0《金融学》(第二版)第1-15章答案
《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解 第15章
CHAPTER 15OPTIONS AND CONTINGENT CLAIMSObjectives•How to use options to modify one’s exposure to investment risk.•To understand the pricing relationships that exist among calls, puts, stocks and bonds.•To explain the binomial and Black-Scholes option-pricing models and apply them to the valuation of corporate bonds and other contingent claims.•To explore the range of financial decisions that can be fruitfully analyzed in terms of options.Outline15.1 How Options Work15.2 Investing with Options15.3 The Put-Call Parity Relation15.4 Volatility and Option Prices15.5 Two-State (Binomial) Option-Pricing15.6 Dynamic Replication and the Binomial Model15.7 The Black-Scholes Model15.8 Implied Volatility15.9 Contingent Claims Analysis of Corporate Debt and Equity15.10 Credit Guarantees15.11 Other Applications of Option-Pricing Methodologythe maturity of the option, and C the price of the call.•One can create a synthetic option from the underlying stock and the risk-free asset through a dynamic replication strategy that is self-financing after the initial investment. By the Law of One Price, the option’s price is given by the formula:where:C = price of the callS = price of the stockE = exercise pricer = risk-free interest rate (the annualized continuously compounded rate on a safe asset with the same maturity as the option)T = time to maturity of the option in yearsσ= standard deviation of the annualized continuously compounded rate of return on the stockd = continuous dividend yield on the stockln = natural logarithme = the base of the natural log function (approximately 2.71828)N(d1) = the probability that a random draw from a standard normal distribution will be less than d1.•The same methodology used to price options can be used to value many other contingent claims, including corporate stocks and bonds, loan guarantees, and the “real options” imbedded in investments in research and development and flexible manufacturing technology.Solutions to Problems at End of ChapterPayoff Diagrams1. Graph the payoff for a European put option with exercise price E, written on a stock with value S, when:a. You hold a long position (i.e., you buy the put)b. You hold a short position (i.e., you sell the put)SOLUTION: a.b.2.Graph the payoff to a portfolio holding one European call option and one European put option, each with the same expiration date and each with exercise price E, when both options are on a stock with value S.Investing with options3. The risk-free one –year rate of interest is 4%, and the Globalex stock index is at 100. The price of one-year European call options on the Globalex stock index with an exercise price of 104 is 8% of the current price of the index. Assume that the expected dividend yield on the stocks in the Globalex index is zero. You have $1million to invest for the next year. You plan to investenough of your money in one-year T-bills to insure that you will at least get back your original $1 million, and you will use the rest of your money to buy Globalex call options.a. Assuming that you can invest fractional amounts in Globalex options,show the payoff diagram for your investment. Measure the Globalex index on the horizontal axis and the portfolio rate of return on the vertical axis. What is the slope of the payoff line to the right of an index value of 104? b. If you think that there is a probability of .5 that the Globalex index a year from now will be up 12%, a probability of .25 that it will be up 40%, and a probability of .25 that it will be down 20%, what is the probability distribution of your portfolio rate of return?SOLUTION:a.To insure that you will at least get back your original $1 million, you need toinvestin T-bills.You can buy46.538,961$04.1000,000,1$1000,000,1$=+=+f r 69.4807854.461,38$10008.46.538,961$000,000,1$==⨯-options.The slope of the payoff line to the right of an index value of 104 is 4807.69, as seen from the graph:b.Put-Call Parity4.a.Show how one can replicate a one-year pure discount bond with a facevalue of $100 using a share of stock, a put and a call.b.Suppose that S=$100, P=$10, and C=$15. What must be the one-year interest rate?c.Show that if the one-year risk-free interest rate is lower than in youranswer to part b, there would be an arbitrage opportunity. (Hint: The price of the pure discount bond would be too high).SOLUTION:a.To replicate a one-year pure discount bond with a face value of $100, buy ashare of stock, and a European put with exercise price $100, and sell aEuropean call with an exercise price $100.b.S = $100, P = $10, and C = $15.E/(1+r) = S + P- C$100/(1+r) = $100 + $10 - $15 = $95r = 100/95 -1 = .053 or 5.3%c.If r = 4%, then one could make risk-free arbitrage profits by borrowing at 4%and investing in synthetic 1-year pure discount bonds consisting of a share of stock, a European put with exercise price $100, and a short position in aEuropean call with an exercise price $100. The synthetic bond would cost $95 and pay off $100 at maturity in 1 year. The principal and interest on the $95 it costs to buy this synthetic bond would be $95 x 1.04 = $98.8. Thus there would be a pure arbitrage profit of $1.20 per bond a year from now with zero initial outlay of funds.5. A 90-day European call option on a share of the stock of Toshiro Corporation is currently trading at 2,000 yen whereas the current price of the share itself is 2, 400 yen. 90-day zero-coupon securities issued by the government of Japan are selling for 9, 855 yen per 10, 000 yen face value. Infer the price of a 90-day European put option on this stock if both the call and put have a common exercise price of 500 yen.SOLUTION:Using the expression for put-call parity, P =-S + E/(1+r)T + CS is the share price, P is the price of the put, C is the price of the call and E is the common exercise price.Since government bonds are selling at . 9855 per 1 yen of face value, this is thediscount factor for computing the PV of the exercise price. There is no need to compute the riskless rate, r.Substituting in the parity equation we get:P = -2,400 + 500 x .9855 +2,000 = 92.75 yen6. Gordon Gekko has assembled a portfolio consisting of ten 90-day US Treasury bills, each having a face value of $1, 000 and a current price of $990.10, and 200 90-day European call options, each written on a share of Paramount stock and having an exercise price of $50.00. Gekko is offering to trade you this portfolio for 300 shares of Paramount stock, which is currently valued at $215.00 a share.If 90-day European put options on Paramount stock with a $50.00 exercise price are currently valued at $25.00,a.Infer the value of the calls in Gekko’s portfolio.b.Determine whether you should accept Gekko’s offer.SOLUTION:ing put-call parity, the current price of a call is found to be approximately$190.50 as follows:C =S - E/(1+r)T + P= $215 - $50 x .9901 + $25 = $190.495b.The v alue of Gekko’s portfolio is 10 x $990.10 + 200 x $190.495 = $48,000But the value of 300 shares is $64,500. We should reject Gekko’s offer.7. The stock of Kakkonen, Ltd., a hot tuna distributor, currently lists for $500.00 a share, whereas one-year European call options on this stock, with an exercise price of $200.00, sell for $400.00 and European put options with a similar expiration date and exercise price sell for $84.57.a.Infer the yield on a one-year, zero-coupon U.S. government bond soldtoday.b.If this yield is actually at 9%, construct a profitable trade to exploit thepotential for arbitrage.SOLUTION:ing put-call parity, we can infer the riskless yield to be approximately 8.36%as follows:A portfolio consisting of a share of the stock, a put, and a short position in acall is equivalent to a 1-year T-bill with a face value of E. Therefore the price of such a T-bill would have to be $184.57:E/(1+r)T = S + P- C = $500.00 +$84.57 -$400.00 = $184.571+r= 200/184.57 = 1.0836r= .0836 or 8.36%b.There are many ways to exploit the violation of the Law of One Price to makearbitrage profits. Since the risk-free interest rate is 9%, and the implied interest rate on the replicating portfolio is 8.36%, we could go short the replicating portfolio and invest the proceeds in T-bills. For example, at current prices,short-sell a “unit” portfolio, which consists of long positions in one put and one share and writing one call, to earn immediate revenue of $184.57. The portfolio you sold short requires payment of $200 one year from now. If you invest the $184.57 in one-year T-bills you will have 1.09x $184.57 = $201.18 a year from now. Thus you will earn a risk-free arbitrage profit of $1.18 with no outlay of your own money.Two-State Option Pricing8. Derive the formula for the price of a put option using the two-state model. SOLUTION:To price the put option, we create a synthetic option by selling short a fraction (denote the fraction “a”) and len d $b in risk-free asset. Denote the price of the stock S, the price of the put option P, the stock price when the next period is an “up” to be uS, the stock price when the next period is a “down” to be dS, the payoffs of the put option in each state Pu and Pd, and the risk-free interest r.We solve for (a, b) in 1) and 2) We find:andSo that the price of the put optionuP b r a S u =⨯++⨯⨯-)1(d P b r a S d =⨯++⨯⨯-)1(Sd u P P a d u ⨯---=)()1()(r d u P d P u b u d +⨯-⨯-⨯=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⨯⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---+⨯⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+⨯+=+⨯-=d u P d u r u P d u d r r b S a P 1)1)1(19. The share value of Drummond, Griffin and McNabb, a New Orleanspublishing house, is currently trading at $100.00 but is expected, 90 days from today, to rise to $150.00 or to decline to $50.00, depending on critical reviews of its new biography of Ezra Pound. Assuming the risk-free interest rate over the next 90 days is 1%, can you value a European call option written on a share of DGM stock if the option carries an exercise price of $85.00?SOLUTION:Should the value of DBM stock rise to $150 in 90 days, the call will be worth $65.00 at that date, but if DBM stock falls to $50.00 the call will be worthless at expiration. Using the 2-state option pricing model, we find that the call is worth $32.82:To replicate the call using the stock and risk-free borrowing we buy x shares ofstock and borrow y. We findthe values for x and y by setting up two equations, one for each of the possible payoffs of the call at expiration:The solution to this set of two equations is x = .65 and y = $32.50/1.01 = $32.18 Thus, we can replicate the call option by buying .65 of a share of stock (at a cost of $65) and borrowing $32.18.The price of the call option is $32.82: C = .65 x $100 - $32.18 = $32.82The Black-Scholes Formula 10.a. Use the Black-Scholes formula to find the price of a 3-month European call option on a non-dividend- paying stock with a current price of $50.Assume the exercise price is $51, the continuously compounded risk-free interest rate is 8% per year, and σ is .4.b. What is the composition of the initial replicating portfolio for this call option?c. Use the put-call parity relation to find the Black-Scholes formula for the price of the corresponding put option.SOLUTION:a. The price of the call is $3.987. Since the present value of the exercise price is01.1506501.1150=⨯-⨯=⨯-⨯y x y x 4$5.504.4.4.=⨯⨯⨯=⨯⨯⨯=T S C σapproximately equal to the current stock price, we could use the linearapproximation to the Black-Scholes formula:b.The hedge ratio, which is the number of shares of stock you must buy, equalsN(d1), and the amount to borrow is N(d2) times the PV of the exercise price.To find N(d1) and N(d2) you must compute d1 and d2 and then apply the N( ) function (i.e., the standard normal cumulative density function). You can either use NORMDIST in Excel or use a statistical table to do this. The hedge ratio is .54, which means you would buy .54 of a share of stock for $27. The amount to borrow is $23.c. From put-call parity: P = -S + E e0.02 + C = -$50 + $51.01 + $4 = $5.0111. As a financial analyst at Yew and Associates, a Singaporean investment house, you are asked by a client if she should purchase European call options on Rattan, Ltd. stock, which are currently selling in U.S. dollars for $30.00. These options have an exercise price of $50.00. Rattan stock currently exhibits a share price of $55.00, and the estimated rate of return variance of the stock is .04.If these options expire in 25 days and the risk-free interest rate over that period is 5% per year, what do you advise your client to do?SOLUTION:We can apply the Black-Scholes formula, where S = $55, E = $50, σ = .2, T =25/365, r = .05. We find thatC = $5.20. This is a lot less than $30, so clearly the options are not worth buying.Valuation of Corporate Securities with the Two-State Model12. Lorre and Greenstreet, Inc., a purveyor of antique statues, currently has corporate assets valued at$100,000 and must repay $50, 000, the aggregate face value of zero-coupon bonds sold to private investors, in 90 days. An independent appraisal of a newly acquired antique falcon from Malta will be publicly released at that time, and the value of the firm’s assets is expected to increase to $170,000 if the falcon is certified as genuine, but to decline to a mere $45, 000 if the antique is found to be a fake. The firm will declare bankruptcy in this latter circumstance and shareholders will surrender the assets of the firm to its creditors.a.Can you express the current aggregate value of equity in Lorre andGreenstreet as a contingent expression of the value of the firm’s assets and the face value of its outstanding debt?b.Is there a relation between the expression you have derived for equity anda 90-day European call option written upon the aggregate value of thefirm’s assets?c.Can you express the current aggregate value of the bonds issued by Lorreand Greenstreet in terms of the value of the firm’s assets and the facevalue of its outstanding debt?d.Is there a relation among the current value of the bonds the firm hasissued, the current value of riskless bonds with the same term to maturity and face value, and a European put option written on the aggregate value of the firm’s assets? What would the implication of such a relationship be for expressing the value of