主题：英美文学文学术语汇编(考研用)

英美文学术语大全

英美文学术语大全下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学术语大全，欢迎大家阅读!1.Atmosphere (氛围)The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.2. Autobiography (自传)A person‘s account of his or her own life.3. Ballad (民谣)A narrative poem in short stanzas, with or without music,often of folk origin and intended to be sung. The term derives by way of French ballade from Latin ballare, "to dance," and once meant a simple song of any kind, lyric or narrative, especially one to accompany a dance. As ballads evolved, most lost their association with dance, although they kept their strong rhythms. Modern usage distinguishes three major kinds: the anonymous traditional ballad (popular ballad or folk ballad), transmitted orally; the broadside ballad, printed and sold on single sheets; and the literary ballad (or art ballad), a sophisticated imitation of the traditional ballad.4. Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.5. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。

英美文学之文学术语

英美文学之文学术语文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity（《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increaseof tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization andself-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such as Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue. 34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death ofa Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also hasirregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s broughtthe period of buoyant Harlem culture – which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52. Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.。

英美文学术语

1. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the aut hor’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.2. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.3. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning poi nt. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.4. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.5. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.6. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.7. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.of other meters.8. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.9. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usual ly ironic.10. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern cr itical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.11. Theme（主题）：The term is usually applied to a general concept or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which an imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive to the reader.12. Multiple Point of View （多重视角）：It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various pointsof view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.13. Flashback（闪回）：interpolating narratives or scenes which represent events that happened before the time at which the work opened; for example, it is used in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman.14. Plot（情节）：The plot in a dramatic or narrative work is constituted by its events and actions, as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular artistic and emotional effects.15. Short Story: A fictional prose take of no specified length,but too short to be published as a volume on its own.A short story will normally concentrate on a single event with only one or two characters,more economically than a novel's sustained exploration of social background.There are similar fictional forms of greater antiquity,but the short story,as we know it,flourished in the magazines of the 19th and early 20th centuries,especially in the USA,which has a particularly strong tradition.16.Narration: Like description, narration is a part of conversation and witting. Narration is the major technique used in expository witting, such as autobiography. Successful narration must grow out of good observation,to-the-point selection from observation, and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological. Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur.17. Renaissance:The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism18. Symbol: A symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity and the ambiguity may also be part of the meaning of the story.19. Symbolism:Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writers, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.20. Theme; The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work-plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language-contribute to the development of its theme.21. Tone: The attitude a writer takes toward his or her subject, characters, or audience. The tone of a speech ora piece of writing can be formal or intimate; outspoken or reticent; abstruse or simple; solemn or playful; angry or loving; serious or ironic.22. Tragedy: In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous23. Motif: A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature.24. Motivation:The reasons, either stated or implied, for a character’s behavior. To make a story believable, a writer must provide characters with motivation sufficient to explain what they do. Characters may be motivated by outside events, or they may be motivated by inner needs or fears.25.Narrator: One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.26. Novel: A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot.27.Plot: Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. It is the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. For the reader, the plot is the underlying pattern in a work of fiction, the structural element that gives it unity and order. For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. Conflict, a struggle of some kind, is the most important element of plot. Each event in the plot is related to the conflict, the struggle that the main character undergoes. Conflict may be external or internal, and there may be more than one form of conflict in a work. As the plot advances, we learn how the conflict is resolved. Action is generally introduced by the exposition, information essential to understanding the situation. The action rises to a crisis, or climax. This movement is called the rising action. The falling action, which follows the crisis, shows a reversal of fortune for the protagonist. The denouement or resolution is the moment when the conflict ends and the outcome of the action is clear.28. Point of view: The vantage point from which a narrative is told. There are two basic points of view:first-person and third-person. In the first-person point of view, the story is told by one of the characters in his or her own words. The first-person point of view is limited. In the third-person point of view, the narrator is not a character in the story. The narrator may be an omniscient. On the other hand, the third-person narrator mighttell a story from the point of view of only one character in the story.29. Protagonist: The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something30. Diction:A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.31. Exp osition: (1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information is revealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information. Exposition is one of the major formsof discourse. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of a play in which important background information is revealed to the audience.32. Figurative language: Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists of such figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron矛盾修饰法, personification, simile, and synecdoche.33. Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures of speech—simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy—involve a comparison between unlike things.34. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for the ending of the story.35. Irony: A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are (1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different; (2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know; (3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.36. Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.37. Denouement结局: The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.。

