积成团状，其外层由纤维组织包围，内含脱落坏死上皮、角化物和胆固醇结晶。
声阻抗 :即声阻抗率或声特性阻抗，为声波在介质中传播所受到的阻力，等于介质的密度与超声在该介质中传播速度的乘积。
门脉海绵状变性：门静脉主干和/或分支完全、部分阻塞后，在其周围形成大量侧支静脉或阻塞后的再通，是机体为保证肝脏血流量和肝功正常的一种代偿性病变。
是门静脉阻塞后形成的向肝性静脉侧支循环。
这些血管在大体标本切面观呈海绵状血管瘤样改变，故被称为“门脉海绵变性”法洛四联症 :最常见的紫绀型先天性心脏病，基本畸形包括：肺动脉狭窄；室间隔缺损；主动脉骑跨；右室肥厚游走肾：肾下垂明显并能在腹腔各个方向移动。
应力性骨折 :又称疲劳性骨折，并非瞬间发生，而是在骨头达到疲劳点时才发生的骨折，多发生于第二跖骨，运动员、长期行军新兵、舞蹈演员等多见。
肺隔离症 :又称支气管肺隔离征，为胚胎时期一部分肺组织和正常肺分离而单独发育，与正常支气管树不相通，而且其血供来自体循环的异常分支，引流静脉可经肺静脉，下腔静脉或奇静脉回流。
胃的半月综合征 :溃疡型胃癌的龛影形状不规则，呈半月形，位于胃轮廓内，龛影周围粘膜水肿形成环堤；可见结节样和指压迹样充盈缺损。
中山大学影像医学与核医学复试历年真题
影像医学与核医学（一）名词解释1.IVP静脉肾盂造影2.caroli病3.Pancost瘤4.马蹄肾5.毛刺征6.热结节7.双筒征8.同质异能素9.WES征10.靶环征11.超级骨显像12.超声介入13.骨质软化14.椎动脉盗血综合征15.Budd chiari syndrome16.彗星尾征17.介入放射学18.临床核医学（二）简答题1.急性胆囊炎的超声图像2.急性胰腺炎的超声诊断及鉴别诊断3.简述seldinger技术要点4.核医学辐射防护的基本原则5.以肝癌为例恶性肿瘤的血管造影6.肿瘤核医学一般用什么仪器设备，药物以及适应症7.主动脉夹层的CT表现及debakey分型8.子宫肌瘤的超声表现及其鉴别诊断9.乳腺癌超声表现10.食管癌的x线表现11.心肌细胞活性的检查方法？12.PET/CT的应用13.Tipss是什么？14.多普勒效应的产生条件15.二尖瓣狭窄的超声表现16.肝癌超声表现17.肝癌介入治疗方法和适应症18.肝段八分法，依据，每段名称19.骨肉瘤X线与MRI表现20.骨显像的临床应用（三）翻译1.中译英：转移性肝癌的超声表现和肝癌的超声造影表现2.英译中：肝癌的超声造影表现、乳腺癌的超声特征2018年中山大学影像医学与核医学复试真题（一）名词解释1.TIPS2.PTCD3.放射性活度4.牛眼征5.双泡症（二）简答题1.卵巢畸胎瘤的超声表现2.介入放射性特点3.肝血管瘤的Ct表现4.防辐射的原则5.几种异常肾图的临床意义（几乎每年都考）6.肾结石，肠系膜淋巴结结石，胆结石，输尿管结石的平片鉴别。
中山大学考博外科学历年真题
2007中山大学医学院外科博士考题—.必答题：（80分）1.手术器械消毒方法应该具有的条件。
2.老年股骨颈骨折的治疗目标、治疗方式选择及理由3.肾盂肿瘤的临床表现及治疗4.皮脂囊肿是属于什么囊肿及临床特点5.原发性肝癌的治疗方式6.结直肠癌的高危人群有有哪些？7.感染性休克的治疗原则8.输血的并发症10.肠外营养的指征及禁忌症11.MODS的常见外科病因12.代谢性酸中毒的病因、临床表现及诊断13.腹主动脉瘤的手术方式及注意事项14.试述胃癌的pTNM分期15.试述分化型甲状腺癌的首次手术方式及理由16.胆管炎性狭窄的治疗原则2013中山大学博士生入学考试（普外）1糖皮质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放气胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结石的诊断应用5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切口裂开预防10黑色素瘤的临床表现11CEA. AFP. CA199. CA125. PSA,中文名称及诊断价值12门脉高压非手术治疗及贲门血管离断理由13低渗性缺水的原因14乳腺癌分子分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎手术指征，手术原则，手术方式。
2014中山外科真题外科学一、必答题（70分）1、简述成分输血的概念及意义。
（6分）2、SSI的全称是什么？包括哪些部位？（4分）3、大量输血有哪些主要并发症？（5分）4、简述营养支持方法的选择依据及原则。