risky debt in terms of risk-free debt andcollateral?SOLUTION:a.The aggregate value of the firm’s equity in 90 d ays is E1 = max (V1 -B, 0)where E1 and V1 are, respectively, the aggregate values in 90 days of thefirm’s equity and assets, and where B is the aggregate face value of the firm’s debt.The current value of the equity can be expressed as:E = xV - ywhere x is the fraction of the value of the firm that one must purchase toreplicate the payoffs from the equity, and y is the amount that must beborrowed. We find the values for x and y by setting up two equations, one for each of the possible payoffs of the equity 90 days from now:170000x - y(1+r) = 120,00045000x - y(1+r) = 0The solution to this set of two equations is x = 120/125 = .96 and y =$43,200/(1+r), where r is the risk-free 90-day interest rate. Thus, we canreplicate the equity by buying 96% of the firm’s assets (at a cost of $96,000) and borrowing the present value of $43,200. The current value of the equity is therefore:E = $96,000 -$43,200/(1+r)b.They are exactly analogous. The call value is analogous to the aggregate valueof equity, the share price is analogous to the aggregate value of the firm’sassets, and the exercise price is analogou s to the face value of the firm’s debt.In effect, the firm’s shareholders hold a call option on the firm’s assets, which they can exercise by repaying the face value of the debt.c.In the presence of limited corporate liability, the realized aggregate payoff tothe firm’s creditors in 90 days, D1, can be written as:D1 = min (V1,B).d.The difference in value between the firm’s bonds and the correspondingdefault-free bonds equals the value of a European put on the firm’s assets. This relation implies the limit ed liability that stockholders have to sell the firm’s assets at the debt’s face value, which also implies that the value of risk-free debt equals the sum of the value of the risky debt and the value of collateral.13. Gephardt, Army and Gore, a vaudeville booking agency, has issued zero-coupon corporate debt this week, consisting of 80 bonds, each with a face value of $1,000 and a term to maturity of one year. Industry analysts predict that the value of GAG assets will be $160,000 in one year if Rupert Murdoch succeeds in purchasing and converting the Washington Press Club into a comedy venue, $130,000 if Murdoch buys the club but retains its current scheduling, and $20,000 if Murdoch builds an alternative comedy venue in Washington. Industry analysts also predict that aggregate value of the assets of a second firm in the field of comedy entertainment, Yelstin Yuks, Ltd., will have the values of $100,000, $100,000, and $40,000 in these respective circumstances. Assuming that investors can purchase portfolios comprised of shares of the assets of GAG and YY Ltd., as well as buying or short –selling one-year, zero-coupon, government bonds at the risk-free annual rate of .10, thena.Infer the three alternative values for aggregate equity in GAG, one yearfrom today.b.Devise a portfolio that is a perfect substitute for the payoffs given by aportfolio composed only of equity in GAG.c.Determine the current market value of a share of equity in GAG, assuming10,000 shares of GAG stock are outstanding, the current market value of GAG assets is $120,000, and the current market value of YY Ltd., assets is $85,725.d.Determine the current market value of a bond issued by GAG, assuming80 bonds are issued, under these circumstances. What of the yield tomaturity on each such bond?SOLUTION:a.In the first circumstance, the value of aggregate equity in GAG is $160,000-$80,000=$80,000.In the second circumstance, the value of aggregate equity in GAG is $130,000-$80,000=$50,000.In the third circumstance, the value of aggregate equity in GAG is 0.b.Suppose that the replicating portfolio consists of buying x units of the GAGasset, y units of the YY asset, and z units of the government bond (with a face value of $100,000). The payoff of this portfolio will exactly match that of the GAG equity, that gives:160,000x + 100,000y + 100,000z = 80,000130,000x + 100,000y + 100,000z = 50,00020,000x + 40,000y +100,000z = 0solving the equations, we have x = 1, y = -1, z = 0.2c.We define three types of pure contingent claims: at the end of one year, AD1will pay off $1 if and only if Rupert Murdoch succeeds in purchasing andconverting the Washington Press Club into a comedy venue; AD2 will pay off $1 if and only if Murdoch buys the club but retains its current scheduling; AD3 will pay off $1 if and only if Murdoch builds an alternative comedy venue in Washington. Denote the prices as of today of the three pure contingent claims as p1, p2 and p3, respectively.From the value equation of the GAG asset, YY asset and the government bond, we have:GAG: 160,000p1 + 130,000p2 + 20,000p3 = 120,000YY: 100,000p1 + 100,000p2 + 40,000p3 = 85,725Government bond: 100,000p1 + 100,000p2 + 100,000p3 = 100,000/(1+10%) = 90,909Solve the equations, we have p1 = 0.3774, p2=0.4453, p3=0.0864The total value of GAG equity is80,000p1 + 50,000p2 = $52457The per share price of equity is $5.25.d.The value of the bond and the value of the equity add up to the value of theasset, so,V bond = V asset– V equity = 120,000 – 52547 = $67543The yield-to-maturity of bond is (80,000-67543)/67543 = 18.4%。
国开《金融学》形考作业1-15章节任务答案
国开《金融学》形考作业1-15章节任务答案【第1周】第一章经济主体的财务活动与金融一、单选题（每题6分，共5道）1、居民进行储蓄与投资的前提是( )。
A、货币收入B、货币支出C、货币盈余D、赤字正确答案是：货币盈余2、在市场经济条件下，发行（）是财政最常用、最普遍的筹措资金方式。
A、政府债券B、公司债权C、商业票据D、股票正确答案是：政府债券3、现代金融体系建立的基础是( )。
A、现代货币制度B、现代信用制度C、现代企业管理制度D、A和B正确答案是：A和B4、各经济部门的金融活动及其彼此间的平衡关系可以通过( )来反映。
A、资产负债表B、金融机构信贷结构表C、资金流量表D、现金流量表正确答案是：资金流量表5、采取独资、合资或合作等方式在国外建立新企业的“绿地投资”属于（）投资。
A、国际间接投资B、国际直接投资C、国际金融投资D、国际结算正确答案是：国际直接投资6、发行股票属于（）融资。
A、外源融资B、内源融资C、债务融资D、债权融资正确答案是：外源融资7、居民的赤字可以通过以下哪种方式弥补( )。
A、购买债券B、消费贷款C、发行股票D、购买保险正确答案是：消费贷款8、（）属于贸易融资的行为。
A、信用证B、公司债权C、购买外国企业债券D、股票正确答案是：信用证9、现代社会中，不同的经济部门之间有的总体是盈余的，有的总体是赤字的，他们之间主要通过( )活动来实现平衡。
A、金融B、财政C、救济D、调整消费正确答案是：金融10、从整体上看，（）是最大的金融盈余部门。
A、企业B、金融机构资C、政府D、居民正确答案是：居民二、多选题（每题8分，共5道）1、企业财务活动与金融体系的关系体现在( )。
A、企业是金融机构的服务对象B、企业是金融市场的最主要的参与者C、企业财务活动对宏观金融总量与结构具有决定性影响D、企业是金融市场最主要的资金提供者E、企业是金融市场监管体系重要的组成部分正确答案是：企业是金融机构的服务对象, 企业是金融市场的最主要的参与者, 企业财务活动对宏观金融总量与结构具有决定性影响2、以下反映居民部门参与金融活动的是（）。
金融学习题集及参考答案解析word版第二版
金融学习题集及参考答案解析（第二版）金融学习题集（第二版）带★内容为非金融学专业选做题目第一章货币概述一、单项选择题（在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是最符合题目要求的，请将其代码写在题后的括弧内。
）1．金融的本源性要素是【】A. 货币B. 资金C. 资本D. 市场2．商品价值最原始的表现形式是【】A. 货币价值形式B. 一般价值形式C.总和的或扩大的价值形式D. 简单的或偶然的价值形式3．一切商品的价值共同表现在某一种从商品世界中分离出来而充当一般等价物的商品上时，价值表现形式为【】A. 货币价值形式B. 一般价值形式C.总和的或扩大的价值形式D. 简单的或偶然的价值形式4．价值形式的最高阶段是【】A. 货币价值形式B. 一般价值形式C.总和的或扩大的价值形式D. 简单的或偶然的价值形式5．货币最早的形态是【】A. 实物货币B.代用货币C.信用货币D. 电子货币6．最适宜的实物货币是【】A. 天然贝B. 大理石C. 贵金属D. 硬质合金硬币7．中国最早的货币是【】A. 银圆B. 铜钱C. 金属刀币D. 贝币8．信用货币本身的价值与其货币价值的关系是【】A. 本身价值大于其货币价值B.本身价值等于其货币价值C. 本身价值小于其货币价值D. 无法确定9．在货币层次中M0是指【】A. 投放的现金B. 回笼的现金C. 流通的现金D. 贮藏的现金10．从近期来看，我国货币供给量相含层次指标系列中观察和控制的重点是【】A. M0B. M1C. M2D. M0和M111．从中长期来看，我国货币供给量相含层次指标系列中观察和控制的重点是【】A. M0B. M1C. M2D. M0和M112．货币在表现商品价值并衡量商品价值量的大小时，发挥的职能是【】A. 价值尺度B. 流通手段C. 贮藏手段D. 支付手段13．货币在充当商品流通媒介时发挥的职能是【】A. 价值尺度B. 流通手段C. 贮藏手段D. 支付手段14．当货币退出流通领域，被持有者当作独立的价值形态和社会财富的绝对值化身而保存起来时，货币发挥的职能是【】A. 价值尺度B. 流通手段C. 贮藏手段D. 支付手段15．货币在支付租金、赋税、工资等的时候发挥的职能是【】A. 价值尺度B. 流通手段C. 贮藏手段D. 支付手段16．观念货币可以发挥的职能是【】A. 价值尺度B. 流通手段C. 贮藏手段D. 支付手段17．货币最基本、最重要的职能是【】A. 价值尺度B. 流通手段C. 贮藏手段D. 支付手段18．“劣币驱逐良币现象”产生的货币制度背景是【】A. 银本位B. 平行本位C. 双本位D. 金本位19．最早实行金币本位制的国家是【】A. 美国B. 英国C. 中国D. 德国20．人民币是【】A. 实物货币B. 代用货币C. 金属货币D. 信用货币二、多项选择题（在小题列出的五个备选项中，至少有二个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码写在题后的括弧内。
金融学1-15章测试题及其答案
搜索时不要带括号1. 采取独资、合资或合作等方式在国外建立新企业的“绿地投资”属于（ B ）投资。
、A. 国际间接投资B. 国际直接投资C. 国际金融投资 D. 国际结算2.现代金融体系建立的基础是( D. A和B )。
3. 各经济部门的金融活动及其彼此间的平衡关系可以通过( C资金流量表 )来反映。
4. 在市场经济条件下，发行（ A. 政府债券）是财政最常用、最普遍的筹措资金方式。
5.（ A信用证）属于贸易融资的行为。
1.发行股票属于（ A）融资。
：A. 外源融资B. 内源融资C. 债务融资D. 债权融资2.居民的赤字可以通过以下哪种方式弥补( B. 消费贷款 )。
3.居民进行储蓄与投资的前提是( C. 货币盈余 )。
4.现代社会中，不同的经济部门之间有的总体是盈余的，有的总体是赤字的，他们之间主要通过( A金融 )活动来实现平衡。
5.从整体上看，（ D ）是最大的金融盈余部门。
： A. 企业B. 金融机构资C. 政府D. 居民汇率变化常给交易人带来损失或盈利，下列（ D. 黑客入侵外汇交易系统导致损失）不属于汇率风险。
目前人民币汇率实行的是( B. 以市场供求为基础的、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制)。
国际借贷说认为本币贬值的原因是（ D. 流动债务大于流动债权）。
汇率自动稳定机制存在于( B. 国际金本位制下的)汇率制度。
在现行结售汇制度下，我国外管局每个交易日公布的汇率是（ D. 中间汇率）。
汇率作为重要的金融价格，其变动会影响（）。
或多项：A. 进出口B. 物价C. 资本流动D. 金融资产的选择属于早期汇率决定理论的是（）。
或多项：A. 国际借贷理论C. 利率平价理论D. 汇兑心理说E. 购买力平价理论银行以不同方式卖出外汇时，下列正确的选项是（）。
或多项：A. 电汇汇率是外汇市场的基准汇率B. 信汇汇率低于电汇汇率D. 票汇汇率低于电汇汇率下列说法正确的是（）。
或多项：A. 直接标价法下，外币的数额固定不变，本币的数额随币值变化B. 直接标价法下，汇率越高，本币价值越低E. 间接标价法下，汇率越高，本币价值越高根据利率平价理论，下列说法正确的是（）。
国开金融学1-15章节自测答案
证券发行方式不包括（）。
正确答案是：溢价发行下列各项中不属于资本市场特点的是（）。
正确答案是：筹资的目的是满足周转性资金需要狭义的资本市场专指（）。
正确答案是：有价证券市场资本市场是指以期限在（）以上的金融工具为媒介进行长期性资金融通交易活动的场所，又称长期资金市场。
正确答案是：1年证券发行市场的参与主体有()。
正确答案是：证券发行人,证券投资者,证券中介机构有价证券市场包括（）。
正确答案是：中长期债券市场,股票市场,基金市场我国的资本市场层次包括()。
正确答案是：主板市场,中小企业板,创业板市场,股份转让报价系统与“新三板”市场,区域性股权交易市场广义的资本市场包括中长期债券市场、股票市场和基金市场。
正确答案是：“错”。
证券发行市场是投资者在证券交易所内进行证券买卖的市场。
正确答案是：“错”。
货币政策的调整对证券市场具有持久但较为缓慢的影响。
正确答案是：“错”。
在发达的金融市场上，场内交易在交易规模和品种上占有主导地位。
正确答案是：“错”。
金融深化表现为金融与经济发展形成一种（）状态。
正确答案是：良性循环证券中介机构主要是指作为证券发行人与投资人交易媒介的证券承销人，它通常是负担承销义务的投资银行、证券公司或信托投资公司，其他机构则不能作为证券中介机构。
正确的答案是“错”。
我国学者对金融功能表述多从金融机构的角度展开，若考虑到金融各个要素及其组合后所提供的功能，金融功能可概括为（）。
正确答案是：投融资功能,服务功能,风险管理金融创新主要通过()方面从总体上提高了金融作用力。
正确答案是：提高了金融资源的开发利用与再配置效率,社会投融资的满足度和便利度上升,金融业产值的迅速增长,增强了货币作用效率资本市场有利于促进并购与重组。
正确答案是：“对”。
商品化是货币化的前提和基础，商品经济的发展必然伴随着货币化程度的提高。
正确答案是：“错”。
国和英国都是实行多元化监管体制的代表，正确答案是：坚持公开、公平、公正的“三公”原则金融监管理论体系中不包括（）。
金融学1-15章测试题最全最好
搜索时不要带括号1. 采取独资、合资或合作等方式在国外建立新企业的“绿地投资”属于（ B ）投资。
、A. 国际间接投资B. 国际直接投资C. 国际金融投资 D. 国际结算2.现代金融体系建立的基础是( D. A和B )。
3. 各经济部门的金融活动及其彼此间的平衡关系可以通过( C资金流量表 )来反映。
4. 在市场经济条件下，发行（ A. 政府债券）是财政最常用、最普遍的筹措资金方式。
5.（ A信用证）属于贸易融资的行为。
1.发行股票属于（ A）融资。
：A. 外源融资B. 内源融资C. 债务融资D. 债权融资2.居民的赤字可以通过以下哪种方式弥补( B. 消费贷款 )。
3.居民进行储蓄与投资的前提是( C. 货币盈余 )。
4.现代社会中，不同的经济部门之间有的总体是盈余的，有的总体是赤字的，他们之间主要通过( A金融 )活动来实现平衡。
5.从整体上看，（ D ）是最大的金融盈余部门。
： A. 企业B. 金融机构资C. 政府D. 居民汇率变化常给交易人带来损失或盈利，下列（ D. 黑客入侵外汇交易系统导致损失）不属于汇率风险。
目前人民币汇率实行的是( B. 以市场供求为基础的、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制)。
国际借贷说认为本币贬值的原因是（ D. 流动债务大于流动债权）。
汇率自动稳定机制存在于( B. 国际金本位制下的)汇率制度。
在现行结售汇制度下，我国外管局每个交易日公布的汇率是（ D. 中间汇率）。
汇率作为重要的金融价格，其变动会影响（）。
或多项：A. 进出口B. 物价C. 资本流动D. 金融资产的选择属于早期汇率决定理论的是（）。
或多项：A. 国际借贷理论C. 利率平价理论D. 汇兑心理说E. 购买力平价理论银行以不同方式卖出外汇时，下列正确的选项是（）。
或多项：A. 电汇汇率是外汇市场的基准汇率B. 信汇汇率低于电汇汇率D. 票汇汇率低于电汇汇率下列说法正确的是（）。
或多项：A. 直接标价法下，外币的数额固定不变，本币的数额随币值变化B. 直接标价法下，汇率越高，本币价值越低E. 间接标价法下，汇率越高，本币价值越高根据利率平价理论，下列说法正确的是（）。
金融学第二版课后习题答案
金融学第二版课后习题答案【篇一：王重润公司金融学第二版课后答案】业有几种组织方式？各有什么特点？（ 1）有两种，有限责任公司和股份有限责任公司（ 2）有限责任公司特点：有限责任公司是指股东以其出资额为限对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任的企业法人；有限责任公司注册资本的最低限额为人民币3万元；其资本并不必分为等额股份，也不公开发行股票，股东持有的公司股票可以再公司内部股东之间自由转让，若向公司以外的人转让，须经过公司股东的同意；公司设立手续简便，而且公司无须向社会公开公司财务状况。
（ 3）股份有限责任公司特点：1、有限责任2、永续存在3、股份有限责任公司的股东人数不得少于法律规定的数目，我国规定设立股份有限公司，应当有2人以上200人以下为发起人4、股份有限责任公司的全部资本划分为等额的股份，通过向社会公开发行的办法筹集资金，任何人在缴纳了股款之后，都可以成为公司股东，没有资格限制。
5、可转让性6、易于筹资2题：为什么我国《公司法》允许存在一人有限责任公司？一人有限责任公司与个人独资企业有何不同？答：1.就立法初衷而言，许可自然人投资设立一人有限责任公司的重要考虑是减少实质上的一人公司的设立，简化和明晰股权归属，减少纷争。
以往由于我国《公司法》禁止设立一人公司，使得投资人通过各种途径设立或形成的实质上的一人公司大量存在，挂名股东与真实股东之间的投资权益纠纷以及挂名股东与公司债权人之间的债务纠纷不断，令工商行政管理部门和司法机关无所适从。
在修订《公司法》的过程中，法律委员会、法制工作委员会会同国务院法制办、工商总局、国资委、人民银行和最高人民法院反复研究认为：从实际情况看，一个股东的出资额占公司资本的绝大多数而其他股东只占象征性的极少数，或者一个股东拉上自己的亲朋好友作挂名股东的有限责任公司，即实质上的一人公司，已是客观存在，也很难禁止。
根据我国的实际情况，并研究借鉴国外的通行做法，应当允许一个自然人投资设立有限责任公司。
金融学兹维博迪第二版-第一章答案
CHAPTER 1 – Financial Economics End-of-Chapter ProblemsDefining Finance1. What are your main goals in life? How does finance play a part in achieving those goals? What arethe major tradeoffs you face? SAMPLE ANSWER:• • • • • • •Finish schoolGet good paying job which I likeGet married and have children Own my own home Provide for familyPay for children’s education RetireHow Finance Plays a Role: SAMPLE ANSWER:•Finance helps me pay for undergraduate and graduate education and helps me decide whether spending the money on graduate education will be a good investment decision ornot. • •Higher education should enhance my earning power and ability to obtain a job I like.Once I am married and have children I will have additional financial responsibilities (dependents) and I will have to learn how to allocate resources among individuals in the household and learn how to set aside enoughmoney to pay for emergencies, education, vacations etc. Finance also helps me understand how to manage risks such as for disability, life and health. • Finance helps me determine whether the home I want to buy is a good value or not. The study of finance also helps me determine the cheapest source of financing for the purchase of that home. Finance helps me determine how much money I will have to save in order to pay for my children’s •education as well as my ownretirement. Major Tradeoffs: SAMPLE ANSWER•Spend money now by going to college (and possibly graduate school) but presumably make more moneyonce I graduate due to my higher education. Consume now and have less money saved for future expenditures such as for a house and/or car or save•more money now but consume less than some of my friends Financial Decisions of Households2. What is your net worth? What have you included among your assets and your liabilities? Would you list the value of your potential lifetime earning power as an asset or liability? How does it compare in value toother assets you have listed?SAMPLE ANSWER:$ ____________ (very possibly negative at this point) Assets: • •••Checking account balanceSavings account balance Furniture/Jewelry (watch) Car (possibly) Liabilities:• •••Student loansCredit card balance If renting, remainder of rental agreement (unless subletting is a possibility) Car payments (possibly)Students typically don’t think about the high value of their potential lifetime earning power when calculating theirnet worth but for young people it is often their most valuable asset.3. How are the financial decisions faced by a single person living alone different from those facedby the head of a household with responsibility for several children of school age? Are the tradeoffs they have tomake different, or will they evaluate the tradeoffs differently?A single person needs only to support himself and therefore can make every financial decision on his own. If hedoes not want health insurance (and is willing to bear the financial risks associated with that decision) then no onewill be affected by that decision other than that single person. In addition, this person needs to make no decisionsabout allocating income among dependents. A single person is very mobile and can choose to live almost anywhere.The tradeoffs this individual makes generally concern issues of consuming (or spending) today versus saving for consumption tomorrow. Since this person is supporting only himself, the need to save now is less important than for the head of household discussed next. The head of household with several children must share resources (income) among dependents. This individual mustbe prepared to deal with risk management issues such as how to be prepared for potential financial emergencies(such as a serious health problem experienced by a member of the family or home owners insurance in case of a fireor other mishap). Because there are more people in this household than with a single person, there are greater risksthat someone will get sick or injured. And because there are dependents, the wage earner(s) should think carefullyabout life and disability insurance. In addition, the family is not as mobile as the single individual.Because of theschool age children, the family might want to live near “good schools” thinking that astronger education willeventually help those children’s future well being and financial situation. Thus, the tradeoffs for the head ofhousehold are more complex: more money is needed to consume today (he or she needs to support moredependents), but a lot more money is also needed to save for future expenses such as education and housing andmore money is needed for risk management such as life and disability insurance. 