英国文学术语

英国文学术语汇编Part I01. Humanism (人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance (文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heri tage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism (古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope, Jonathan Swift. etc.06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School (墓园派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism (浪漫主义)An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphasis on the individual…s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.1> it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.2>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience.3> the English romantic period is an age of poetry, which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romanticpoets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron‟s chief contribution to english literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”.10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Modernism (现代主义)1. Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man‟s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.12. the Age of Realism (现实主义时期)1).Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the my steries of life and death and heroic individualism, people‟s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portrayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class;13. Naturalism (自然主义)1>Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism.2>as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people.3>As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France.4> Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society.14. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.15. Feminism(女权主义)Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, femini sm is ideology of women‟s liberation basedon the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Part II1. Alexandrine (亚历山大诗行)1>The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>It is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.2. Allegory (寓言)1>Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan‟s Pilgrim’s Progress and Melville‟s Moby Dick are such examples.3. Ballad (民谣)1>Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. 2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge‟s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.4. Blank Verse (无韵诗)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.5. Climax (高潮)The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a s tory‟s turning poin t. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.6. Canto (诗章)1>Canto is a section of division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.2>the most famous cantos in literature are those that make up Dante‟s Divine comedy, a 14th century epic.7. Comedy (喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.8.Conceit (奇特比喻)1>Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne‟s poetry.9. Elegy (挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.10. Epic (史诗)1>Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.11. Epigram (警句)A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.12. Epistolary novel （书信体小说）It‟s a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. Originating with SamuelRichardson‟s Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), the story of a servant girl‟s victorious struggle against her master‟s attempts to seduce her, it was one of the earliest forms of novel to be developed and remained one of the most popular up to the 19th century. The epistolary novel‟s reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.13. Foot (音步) It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.14. Gothic novel (哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.15. Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句/英雄双行体)The Heroic Couplet means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines.16. Iamb (抑扬格) It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.17. Iambic pentameter (五音步诗)Iambic pentameter is the most common english meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.ke Poets (湖畔诗人)In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers.19. Lyric (抒情诗)1>Lyric is a short poem wherein the poet expresses an emotion or illustrates some life principle.2>Lyric often concerns love. 3>the elegy, ode and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.20. Morality plays (道德剧)A kind of medieval and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience,etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does not necessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.21. Metaphor (暗喻)A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the comparison.22. Miracle play (奇迹剧)A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle plays were based on stories of the saints or on sacred history.23. Motif (主题)A recurring feature (such as a name, an image, or a phrase) in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way to the theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play. At times, motif is used to refer to some commonly used plot or character type in literature.24. Motivation (动机)The reasons, either stated or implied, for a character‟s behavior. To make a story believable, a writer must provide characters with motivation sufficient to explain what they do. Characters may be motivated by outside events, or they may be motivated by inner needs or fears.25. Multiple Point of View (多视角)It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.26. Novel (小说)A book-length fictional prose narrative, having may characters and often a complex plot.27. Ode (颂歌)Ode is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2> John Keats wrote great Odes, his Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.28. Oedipus Complex (俄狄浦斯情结/ 弑父恋母情结)Oedipus complex is a term coined by Sigmund Freud to designate a son‟s subconscious feeling of love toward his mother and jealousy and hatred toward his father.2>wrence‟s Sons and lovers is a case in point.29.Omniscience (无所不知的) Point of ViewThe narrator is capable of knowing, seeing and telling all the actions of the character. And the narrator feels free to make comments on the meaning of actions.2> it is characterized by freedom in shifting from the exterior world to the inner selves of a number of characters and by a freedom in movement both in time and space.30. Paradox (自相矛盾)A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.31. Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物)In literary work protagonist refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal. Antagonist is a person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.32. Psalm (圣歌) A song or lyric poem in praise of God.33. Pun (双关语)The use of a word or phrase to suggest two or more meaning at the same time. Puns are generally humorous.34. Pastoral (田园诗)A literary work dealing with and often celebrating a rural world and a way of life lived close to nature. It usually idealized shepherds‟ lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. Typically, pastoral liturgy depicts beautiful scenery, carefree shepherds, seductive nymphs, and rural songs and dances. A good example of pastoral poetic conventions occurs in Marlowe‟s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.35. Psychological novel (心理小说)Psychological novel refers to a kind of novel that dwells on a complex Psychological development and presents much of the narration through the inner workings of the character‟s mind.36.Point of View (叙述角度)Point of view can be divided by the narrator‟s relationship with the character, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscient narrator.37. plot (情节)Plot refers to the structure of a story, 2> the plot of a literary work includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action and the resolution. It has a protagonist who is opposed by an antagonist, creating what is called conflict.38. Rhyme (押韵)Rhyme is the repetition of sounds at the ends of words. End rhyme occurs when rhyming words appear at the ends of lines. Internal rhyme occurs when rhyming words fall within a line.39. Rhythm (韵律)It is one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry. It is the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern. Rhythm often gives a poem a distinct musical quality. Poets also use rhythm to echo meaning.40. Setting (背景)The time and place in which the events in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem occur. Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme. Often, setting and character will reveal each other.41. Short Story (短篇小说)A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single setting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view, and style.42. Simile (明喻)(a figure of speech) A comparison make between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such aslike, as than, or resembles. The comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.43. Satire (讽刺)1>Satire means a kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general.2> the aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see th eir point of view through the force of laughter.3> Swift‟s Gulliver‟s Travels is a great satire of the English society from different aspects.44. Soliloquy (独白)1>Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.2>the line “to be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare‟s Hamlet.45.Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare‟s sonnets are well-known.Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗)Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).Italian or Petrarchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗)Italian or Petrarchan sonnet is composed of an octave and s sestet (rhyming abbaabba cdecde).46. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3> Spenser‟s The Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.47. Stanza (诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.48. Symbolism (象征主义)Symbolism works under the surface to tie the story‟s external action to the theme. It was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence.49. Theme (主题)Theme means t he unifying point or general idea of a literary work.2>it provides an answer to such ques tion as “what is the work about”3>each literary work carries its own theme or themes.50. Theatre of the Absurd (荒谬剧)1>The absurd is a kind of drama that explains an existential ideology and presents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of usual or rational devices and the use of nonrealistic form.2>the most original playwright of the theater of absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in a alien, decaying world.51. The Angry young men (愤怒的青年)In the mid-1950s and early 1960s, there appeared a group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background, who were known as “The Angry young men”2> they demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society.3> Kinsley Amis is a leading figure of this group.52. University Wits (大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”。

英美文学名词整理

英国文学史名词解释Ode 颂诗is adignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Anapset短短长格: a metrical foot of three syllables, the first two short, the last longCaesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation.Epic史诗:It’s a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, majestic in theme and style.Romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.Alliteration押头韵is the use in speech or writing of several words close together that all begin with the same letter or sound.Ballad民谣: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad.Heroic couplet英雄体: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. Renaissance文艺复兴: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival.Sonnet十四行诗: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde.Blank verse无韵诗: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: It’s a verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbbccdd.Enlightenment启蒙运动: The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism.Pre-romanticism:前浪漫主义 The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature.----representatives ---William Blake and Robert BurnsRomanticism浪漫主义 : Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.Neo-classicism新古典主义: A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature.Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically asustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Realism现实主义: A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it.Epigram诙谐短诗：an epigram is a brief, celver, and usually memorable statement.Allegory寓言: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings.Lake Poets湖畔诗人: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets" because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Humanism人文主义: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.Mystery play神秘剧: The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were particularly concerned with the stories of man’s creation, Fall and Redemption.Iambic Pentamete r五音步抑扬格: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an iamb__ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Anapaest抑抑扬格：An anapaest, or anapest, also called antidactylus, is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. In classical quantitative meters it consists of two short syllables followed by a long one in accentual stress meters it consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.Lyric 抒情诗: A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄: is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Naturalism自然主义:A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. It asserts that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature.Essay小说：is a short written composition that discusses a subject or proposes an argument without claiming to be a complete or thorough exposition.Gothic novel 哥德式小说：a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery.Stanza 节: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.legend 传奇：As a song or a narrative handed down from the past, it differs from the myth on the basis of the elements of historical truth it containsCritical realism批判现实主义: is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early20th centuries.Iamb抑扬格韵律: a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, a short one followed by a long one kenning 隐喻语 a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era;Symbolism (象征主义)works under the surface to tie the story’s external action to the theme. It was often produced thr ough allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet w as first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.Modernism现代主义is marked by a rejection of tradition, and an interest in new ways of doing old things. Also, there was a belief that the application of science and technology could change the world for the better.8)William Blake ( 1757—1827)1) LifeHe lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的experience:Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniquesHe believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议2) His workSongs of Innocence天真之歌→delightSongs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑They show two contrary states of human soulsLondon:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ….It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家Background: industrial revolution, the fog cityThe scene was in London, in Blake’s time.The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night…..It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s be st known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator1.The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger.Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answeredThe Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。

