中西文化复习要点 final final
人管专业 中西文化期末复习
一、中西方文化起源的差异：从地理环境分析：中国：大河文明；西方：大海文明。
二、中国文化自然基础：幅员辽阔、腹地纵深；地形地貌复杂多样；半封闭边缘地形。
三、西方文化的自然基础：在欧洲的自然环境中，海洋是一个至关重要的因素。
地貌特征：山岭沟壑；海岸曲折、港湾众多；全境被分割成若干孤立的小区域。
四、华夏大地上的农耕文明：1、考古发现证明农耕在华夏文明进程中的重要作用；2、神话传说体现农耕文化的特征；3、与农业有关的工程；4、崇尚男耕女织的生活方式；5、游牧名族与农耕名族的互动；6、长期被忽视的工商业和贸易。
五、以血缘家庭为纽带的中国传统社会：“家国同构”:即家庭、家族与国家在组织结构方面的共同性。
“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”反映了“家”与“国”之间这种同质联系。
（一）“家天下”的宗法制度：即血缘宗法制度，是中国古代解决职权和财产分配、维护世袭统治秩序的一种制度。
《尔雅·释亲》即把由同一高祖父传下的四代子孙称为宗族。
宗法制度的完备和确立在西周建立以后。
西周宗法制度的创立者是周公。
1、周公确立的宗法制的内容：（1）嫡长子继承制：西周以来确立的王位继承方式，是中国古代宗法制度的核心。
优：定名分，即王位早有归属，一个嫡长子，杜绝了兄弟之间为争王位而造成的祸乱。
弊：嫡长子继承王位是天经地义，他的贤与不贤不在考虑之列。
（2）封邦建国制（分封制）：由宗法制度直接衍发出来的一种巩固政权的制度，由周人创立。
出发点和目的：“封建亲戚，以藩屏周”。
企图以血缘纽带巩固政权。
往往造成诸侯割据，连年征战不止。
（3）宗庙祭祀制度：核心：强调尊祖敬宗，家族本位。
2、宗法制度对国民性格的塑造：（1）倾心于安居乐业，缺乏创业意识。
（2）崇敬祖先。
（3）尊重传统。
（二）大一统的专制体制：1、以武力为先导，靠武力起家，凭武力坐天下，控制宗教势力，专制时间漫长。
2、经济基础稳固：君主专制制度的经济基础是自给自足的农耕经济。
3、君主专制中央集权走向极端：中国封建社会君主专制的集权制度，经历的形式：秦设三公；隋唐三省六部；明代的内阁；清代的军机处。
中外文化交流知识点总结
中外文化交流知识点总结
嘿呀！今天咱们来好好聊聊中外文化交流这个超级有趣的话题呀！
首先呢，咱们得搞清楚啥是中外文化交流？哎呀呀，简单说就是中国和外国的文化相互学习、相互影响呗！这可太重要啦！
第一，语言交流可是个关键呀！哇，英语、汉语，还有各种小语种，它们都是交流的桥梁呢！咱们学外语，外国人学汉语，通过语言能更好地了解彼此的思想和文化，你说是不是？
第二，艺术方面的交流也不得了！像中国的书法、绘画、戏曲，外国的油画、雕塑、歌剧。
哎呀呀，互相欣赏、互相借鉴，让艺术的世界更加丰富多彩！
第三，美食文化的交流那叫一个诱人呀！中国的八大菜系闻名世界，外国的披萨、汉堡、寿司也走进了咱们的生活。
尝一尝不同国家的美食，感受不同的风味，这多棒呀！
第四，传统节日也是文化交流的重要部分呢！中国的春节、中秋节，外国的圣诞节、感恩节。
大家一起分享节日的快乐，增进彼此的感情，多好哇！
第五，教育交流也不能忽视呀！中国学生去国外留学，外国学生来中国深造。
互相学习不同的教育理念和方法，这能让咱们的知识更丰富，视野更开阔，是不是很厉害？
哎呀呀，中外文化交流的好处简直数都数不完！它让我们开阔了眼界，丰富了生活，还促进了世界的和平与发展呢！哇，这可真是太重要啦！