（7分）5、围手术期发生下肢深静脉血栓形成的原因是什么？应当如何预防？（5分）6、根据中国抗癌协会最新诊治指南与规范，乳腺癌哪些人群适宜保乳治疗？保乳治疗有哪些绝对禁忌症？（6分）7、男性，26岁,70Kg ,不慎被火焰烧伤部位如图示（烧伤分布图：II 度分布：右上臂全部，左大腿后部；III度分布：正面躯干及左大腿前部；会阴部无烧伤）。
无休克、吸入性损伤及复合伤，请计算其烧伤面积，评估烧伤严重程度，并试计算第一个24小时补液8：简述清创术的基本要求。
医学影像学考试总结 中山大学(总结了很长时间,经典)
中枢神经系统大脑半球(额叶、顶叶、颞叶、枕叶) 分界：大脑镰、中央沟、外侧沟、顶枕沟小脑(小脑半球、蚓部、小脑扁桃体) 小脑与大脑间：小脑幕脑干(中脑、桥脑、延脑)脑室系统：侧脑室(额角、枕角、颞角、体部、三角区) 、第三脑室、第四脑室脑膜（硬脑膜、蛛网膜、软脑膜）硬脑膜下腔、蛛网膜下腔、硬脑膜窦脑池、脑脊液循环脑脊液循环：各脑室脉络丛产生（主要是侧脑室，其次是第四脑室，第三脑室很少）-----侧脑室-----室间孔-----第三脑室-----中脑水管------第四脑室------正中孔和两个外侧孔-----蛛网膜下腔-----蛛网膜粒渗入-----上矢状窦------血液循环大脑镰：硬脑膜内层自颅顶正中线折叠并伸入两大脑半球间形成。
CT：正中部前后走行线状高密度区MRI：中等信号影小脑幕：水平位于大脑半球与小脑之间。
信号与大脑镰相似。
硬脑膜：增强时明显强化。
蛛网膜：正常时不强化，在脑膜炎或有肿瘤浸润时则可强化。
硬脑膜下腔：蛛网膜和硬脑膜之间的潜在性腔隙。
蛛网膜下腔：蛛网膜与软脑膜之间的较大腔隙，充满脑脊液。
CT：水样密度MRI：T1低信号，T2高信号大脑半球被覆皮质，深部为髓质和神经核团；CT：皮质密度略高于髓质T1WI上，皮质为灰黑信号，髓质为灰白信号T2WI上，皮质为灰白信号，髓质为灰黑信号基底节，丘脑，内、外囊CT：基底节和丘脑为皮质密度，内、外囊为髓质密度MRI：T1WI：基底节和丘脑为灰黑信号，内、外囊为灰白信号T2WI：基底节和丘脑为灰白信号，内、外囊为灰黑信号脑干由中脑、脑桥与延髓构成CT表现：脑干，其周围脑池为低密度MRI表现：T1WI：神经核团为灰黑信号，白质纤维为灰白信号T2WI：神经核团为灰白信号，白质纤维为灰黑信号小脑（天幕分界）CT表现：双侧小脑半球可分皮质髓质、小脑蚓部和小脑扁桃体密度较高MRI表现：小脑皮、髓质和神经核团的信号与大脑信号相似基底节区(内囊、外囊、屏状核、脑岛) 放射冠及半卵圆中心、鞍上池、桥小脑角。
首都医科大学影像医学与核医学2017年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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首都医科大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5 个） 1、moyamoya disease 2、半月综合征 3、curve planar reformation 4、椒盐征 5、骨性强直 二、25 个单选 难 三、简答题 1、肝周围型胆管细胞癌的影像表现。 2、视神经胶质瘤与视神经鞘脑膜瘤的区别。 四、论述题（5 选 3） 1、胰腺囊性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断。 2、脑水肿的分型、病生基础及 MRI 表现。 3、眼球突出的诊断思路。 4、股骨头坏死的 MRI 分期及表现。 5、一个儿科呼吸系统的病例分析题。
医学影像学考博复习题(由网上能收集的资源整理而成)
总论名词解释1.体素:CT图像实际上是人体某一部位有一定厚度的体层图像。
我们将成像的体层分成按矩阵排列的若干个小的基本单元。
而以一个CT值综合代表每个小单元内的物质密度。
这些小单元就称为体素。
同样，一幅CT图像是由很多按矩阵排列的小单元组成，这些组成图像的基本单元被称为像素。
体素是一个三维概念，像素是一个二维概念。
像素实际上是体素在成像时的表现。
像素越小，越能分辨图像的细节。
2.CR:计算机X线摄影(computed radiography，CR)，是一种数字化的X线成像技术。
是将透过人体的X线影像信息记录在影像板上，经过读取、处理和显示等步骤，显示出数字化图像。
数字化图像适合于图像的存储、传输、教学、远程医疗、三维重建处理和信息放射学的开发和临床应用。