(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

英美文学有关术语

1. Epic 史诗，叙事诗A long narrative poem, typically a recounting of history or legendor of the deeds of a national hero and of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from anoral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation beforethey were written down. Later on this literary genre was written down by the poets, such as Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained. Twoof the greatest epics are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. While in British literary history, the national epic is Beowulf.2. Metaphysical Poetry [.metə'fizikəl]玄学派诗歌T he poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.3. Sentimentalism 感伤主义Sentimentalism originated in the 18th century, and was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism and rationalism that had dominated people’s life since the last decades of the 17th century. Besides, it seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel. Sentimentalism often relates to sentimentality and sensibility in some literary works such as Richardson’s Pamela; Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield; S terne’s A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy. In Poetry, we have Thomas Gray’s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, Goldsmith’s “The Deserted Village”, and Cowper’s “Task”, not mention the various odes of sensibility which flourished in the later half of the century.4. Humanism 人道主义Humanism refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.5. Puritanism 清教主义The term is used in a narrow sense of religious practice and attitudes, and in a broad sense of an ethical outlook, which is much less easy to define.1). In its strict sense, “Puritan” was applied to tho se Protestant reformers who rejected Queen Elizabeth’s religious settlement of 1560. This settlement sought a middle way between Roman Catholicism and the extreme spirit of reform of Geneva. The Puritans, influenced by Geneva, Zurich, and other continental centers, objected to the retention of bishops and to any appearance of what they regarded as superstition in church worship---the wearing of vestments by the priests, and any kind of religious image. Apart from their united opposition to Roman Catholicism and their insistence on simplicity in religious forms, Puritans disagreed among themselves on questions of doctrine and church organization. Puritans were very strong in the first half of 17th century and reached its peak of power after the Civil War of 1642-6, a war, which was ostensibly religious, although it was also political.2). In the broad sense of a whole way of life, Puritanism has always represented strict obedience to the dictates of conscience and strong emphasis on the virtue of self-denial. The word “Puritan” is often thought to imply hostility to arts, but this is not necessarily true.6. Renaissance [rə'neisəns]文艺复兴It is a cultural movement of the rising bourgeoisie. The key word for it is humanism, which emphasizes the belief in human beings, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas. It originally indicates a revival of classical arts and learning after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Its aim is to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval time and introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this period.7.. Neo-classicism：新古典派A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination.8. Sentimentalism：Sentimentalism originated in the 18th century, and was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism and rationalism that had dominatedpeople’s life since the last decades of the 17th century. Besides, it seemed to have appeared hand in hand with the rise of realistic English novel. Sentimentalism often relates to sentimentality and sensibility in some literary works such as Richardson’s Pamela; Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield; Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey t hrough France and Italy. In Poetry, we have Thomas Gray’s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, Goldsmith’s “The Deserted Village”，not mention the various odes of sensibility which flourished in the later half of the century.9.Enlightenment：启蒙Enlightenment is a progressive intellectual movement, which sweptover England and other lands in Western Europe in the 18th century. Enlightenment freed and reformed the thinking of man. Enlighteners strove to clear away the feudal remnants and replace them by bourgeois ideologue.10. “Transcendentalism”[.trænsen'dentəlizəm]超验主义is defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor. It was the first American intellectual movement. It stressed the power of intuition and the significance of the individual. It placed spirit first and matter second, and took nature as symbolic of God.11. Naturalism 自然主义Is a kind of social Darwinism, which holds that the weak and stupid would fall victim to economic forces. Literary naturalism holds that humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment, and that the universe is cold and hostile to human desires. American naturalists wrote in a daring, open, and direct manner.12. Local Colorism: 本土特色地方色彩The local color writing was a form of regionalism popular after the Civil War. As a subordinate order of realism, regionalism (乡土主义，地方色彩) stresses a faithful representation of the habits, speech, manners, history, folklore, or beliefs of a particular geographical section. It’s characterized by vernacular language and satirical humor.13. Imagism: 意象主义It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, modern subject matter, metrical freedom, and avoidance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images.It grew out of the Symbolist Movement in 1912 and was initially led by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others.14.Metaphysical: 玄学派诗歌或诗人的It refers to the school of poets that appeared in the Revolutionary period in England by using quite unconventional and often surprising conceits; the metaphysical poets wrote poems full of wits and humor. But sometimes the logic argument and conceits become persuasive, going to preposterous dimensions. The language is colloquial but very powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind. John Donne is the representative metaphysical poets.15. Blank verse: 无韵诗，素体诗Blank verse is unrhymed poetry, typically in iambic pentameter, and, as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. Blank verse is not written in stanza form. Instead, the poem is developed in verse paragraphs that vary in length. Blank verse is flexible form of expression that gives the poet a choice of many variations within the metrical pattern. Because of its flexibility, blank verse is especially appropriate for narrative and dramatic poetry and other longer kinds of poetry. Christopher Marlowe and Shakespeare used this form with great power and variety in their plays.16. Free verse: (不受格律约束的)自由诗体Free verse refers to a kind of poetry whose rhythmical lines vary in length, adhering to no fixed metrical pattern or the usually rhyming system, such poetry may seem formless, but it does have a form or pattern, often largely based on repetition and parallel structure. Walt Whitman’s poems are typical example.。

英美文学名词解释

英美文学名词解释英美文学是指英国和美国地区的文学作品和文学传统。

在这个领域中，存在着许多特殊的术语和概念，有助于我们理解和欣赏这些文学作品。

本文将解释和介绍一些常见的英美文学名词，以帮助读者深入理解和掌握这些文学作品。

一、1.文学流派（Literary Genre）：指文学作品按照特定主题、风格或结构的类别进行分类。

常见的文学流派包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

不同的文学流派具有独特的特点和写作风格，反映了不同的文学趣味和审美观念。

2.现实主义（Realism）：是19世纪中期兴起的一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的逼真描写和展示。

现实主义文学追求真实、客观和可信的表达方式，通过描绘日常生活和社会环境来反映现实社会的不同层面。

3.自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义是现实主义的一种延伸，强调环境和遗传因素对人的行为和命运的决定性作用。

自然主义文学突出了人类生存环境对人性的影响，对人类行为进行科学观察和探索。

4.浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义强调个体情感、想象力和超验的体验，追求自由和独立的精神境界。

