清华经济学原理22失业

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失业的种类 Categories of Unemployment
失业的问题通常分为两类。 The problem of unemployment is usually divided into two categories. 长期问题和短期问题 The long-run problem and the short-run problem:
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周期性失业 Cyclical Unemployment


周期性失业指的是失业围绕其自然失业率的 逐年波动。 Cyclical unemployment refers to the year-toyear fluctuations in unemployment around its natural rate. 它和经济周期的短期上升和下降相联系。 It is associated with short-term ups and downs of the business cycle.
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured? 劳工统计局将劳动力定义为就业 者和失业者之和。 The BLS defines the labor force as the sum of the employed and the unemployed.
2007年的人口分类 The Breakdown of the Population in 2007
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为什么研究失业？ Why Study Unemployment

总量生产函数：
Y = A F(L, K, H, N)

考虑失业率(u)：
Y = A F(L(1-u), K, H, N)

或者，用（人均）生产率表示：
Y/L = A F(1-u, K/L, H/L, N/L)

失业率（u）上升导致生产率下降。
Number unemployed Unemployme nt rate = 100 Labor force
4.6% = (7.1/153.1)*100%
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
劳动力参工率是成年人口中劳动力 的百分比。 The labor-force participation rate is the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force.
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
如果一个人不属于前两类中的任何一 类，例如一个全日制的学生、家务劳 动者和退休人员，就被视为非劳动力 A person who fits neither of these categories, such as a full-time student, homemaker, or retiree, is not in the labor force.

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失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?

基于对调查问题的回答，劳工统计局将每 个成年人归入三种类型之一： Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories:
失业 Unemployment
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为什么研究失业？ Why Study Unemployment

失去工作可能是一个人一生中最大的不幸。 Losing a job can be the most distressing economic event in a person’s life. 决定一个国家生活水平的因素中，比储蓄更为 显然的一个就是这个国家通常经历的失业量。 An even more obvious determinant of a country’s standard of living than savings is the amount of unemployment it typically experiences.
就业者 Employed (146.0 million) 成年人口 Adult population (231.8 million)
失业者Unemployed (7.1 million)
劳动力 Labor force (153.1 million)
非劳动力 Not in labor force
(78.7 million)
在解读失业数据时有哪些问题？
失业者没有工作的时间一般是多长？
How long are the unemployed typically without work?
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失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?

失业是由劳工统计局（BLS）来测量的。 Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Labor force Labor - force participation rate = 100 Adult population
66% = (153.1/231.8)*100%
不同人口群体的劳动力市场经历（2007） Labor-Force Experiences of Various Demographic Groups (2007)

自然失业率 The natural rate of unemployment 周期失业率 The cyclical rate of unemployment

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自然失业率 Natural Rate of Unemployment


自然失业率是即使在长期也不会自行消失的 失业。 The natural rate of unemploymen来自百度文库 is unemployment that does not go away on its own even in the long run. 它是经济通常所经受的失业数量。 It is the amount of unemployment that the economy normally experiences.

就业者 Employed 失业者 Unemployed 非劳动力 Not in the labor force
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失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
劳工统计局将16岁以上的人 作为成年人。 The BLS considers a person an adult if he or she is over 16 years old.
失业率衡量了我们想要的东西吗？ Does the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It To ?



要区分一个人是失业者还是非劳动力是困难的。 It is difficult to distinguish between a person who is unemployed and a person who is not in the labor force. 气馁的工人，即那些想工作，但在找不到工作后已放弃了 寻找工作的人，并没有体现在失业统计之中。 Discouraged workers, people who would like to work but have given up looking for jobs after an unsuccessful search, don’t show up in unemployment statistics. 另有一些人即使没有在找工作，但为了得到资金援助，可 能会宣称自己失业了。 Other people may claim to be unemployed in order to receive financial assistance, even though they aren’t looking 21 for work.
This graph uses annual data on the U.S. unemployment rate to show the percentage of the labor force without a job. The natural rate of unemployment is the normal level of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates.
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
如果一个人暂时没有工作，正在寻找工 作或等待新工作开始，他（她）就被视 为失业者。 A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured? 如果一个人在最近一周的大部分时间 里从事了有报酬的工作，他（她）就 被视为就业者。 A person is considered employed if he or she has spent most of the previous week working at a paid job.
Demographic Group Adults (ages 20 and older) White, male White, female Black, male Black, female Teenagers (ages 16–19) White, male White, female Black, male Black, female Unemployment Rate 3.7% 3.6 7.9 6.7 15.7 12.1 33.8 25.3 Labor-force Participation Rate 76.3% 60.1 71.2 64.0 44.3 44.6 29.4 31.2
它每月调查随机选取的60,000个家庭。 It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. 这一调查被称为当前人口调查。 The survey is called the Current Population Survey (CPS).
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描述失业 Describing Unemployment
三个基本问题 Three Basic Questions:
政府如何衡量经济的失业率 ？
How does government measure the economy’s rate of unemployment? What problems arise in interpreting the unemployment data?
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失业是如何衡量的？ How is Unemployment Measured?
失业率按劳动力中失业者的百分 比来计算。 The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
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1950年以来的男子和妇女的劳动力参工率 Labor-force Participation Rates for Men and Women Since 1950
This figure shows the percentage of adult men and women who are members of the labor force. It shows that over the past several decades, women have entered the labor force, and men 20 have left it.
This table shows the unemployment rate and the labor-force participation rate of various groups in the U.S. population for 2007
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1960年以来的失业率 Unemployment Rate Since 1960