3.DR:4.矩阵:表示一个横成行，纵成列的数字阵列，将受检层面分割成无数的小立方体，这些小立方体就是象素。
当图像面积为一个固定值时，象素尺寸越小，组成的CT图像矩阵越大，图像越清晰。
反之依然。
5.空间分辨率：又成为高对比分辨率，是指在保证一定的密度差的前提下，显示待分辩组织几何形态的能力。
常用每cm内的线对数或用可分辩最小物体的直径来表示。
6.密度分辨率：又称为对比分辨率，是指在低对比情况下分辩组织密度细小差别的能力。
7.时间分辨率：为单位时间内可采集影像最多帧数，反映为单一层面的成像时间及可连续采集影像的能力。
8.Z轴分辨率：即纵向分辨率，它的含义是扫描床移动方向或人体长轴方向的图像分辩细节的能力，它表示肋CT机多平面核三维成像的能力。
扫描的最薄层厚决定Z轴方向的分辩能力。
9.CT值：X线穿过人体的过程中，计算出每个单位容积的X线吸收系数（亦称衰减系数ü值）。
将ü值转换就得到CT值，以作为表达组织密度的统一单位。
10.DSA：是80年代兴起的一项新的医学影像技术。
其主要特点是将血管造影时采集的X线荧光屏影像经影像增强器增强后形成视频影像，再经过对数增幅、模数转换、对比度增强和减影处理，产生数字减影血管造影图像，使所得的影像质量较常规血管造影大大提高。
中山大学外科考博真题
中山医科大学招收攻读博士研究生入学试题---外科1. 水电解质平衡2. 肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理3. 胃近端癌R2根治手术方法4. 膀胱肿瘤病理分期5. 纵隔肿瘤及分区6. 肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则7. 全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症8. 硬膜外血肿临床表现治疗原则9. 尿道损伤的治疗原则必答题1. 腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点2. 前列腺癌诊断3. 肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断4. 骨结核好发部位、治疗原则选答题1.胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗（普外）2.骨折愈合临床标准(骨外)3.睾丸肿瘤标记(泌尿外)4.颞区硬膜外血肿表现(脑外)二尖瓣狭窄手术指征(心外)一. 多器官衰竭诊断标准二. 吻合口溃疡病因及诊断三. 肝癌治疗新进展四. 脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗五. 肾癌与肾盂肾癌鉴别诊断1. 休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？（20分）2. 外伤性心包填塞的病因、急救处理原则。
（16分）3. 上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序。
（16分）4. 胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？（16分）5. 睾丸生殖系肿瘤的分类及治疗原则。
（16分）6. L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则。
（16分）一．名词解释1．手部无人区（2分）2．脊柱侧弯（1分）3．应力缓冲效应（2分）二．问答题1．人工关节松动的原因（10分）2．二尖瓣狭窄并左心衰的临床表现及治疗（20分）3．应激性溃疡的治疗原则（12分）4．肝功能分级及其临床意义（10分）5．BPH的病理改变及鉴别诊断（20分）6．试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型（13分）7．小脑幕切迹疝的临床表现（10分）1. 颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择？2. 听神经瘤的临床表现和治疗？3. 泌尿系梗阻的常见原因及诊断治疗原则（以上尿路结石为例）？4. 消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？5. 外伤性气胸的病理生理改变与剖胸探查指征？6. 手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？。