4. Family A and family B both consist of a father, mother and two children of school age. In family A both spouses have jobs outside the home and earn a combined income of $100,000 per year. In family B, only one spouse works outside the home and earns $100,000 per year. How do the financial circumstances and decisions faced by the two families differ? With two wage earners, there is less risk of a total loss of family income due to unemployment or disability than there is in a single wage earning household. The single wage earning family will probably want more disability andlife insurance than the two wage earning family. On the flip side, however, the two wage earning family may need tospend extra money on child care expenses if they need to pay someone to watch the children after school.5. Suppose we define financial independence as the ability to engage in the four basic householdfinancial decisions without resort to the use of relative’s resources when making financing decisions. At what ageshould children be expected to become financially independent?Students will have differing responses to this question depending upon their specific experiences and opinions. Mostwill probably say independence should come after finishing their education, and they have a significant flow of income. 6. You are thinking of buying a car. Analyze the decision by addressing the followingissues:a. Are there are other ways to satisfy your transportation requirements besides buying a car? Make a listofall the alternatives and write down the pros and cons.Transportation ModeWalking Pros Cons Takes a long timeDestination may be too far • Takes you directly where you want to go • • • • • No out of pocket costsConvenientBicycle Bus• •Takes you directly to where youwant to go Requires physical strength andendurance •• •• No out of pocket marginal costsConvenient Destination may be too farInexpensive• May not take you directly whereyou want to go Reaches more distantdestinations• • • Inconvenient schedules to goMany stops, not efficient Subway• • Inexpensive FastMay not take you directly whereyou want to go •Local destinations only on limited network Train• •• Reaches distantdestinationsModerately expensive May not take you directlywhereyou want to go Airplane• • •• Reaches distant destinationsFastMost expensive Will not take you directlywhereyou want to gob. What are the different ways you can finance the purchase of a car?Finance through a bank loan or lease, finance through a car dealer with a loan or a lease or finance the car out of your own savings.c. Obtain information from at least three different providers of automobile financing on the terms they offer.d. What criteria should you use in making your decision?Your decision will be to select the financing alternative that has the lowest cost to you.When analyzing the information, you should consider the following:• Do you have the cash saved to make an outright purchase? What interest rate would you be giving up to make that purchase? Do you pay a different price for the car if you pay cash rather than finance?•For differing loan plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? What is the relevant interest rate you will be paying? Does the whole loan get paid through monthlypayments or isthere a balloon payment at the end? Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? • For differing lease plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments?For how long? Do you own the car at the end of the lease? If not, what does it cost to buy the car? Do you have tobuy the carat the end of the lease or is it an option? Is there a charge if you decide not to buy the car? What relevant interest ratewill you be paying? Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? Are there mileage restrictions? 7. Match each of the following examples with one of the four categories of basic types of household financial decisions.At the Safeway paying with your debit card rather than taking the time to write a checkDeciding to take the proceeds from your winning lottery ticket and use it to pay for an extended vacation on the ItalianRivieraFollowing Hillary’s advice a nd selling your Microsoft shares to invest in pork belly futures Helping your 15-year old son learn to drive by letting putting him behind the wheel on the back roadinto town Taking up the offer from the pool supply company to pay off your new hot tub with a 15-month loan with zero payments for the first three monthsThe first is the most difficult since in practice it is simply a cash transaction involving no financing. As such thepurchase is a consumption decision only and the payment choice is not a financing decision. The second is also aconsumption/saving decision. The third is an exchange of one financial asset for another and therefore aninvestment decision. The fourth is a risk-management decision since you have subjected yourself to increased riskthat is not covered by insurance. The final example is a financing decision involving a loan to finance a purchase.Forms of Business Organization8. You are thinking of starting your own business, but have no money.a. Think of a business that you could start without having to borrow any money.Any business that involves a student’s own personal service would be cheap to start up. For instance he or she couldstart a business running errands for others, walking their dogs, shopping etc. Along those same lines they could startsome kind of consulting business. Both of these businesses could be run out of their dorm room or their own homeand could be started with very little capital. If they wanted to hire additional workers, they would have to be paid on a commission basis to limit upfront expenses. b. Now think of a business that you would want to start if you could borrow any amount of money at thegoing market interest rate.Certainly there are many interesting businesses that could be started if one could finance 100% of the business withborrowed capital and no equity. Since you will be able to borrow 100% of the financing, you will be willing to takea lot greater risk than if you were investing your own money. c. What are the risks you would face in this business? [Answer is, of course, dependent on answer to question “b.”]d. Where can you get financing for your new business? Depending upon the size of the financing needed, students should be looking for both debt and equity financing. Thesources of this financing ranges from individuals and credit cards (for very small sums) to banks, venture capitalists,9. Choose an organization that is not a firm, such as a club or church group and list the mostimportant financial decisions it has to make. What are the key tradeoffs the organization faces? What role dopreferences play in choosing among alternatives? Interview the financial manager of the organization andcheck to see if he or she agrees with you. SAMPLE ANSWER:Local Church group. Most important financial decisions: • Whether or not to repair damage done to church and grounds during last big hurricane(specificallyrepairing the leaking roof) • •••What project to put off in order to pay for repairdamage How to pay for renovations to downstairs Sunday school rooms How to increase member attendance and contributions How to organize and solicit volunteers for the annual Church Sale (largest fund raiser of the year)Key Tradeoffs and Preferences:Church group funds are severely limited, so the organization needs to prioritize expenses based upon cost and need.Not all projects that are needed will be undertaken due to the expense involved. An equally large amount of timewill be spent trying to raise financing since funds inflow is variable. Since not all projects can be financed,preferences of different important individuals (such as the pastor) take on great significance in the decision-making process.Market Discipline: Takeovers 10. Challenge Question: While there are clear advantages to the separation ofmanagement from ownership of business enterprises, there is also a fundamental disadvantage in that it may be costly to alignthe goals of management with those of the owners. Suggest at least two methods, other than the takeovermarket, by which the conflict can be reduced, albeit at some cost. One way is to provide incentives for the managers so that they increase their pay when owners interests areimproved. An example would be compensating managers with stock options, the value of which increase with themarket value of shareholder’s interests. A second method is to more closely monitor the behavior of the managers.Outside management consultants and auditors serve this role in part particularly to the extent that they report theirfindings to representatives from ownership groups. Both of these solutions assume the management cannot effectively deceive markets or consultant/auditors through misleading information or actions to inflate the market value of the ownership shares or there performance records. 11. Challenge Question: Consider a poorly run local coffee shop with its prime location featuring a steadystream of potential clients passing by on their way to and from campus. How does the longtime disgruntled,sloppy and inefficient owner-manager of Cup-a-Joe survive and avoid disciplining from the takeover market? This is not a question about a misalignment of the goals of the owner(s) and manager(s) of a firm since we haveexplicitly said the firm is owner-managed. If in fact the coffee shop is mismanaged the potential exists for anoutsider to purchase a controlling interest in the operation and put more efficient management into place if thepurchase price does not exceed the value of profits to be generated by the efficiently managed firm. If the presentowner chooses not to sell he must value the firm for more than the value of the profits generated by an efficientlymanaged firm. Therefore his position in the firm must generate for him non-pecuniary benefits, or benefitsThe same could be said of an owner-manager who lacks the required specialized skills to properly run the firm butnever the less continues t o operate the company inefficiently because he ‘likes’ the work!The Role of the Finance Specialist in aCorporation12. Which of the following tasks undertaken within a corporate office are likely to fall under the supervisionof the treasurer? The controller?Arranging to extend a line of credit from abankArranging with an investment bank for a foreign exchange transactionProducing a detailed analysis of the cost structure of the company’s alternative product linesTaking cash payments for company sales and purchasing U.S. Treasury BillsFiling quarterly statements with the Securities and Exchange CommissionThe first two and the fourth items are responsibilities of the treasurer while the third and fifth items fall under theworkload of the controller’s office.Objectivesy y yDefine finance.Explain why finance is worth studying. Introduce two of the main players in the world of finance —households and firms —and the kinds offinancial decisions they make. The other main players, financial intermediaries and government, areintroduced in chapter 2.ContentsDefining Finance 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Why Study Finance?Financial Decisions of Households Financial Decisions of Firms Forms of Business OrganizationSeparation of Ownership and Management The Goal of ManagementMarket Discipline: TakeoversThe Role of the Finance Specialist in aCorporationSummaryFinance is the study of how to allocate scarce resources over time. The two features that distinguish finance are thatthe costs and benefits of financial decisions are spread out over time and are usually not known with certainty in advance by either the decision maker or anybody else. A basic tenet of finance is that the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy people’s consumption preferences. Economic organizations such as firms and governments exist in order to facilitate the achievement ofthat ultimate function. Many financial decisions can be made strictly on the basis of improving the trade-offsavailable to people without knowledge of their consumption preferences.There are at least five good reasons to study finance: y y y y y To manage your personal resources. To deal with the world ofbusiness. To pursue interesting and rewarding careeropportunities.To make informed public choices as a citizen.To expand your mind.The players in finance theory are households, business firms, financial intermediaries, and governments. Households occupy a special place in the theory because the ultimate function of the system isto satisfy thepreferences of people, and the theory treats those preferences as given. Finance theory explains household behavioras an attempt to satisfy those preferences. The behavior of firms is viewed from the perspective of how it affects thewelfare of households.Households face four basic types of financial decisions: y yy Saving decisions: How much of their current income should they save for the future? Investment decisions: How should they invest the money they have saved? Financing decisions: When and how should they use othe r people’s money to satisfy theirwants andneeds? y Risk-management decisions: How and on what terms should they seek to reduce the economicuncertainties they face or to take calculated risks? There are three main areas of financial decision making in a business: capital budgeting, capital structure,and working capital management.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）There are five reasons for separating the management from the ownership of a businessenterprise:yyyProfessional managers may be found who have a superior ability to run the business.To achieve the efficient scale of a business the resources of many households may have to bepooled.In an uncertain economic environment, owners will want to diversify their risks across manyfirms. Suchefficient diversification is difficult to achieve without separation of ownership and management.yyTo achieve savings in the costs of gatheringinformation.The “learning curve” or “going concern” effect: When the owner is also the manager, the newowner has tolearn the business from the former owner in order to manage it efficiently. If the owner is not the manager,then when the business is sold, the manager continues in place and works for the new owner.The corporate form is especially well suited to the separation of ownership and management of firmsbecause it allows relatively frequent changes in owners by share transfer without affecting the operations of the firm.The primary goal of corporate management is to maximize shareholder wealth. It leads managers to makethe same investment decisions that each of the individual owners would have made had they made the decisionsthemselves.A competitive stock market imposes a strong discipline on managers to take actions tomaximize themarket value of the firm’s shares.。