浪漫主义文学追求充满激情、抒发个人感受和探索内心世界的形式。

二、1.象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义是19世纪末20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术运动，强调使用象征性的意象和隐喻来表达深层的情感和思想。

象征主义文学倾向于表达个体的情感体验和心灵探索。

2.现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学和艺术运动，强调对传统形式和观念的挑战和颠覆。

现代主义文学追求形式上的创新和实验，探索自我意识、哲学思考和社会变革。

3.后现代主义（Postmodernism）：后现代主义是现代主义的继承和超越，强调文化多样性、相对主义和戏仿。

后现代主义文学打破传统的叙事和结构规则，以戏仿和颠覆的方式探索权力、真实性和历史观念。

4.现实主义小说（Realistic Novel）：现实主义小说以真实的描写和社会批判为特征，通过塑造现实人物的经历和命运来反映社会问题。

英语专业考研整理之英美文学术语整理

1.美国清教主义①清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会进行的一场宗教改革。

②在教会和皇权的重压下，清教的一个分支于17世纪30年代40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识，和社会秩序的基础。

③清教主义不仅符合新大陆成立的特定历史，而且还影响了美国的生活方式。

④在教义上讲，清教徒遵循1619年多特宗教会议制定的信条：宿命论，原罪说，全体堕落，有限的救赎。

1.美国文艺复兴、美国浪漫主义、①美国浪漫主义是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一，始于18世纪末期，一直到美国内战的爆发。

它以华盛顿欧文的《见闻杂记》开始到惠特曼《草叶集》结束。

这是美国文学空前繁盛的时期，也被称为美国的文艺复兴时期。

②美国浪漫主义受欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，并沿袭了部分特点。

他注重自然，强调人的情感和想象力，追求自由，向既定社会制度和传统的挑战，与古典主义形式分离。

③尽管如此，美国浪漫主义文学仍有自由的独特风格。

A.美国浪漫主义本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因新大陆充满生机与活力使美国浪漫主义有种异国情调。

B.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有显著影响。

④美国浪漫主义作家包括：华盛顿欧文，詹姆斯库伯，艾默生，梭罗，纳撒尼尔霍桑，麦尔维尔，惠特曼等。

2.新英格兰的超验主义①超验主义是1836年到1860年在新英格兰发起的一场文化，哲学，艺术运动，是浪漫主义在新英格兰的代名词。

②这场运动由爱默生领导，由其他一些有影响力的知识分子发起。

③核心思想是人能够超越感觉和理性直接认识真理。

超验主义者强调超灵，个人和自然的重要性。

人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性和天性相互融合，从而超验主义者强调个人主义，自立，拒绝传统的权威思想。

超验主义者从自然中汲取灵感④美国的超验主义作为一种文化遗产，对美国的道德观产生了深远的影响，对美国的浪漫主义的影响也十分显著。

代表作：艾默生的《论自然》《美国学者》，梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》3.象征主义象征主义是19世纪末在文学和视觉领域中始于法国的一次运动，它首先出现在法国诗人波德莱尔的诗歌中。

英语专业考研英美文学名词解释

英语专业考研英美文学名词解释英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americ a’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attemptedto achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.6. American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7. American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.8. American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terrors from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.9. Analogy: (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.11. Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative;a rival of the hero or heroine.12. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.13. Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.14. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.15. Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.16. Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.17. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.18. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.19. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.20. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.21. Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.22. Biography: A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. 23. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 24. Caesura诗间休止: A break or pause in a line of poetry.25. Canto: A section or division of a long poem.26. Caricature: The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous. A physical characteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be exaggerated. 27. Character: In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.28. Characterizatiogogoo, the means by which a writer reveals that personality.29. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.30. Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s tur ning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.31. Comedy: in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.32. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but itusually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.33. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.34. Connotation: All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “ dictionary” meaning of a word or phrase. 35. Consonance: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. 36. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.37. Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.38. Dactyl扬抑抑: It’s made up of one stressed and two unstressed syllables, with the stressed in front.39. Denotation: The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word.40. Denouement结局: The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part ofa play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.41. Description: It is a great part of conversation and of almost all writing. It is a part ofautobiography, storytelling. With description, the writer tries terror, feel, and hear by showing rather than by merely telling. It’s through the use of specific details and concrete language that abstract ideas and half-formed thoughts are make vividly real. We have objective and subjective description.42. Diction: A writer’s choice of words, par ticularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision. 43. Dissonance: A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.44. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.45. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.46. Emblematic image: A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.47. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known asthe Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.48. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.49. Epigram: A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.50. Epigraph: A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the work.51. Epilogue收场白: A short addition or conclusion at the end of aliterary work.52. Epiphany主显节: A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a work. 53. Epitaph: An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has died.54. Epithet称号: A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something. 55. Era of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimesdiscarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.56. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essaymay be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.57. Exemplum说教故事: A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.58. Exposition: (1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information isrevealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information. Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of aplay in which important background information is revealed to the audience. 59. Fable: A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral. 60. Farce: A type of comedy based on a ridiculoussituation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick―that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.61. Figurative language: Language that is not intended to be interpretedin a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists ofsuch figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron矛盾修饰法, personification, simile, and synecdoche.62. Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures ofspeech―simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy―involve a comparison between unlike things.63. Flashback: A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poemthat interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.64. Foil衬托: A character who sets off another character by contrast.65. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.66. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggestwhat will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for theending of the story.67. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.68. Hyperbole: A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement,for special effect.69. Iamb抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.70. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb―that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.71. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.72. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.73. Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourishedfrom 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leadersof this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.74. Incremental repetition: The repetition of a previous line, or linesbut with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza. This device is commonly used in ballads. 75. In medias res: Atechnique of plunging into the middle of a story and only later using a flashback to tell what has happened previously. In medias res is Latin for“in the middle of things”. 76. Inversion: The technique of reversing, or inverting, the normal word order of a sentence. Writers may use inversion tocreate a certain tone or to emphasize a particular word or idea. A poet may invert a line so that it fits into a particular meter or rhyme scheme.77. Invocation: At the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