中山大学2017年博士研究生入学考试《病理学》试题
中山大学2017年博士研究生入学考试《病理学》试题一、名词解释1.cachexia2.Krukenberg tumor3.septicemia4.caseous necrosis5.anaplasia6.Barrett’s esophagus7.nutmeg liver8.graft vasus host rejection9.carcinoma in situ10.Wilms tumor二、简答题1.通过风湿病的病理改变解释炎症的过程2.What is the diagnostic principles of lymphoma?3.What is thrombosis? Explain its effects to human.4.Please list the complicated (advanced) lesion of a therosclerosis?5.列举出小肠的感染性和寄生虫性溃疡的类型及其肉眼观和镜下观的主要不同之处。
三、问答题1.列举出肝硬化分型并描述其镜下特征和临床表现。
2.What is the metastasis mechanism of malignant tumo r?3.A male, 54 years old, physical test, CT show a4.5×2.7occupied lesion on the left upper lung, wi th a obscure boundary，list three diagnosis and describe its pathological m anifestation. How to give a final diagnose?4.What is the application and unsuitable conditions of intraoperative frozen secion.。
中山大学博士入学考试历年真题肿瘤学
中山大学医学院2002年肿瘤学〔博士〕1、试述放射生物学的“4R〞及临床意义。
2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义。
3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论根底及临床应用原那么。
4、癌变的二阶段学说。
5、p53的生理功能及功能异样与肿瘤的关系。
6、细胞凋亡的特色及生理意义。
以上6题任选4题，每题15分。
以下共有18题，任选2题，每题20分。
内容涉及几乎各部位的肿瘤的临床表现〔或〕和治疗原那么，推断是每一博导出2-3题的总和。
仅记数题以下：1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？怎样预防？2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。
3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF挽救的方法及原理。
4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原那么。
5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明7、试述90年月后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获得细胞学或病理学诊疗的方法。
9、中上段食管癌的临床表现中山大学医学院2003年肿瘤学〔博士〕20题选61、癌发生的二阶段学说2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化3、p53基因生物学特征与意义4、信号传导通路的构成5、调亡的特色及生物学意义16、肿瘤多步骤转移根本过程7、基因突变形式几检测方法8、化疗药物多药耐药性发活力制9、基因治疗策略10、腹部肿块的种类并举例11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋奉承12、食道癌的X线表现13、四度白细胞减少患者归并严重感染的办理14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物15、拓扑异构酶I和II 的作用及差异，克制剂的代表药物16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用中山大学医学院2004年肿瘤学〔博士〕以下选答4条。