博迪《金融学》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解修订版答案
博迪《金融学》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（修订版）完整版>精研学习䋞>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1部分金融和金融体系第1章金融学1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第2章金融市场和金融机构2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第3章管理财务健康状况和业绩3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第2部分时间与资源配置第4章跨期配置资源4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第5章居民户的储蓄和投资决策5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解第6章投资项目分析6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第3部分价值评估模型第7章市场估值原理7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第8章已知现金流的价值评估：债券8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题详解第9章普通股的价值评估9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第4部分风险管理与资产组合理论第10章风险管理的原理10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解第11章对冲、投保和分散化11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解第12章资产组合机会和选择12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题详解第5部分资产定价第13章资本市场均衡13.1复习笔记13.2课后习题详解第14章远期市场与期货市场14.1复习笔记14.2课后习题详解第15章期权市场与或有索取权市场15.1复习笔记15.2课后习题详解第6部分公司金融第16章企业的财务结构16.1复习笔记16.2课后习题详解第17章实物期权17.1复习笔记17.2课后习题详解。
金融学兹维博迪第二版第一章答案
CHAPTER 1 – Financial Economics End-of-Chapter Problems Defining Finance 1. What are your main goals in life How does finance play a part in achieving those goals What are the major tradeoffs you face SAMPLE ANSWER: Finish school Get good paying job which I like Get married and have children Own my own home Provide for family Pay for children’s education Retire How Finance Plays a Role: SAMPLE ANSWER: Finance helps me pay for undergraduate and graduate education and helps me decide whether spending the money on graduate education will be a good investment decision or not. Higher education should enhance my earning power and ability to obtain a job I like. Once I am married and have children I will have additional financial responsibilities (dependents) and I will have to learn how to allocate resources among individuals in the household and learn how to set aside enough money to pay for emergencies, education, vacations etc. Finance also helps me understand how to manage risks such as for disability, life and health. Finance helps me determine whether the home I want to buy is a good value or not. The study of finance also helps me determine the cheapest source of financing for the purchase of that home. Finance helps me determine how much money I will have to save in order to pay for my children’s education as well as my own retirement. Major Tradeoffs: SAMPLE ANSWER Spend money now by going to college (and possibly graduate school) but presumably make more money once I graduate due to my higher education. Consume now and have less money saved for future expenditures such as for a house and/or car or save more money now but consume less than some of my friends Financial Decisions of Households 2. What is your net worth What have you included among your assets and your liabilities Would you list the value of your potential lifetime earning power as an asset or liability How does it compare in value to other assets you have listed SAMPLE ANSWER: $ ____________ (very possibly negative at this point) Assets: Checking account balance Savings account balance Furniture/Jewelry (watch) Car (possibly) Liabilities: Student loans Credit card balance If renting, remainder of rental agreement (unless subletting is a possibility) Car payments (possibly) Students typically don’t think about the high value of their potentia l lifetime earning power when calculating their net worth but for young people it is often their most valuable asset. 3. How are the financial decisions faced by a single person living alone different from those faced by the head of a household with responsibility for several children of school age Are the tradeoffs they have to make different, or will they evaluate the tradeoffs differently A single person needs only to support himself and therefore can make every financial decision on his own. If he does not want health insurance (and is willing to bear the financial risks associated with that decision) then no one will be affected by that decision other than that single person. In addition, this person needs to make no decisions about allocating income among dependents. A single person is very mobile and can choose to live almost anywhere. The tradeoffs this individual makes generally concern issues of consuming (or spending) today versus saving for consumption tomorrow. Since this person is supporting only himself, the need to save now is less important than for the head of household discussed next. The head of household with several children must share resources (income) among dependents. This individual must be prepared to deal with risk management issues such as how to be prepared for potential financial emergencies (such as a serious health problem experienced by a member of the family or home owners insurance in case of a fire or other mishap). Because there are more people in this household than with a single person, there are greater risks that someone will get sick or injured. And because there are dependents, the wage earner(s) should think carefully about life and disability insurance. In addition, the family is not as mobile as the single individual. Because of the school age children, the family might want to live near “good schools” thinking that a stronger education will eventually help those children’s future well being and financial situation. Thus, the tradeoffs for the head of household are more complex: more money is needed to consume today (he or she needs to support more dependents), but a lot more money is also needed to save for future expenses such as education and housing and more money is needed for risk management such as life and disability insurance. 4. Family A and family B both consist of a father, mother and two children of school age. In family A both spouses have jobs outside the home and earn a combined income of $100,000 per year. In family B, only one spouse works outside the home and earns $100,000 per year. How do the financial circumstances and decisions faced by the two families differ With two wage earners, there is less risk of a total loss of family income due to unemployment or disability than there is in a single wage earning household. The single wage earning family will probably want more disability and life insurance than the two wage earning family. On the flip side, however, the two wage earning family may need to spend extra money on child care expenses if they need to pay someone to watch the children after school. 5. Suppose we define financial independence as the ability to engage in the four basic household financial decisions without resort to the use of relative’s resour ces when making financing decisions. At what age should children be expected to become financially independent Students will have differing responses to this question depending upon their specific experiences and opinions. Most will probably say independence should come after finishing their education, and they have a significant flow of income. 6. You are thinking of buying a car. Analyze the decision by addressing the following issues: a. Are there are other ways to satisfy your transportation requirements besides buying a car Make a list of all the alternatives and write down the pros and cons. Transportation Mode Walking Pros Cons Takes a long time Destination may be too far Takes you directly where you want to go No out of pocket costs Convenient Bicycle Bus Takes you directly to where you want to go Requires physical strength and endurance No out of pocket marginal costs Convenient Destination may be too far Inexpensive May not take you directly where you want to go Reaches more distant destinations Inconvenient schedules to go Many stops, not efficient Subway Inexpensive Fast May not take you directly where you want to go Local destinations only on limited network Train Reaches distant destinations Moderately expensive May not take you directly where you want to go Airplane Reaches distant destinations Fast Most expensive Will not take you directly where you want to go b. What are the different ways you can finance the purchase of a car Finance through a bank loan or lease, finance through a car dealer with a loan or a lease or finance the car out of your own savings. c. Obtain information from at least three different providers of automobile financing on the terms they offer. d. What criteria should you use in making your decision Your decision will be to select the financing alternative that has the lowest cost to you. When analyzing the information, you should consider the following: Do you have the cash saved to make an outright purchase What interest rate would you be giving up to make that purchase Do you pay a different price for the car if you pay cash rather than financeFor differing loan plans, what is the down payment today What are the monthly payments For how long What is the relevant interest rate you will be paying Does the whole loan get paid through monthly payments or is there a balloon payment at the end Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments For differing lease plans, what is the down payment today What are the monthly payments For how long Do you own the car at the end of the lease If not, what does it cost to buy the car Do you have to buy the car at the end of the lease or is it an option Is there a charge if you decide not to buy the car What relevant interest rate will you be paying Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments Are there mileage restrictions 7. Match each of the following examples with one of the four categories of basic types of household financial decisions. At the Safeway paying with your debit card rather than taking the time to write a check Deciding to take the proceeds from your winning lottery ticket and use it to pay for an extended vacation on the Italian Riviera Following Hillary’s advice and selling your Microsoft shares to invest in pork belly futures Helping your 15-year old son learn to drive by letting putting him behind the wheel on the back road into town Taking up the offer from the pool supply company to pay off your new hot tub with a 15-month loan with zero payments for the first three months The first is the most difficult since in practice it is simply a cash transaction involving no financing. As such the purchase is a consumption decision only and the payment choice is not a financing decision. The second is also a consumption/saving decision. The third is an exchange of one financial asset for another and therefore an investment decision. The fourth is a risk-management decision since you have subjected yourself to increased risk that is not covered by insurance. The final example is a financing decision involving a loan to finance a purchase. Forms of Business Organization 8. You are thinking of starting your own business, but have no money. a. Think of a business that you could start without having to borrow any money. Any business that involves a student’s own personal service would be cheap to start up. For instance he or she could start a business running errands for others, walking their dogs, shopping etc. Along those same lines they could start some kind of consulting business. Both of these businesses could be run out of their dorm room or their own home and could be started with very little capital. If they wanted to hire additional workers, they would have to be paid on a commission basis to limit upfront expenses. b. Now think of a business that you would want to start if you could borrow any amount of money at the going market interest rate. Certainly there are many interesting businesses that could be started if one could finance 100% of the business with borrowed capital and no equity. Since you will be able to borrow 100% of the financing, you will be willing to take a lot greater risk than if you were investing your own money. c. What are the risks you would face in this business [A nswer is, of course, dependent on answer to question “b.”] d. Where can you