英美文学术语

基本文学术语1．Allegory: A narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, which have both literal and figurative meanings.2．Allusion: A reference in a literary work to a person, a place, or thing in history or another work of literature. Allusions are often indirect or brief references to well known characters or events.3．Archetype: Commonly used to describe an original pattern or model from which all other things of the same kind are made.4．Black humor: Also known as Black Comedy, writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the readers, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.5．Classicism: A term used in literary criticism to describe critical doctrines that have their roots in ancient Greek and Roman literature, philosophy and arts. Works associated with Classicism typically exhibit restraints on the part of the author, unity of design and purpose, clarity, simplicity, logical organization, and respect for tradition. 6．Existentialism: A predominantly 20th century philosophy concerned with the nature and perception of human existence. There are two major strains of existentialist thought: atheistic and Christian. Followers of atheistic Existentialism believe that the individual is alone in a godless universe and that the basic human condition is one of the suffering and loneliness. Nevertheless, because there are no fixed values, individuals can create their own characters—indeed; they can shape themselves—through the exercise of free will.7．Expressionism: An indistinct literary term originally used to describe an early 20th century school of Germany painting. The term applies to almost every mode of unconventional, highly subjective writing that distorts reality in some way. 8．Formalism: In literary criticism, the belief that literature should follow prescribed rules of construction, such as those that govern the sonnet form.9．Imagism: An English and American poetry movement that flourished between 1908 and 1917. The Imagists used precise, clearly presented images in their works. They also used common, everyday speech and aimed for conciseness, concrete imaginary, and the creation of new rhythms.10．Irony：In literary criticism,, the effect of language in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated.11．Lost generation: A term firstly used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.12．Modernism: Modern literary practice. Also, the principals of a literary school that lasted roughly through the beginning of the 20th century to until the end of WWII.Modernism is defined by its rejection of the literary conventions of the 19th century and by its opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions, and economic values. 13．Naturalism: A literary movement of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The Naturalists typically viewed human beings as either the products of “biological determinism”, ruled by hereditary instincts and engaged in an endless struggle forsurvival, or as the products of “socioeconomic determinism”, ruled by social and economic forces beyond their control.14．Neoclassicism: In literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and styles of classical literature. It is generally used to describe a period in European history beginning in the late 17th century and lasting until 1800. In its purest form, Neoclassicism marked a return to order, proportion, restraint, logic, accuracy and decorum.15．Postmodernism: Writing from the 1960s forward characterized by experimentation and continuing to apply some of the fundamentals of Modernism, which included Existentialism and alienation. Postmodernists have gone a step further in the rejection of tradition begun with the Modernists by also rejecting traditional forms, preferring the anti-novel to the novel and the anti-hero over the hero.16．Realism: A 19th century European literary movement that sought to portray familiar characters, situations and settings in a realistic manner. This was done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.The standard for success of any realistic work depends on how faithfully it transfers common experience into fictional form.17．Romanticism: A general term to refer to a type of sensibility found in all periods of literary history and usually considered to be in opposition to the principles of Classicism. In this sense, Romanticism signifies any work of philosophy in which the exotic or dreamlike figure is strongly featured, or that is devoted to individualistic expression, self-analysis, or a pursuit of a higher realm of knowledge than can be discovered by human reason.18．Symbolism: The term refers to the use of one object to represent another. 19．Transcendentalism: An American philosophical and religious movement, based in New England from around 1835 until the Civil War. The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of intuition and subjective experience in communication with God. They rejected religious dogma and texts in favor of Mysticism and scientific Naturalism.。

英美文学之文学术语

英美文学之文学术语文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity（《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increaseof tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization andself-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such as Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue. 34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death ofa Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also hasirregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s broughtthe period of buoyant Harlem culture – which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52. Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.。

英美文学术语汇总

1.An image is initially thought as a verbal picture, an object seen, or the concrete representation of the outward form of a person. An image can also be what is heard or what is felt: a sound, a touch, an odour, a taste and any bodily sensation. Broadly defined, and image is a word or a sequence of words which refers to any sensory experience.2. A symbol is a special kind of image, for it exceeds the image in the richness of its connotations. It is usually a visual object or an action which suggests some further meaning in addition to itself. By tradition, a rose is thought to represent love, a cross Christianity, and a national patriotism.3. The Lost Generation refers to the group of American writers who came of age during World War I and established their reputations in the 1920s. The writers considered themselves “lost” because their inherited values could not operate in the postwar world. The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and others.4. In West European literature, critical realism is the traditional inheritance and development of realism; it is one of the specific literary thought and creative method in the 19th century. Critical realism refers to those novels which reflects the real life of society in 19th century through the descriptions of the relationship among people and a show of the real world and reveals the contradiction and dark aspects of the society.5. Puritanism is a Protestant movement which spread its influence into the New England colonies in the 17th century. The American Puritanism believed that the Church should be restored to the “purity” as established by Christ himself. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement.6. Rhyme occurs when two words or phrases contain an identical or similar vowel sound, usually assented, and an identical consonant sound that follows the vowel sound. Rhyme is the major sound element, which contributes to the music of poetry.7. Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. It heightened interest in nature and lay emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination.8. Personification is an expression in which an object or an abstract concept is made human or endowed with animate or living qualities.When we say, “The yellow leaves flaunted their colors gaily in the wind.”we give the yellow leaves a human behavior and thus make them look like human.9. Sonnet is a poetic form which originated in Italy, By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. In English, both English type (Shakespearean) sonnets and Italian type (Petrarchan [,pi'trɑ:kən) sonnets are traditionally written in iambic pentameter lines.10. The Stream of Consciousness is the continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind or a literary method of representing a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue.11.Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in a line, especially at the initial letter of successive words, e.g. “The sun sank slowly”and “Round the rocks runs the river.”The alliteration leads to repetition and music, and thus creates power aids to memory.12. Transcendentalism is a literary movement that flourished during the middle 19th century. Transcendentalism can be defined as the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.13. Assonance is the repetition of the same sound in a line. Like alliteration, it may occur at the beginning of words, e.g “al l the aw ful au guries.” or within the words, e.g. “I r o se and t o ld of my w o e”Assonance creates music which draws attention to the sound, creates emphasis and makes the particular words and phrases memorable.14. A simile is a direct comparison of two different things, usually using connectives like “as”, “like” and “than”. A metaphor is an indirect or hidden comparison of two different things, usually by equating the two or by replacing one with the other.15. Hyperbole is a statement containing an exaggeration. For example, if one says, “I have told you a thousand times,” one does no mean “thousand times” literally. It is a deliberate exaggeration which is employed for the purpose of emphasis.16. Connotation: all the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word or phrase.17. Essay: a piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional.18. Irony: A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are (1)verbal irony, in which a writer says one thing and means something entirely different (2)dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know; (3)irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.19. Humanism refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.20. A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularlycharacteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa.。