每条10分1、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。
2、术前放疗的原那么3、根治性化疗的理论根底和原那么4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？5、蒽环类最常有的副作用有哪些？怎样防治？6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些根本构成因素？7、信号转导的构成以下选3，各20分。
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2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1、儿童骨折的类型、原因、X线表现
2、腹膜后血肿的病因、CT表现
3、颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的定义？影像表现？
4、TIPS的适应证？并发症？
5、小肝癌的介入方法？治疗策略？
5颈部淋巴结分区及其意义。
6简述经皮肿瘤物理消融的方法。
7简述血管造影时肿瘤血管的特点。
8简述窦口鼻道复合体的结构及开口的鼻窦。
9在国际上要求孕妇妊娠期间行几次超声检查，分别在哪几个时间？各个检查有什么意义？
1 I131治疗甲亢的原理和影响及治疗计量的使用。
2试述12对脑神经的名称及功能。
3试述医学多普勒超声的基本原理，连续多普勒和脉冲多普勒有什么区别。
4如何利用超声检查判断双胎的绒毛膜性？简单描述常见的两种单绒毛膜双胎的胎儿异常。
5详述转移性肝癌和肝细胞性肝癌的超声鉴别和特点。
6详述肿瘤消融对于肝细胞肝癌治疗的地位，并谈谈自己的了解。
7试述布加综合征介入治疗的原则和方法。
中山大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
15、胆管系统占位病变鉴别诊断？
16、PTCD内外引流术的注意事项？并发症及其处理？
17、消融的种类？
18、肝癌门脉栓子介入治疗的进展？
19、分子影像学的定义？构成？技术种类？各自优缺点？
20、核素报告基因显像的原理？方法？
21、18F-FDG核素显像的假阳性原因？
22、放射核素治疗的进展？存在的问题？
一、问答题选5题作答
1.骨肉瘤的X光表现和分型
2.鼻咽癌和纤维血管瘤鉴别
3.TIPS中英及定义
4.Pet显像剂和其半衰期举例
5.TACE禁忌症
6.Pet-CT的三大临床应用
二、论述题选5作答
1.PTCD的适应症和禁忌症，ECRP和PTCD各有什么优势
2.消融分类和原理
3.分子影像学概念和技术分类
4.病例题胰岛细胞瘤的CT描述，诊断，进一步检查和鉴别诊断
5.病例题突发胸痛无叩诊异常咳血的影像选择及表现
6.病例题胸椎破坏伴软组织肿物的鉴别诊断
7.病例题老年男性第四脑室占位梗阻性脑积水的鉴别诊断
8.肝癌介入的三种方法介绍
9.TACE综合治疗及新技术的进展
10.肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗
11.Pet肿瘤显像的假阴性和假阳性常见原因
12.给了一个分子影像论文图表的解读
23、超声引导下介入治疗的步骤？注意事项？
24、超声造影的现状及进展
25、谈谈AI和超声医学的关系及应用
6、何为水门汀疗法
7、血管栓塞术的适应征
8、核素心肌灌注显像在冠心病中的应用
9、核素肾显像巯甲丙试验的原理及应用
10、多巴胺能神经显像的原理、方法、临床应用价值
11、IgG4胰腺炎的超声表现？临床表现？
12、甲状腺僵尸结节的超声表现
13、纵隔淋巴结肿大的影像学鉴别诊断
14、食管读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像医学与核医学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
简答题
1鉴别CT增强时动脉粥样斑块，壁间血肿，主动脉夹层。
2简述频谱多普勒测量血流速度时的影响因素，3在测量血流速度时需要注意什么？
4颈动脉超声检查内容，颈动脉狭窄及斑块的判断标准。