get financing for your new business Depending upon the size of the financing needed, students should be looking for both debt and equity financing. The sources of this financing ranges from individuals and credit cards (for very small sums) to banks, venture capitalists, public debt and equity markets, insurance companies and pension funds Financial Economics Solutions Manual9. Choose an organization that is not a firm, such as a club or church group and list the most important financial decisions it has to make. What are the key tradeoffs the organization faces What role do preferences play in choosing among alternatives Interview the financial manager of the organization and check to see if he or she agrees with you. SAMPLE ANSWER: Local Church group. Most important financial decisions: Whether or not to repair damage done to church and grounds during last big hurricane (specifically repairing the leaking roof) What project to put off in order to pay for repair damage How to pay for renovations to downstairs Sunday school rooms How to increase member attendance and contributions How to organize and solicit volunteers for the annual Church Sale (largest fund raiser of the year) Key Tradeoffs and Preferences: Church group funds are severely limited, so the organization needs to prioritize expenses based upon cost and need. Not all projects that are needed will be undertaken due to the expense involved. An equally large amount of time will be spent trying to raise financing since funds inflow is variable. Since not all projects can be financed, preferences of different important individuals (such as the pastor) take on great significance in the decision-making process. Market Discipline: Takeovers 10. Challenge Question: While there are clear advantages to the separation of management from ownership of business enterprises, there is also a fundamental disadvantage in that it may be costly to align the goals of management with those of the owners. Suggest at least two methods, other than the takeover market, by which the conflict can be reduced, albeit at some cost. One way is to provide incentives for the managers so that they increase their pay when owners interests are improved. An example would be compensating managers with stock options, the value of which increase with the market value of shareholder’s interests. A second method is to more closely monitor the behavior of the managers. Outside management consultants and auditors serve this role in part particularly to the extent that they report their findings to representatives from ownership groups. Both of these solutions assume the management cannot effectively deceive markets or consultant/auditors through misleading information or actions to inflate the market value of the ownership shares or there performance records. 11. Challenge Question: Consider a poorly run local coffee shop with its prime location featuring a steady stream of potential clients passing by on their way to and from campus. How does the longtime disgruntled, sloppy and inefficient owner-manager of Cup-a-Joe survive and avoid disciplining from the takeover market This is not a question about a misalignment of the goals of the owner(s) and manager(s) of a firm since we have explicitly said the firm is owner-managed. If in fact the coffee shop is mismanaged the potential exists for an outsider to purchase a controlling interest in the operation and put more efficient management into place if the purchase price does not exceed the value of profits to be generated by the efficiently managed firm. If the present owner chooses not to sell he must value the firm for more than the value of the profits generated by an efficiently managed firm. Therefore his position in the firm must generate for him non-pecuniary benefits, or benefits unrelated to the firm’s profitability and he is therefore not a value maximizer. Perhaps he enjoys making fun of his clients or takes pride in his eclectic tastes in interior decorating. In any case the takeover market does discipline him in the sense that he will be forced to pay for his non-pecuniary benefits in the sense that he trades off profits.The same could be said of an owner-manager who lacks the required specialized skills to properly run the firm but never the less continues to operate the company inefficiently because he ‘likes’ the work! The Role of the Finance Specialist in a Corporation 12. Which of the following tasks undertaken within a corporate office are likely to fall under the supervision of the treasurer The controller Arranging to extend a line of credit from a bank Arranging with an investment bank for a foreign exchange transaction Producing a detailed analysis of the cost structure of the company’s alternative product lines Taking cash payments for company sales and purchasing . Treasury Bills Filing quarterly statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission The first two and the fourth items are responsibilities of the treasurer while the third and fifth items fall under the workload of the controller’s office. Objectives Define finance. Explain why finance is worth studying.Introduce two of the main players in the world of finance —households and firms —and the kinds of financial decisions they make. The other main players, financial intermediaries and government, are introduced in chapter 2. Contents Defining Finance Why Study Finance Financial Decisions of Households Financial Decisions of Firms Forms of Business Organization Separation of Ownership and Management The Goal of ManagementMarket Discipline: TakeoversThe Role of the Finance Specialist in a CorporationSummaryFinance is the study of how to allocate scarce resources over time. The two features that distinguish finance are that the costs and benefits of financial decisions are spread out over time and are usually not known with certainty in advance by either the decision maker or anybody else.A basic tenet of finance is that the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy people’s consumption preferences. Economic organizations such as firms and governments exist in order to facilitate the achievement of that ultimate function. Many financial decisions can be made strictly on the basis of improving the trade-offsavailable to people without knowledge of their consumption preferences.There are at least five good reasons to study finance: yyyyy To manage your personal resources. To deal with the world of business. To pursue interesting and rewarding career opportunities. To make informed public choices as a citizen. To expand your mind.The players in finance theory are households, business firms, financial intermediaries, and governments.Households occupy a special place in the theory because the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy the preferences of people, and the theory treats those preferences as given. Finance theory explains household behavior as an attempt to satisfy those preferences. The behavior of firms is viewed from the perspective of how it affects the welfare of households.Households face four basic types of financial decisions: yyy Saving decisions: How much of their current income should they save for the future Investment decisions: How should they invest the money they have saved Financing decisions: When and how should they use other people’s money to satisfy their wants andneedsy Risk-management decisions: How and on what terms should they seek to reduce the economic uncertaintiesthey face or to take calculated risksThere are three main areas of financial decision making in a business: capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital management.Financial Economics Solutions ManualThere are five reasons for separating the management from the ownership of a business enterprise: y y y Professional managers may be found who have a superior ability to run the business.To achieve the efficient scale of a business the resources of many households may have to be pooled. In an uncertain economic environment, owners will want to diversify their risks across many firms. Such efficient diversification is difficult to achieve without separation of ownership and management. y y To achieve savings in the costs of gathering information. The “learning curve” or “going concern” effect: When the owner is also the manager, the new owner has to learn the business from the former owner in order to manage it efficiently. If the owner is not the manager, then when the business is sold, the manager continues in place and works for the new owner. The corporate form is especially well suited to the separation of ownership and management of firms because it allows relatively frequent changes in owners by share transfer without affecting the operations of the firm. The primary goal of corporate management is to maximize shareholder wealth. It leads managers to make the same investment decisions that each of the individual owners would have made had they made the decisions themselves. A competitive stock market imposes a strong discipline on managers to take actions to maximize the market value of t he firm’s shares.。
金融学第二版课后习题答案
金融学第二版课后习题答案金融学第二版课后习题答案金融学是一门研究金融市场、金融机构和金融工具的学科，它对于理解和解决现代金融问题具有重要意义。
而课后习题则是帮助学生巩固所学知识、提高解决问题能力的重要工具。
本文将为读者提供金融学第二版课后习题的答案，以帮助读者更好地理解金融学的概念和理论。
第一章：金融的基本概念和职能1. 金融的基本概念是指金融的定义和范围。
金融的定义是指金融活动和金融制度的总称。
金融的范围包括金融市场、金融机构和金融工具等。
2. 金融的职能是指金融对于经济发展和社会进步的作用。
金融的主要职能包括储蓄和融资、支付和结算、风险管理和信息中介等。
第二章：金融市场1. 金融市场的分类包括货币市场、资本市场和衍生品市场等。
货币市场是指短期资金融通的市场，资本市场是指长期资金融通的市场，衍生品市场是指金融衍生品交易的市场。
2. 金融市场的功能包括资源配置、风险管理和信息传递等。
资源配置是指将资金从供给者转移给需求者的过程，风险管理是指通过金融市场进行风险的转移和分散，信息传递是指金融市场通过价格和交易信息传递经济信息。
第三章：金融机构1. 金融机构的分类包括银行、非银行金融机构和金融市场机构等。
银行是最重要的金融机构，它包括商业银行、中央银行和政策性银行等。
2. 金融机构的职能包括储蓄和融资、支付和结算、风险管理和信息中介等。
储蓄和融资是指金融机构接受存款并提供贷款的过程，支付和结算是指金融机构提供支付和结算服务的过程，风险管理是指金融机构通过风险评估和风险转移来管理风险，信息中介是指金融机构通过收集、加工和传递信息来提供金融服务。
第四章：金融工具1. 金融工具的分类包括货币工具、债券、股票和衍生品等。
货币工具是指短期借贷和短期投资的金融工具，债券是指借款人向债权人发行的债务凭证，股票是指公司向股东发行的所有权凭证，衍生品是指衍生自其他金融资产的金融工具。
2. 金融工具的特点包括流动性、收益性和风险性等。
《金融学(第二版)》(高等教育出版社)名词解释及课后习题答案
第一章货币概述货币量层次划分：货币量层次划分，即是把流通中的货币量，主要按照其流动性的大小进行相含排列，分成若干层次并用符号代表的一种方法。
价值尺度：货币在表现商品的价值并衡量商品价值量的大小时，发挥价值尺度的职能。
这是货币最基本、最重要的职能。
价格标准：指包含一定重量的贵金属的货币单位。
在历史上，价格标准和货币单位曾经是一致的，随着商品经济的发展，货币单位名称和货币本身重量单位名称分离了。
货币制度：货币制度简称“币制”，是一个国家以法律形式确定的该国货币流通的结构、体系与组织形式。
它主要包括货币金属，货币单位，货币的铸造、发行和流通程序，准备制度等。
金本位制：金本位制又称金单本位制，它是以黄金作为本位货币的一种货币制度。
其形式有三种金币本位制、金块本位制和金汇兑本位制。
无限法偿：即在货币收付中无论每次支付的金额多大，用本位币支付时，受款人不得拒绝接受，也即本位币具有无限的法定支付能力，即无限法偿。
有限法偿：有限法偿是指，货币在每一次支付行为中使用的数量受到限制，超过限额的部分，受款人可以拒绝接受。
格雷欣法则：即所谓“劣币驱逐良币”的规律。
就是在两种实际价值不同而面额价值相同的通货同时流通的情况下，实际价值较高的通货（所谓良币）必然会被人们熔化、输出而退出流通领域；而实际价值较低的通货（所谓劣币）反而会充斥市场。
6．什么是货币量层次划分，我国划分的标准和内容如何？（1）所谓货币量层次划分，即是把流通中的货币量，主要按照其流动性的大小进行相含排列，分成若干层次并用符号代表的一种方法。
（2）货币量层次划分的目的是把握流通中各类货币的特定性质、运动规律以及它们在整个货币体系中的地位，进而探索货币流通和商品流通在结构上的依存关系和适应程度，以便中央银行拟订有效的货币政策。
（3）我国货币量层次指标的划分标准主要为货币的流动性。
所谓流动性是指一种资产具有可以及时变为现实的购买力的性质。
流动性程度不同，所形成的购买力也不一样，因而对社会商品流通的影响程度也就不同。
国家开放大学(电大)金融学第1到15章作业答案
1. 采取独资、合资或合作等方式在国外建立新企业的“绿地投资”属于（ B ）投资。
、A. 国际间接投资B. 国际直接投资C. 国际金融投资 D. 国际结算2.现代金融体系建立的基础是( D. A和B )。
3. 各经济部门的金融活动及其彼此间的平衡关系可以通过( C资金流量表)来反映。
4. 在市场经济条件下，发行（ A. 政府债券）是财政最常用、最普遍的筹措资金方式。
5.（A信用证）属于贸易融资的行为。
1.发行股票属于（A）融资。
A. 外源融资B. 内源融资C. 债务融资D. 债权融资2.居民的赤字可以通过以下哪种方式弥补( B. 消费贷款)。
3.居民进行储蓄与投资的前提是( C. 货币盈余)。
4.现代社会中，不同的经济部门之间有的总体是盈余的，有的总体是赤字的，他们之间主要通过( A金融)活动来实现平衡。
5.从整体上看，（D ）是最大的金融盈余部门。
A. 企业 B. 金融机构资 C. 政府 D. 居民汇率变化常给交易人带来损失或盈利，下列（ D. 黑客入侵外汇交易系统导致损失）不属于汇率风险。
目前人民币汇率实行的是( B. 以市场供求为基础的、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制)。
国际借贷说认为本币贬值的原因是（ D. 流动债务大于流动债权）。
汇率自动稳定机制存在于( B. 国际金本位制下的)汇率制度。
在现行结售汇制度下，我国外管局每个交易日公布的汇率是（D. 中间汇率）。
汇率作为重要的金融价格，其变动会影响（ABCD ）。
A. 进出口B. 物价C. 资本流动D. 金融资产的选择属于早期汇率决定理论的是（ACDE ）。
A. 国际借贷理论 C. 利率平价理论 D. 汇兑心理说E. 购买力平价理论银行以不同方式卖出外汇时，下列正确的选项是（ABD ）。
A. 电汇汇率是外汇市场的基准汇率B. 信汇汇率低于电汇汇率D. 票汇汇率低于电汇汇率下列说法正确的是（ABE ）。
A. 直接标价法下，外币的数额固定不变，本币的数额随币值变化B. 直接标价法下，汇率越高，本币价值越低E. 间接标价法下，汇率越高，本币价值越高根据利率平价理论，下列说法正确的是（BCE ）。
金融学第二版课后答案英文版中国人民大学Bodie2_IM_Ch01
金融学第二版课后答案英文版中国人民大学Bodie2_IM_Ch01CHAPTER 1 – Financial EconomicsEnd-of-Chapter ProblemsDefining Finance1. What are your main goals in life? How does finance play a part in achieving those goals? What are the major tradeoffs you face?SAMPLE ANSWER:Finish schoolGet good paying job which I likeGet married and have childrenOwn my own homeProvide for familyPay for children’s educationRetireHow Finance Plays a Role:SAMPLE ANSWER:Finance helps me pay for undergraduate and graduate education and helps me decide whether spending the money on graduate education will be a good investment decision or not.Higher education should enhance my earning power and ability to obtain a job I like.Once I am married and have children I will have additional financial responsibilities (dependents) and I will have to learn how to allocate resources among individuals in the household and learn how to set aside enough money to pay for emergencies, education, vacations etc. Finance also helps me understand how to manage risks such as for disability, life and health.Finance helps me determine whether the home I want to buyis a good value or not. The study of finance also helps me determine the cheapest source of financing for the purchase of that home.Finance helps me determine how much money I will have to save in order to pay for my children’s education as well as my own retirement.Major Tradeoffs:SAMPLE ANSWERSpend money now by going to college (and possibly graduate school) but presumably make more money once I graduate due to my higher education.Consume now and have less money saved for future expenditures such as for a house and/or car or save more money now but consume less than some of my friendsFinancial Decisions of Households2. What is your net worth? What have you included among your assets and your liabilities? Would you list the value of your potential lifetime earning power as an asset or liability? How does it compare in value to other assets you have listed?SAMPLE ANSWER:$ ____________ (very possibly negative at this point)Assets:Checking account balanceSavings account balanceFurniture/Jewelry (watch)Car (possibly)Liabilities:Student loansCredit card balanceIf renting, remainder of rental agreement (unless sublettingis a possibility)Car payments (possibly)Students typically don’t think about the high value of their potential lifetime earning power when calculating their net worth but for young people it is often their most valuable asset.3. How are