英美文学常用术语及解释

英美文学常用术语及解释下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。

01. Allegory(寓言)Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.02. Alliteration(头韵)Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.3>Robert Frost’s Acq uainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”03. Ballad(民谣)Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.04. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actionsof goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.05. Lay(短叙事诗)It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.06. Romance(传奇)Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.09. Comedy(喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.10. Essay(随笔)The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)12. History Plays(历史剧)History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.13. Masques or Masks(假面剧)Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.14. Morality plays(道德剧)A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does notnecessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.15.Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.17. Stanza(诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.18. Three Unities(三一原则)Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.19. Tragedy(悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.20.Conceit(奇特比喻)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.21.Metar(格律)The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)22. University Wits(大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”23.Foreshadowing(预兆)Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.24. Soliloquy(独白)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line“to be, or no t to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads,epics, metrical romances.3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.29. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.30. Elegy(挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.。

常用英美文学术语

常用英美文学术语下面是店铺整理的一些常用英美文学术语，欢迎大家阅读!01. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word“Renaissance”means“rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3>the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the wordsand cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classcism(古典主义)Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2>the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3>they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4>The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2>with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of rightingall the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3>Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the“Byronic Hero”10. Aestheticism(美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement---“art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2>aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3>According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4>This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱11. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2>It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3>Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4>Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2>although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actualimprovement of the society.4>Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2>modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3>the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4>in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized byassociative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a c haracter’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

英美文学部分术语整理

1.The English Ballads p17Oral literatureThe ballads: it is the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The Robin Hood Ballads2. Humanism p31The key-note of the Renaissance. p31“Humanism”describes the secular ideology that espouses reason, ethics, and justice, while specifically rejecting supernatural and religious ideas as a basis of morality and decision-making. According to the humanists, both man and the world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.3.Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets玄学派和骑士诗人p116Metaphysical Poets: the works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form .John Donne (1572-1631): the founderGeorge Herbert (1593-1633): “the saint of the Metaphysic al school”Cavalier Poets: often knights and squires; an awareness of mortality; a bitter consciousness of transitoriness of human glory and joy. John Suckling, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew and Robert Herrick4.4.The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature p12618th century EnglandThe Enlightenment in Europe It is an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudice and other survivals of feudalism. p127Classicism: The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed rules drawn from Greek and Latin works p128Drama: Rimed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unity of time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals Poetry: lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic Prose: precise, direct and flexible5.rationalism 理性主义（强调理性）6. Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry p1937.The Romantic Period :1798-1832 p211Two schools: 1.passive/escapist romanticists: reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey 2.active romanticists:expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal of future society free from oppression represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats8. The Rise of the Critical Realism in England p276Social background English critical realism: 1840s and 50s The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.9. stream of consciousness. P376 +p407The “stream of consciousness” is a psycholo7gical term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of consciousness” method of novel writing.The striking feature of these novelists is th eir given precedence to the depiction of the character’s mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves.James Joyce; Virginia Woolfepiphanies: deep insights that might be gained through incidents and circumstances which seem outwardly insignificant10. Modernism in Fiction p377Modernism in English literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century.While modernist poetry arose as a break with 19th-century Romanticism, modernist fiction represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of 19th-century realism.Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.Representatives: D.H Lawrence, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Katherine Mansfield11. American Puritanism p11The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, a point of view which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.12.American romanticism p40--- stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the Civil War. Three Features: 1.American romanti cism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was new and alien. 2.Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. One of its palpable manifestation is the fact that American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers. 3.Another thing to mention in connection with American Romanticism was the “newness” of the Americans as a nation. Their ideal s of individualism and political equality, and their dream that America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American.Two Groups of Romanticists: As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent13.New England Transcendentalism 超验主义p56-57The phase of New England Transcendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.Features: First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul(超灵）, as the most important thing in the universe. Second, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.Third, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Transcendentalists terroras from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelmingpresence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and d eath can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.14. The Age of Realism p117As a literary movement realism came in the latter half of the nineteenth century as reaction against “the lie” of romanticism and sentimentalism. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, realism became a major trend in the seventies and eighties.In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. 15. Local Colorism p131Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local characters of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. The detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region.有着浪漫情节但用的是现实的笔触，从现实中看到的习俗、方言、景观、光声色，都是美国化的。

英美文学名词解释整理版

英美文学名词解释1.Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. 寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。

所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。

2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。

3.Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。

典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。

4.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had beenshaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America ' sliterary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayedan affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。

英美文学术语解释

英美文学术语解释1、Narrative poem叙事诗A narrative poem tells a story in verse. It includes ballads;epics and metrical romances.2、Lyric poem 抒情诗A lyric poem expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker.3、Ode 颂词The ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing,or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. For example: Ode to The West Wind4、Sonnet 十四行诗A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a single theme.Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter,following one of two traditional patterns.5、Blank Verse 素体诗Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines.6、Free Verse 自由诗Free verse is poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter.7、Pictorialism 图画诗Pictorialism is an important poetic device characterized by efforts to achieve striking visual effects.8、小说分类FictionFiction is prose writing about imaginary characters and events including novels and short stories.9、长篇小说NovelA fictional prose narrative of considerable length,dealing especially with human experience through a usually connected sequence of event,typically having a plot.10、传奇LegendA legend is a widely told story about the past.11、神话MythA myth is a fictional tale originally with religious significance,which explains the actions of gods or heroes.12、哥特式小说GothicGothic is a term used to describe literary works that make extensive use of primitive,medieval,wild,mysterious,or supernatural elements.13、现实主义小说RealismRealism is the presentation in art of details from actual life.14、意识流小说Stream of ConsciousnessStream of consciousness is a narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind.。

