三种土壤样品消解处理方法的对比研究

目录

中文摘要 (2)

英文摘要 (3)

一、土壤污染 (5)

（一）土壤污染概述 (5)

（二）土壤污染的现状 (5)

（三）土壤污染的危害 (5)

（四）造成土壤污染的原因 (6)

二、土壤消解 (7)

（一）研究进展 (8)

（二）消解原理 (8)

（三）实验仪器和药品 (10)

（四）电热板消解法 (10)

（五）全自动消解法 (11)

（六）微波消解法 (12)

（七）元素测定阶段 (12)

三、综述 (13)

参考文献 (15)

摘要

我国土壤污染的总体形势严峻，部分地区土壤污染严重，由土壤污染引发的农产品质量安全问题和群体性事件逐年增多。工业生产中矿山的开采冶炼、造纸、汽车尾气的排放，以及农业生产活动中含重金属污水灌溉农田、污泥的农业利用、肥料的土壤施用都给环境带来了污染。个别农药在其组成中含有Hg、As、Cu、Zn等金属。磷肥中含较多的重金属，使地球上的许多土壤被重金属污染。重金属元素不仅以单一元素污染土壤，同时多种重金属在土壤中共存时,它们之间还存在协同、拮抗作用，而且随着农药、化肥、污泥的大量施用，进一步加剧了土壤的复合污染。目前我国受Pb、Cu、Cd、As、Cr、Zn等重金对土壤污染和水污染的种类和数量随着工业的发展而越来越多，许多研究表明，重金属Cd2+可使高等植物的叶绿体含量明显降低，Cd2+，Pb2+和Zn2+等重金属离子对高等植物叶绿体的光合电子传递也有抑制作用，严重影响了农作物的生长，而且对土壤微生物活性和酶活性有一定质量影响。土壤重金属污染日益加重，己远远超过土壤的自净能力。因而，防治土壤重金属污染，保护有限的天然土壤资源，己成为突出的全球性问题。由于土壤类型种类的繁多，不同地区土壤差异很大，为了及时了解土壤中重金属的成分及含量，对土壤进行消解是测量土壤内重金属含量的常用方法之一。本文采用电热板消解，全自动消解和微波消解三种方式,分别选用常用的酸体系对三种类型的土壤进行消解,重点对铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)5种重金属元素进行分析。

关键词：土壤污染；土壤污染；土壤消解；电热板消解；全自动消解；微波消解

Abstract

Soil pollution in our country the overall situation, part soil pollution, soil pollution caused by the quality safety problems of agricultural products and group incidents increased year by year。Industrial production in the mine mining smelting, paper making, vehicle exhaust emissions, and agricultural production activities of heavy metals in the sludge sewage irrigation farmland, agricultural use, the application of fertilizer to the soil environment from pollution。Individual pesticides in its component contains Hg, As and Cu, Zn and metal。P in the heavy metal that contains more, that many of the earth's soil was the heavy metal pollution。Heavy metal elements in soil pollution not only a single element, and a variety of heavy metals in soil coexistence, they still exist between synergy, antagonist effect, and with pesticide, fertilizer, a large number of the sludge, and further intensifies the soil of composite pollution。At present our country by Pb, Cu, CDS, As, Cr, Zn, etc for pollution of soil and water on the amount and type of with the development of industry and more and more, many studies suggest that, heavy metal Cd2 + can make higher plant of chloroplast was obviously lower, Cd2 +, Pb2 + and Zn2 + heavy metal ion in higher plants photosynthesis of chloroplast electron transfer also have inhibition, the serious influence the growth of plants, but also on soil microbial activity and enzyme activity has certain influence quality。Soil heavy metal pollution increasingly heavier, has far more than the soil self-purification ability。Therefore, prevention and control of soil heavy metal pollution, protect the natural resources, soil, has become outstanding global problem。Because of the soil type is various, different soil region difference is very big, in order to understand promptly soil of heavy metals in composition and content of soil decomposition is a measure of soil heavy metal content in one of the commonly used method。In this article, the electrothermal board digestion, automatic digestion and microwave digestion three ways, are chosen commonly used acid system for three types of soil decomposition, focusing on copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Cr (Cr) 5 kinds of heavy metal element analysis。