the financial decisions faced by a single person living alone different from those faced by the head of a household with responsibility for several children of school age? Are the tradeoffs they have to make different, or will they evaluate the tradeoffs differently?A single person needs only to support himself and therefore can make every financial decision on his own. If he does not want health insurance (and is willing to bear the financial risks associated with that decision) then no one will be affected by that decision other than that single person. In addition, this person needs to make no decisions about allocating income among dependents. A single person is very mobile and can choose to live almost anywhere. The tradeoffs this individual makes generally concern issues of consuming (or spending) today versus saving for consumption tomorrow. Since this person is supporting only himself, the need to save now is less important than for the head of household discussed next.T he head of household with several children must share resources (income) among dependents. This individual must be prepared to deal with risk management issues such as how to be prepared for potential financial emergencies (such as a serious health problem experienced by a member of the family or home owners insurance in case of a fire or other mishap). Because there are more people in this household than with a single person, there are greater risks that someone will get sick or injured. Andbecause there are dependents, the wage earner(s) should think carefully about life and disability insurance. In addition, the family is not as mobile as the single individual. Because of the school age children, the family might want to live near “good schools” thinking that a stronger education will eventually help those children’s future well being and financial situation. Thus, the tradeoffs for the head of household are more complex: more money is needed to consume today (he or she needs to support more dependents), but a lot more money is also needed to save for future expenses such as education and housing and more money is needed for risk management such as life and disability insurance.4. Family A and family B both consist of a father, mother and two children of school age. In family A both spouses have jobs outside the home and earn a combined income of $100,000 per year. In family B, only one spouse works outside the home and earns $100,000 per year. How do the financial circumstances and decisions faced by the two families differ?With two wage earners, there is less risk of a total loss of family income due to unemployment or disability than there is in a single wage earning household. The single wage earning family will probably want more disability and life insurance than the two wage earning family. On the flip side, however, the two wage earning family may need to spend extra money on child care expenses if they need to pay someone to watch the children after school.5. Suppose we define financial independence as the ability to engage in the four basic household financial decisions without resort to the use of relative’s resources when making financing decisions. At what age should children be expected to becomefinancially independent?Students will have differing responses to this question depending upon their specific experiences and opinions. Most will probably say independence should come after finishing their education, and they have a significant flow of income.6. You are thinking of buying a car. Analyze the decision by addressing the following issues:a.Are there are other ways to satisfy your transportation requirements besides buying a car? Make a list ofall the alternatives and write down the pros and cons.Transportation Mode Pros ConsWalking ?Takes you directly where you wantto goNo out of pocket costsConvenient ?Takes a long time ?Destination may be too far Bicycle ?Takes you directly to where youwant to goNo out of pocket marginal costsConvenient ?Requires physical strength and endurance ?Destination may be too farBus ?InexpensiveReaches more distant destinations ?May not take you directly where you want to go ?Inconvenient schedules to go ?Many stops, not efficientSubway ?InexpensiveFast ?May not take you directly where you want to goLocal destinations only on limited networkTrain ?Reaches distant destinations ?Moderately expensive May not take you directly whereyou want to goAirplane ?Reaches distant destinationsFast ?Most expensiveWill not take you directly where you want to gob. What are the different ways you can finance the purchase of a car?F inance through a bank loan or lease, finance through a car dealer with a loan or a lease or finance the car out of your own savings.c. Obtain information from at least three different providers of automobile financing on the terms they offer.d. What criteria should you use in making your decision?Your decision will be to select the financing alternative that has the lowest cost to you.When analyzing the information, you should consider the following:Do you have the cash saved to make an outright purchase? What interest rate would you be giving up to make that purchase? Do you pay a different price for the car if you pay cash rather than finance?For differing loan plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? What is the relevant interest rate you will be paying? Does the whole loan get paid through monthly payments or is there a balloon payment at the end? Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? ?For differing lease plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? Do you own the car at the end of the lease? If not, what does it cost to buy the car? Do you have to buy the car at the end of the lease or is it an option? Is there a charge if you decide not to buy the car? What relevant interest rate will you be paying? Are taxesand/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? Are there mileage restrictions?7. Match each of the following examples with one of the four categories of basic types of household financial decisions.At the Safeway paying with your debit card rather than taking the time to write a checkDeciding to take the proceeds from your winning lottery ticket and use it to pay for an extended vacation on the Italian RivieraFollowing Hillary’s advice and selling your Microsoft shares to invest in pork belly futuresHelping your 15-year old son learn to drive by letting putting him behind the wheel on the back road into townTaking up the offer from the pool supply company to pay off your new hot tub with a 15-month loan with zero payments for the first three monthsThe first is the most difficult since in practice it is simply a cash transaction involving no financing. As such the purchase is a consumption decision only and the payment choice is not a financing decision. The second is also a consumption/saving decision. The third is an exchange of one financial asset for another and therefore an investment decision. The fourth is a risk-management decision since you have subjected yourself to increased risk that is not covered by insurance. The final example is a financing decision involving a loan to finance a purchase.Forms of Business Organization8. You are thinking of starting your own business, but have no money.a.Think of a business that you could start without having to borrow any money.A ny business that involves a student’s own personal service would be cheap to start up. For instance he or she could start a business running errands for others, walking their dogs, shopping etc. Along those same lines they could start some kind of consulting business. Both of these businesses could be run out of their dorm room or their own home and could be started with very little capital. If they wanted to hire additional workers, they would have to be paid on a commission basis to limit upfront expenses.b. Now think of a business that you would want to start if you could borrow any amount of money at the going market interest rate.Certainly there are many interesting businesses that could be started if one could finance 100% of the business with borrowed capital and no equity. Since you will be able to borrow 100% of the financing, you will be willing to take a lot greater risk than if you were investing your own money.c. What are the risks you would face in this business?[Answer is, of course, dependent on answer to question “b.”]d. Where can you get financing for your new business?Depending upon the size of the financing needed, students should be looking for both debt and equity financing. The sources of this financing ranges from individuals and credit cards (for very small sums) to banks, venture capitalists, public debt and equity markets, insurance companies and pension funds9. Choose an organization that is not a firm, such as a club or church group and list the most important financial decisions it has to make. What are the key tradeoffs the organization faces? What role do preferences play in choosing among alternatives?Interview the financial manager of the organization and check to see if he or she agrees with you.SAMPLE ANSWER:Local Church group. Most important financial decisions:Whether or not to repair damage done to church and grounds during last big hurricane (specifically repairing the leaking roof)What project to put off in order to pay for repair damageHow to pay for renovations to downstairs Sunday school roomsHow to increase member attendance and contributionsHow to organize and solicit volunteers for the annual Church Sale (largest fund raiser of the year)Key Tradeoffs and Preferences:C hurch group funds are severely limited, so the organization needs to prioritize expenses based upon cost and need. Not all projects that are needed will be undertaken due to the expense involved. An equally large amount of timewill be spent trying to raise financing since funds inflow is variable. Since not all projects can be financed, preferences of different important individuals (such as the pastor) take on great significance in the decision-making process.Market Discipline: Takeovers10. Challenge Question: While there are clear advantages to the separation of management from ownership of business enterprises, there is also a fundamental disadvantage in that it may be costly to align the goals of management with those of the owners. Suggest at least two methods, other than the takeover market, by which the conflict can be reduced, albeit at some cost.One way is to provide incentives for the managers so that they increase their pay when owners interests are improved. An example would be compensating managers with stock options, the value of which increase with the market value of shareholder’s interests. A second method is to more closely monitor the behavior of the managers. Outside management consultants and auditors serve this role in part particularly to the extent that they report their findings to representatives from ownership groups. Both of these solutions assume the management cannot effectively deceive markets or consultant/auditors through misleading information or actions to inflate the market value of the ownership shares or there performance records.11. Challenge Question:Consider a poorly run local coffee shop with its prime location featuring a steady stream of potential clients passing by on their way to and from campus. How does the longtime disgruntled, sloppy and inefficient owner-manager of Cup-a-Joe survive and avoid disciplining from the takeover market? This is not a question about a misalignment of the goals of the owner(s) and manager(s) of a firm since we have explicitly said the firm is owner-managed. If in fact the coffee shop is mismanaged the potential exists for an outsider to purchase a controlling interest in the operation and put more efficient management into place if the purchase price does not exceed the value of profits to be generated by the efficiently managed firm. If the present owner chooses not to sell he must value the firm for more than the value of the profits generated by an efficiently managed firm. Therefore his position in the firm must generate for him non-pecuniary benefits, or benefits unrelated to the firm’s profitability and he is therefore not avalue maximizer. Perhaps he enjoys making fun of his clients or takes pride in his eclectic tastes in interior decorating. In any case the takeover market does discipline him in the sense that he will be forced to pay for his non-pecuniary benefits in the sense that he trades off profits.The same could be said of an owner-manager who lacks the required specialized skills to properly run the firm but never the less continues to operate the company inefficiently because he ‘likes’ the work!The Role of the Finance Specialist in a Corporation12. Which of the following tasks undertaken within a corporate office are likely to fall under the supervision of the treasurer? The controller?Arranging to extend a line of credit from a bankArranging with an investment bank for a foreign exchange transactionProducing a detailed analysis of the cost structure of the company’s alternative product linesTaking cash payments for company sales and purchasing U.S. Treasury BillsFiling quarterly statements with the Securities and Exchange CommissionThe first two and the fourth items are responsibilities of the treasurer while the third and fifth items fall under the workload of the controller’s office.Objectivesy Define finance.y Explain why finance is worth studying.y Introduce two of the main players in the world of finance—households and firms—and the kinds of financial decisions theymake. The other main players, financial intermediaries and government, are introduced in chapter 2.Contents1.1Defining Finance1.2Why Study Finance?1.3Financial Decisions of Households1.4Financial Decisions of Firms1.5Forms of Business Organization1.6Separation of Ownership and Management1.7The Goal of Management1.8Market Discipline: Takeovers1.9The Role of the Finance Specialist in a CorporationSummaryFinance is the study of how to allocate scarce resources over time. The two features that distinguish finance are that the costs and benefits of financial decisions are spread out over time and are usually not known with certainty in advance by either the decision maker or anybody