英美文学_英美文学术语大全

《英美文学_英美文学术语大全》摘要：rlrgll, " g g b" r r x r b l r, r , r xggr r r r r l r rk r, rk, brrg r r r r rr r g rr glg k r xr_r_r， r ( R, lr llg) r b g r r r ll r lrbl, , rrl, rrl Lk r grv lgg, r rv lr rv r lll b r lr lr, lk r，kg, ll lv B vlr r lg r, l lg, r g, b rl l l r g lg , b r r lgr l rbg g r l rr l l下面是编整理些英美学术语全欢迎!r (氛围)rvlg r lg lrr rkbgr (传)r r r l3 Bll (民谣)rrv r z, r , lk rg b g r rv b r bll r L bllr, " ," l g k, lr r rrv, ll bll vlv, l r , lg k r rg r r g g r r k rl bll (lr bll r lk bll), r rll; br bll, r l gl ; lrr bll (r r bll), rl bllBll z (民谣诗节)rl z, r r l v r r r r llbl; r l v r r5 Bgr (传记)l r l r b r r传记由他人篆写关某人生平详细记录6 (对仗)blg rg , r, r对仗两组相对思想言辞词句平衡7 r (警句), xrg r lvr brv b l警句蕴含关人生真理明智看法精练语句8 (旁白)lg r l r b r r g旁白只说给观众而认不会让台上其他演员听到段对话9r (呼语)r r b r gr r r r br, ll gr r r呼语直接称呼不场或虚构人物或称呼拟人事物尤指作演讲或作程离题话0 (类韵)r lr vl , ll r类音类韵相或相似元音重复尤其指诗歌重复llgr (寓言)l vr r r rr, , r g rr br r rl qlr gg r r llgr r lrr vr lr r g, "B l " r, llgr r rgr v r g gg rl l lgg llgr q lgg gv r, lgl r , l r rl l rg R r r b llgr bl lrg, bl k r " llgr b rl br rlgg," b " bl l rk rl k llgbl"寓言讽喻种学、戏剧或绘画艺术手法其人物和事件代表抽象观、原则或支配力llr (头韵)llr r l l r gr rllr r, b lr r llbl头韵组词开头或重音节对相辅音或不元音重复3ll (故)rr r, l, v, r lrr rk rr x rr rgz r故作者对某些者熟悉并能够作出反映特定人物地事件学作品引用lg (类比)r b g lr b类比了两事物出差别而进行比较5 g (反面主角)rl rr rg r r r r rrv r r反面主角叙事学或戏剧与男女主人公或英雄相对立主要人物6Blk Vr (无韵体诗)Vr r r b r l r 50 r r, rl rr, v rg gl qvl Vrgl' r l xr Grb (56), kvll r r blk vr r, r rl kr 590 l rg r r L (667)7 r (休止)brk r l r8 ()rl v lg诗首长诗主要部分9 rr (夸张讽刺)xggr r r k gr r r rl夸张讽刺了使人物显得可笑而使用夸张或扭曲人物形象手法0 rrz (人物刻画)b rr rvl rl rr人物刻画作者表现作品人物性格方法l (古主义)v r r, lrr, r rl rl r Gr R古主义种学艺术音乐领域体现古代希腊罗马风格运动lx (高潮)gr , r, r rrv3 (喜剧)r rk r r rl ll rl l喜剧轻松和常有幽默感或调子上是讽刺戏剧作品常包括主题冲突愉快(奇想)k r k r b rlgl r g l, g xr_r_r r , ll r x r奇想种截然不事物建立起比喻5 l (冲突)rggl b g r r rr r r, vl, l, r rrv冲突故事说戏剧相对力量和人物对立6 (外延)ll r r r r外延包括单词面思外或被该词汇唤起全部涵义7 (辅音韵)r r r, ll r辅音韵辅音或辅音模式重复尤指位词尾8 l (双韵体)vr g v l, ll rg vg r rg l g r双韵体包括两相连诗行种诗单位通常压韵并具有样格律常组成完整思和句法单位9 r l 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rr lrl比喻不能直接按照面义理词语或表述方法50 lbk(倒叙)lrr v rlr v r rrv倒叙闪回镜头种学或电影表现手法往往段按正常顺序记叙叙事插入件以前发生事情5 l (陪衬)rr r rr b r陪衬用反衬其他人物人物5 rg (铺垫)r l rrv gg ll lr铺垫用预示将要发生事情线或暗示53 r vr (由诗体)Vr r rl r r rglr r由诗体既不具格式韵律又不具常规格律诗体5 rbl (夸张法)gr xggr r r夸张法种比喻使用夸张强调或产生某种效55 b r (五步抑扬格)l g v vr , b , r llbl ll b r llbl五步抑扬格种诗句形式每行诗句包含五抑扬格音步56 gr(象)r r r r r, r g, rr象用者思维唤起某种图示或形象词汇57 rl r (递进重复)r rv l r l, b lg vr v rrv z b z递进重复诗歌对上行或几行重复但每次重复都有定变化而且每节重复叙述都有所强化58 vr (倒装句)q rvrg, r vrg rl r rr倒装句种将句子正常表达方法倒置技巧59 v (开祷告)ll , g r r r r bgg r r开祷告史诗或诗歌开企神灵给予启示60 r (反语)r b rll , r b x ll反语种建立面表述和真实义上或期待产生结和真实结对比6Kg (隐喻语)grv, ll xr l r , ll l gl l r r r xl, r r kg r bl隐喻语尤指古英语和古斯堪纳维亚语诗种比喻性表名或名词常用复合表达方式如剑风暴是战争隐喻语6 Lr (抒情诗), ll r , xr kr rl g r lg抒情诗种用抒发作者感情或思想短诗63 q (假面剧)r r, ll rr b k lr rrg lgl r llgrl gr, lr gl 6 rl 7 r假面剧种戏剧性娱乐由代表神话或寓言人物佩戴面具者表演该娱乐形式6世纪和7世纪早期英国很流行6 lr (情节剧)r r rr, xggr , l llg r r r g llvl vll65 r (隐喻)gr r r r rrl g g g r, kg l r隐喻种语言表达手法通常用指某物词或词组指代他物从而暗示它们相似处66l r (玄学派诗歌)7r gl , vr rrz b llll llgg l x r rg vr lr g l r b vrbl x, g rr, rrglr r, llql lgg, lbr gr, rg gr lr玄学派诗歌7世纪英国诗人诗歌这种诗歌特是风格极具智慧引人深思善用引申暗喻对比极其不事物67 r (格律)grll rglr r r r llbl r格律诗歌通常重音节和非重音节排列模式68 (喻)gr r r r b r r ll喻种词或词组被另与有紧密系词或词组替换修辞方法69 k (讽刺史诗)lrr r r rvl b gr, r l讽刺史诗种用史诗宏风格描写微不足道事情喜剧形式70 (主旨)rrr l r r lrr rk主题艺术品或学作品反复体现、揭示主题部分7 v (动机)r, r r l, r rr bvr动机引发作品人物行理由7 (神话)r, b rl rlg rl, gv g r rl神话种释世界上神现象关神灵或宗教仪式有系故事73 rrv (叙事诗)ll r叙事诗讲述故事诗歌7 rrr (叙述者)rr r ll r叙述者讲述或叙述故事人75 rl (然主义)r rbg rl l r l lrr, xr r rl然主义学精确地描述人类现实环境实践,现实主义高表现形式76 l (新古主义)rvvl lrr l 7 8 r, rrz b rgr r ll l r, r, rr l新古主义7、8世纪晚期学复兴以尊重古代型推理形式和严谨体特征77 vl (说)bk lg l r rrv, vg rr lx l说虚构叙述性有定长较多人物和思想复杂情节78 v (八行诗)gl r z79 (颂)lx lg lr , r g rl l l r r b颂种复杂具有定长诗歌通常以高贵风格写成用表述些高尚或严肃主题80 (拟声)r r r b g b r rr拟声通模仿事物或行动声音构词方法8 xr (矛盾修饰法)rrl gr b r rr r r b, g l rl矛盾修饰法种把相矛盾或不调和词合起修辞手法如"震耳欲聋沉默"和"悲伤乐观"8 rx (似非而是)rvl k r, lg r b lrr r rl r r lrr r r rv r rl r x r lg似非而是种面上看起相矛盾却体现着定真理说法83 rlll (并行)r, l, r r lr r lr rr r g并行结构或义相近词汇子句句子并用8r (模仿诗)r rk r r r rlrgll, " g g b" r r x r b l r, r , r xggr r r r r l r rk r, rk, brrg r r r r rr r g rr glg k r xr_r_r模仿诗种取得喜剧或嘲讽效而对某艺术作品进行滑稽模仿85 rl (田诗)k , l lz r r l田诗种用理想手法体现牧羊人乡村生活诗歌86 (悲怅)ql rk lrr r r r rr lg , rr, r r rr悲怅学艺术作品种引发者怜悯情或伤感特质87 r (拟人)gr b r br r ql r r rr g r q rg br, g, r l r k r, r r br , lk lv, l b V, r vrl, k b l k lk 拟人给无生命东西或者抽象东西赋予人性或绘以人形象88 l (情节)l v r r vl, rrv r r情节说故事,或戏剧事件概要或主要故事89 v (视角)r r r r视角作者阐述故事角90 rg (主角)rr r r r lrr rk主角戏剧或其他学作品主要人物9 l (赞美诗)g r lr r G赞美诗用颂扬上帝诗歌或抒情诗9 (双关语)r r r gg r r g双关语用词表示两涵93 Qr (四行诗)z r r l9 Rl (现实主义)rr r r lrr b, , r l ll r, lz r r br r r r, rr rvl r r, rv klg, r, g vr vl, q rg G vr现实主义艺术或学将事物行或社会状况按其起初情况进行表现而不用模糊形式表现或理想化95 Rr (副句)r, vr, r gr vr r rvl rg g r , ll z副句副歌短语、句诗或组诗句首歌或诗每隔段重复次尤其每诗节结尾处96 R (压韵)r r r r r r r l r ( R, lr llg) r b g r r r ll r lrbl, , rrl, rrl Lk r grv lgg, r rv lr rv r lll b r lr lr, lk r压韵音两或两以上词汇或短语重复97 R (格律)rrg r r llbl r重音节和非重音节固定排列模式98 R (传奇故事)gv lrr lz rl l r vr bl b g vl传奇故事设定想象世界以英雄冒险和善恶斗争题材学作品99 R (浪漫主义)r lll v rgg r l 8 r vl xr g, rr r r l浪漫主义起8世纪末期欧洲种重人情感和想象力表达艺术和知识上运动它与古主义观和形式相悖00 r (讽刺)k rg l rl r k rgg vl, r grlkg rrv rl r, , , ll, r, bl讽刺种讽刺人习俗或人性缺或错误体0 (韵律分析)l vr r r韵律分析将诗划分成音步分析方法0 (六行诗)xl r z03 g (背景), l, r rrv, r, r vl k l背景记叙、戏剧或说发生、地和环境0 l (明喻)r b g rg r r明喻两种事物借助比喻词汇进行比较05 llq (独白)r r lrr r r rr rvl rr g l r r r r rr独白种戏剧或学说话形式其某角色独人或不知道其他角色存情况下展示角色思想06 g (歌)r lr l ql, rll r b歌种具有型音乐特征抒情诗体通常谱曲而作07 (十四行诗)l vr r ll r b r十四行诗种由十四行组成诗歌形式通常以五步抑扬格押韵形式08 r z (斯宾塞诗体)l z llg r bbbb09 r (识流)l rg rl l rr g, lg rl, l g rr xr识流种模仿作品人物思想思维精神活动然程写作技巧0l(风格)r rr rg ,r b r, rrg r , rl r风格由词汇选择句子词汇安排句子关系形成某作特定写作方式(悬念)ql r, vl, r r k rr r r b v悬念说故事戏剧所具有使者对结局产生不安或紧张感觉特质bl (象征)b, r, l, r g l l r g lrgr l, ql, , r bl象征身具有义用体现高身义思想观人物行地3 bl (象征主义)lrr v l9 r, rrz b bl rr g象征主义十九世纪种学潮流运用象征体现事物(提喻法)gr r r l提喻法种以局部代表整体修辞方法5 rz r (三行体)l vr r g r r l z l l z r r r l llg z(b bb , ) 6 (主题)grl r g b l rr xr lrr rk作者作品表现对生活总观或看法7 (调子)rr k r r r b, rr, r调子作者对作品主题人物和者所持态8 rg (悲剧)grl, lrr rk rg r r悲剧以主人公可悲或灾难性结局结束故事9 (睿智)brll qk r b lvr xr睿智巧妙思维和睿智表达结合0x (评)r rrv r r, r bkgr r rvl评记叙或戏剧向者介绍主要背景情况部分ll rg 8 r, r r g l, r rl rl l l l 7 r B, v r r rl gl vl l rl l bl lrr rk Rr l; Gl Vr kl; r l r rg r l r, v Gr lg r r rr, Gl r Vllg, r k, vr bl lr lr l rrr lrr r k gl R k r l v gv xr_r_r lg r r b, v3 Rlrl v rg brg k r r , z bl bg, vr g brv g r r r r rlg g rgll rvvl ll r lrg r rk g br g r l l r xr r rg brg kr, r, rl r ll lrr gr rlglg rgrv lll v, vr gl r l r r 8 r lg r rr kg lgr rv lr l r rl b brg lg5 R Ll r , , b r x l6 RR l vr ( l l), g r l r, bgg, r rl r, l7rl ; gl, llbl g lg llbl r llbl8 Grr l ll lrgr r lrr v, rgl lg "" blg Grk k r gr rlr, , r r gr, r r bgr r r b r, r xl, r br b rk (g, vl) rk (g, ) l gr, b vl r, r r r b kg lrr r l l b g r r v lv9 rr r b B l rg r, rg lg lg , lq b, lr l r vr rr r r, rr r lk rr30 rl RR l, rr bgg (l r) r ( r); l, r g l l3vlrvlr r rr kg, ll lv B vlr r lg r, l lg, r g, b rl l l r g lg , b r r lgr l rbg g r l rr l l3lrl l' l, rlrl bl rl rl l r, vr l rl r b rr。

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