else.A basic tenet of finance is that the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy people’s consumption preferences. Economic organizations such as firms and governments exist in order to facilitate the achievement of that ultimate function. Many financial decisions can be made strictly on the basis of improving the trade-offs available to people without knowledge of their consumption preferences.There are at least five good reasons to study finance:y To manage your personal resources.y To deal with the world of business.y To pursue interesting and rewarding career opportunities.y To make informed public choices as a citizen.y To expand your mind.The players in finance theory are households, business firms, financial intermediaries, and governments. Households occupy a special place in the theory because the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy the preferences of people, and the theory treats those preferences as given. Finance theory explains household behavior as an attempt to satisfy those preferences. The behavior of firms is viewed from the perspective of how it affects the welfare of households.Households face four basic types of financial decisions:y Saving decisions: How much of their current income should they save for the future?y Investment decisions: How should they invest the money they have saved?y Financing decisions: When and how should they use other people’s money to satisfy their wants and needs?y Risk-management decisions: How and on what terms should they seek to reduce the economic uncertainties they face or to take calculated risks?There are three main areas of financial decision making in a business: capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital management.There are five reasons for separating the management from the ownership of a business enterprise: y Professional managers may be found who have a superior ability to run the business.y To achieve the efficient scale of a business the resources of many households may have to be pooled.y In an uncertain economic environment, owners will want to diversify their risks across many firms. Such efficient diversification is difficult to achieve without separation ofownership and management.y To achieve savings in the costs of gathering information.y The “learning curve” or “going concern” effect: When the owner is also the manager, the new owner has to learn the business from the former owner in order to manage it efficiently. If the owner is not the manager, then when the business is sold, the manager continues in place and works for the new owner.The corporate form is especially well suited to the separation of ownership and management of firms because it allows relatively frequent changes in owners by share transfer without affecting the operations of the firm.The primary goal of corporate management is to maximize shareholder wealth. It leads managers to make the same investment decisions that each of the individual owners would have made had they made the decisions themselves.A competitive stock market imposes a strong discipline on managers to take actions to maximize the market value of the firm’s shares.。
金融学兹维博迪第二版 第一章答案
CHAPTER 1 – Financial EconomicsEnd-of-Chapter ProblemsDefining Finance1. What are your main goals in life? How does finance play a part in achieving those goals? What are the major tradeoffs you face?SAMPLE ANSWER:Finish schoolGet good paying job which I likeGet married and have childrenOwn my own homeProvide for familyPay for children’s educationRetireHow Finance Plays a Role:SAMPLE ANSWER:Finance helps me pay for undergraduate and graduate education and helps me decide whether spending the money on graduate education will be a good investment decision or not.Higher education should enhance my earning power and ability to obtain a job I like.Once I am married and have children I will have additional financial responsibilities (dependents) and I will have to learn how to allocate resources among individuals in the household and learn how to set aside enough money to pay for emergencies, education, vacations etc. Finance also helps me understand how to manage risks such as for disability, life and health.Finance helps me determine whether the home I want to buy is a good value or not. The study of finance also helps me determine the cheapest source of financing for the purchase of that home.Finan ce helps me determine how much money I will have to save in order to pay for my children’s education as well as my own retirement.Major Tradeoffs:SAMPLE ANSWERSpend money now by going to college (and possibly graduate school) but presumably make more money once I graduate due to my higher education.Consume now and have less money saved for future expenditures such as for a house and/or car or save more money now but consume less than some of my friendsFinancial Decisions of Households2. What is your net worth? What have you included among your assets and your liabilities? Would you list the value of your potential lifetime earning power as an asset or liability? How does it compare in value to other assets you have listed?SAMPLE ANSWER:$ ____________ (very possibly negative at this point)Assets:Checking account balanceSavings account balanceFurniture/Jewelry (watch)Car (possibly)Liabilities:Student loansCredit card balanceIf renting, remainder of rental agreement (unless subletting is a possibility)Car payments (possibly)Students typically don’t think about the high value of their potential lifetime earning power when calculating their net worth but for young people it is often their most valuable asset.3. How are the financial decisions faced by a single person living alone different from those faced by the head of a household with responsibility for several children of school age? Are the tradeoffs they have to make different, or will they evaluate the tradeoffs differently?A single person needs only to support himself and therefore can make every financial decision on his own. If he does not want health insurance (and is willing to bear the financial risks associated with that decision) then no one will be affected by that decision other than that single person. In addition, this person needs to make no decisions about allocating income among dependents. A single person is very mobile and can choose to live almost anywhere. The tradeoffs this individual makes generally concern issues of consuming (or spending) today versus saving for consumption tomorrow. Since this person is supporting only himself, the need to save now is less important than for the head of household discussed next.The head of household with several children must share resources (income) among dependents. This individual must be prepared to deal with risk management issues such as how to be prepared for potential financial emergencies (such as a serious health problem experienced by a member of the family or home owners insurance in case of a fire or other mishap). Because there are more people in this household than with a single person, there are greater risks that someone will get sick or injured. And because there are dependents, the wage earner(s) should think carefully about life and disability insurance. In addition, the family is not as mobile as the single individual. Because of the school age children, the family might want to live near “good schools” thinking that a stronger education will eventually help those children’s future well being and financial situation. Thus, the tradeoffs for the head of household are more complex: more money is needed to consume today (he or she needs to support more dependents), but a lot more money is also needed to save for future expenses such as education and housing and more money is needed for risk management such as life and disability insurance.4. Family A and family B both consist of a father, mother and two children of school age. In family A both spouses have jobs outside the home and earn a combined income of $100,000 per year. In family B, only one spouse works outside the home and earns $100,000 per year. How do the financial circumstances and decisions faced by the two families differ?With two wage earners, there is less risk of a total loss of family income due to unemployment or disability than there is in a single wage earning household. The single wage earning family will probably want more disability and life insurance than the two wage earning family. On the flip side, however, the two wage earning family may need to spend extra money on child care expenses if they need to pay someone to watch the children after school.5. Suppose we define financial independence as the ability to engage in the four basic household financial decisions without resort to the use of relative’s resources when making financing decisions. At what age should children be expected to become financially independent?Students will have differing responses to this question depending upon their specific experiences and opinions. Most will probably say independence should come after finishing their education, and they have a significant flow of income.6. You are thinking of buying a car. Analyze the decision by addressing the following issues:a. Are there are other ways to satisfy your transportation requirements besides buying a car? Make a list ofall the alternatives and write down the pros and cons.Transportation Mode WalkingPros ConsTakes a long timeDestination may be too far Takes you directly where you wantto goNo out of pocket costsConvenientBicycle Bus Takes you directly to where youwant to goRequires physical strength andenduranceNo out of pocket marginal costsConvenientDestination may be too farInexpensive May not take you directly whereyou want to goReaches more distant destinationsInconvenient schedules to goMany stops, not efficientSubway InexpensiveFast May not take you directly where you want to goLocal destinations only on limited networkTrain Reaches distant destinations Moderately expensiveMay not take you directly whereyou want to goAirplane Reaches distant destinationsFast Most expensiveWill not take you directly where you want to gob. What are the different ways you can finance the purchase of a car?Finance through a bank loan or lease, finance through a car dealer with a loan or a lease or finance the car out of your own savings.c. Obtain information from at least three different providers of automobile financing on the terms they offer.d. What criteria should you use in making your decision?Your decision will be to select the financing alternative that has the lowest cost to you.When analyzing the information, you should consider the following:Do you have the cash saved to make an outright purchase? What interest rate would you be giving up to make that purchase? Do you pay a different price for the car if you pay cash rather than finance?For differing loan plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? What is the relevant interest rate you will be paying? Does the whole loan get paid through monthly payments or is there a balloon payment at the end? Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments?For differing lease plans, what is the down payment today? What are the monthly payments? For how long? Do you own the car at the end of the lease? If not, what does it cost to buy the car? Do you have to buy the car at the end of the lease or is it an option? Is there a charge if you decide not to buy the car? What relevant interest rate will you be paying? Are taxes and/or insurance payments included in the monthly payments? Are there mileage restrictions?7. Match each of the following examples with one of the four categories of basic types of household financial decisions.At the Safeway paying with your debit card rather than taking the time to write a checkDeciding to take the proceeds from your winning lottery ticket and use it to pay for an extended vacation on the Italian RivieraFollowing Hillary’s advic e and selling your Microsoft shares to invest in pork belly futuresHelping your 15-year old son learn to drive by letting putting him behind the wheel on the back road into townTaking up the offer from the pool supply company to pay off your new hot tub with a 15-month loan with zero payments for the first three monthsThe first is the most difficult since in practice it is simply a cash transaction involving no financing. As such the purchase is a consumption decision only and the payment choice is not a financing decision. The second is also a consumption/saving decision. The third is an exchange of one financial asset for another and therefore an investment decision. The fourth is a risk-management decision since you have subjected yourself to increased risk that is not covered by insurance. The final example is a financing decision involving a loan to finance a purchase. Forms of Business Organization8. You are thinking of starting your own business, but have no money.a. Think of a business that you could start without having to borrow any money.Any business that involves a student’s own personal service would be cheap to start up. For instance he or she could start a business running errands for others, walking their dogs, shopping etc. Along those same lines they could start some kind of consulting business. Both of these businesses could be run out of their dorm room or their own home and could be started with very little capital. If they wanted to hire additional workers, they would have to be paid ona commission basis to limit upfront expenses.b. Now think of a business that you would want to start if you could borrow any amount of money at the going market interest rate.Certainly there are many interesting businesses that could be started if one could finance 100% of the business with borrowed capital and no equity. Since you will be able to borrow 100% of the financing, you will be willing to take a lot greater risk than if you were investing your own money.c. What are the risks you would face in this business?[Answer is, of course, dependent on answer to question “b.”]d. Where can you get financing for your new business?Depending upon the size of the financing needed, students should be looking for both debt and equity financing. The sources of this financing ranges from individuals and credit cards (for very small sums) to banks, venture capitalists, public debt and equity markets, insurance companies and pension funds9. Choose an organization that is not a firm, such as a club or church group and list the most important financial decisions it has to make. What are the key tradeoffs the organization faces? What role do preferences play in choosing among alternatives? Interview the financial manager of the organization and check to see if he or she agrees with you.SAMPLE ANSWER:Local Church group. Most important financial decisions:Whether or not to repair damage done to church and grounds during last big hurricane (specifically repairing the leaking roof)What project to put off in order to pay for repair damageHow to pay for renovations to downstairs Sunday school roomsHow to increase member attendance and contributionsHow to organize and solicit volunteers for the annual Church Sale (largest fund raiser of the year)Key Tradeoffs and Preferences:Church group funds are severely limited, so the organization needs to prioritize expenses based upon cost and need. Not all projects that are needed will be undertaken due to the expense involved. An equally large amount of timewill be spent trying to raise financing since funds inflow is variable. Since not all projects can be financed, preferences of different important individuals (such as the pastor) take on great significance in the decision-making process.Market Discipline: Takeovers10. Challenge Question: While there are clear advantages to the separation of management from ownership of business enterprises, there is also a fundamental disadvantage in that it may be costly to align the goals of management with those of the owners. Suggest at least two methods, other than the takeover market, by which the conflict can be reduced, albeit at some cost.One way is to provide incentives for the managers so that they increase their pay when owners interests are improved. An example would be compensating managers with stock options, the value of which increase with the market value of shareholder’s interests. A second method is to more closely monitor the behavior of the managers. Outside management consultants and auditors serve this role in part particularly to the extent that they report their findings to representatives from ownership groups. Both of these solutions assume the management cannot effectively deceive markets or consultant/auditors through misleading information or actions to inflate the market value of the ownership shares or there performance records.11. Challenge Question: Consider a poorly run local coffee shop with its prime location featuring a steady stream of potential clients passing by on their way to and from campus. How does the longtime disgruntled, sloppy and inefficient owner-manager of Cup-a-Joe survive and avoid disciplining from the takeover market? This is not a question about a misalignment of the goals of the owner(s) and manager(s) of a firm since we have explicitly said the firm is owner-managed. If in fact the coffee shop is mismanaged the potential exists for an outsider to purchase a controlling interest in the operation and put more efficient management into place if the purchase price does not exceed the value of profits to be generated by the efficiently managed firm. If the present owner chooses not to sell he must value the firm for more than the value of the profits generated by an efficiently managed firm. Therefore his position in the firm must generate for him non-pecuniary benefits, or benefits unrelated to the firm’s profitability and he is therefore not a value maximizer. Perhaps he enjoys maki ng fun of his clients or takes pride in his eclectic tastes in interior decorating. In any case the takeover market does discipline him in the sense that he will be forced to pay for his non-pecuniary benefits in the sense that he trades off profits.The same could be said of an owner-manager who lacks the required specialized skills to properly run the firm but never the less contin ues to operate the company inefficiently because he ‘likes’ the work!The Role of the Finance Specialist in a Corporation12. Which of the following tasks undertaken within a corporate office are likely to fall under the supervision of the treasurer? The controller?Arranging to extend a line of credit from a bankArranging with an investment bank for a foreign exchange transactionProducing a detailed analysis of the cost structure of the company’s alternative product linesTaking cash payments for company sales and purchasing U.S. Treasury BillsFiling quarterly statements with the Securities and Exchange CommissionThe first two and the fourth items are responsibilities of the treasurer while the third and fifth items fall under the workloa d of the controller’s office.ObjectivesDefine finance.Explain why finance is worth studying.Introduce two of the main players in the world of finance—households and firms—and the kinds of financial decisions they make. The other main players, financial intermediaries and government, are introduced in chapter 2.ContentsDefining Finance1.11.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Why Study Finance?Financial Decisions of HouseholdsFinancial Decisions of FirmsForms of Business OrganizationSeparation of Ownership and ManagementThe Goal of ManagementMarket Discipline: TakeoversThe Role of the Finance Specialist in a CorporationSummaryFinance is the study of how to allocate scarce resources over time. The two features that distinguish finance are that the costs and benefits of financial decisions are spread out over time and are usually not known with certainty in advance by either the decision maker or anybody else.A basic tenet of finance is that the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy people’s consumption preferences. Economic organizations such as firms and governments exist in order to facilitate the achievement of that ultimate function. Many financial decisions can be made strictly on the basis of improving the trade-offs available to people without knowledge of their consumption preferences.There are at least five good reasons to study finance:To manage your personal resources.To deal with the world of business.To pursue interesting and rewarding career opportunities.To make informed public choices as a citizen.To expand your mind.The players in finance theory are households, business firms, financial intermediaries, and governments. Households occupy a special place in the theory because the ultimate function of the system is to satisfy the preferences of people, and the theory treats those preferences as given. Finance theory explains household behavior as an attempt to satisfy those preferences. The behavior of firms is viewed from the perspective of how it affects the welfare of households.Households face four basic types of financial decisions:Saving decisions: How much of their current income should they save for the future?Investment decisions: How should they invest the money they have saved?Financing decisions: When and how should they use other people’s money to satisfy their wants and needs?Risk-management decisions: How and on what terms should they seek to reduce the economic uncertainties they face or to take calculated risks?There are three main areas of financial decision making in a business: capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital management.There are five reasons for separating the management from the ownership of a business enterprise:Professional managers may be found who have a superior ability to run the business.To achieve the efficient scale of a business the resources of many households may have to be pooled.In an uncertain economic environment, owners will want to diversify their risks across many firms. Such efficient diversification is difficult to achieve without separation of ownership and management.To achieve savings in the costs of gathering information.The “learning curve” or “going concern” effect: When the owner is also the manager, the new owner has to learn the business from the former owner in order to manage it efficiently. If the owner is not the manager, then when the business is sold, the manager continues in place and works for the new owner.The corporate form is especially well suited to the separation of ownership and management of firms because it allows relatively frequent changes in owners by share transfer without affecting the operations of the firm.The primary goal of corporate management is to maximize shareholder wealth. It leads managers to make the same investment decisions that each of the individual owners would have made had they made the decisions themselves.A competitive stock market imposes a strong discipline on managers to take actions to maximize the market value of the firm’s shares.。
博迪莫顿版金融学(第二版)课后习题答案,DOC
金融学（第二版）答案博迪默顿第一章课后习题答案一.我的生活目标：●完成学业●退休3，当我结5，?2，现在消费更多为以后比如买房，买车或储蓄留置很少的钱还是现在消费很少，甚至少于我的许多朋友二.答案样例：净值＝资产－负债$__________(很可能会被低估)资产包括:经常帐户余额储蓄存款帐户余额家具设备，首饰类（如表）车（如果有的话）负债包括：学生贷款信用卡结余的差额各种租用金的协定（不包括转租）应付车款在计算净值时学生会特别地排除了他们一生潜在的赚钱能力的价值三．一个单身汉之需要养活他自己，所以他可以独立自主的作出金融决策。
如果他不想购买健康保险（而愿意承担由这个决定而带来的金融风险）那么除了这个单身汉自身，没谁会受这个决定的影响。
另外，他不需要在家庭成员之间分配收入这件事上做任何决定。
单身汉是很灵活自由的，可以选择住在几乎任何地方。
他主要是在今天的消费（开支）和为明天储蓄之间做出权衡决策。
既然他只需要养活他自己，那么他储蓄的重要性就比对一家之主的重要性小。
有许多孩子的一家之长必须在这些家庭成员中分配资源[或者说是收入].他们必须随时准备着处理各种风险,比如说潜在财政危机的突然发生[诸如家庭成员经历的严重健康问题,或者因为火灾和其他疏忽导致的保险问题].因为在一般一个家庭里人会比较多,有些人生病或受伤的风险就会更大.并且因为家庭中有许多依赖性的个体,所以薪水收入者得认真地考虑生活和残疾保险.还有,家庭并不像个体那样富有机动性,这是因为有了适龄儿童的缘b.1银行借贷2汽车经销商借贷或租赁3个人储蓄C（略）d你应该从可选择的融资方式中选择成本最小的一种。
当你分析的时候，你应该考虑以下方面：1你是否有足够的现金储蓄去购买？为了买车，你必须放弃的利息？你付现金和贷款所付是否不同？2对于不同的贷款方式，首付金额是多少？月付多少？付多久？相关利息是多少？整个贷款是按月还清，还是期末一次还清？税收和保险费是否包括在月付款中？3对于不同的租赁方式，首付金额是多少？月付多少？付多久？在租赁期末你是否拥有车？如果不拥有，买车要花多少？在租赁期末你是否必须得买车？你是否拥有优先购买权？如果你不买车你是否得付钱？相关利息是多少？税收和保险费是否包括在月付款中？是否有里程限制？七．a为学生们提供个人服务可能是个低成本的选择。
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第一章思考题A、B、C详解1.1 答案详解：A金银作为自然的产物，其只有在人类社会出现之后才作为货币，因此金银天然不是货币，B选项错误。
货币的本质是一般等价物，贝壳、铜在历史上都曾经做过货币，因此C选项错误。
金银只有在作为货币使用时才能作为一般等价物。
D选项也错误。
综合，A说法正确。
1.2 答案详解：A纸币是由国家发行的、强制使用的货币符号。
纸币的发行数量、面值等等都是由国家决定的，体现着一个国家的货币政策。
但是，货币的购买力不是由国家或者法律决定的，而是由货币发行数量和经济发展状况决定的。
如果生产力水平不变，社会生产出的总的商品数量不变，而流通中的货币数量为原来的两倍，那么商品的价格也会变成原来的两倍，此时每种面值的货币只代表原来一半的价值。
因此选A。
1.3 答案详解：ACDF在商品交换过程中，价值形式的发展经历的四个阶段有简单的价值形式、扩大的价值形式、相对价值形式、一般价值形式。
参见第一章第一节有关内容1.4 答案详解：银行券指由银行发行的以信用作为保证的可以兑现的银行票据，是以银行信用为担保所产生的一种信用工具银行券有其自身的发展历程。
开始时为安全的缘故，一些人将金银交由从事货币兑换业务的商铺保存，商铺则给客户开出相应收据，并承诺随时提取原有数量的金银；后来，由于交易和支付日益频繁，人们可以使用保管凭条进行直接收付，这就是银行券的雏形。
随着商业信用的不断扩大和发展，商业票据的运用范围日益广泛，但持票人只能到期才能兑现自己所持有的商业票据。
为了解决持票人临时需要资金的问题，银行进行金融创新，开展贴现业务，并且当银行的现款不足以支付持票人时，银行可以使用自己发行的银行券来支付。
1.5 答案详解：当货币在生活中日益重要时，一般说来，作为货币的商品有如下四个基本特征：一是价值比较高，这样可用较少的媒介完成较大量的商品交换；二是易于分割，一方面分割之后不会减少它的价值，另一方面分割成本较低，以便于同价值高低不等的商品交换；三是易于保存，即在保存过程中不会损失价值，费用很低；四是便于携带，以利于扩大化的商品交易。
随着交换的发展，对以上特征的要求越来越高，这样世界各地历史上比较发达的民族，基本都用金属充当。
作为币材的金属主要是金、银、铜，而铁作为货币的情况较少。
货币的流通及其曾经的货币形态的演变都遵循了上述四个基本特征的要求，然而随着现代社会的发展，商品交换深度和广度的加深，其形态越来越先进。
2.1答案详解：第一，作用形式不同。
流通手段伴随着商品的实际交换，是交易过程的一部分。
也就是说买方在取得商品劳务的同时便支付了货币，完成整个交换过程。
而支付手段的货币在支付时没有商品劳务与货币的同时转移，其独立于交易之外的，用以结束交易过程。
买方使用商品劳务时并未支付等价的货币，而是赊买。
第二，产生的社会经济状况不同。
流通手段产生于商品流通初期，商品交换刚开始发展。
而支付手段产生于商品经济较发达时，货币的职能已经扩大。
第三，影响不同。
流通手段无法逃离物物交换的局限性，而支付手段出现后克服了“一手交钱，一手交货”的缺点，进一步促进了商品交换。
但同时它也使商品经济矛盾更加复杂，形成债务链条。
当债务不能偿还时，有可能引发危机。
2.2答案详解：这是国家通过法律对于本币辅币赋予的不同支付能力。
(1)无限法偿指国家赋予本国本位币的一种无限制清偿的能力。
本位币是一国最为基本的通货，是法定的计价和结算货币，本位币的面值应该实际金属价值一致的，是足值货币。
法律规定，当债务人用本位币偿还债务时，不论每次支付的数额多大，不论是何种性质的支付，接受方都不得拒绝接受。
如使用非本位币支付时，对方可以要求改用其他货币。
(2)有限法偿指法律规定一国辅币所具有的有限清偿的能力。
辅币是本位货币单位之外的小额货币，一般仅供零星交易和找零之用，辅币往往用贱金属制造，其为非足值货币，实际价值低于名义价值。
为了防止辅币阻碍本位币，国家法律规定，每次支付时一定限额之内用辅币支付，如超过一定金额，对方可以拒绝接受偿付。
为了能使过多发行的辅币自发流回国库中，法律还规定，可以用任意数量辅币向国家纳税，也可以用任意数量辅币向政府兑换本币。
总之，有限法偿和无限法偿的区别在于支付能力的不同，这种区别是由于法律规定的不同人为造成的，而不是自发形成的结果，反映的是国家意志。
而具有不同法偿能力的货币在社会经济中地位不同，一般而言，无限法偿货币是本位，而有限法偿货币多为辅币。
2.3答案详解：国际货币制度即国际货币体系，是各国货币关系以及国际间进行各种交易支付所依据的一套规定。
国际货币制度通常是由各国政府共同约定。
各参与国都应自觉维护和遵守。
理想的国际货币制度应该能够保证国际货币秩序的稳定，提供足够的国际清偿能力并保持各国对于国际储备资产的信心，保证国际收支的失衡能得到有效而稳定的调节，从而促进国际贸易和国际经济活动的发展。
3.1答案详解：一、制度自身的缺陷。
以美元为中心的国际货币制度崩溃的根本原因，是这个制度本身存在着不可解脱的矛盾。
在这种制度下，美元作为国际支付手段与国际储备手段，发挥着世界货币的职能。
二、美元危机与美国经济危机频繁爆发。
资本主义世界经济此消彼长，美元危机是导致布雷顿森林体系崩溃的直接原因。
对中国的启示：首先，我们要加快推进人民币国际化。
我们面临的最有可能发生的情景是，各国央行的货币储备将进行巨大调整。
人民币国际化之后，也将成为各国央行的储备资产。
这种结构性的货币调整，将影响到各种货币的比值，各国货币之间的再平衡就会慢慢出现。
这一情形可能比金本位复辟更为现实。
因此，人民币国际化的进程，决定了中国经济在新货币体系中的分量。
其次，我们要加强在黄金市场上的话语权。
从数量上来看，中国已经有1054吨黄金了，国家排名居第六位，但从与外汇储备中占比看，份额并不大，只有1.6%，份额是明显偏低的。
毕竟，黄金对于国家经济实力和货币的国际化的信用保障优势是显而易见的。
第二章思考题A、B、C详解1.1 A信用的偿还性是债权人贷出实物或货币资金，信用关系结束时则按一定方式得到返回。
1.2 AD 信用的基本形式只有两种1.3 ABC个人借款从事经营活动属于经营活动，企业将商品赊卖给另一家企业属于交易活动。
2.1直接融资(深圳大学2009研)答：直接融资，对应于“间接融资”，亦称“直接金融”，是指的没有企融中介机构介入的资金融通方式。
在这种融资方式下，资金盈余单位通过直接与资金需求单位协议，或在金融市场上购买资金需求单位所发行的有价证券，将货币资金提供给需求单位使用。
直接融资包括：商业信用、企业发行股票和债券，以及企业之间、个人之间的借贷。
与间接金融相比，直接融资是直供资金的方式，投融资双方都有较多的自由。
对投资者来说收益较高，对筹资者来说成本却又比较低。
但由于筹资人资信程度很不一样，造成了债权人承担的风险程度不一样，且部分直接金融资金具有不可逆性。
2.2简述信用的主要形式，并说明加快发展我国消费信用的意义。
(华中科技大学2002研)答：(1)信用指未来偿还商品赊销或商品借贷的一种承诺，是对债权债务关系的约定。
它以信任为基础，以商品货币的使用权为交易标的，以还本付息为条件，以利益最大化为目标，是价值运动的特殊形式，主要形式有：①商业信用。
指的是企业之间提供的与商品交易相联系的一种信用形式，典型形式有赊销、赊购、分期付款等。
是严格单向的信用方式，规模上有局限。
②银行信用。
指银行或其他金融机构以货币形态提供的一种信用形式，建立在商业信用基础上的间接信用，克服了前者的规模局限性。
③国家信用。
以国家为主体，向社会公众和国外政府机构发行债券或借入资金的一种信用形式，分为国内信用和国外信用。
按期限可分为国库券、中期国债和长期国债，按发行方式可分为公开征募和银行承销。
主要体现方式有中央政府债券、地方政府债券和政府担保债券。
④消费信用。
是企业、银行和其他金融机构向消费者个人提供的用于满足其消费需求的一种信用形式，包括实物信用和货币信用，主要形式有赊销、分期付款和消费信贷。
⑤租赁信用。
指租赁公司或其他出租者将租赁物的使用权出租给承租人，并在租期内收取租金到期收回出租物的一种信用形式，实质是实物信用，主要有经营性租赁、融资性租赁和服务性租赁。
⑥国际信用。
指国与国之间相互提供的一种信用形式，主要形式有出口信贷、政府信贷、国际金融组织贷款、商业贷款、补偿贸易等等。
国际信用促进了国际贸易的发展，加强了各国之间的经济联系。
(2)消费信贷作为一种重要的信用方式，其基本功能表现如下：①促进经济增长。
消费信贷向目前尚不具备消费能力的人提供信用，实现消费意愿，增加了即期的有效消费，扩大了总需求，从而刺激了生产。
②引导消费方向。
消费信用一般针对耐用消费品，这类商品价值较高，能够一次性购买的人较少。
消费信用形式能够创造更多的需求，使消费者接受这类商品。
③提升商业银行竞争力。
商业银行的优质企业客户逐渐转向资本市场，为了开拓新的业务领域，银行已经更加重视推广消费信贷，提升银行自身的竞争力。
(3)我国的消费信用起步较晚，但加快发展消费信贷已经表现出其特别的积极意义。
①扩大有效需求，促进经济增长。
我国内需不足，经济增长进入瓶颈，通胀严重，加之整个国际经济形势不佳，净出口下降，必须扩大内需以刺激经济增长。
②启动新的消费热点，改善人民生活。
目前我国大部分消费者对耐用消费品的需求已经基本满足，但对汽车住房等奢侈品的消费动力不足。
借助消费信贷，形成消费能力，加快启动消费热点，有助于提高生活水平。
③配合各项改革顺利进行。
当前我国陆续出台许多改革措施，对个人生活形成冲击。
例如住房限购；教育产业化要求每个享受高等教育的人都必须交纳学费等。
④促进商业银行资产多元化。
目前我国商业银行对企业贷款业务逐渐萎缩，尤其是我国商业银行坏账增多，消费信贷将成为商业银行的新利润增长点，有利于资产多元化，分散风险。
3.1 在股权融资火爆的今天，请比较分析企业各种融资方式的优劣。
答：一般而言，企业的资本来源是由内部自有资金和外部资金组成，其筹资方式可分为内部筹资和外部筹资两大类。
1 外部筹资筹集外部资金有两种基本途径，一种是发行新的股票IPO，另一种是发行债券，其中有一部分资金具有混合性特点，比如优先股、认股权、可转换证券等。
①普通股筹资普通股是构成新事业最基本的资金来源，也是其他筹资方式的基础，从发行企业的角度，它具有以下优缺点。
普通股筹资的优点：①普通股筹资没有固定的利息负担。
企业有盈余，并认为适合分配股利，就分给股东；若企业盈余较少，或虽有盈余但资金短缺或有更有利的投资机会，可不支付或少支付股利。
②普通股没有固定的到期日，利用普通股筹集的是永久性资金，除非企业清算才需偿还，它对保证企业最低的资金需求有重要意义。