所以说呀，咱们要积极参与中外文化交流，多了解其他国家的文化，也把咱们优秀的文化传播出去，让世界变得更加美好！怎么样，是不是对中外文化交流有了更深刻的认识呀？。
中西方文化比较复习资料2012.11.25
一：文化与文明文化性质和特征：：：：1、我们赞成把文化看做具有多层次结构的有机系统。
2、我们把民族性和地域性看做五年后的重要特征。
3、文化还具有规则性。
4、文化是历史承继的，它能够通过代代相传的不断积累，形成特定的文化传统。
5、尽管我们已承认每一种特定的文化都具有维护其持续性与稳定性的内在力量，但我们还是要指出：一定民族的文化形态是可以变迁的文化的广义和狭义：广义的文化，是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，也就是说，人类改造自然和社会过程中所创造的一切，都属于文化的范畴。
狭义的文化，是指社会的意识形态，即精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等等，同时也包括社会制度和组织机构。
三：中西方文化中西文化的不同地理差异和自然条件对文化形成的影响：：：：中：1 首先是幅员辽阔、腹地纵深。
辽阔的土地不仅为我们的祖先提供了完全自足的生存条件，而且蕴藏着雄厚的发展潜能，使他们能不断地自我调节和更新，并且进退裕如。
2 其次是复杂的地形地貌。
这些都滋养了中华文化众彩纷呈的特殊，为华夏多民族、多源流、多侧面的亚文化系统的形成创造了条件。
3 第三是气候温暖湿润。
这种气候为各种植物的生长和农耕文明的发展提供了十分优厚的自然条件。
4 第四是半封闭的边缘地形。
促使中华文化能够沿着自己的方向独立发展，创造与众不同的文化品格和文明成果，并能保持自成一体的延续性。
但在一定程度上主旨了华夏文明的不断进步。
西：1 陆地狭窄而多山地带，土地贫瘠加上气候不利于粮食的生长。
因而很难形成完全自足的农业经济，因而他们不得不转向大海讨生活。
2 地中海地区特色的海洋地理和周边环境。
开放的地理环境和具有较高文化势能的周边文明又为古希腊罗马文明的成长提供了丰富的养料和宝贵的经验。
3 古希腊自然地理的第三个特征是它的全境被各种天然屏障分割成若干孤立的小区域。
这种特殊的地理，产生了希腊独特的城邦制社会结构，多方向、多民族共生的富于变化的文化聚集，也陶冶了希腊民族崇尚自由和个性独立的基本性格。
中外文化比较知识点总结大全
中外文化比较知识点总结大全中外文化比较是一门研究文化差异与相似之处的学科，涉及到语言、宗教、价值观念、社会习俗、饮食文化、艺术等方方面面。
通过了解中外文化比较的知识点，我们可以更好地理解不同文化之间的差异和联系。
下面是中外文化比较的知识点总结大全。
1. 语言和文字中文是象形文字，属于孤立语系，与英语、法语等属于屈折语系的西方语言有很大不同。
西方语言注重语法和语法规则，而中文更注重词语和字义的蕴含和体现。
此外，西方语言中存在语言敏感区，如英语中的句式结构和词汇搭配，而中文则注重情感和抒发方式。
2. 宗教与价值观念中西方的宗教和价值观念有很大差异。
西方主要信奉基督教，强调责任和个人自由，追求个人美德和幸福。
而中国则以佛教、道教和儒教为主，重视礼仪、忠诚和家庭观念。
此外，西方主张个人主义，而中国更注重集体主义。
3. 社会习俗社交礼仪是中外社会习俗的一部分。
例如，西方国家在见面时通常握手，而中国则习惯以鞠躬或握手相迎。
西方国家的餐厅文化注重个体用餐，而中国则强调共享食物，家庭餐桌上常见的“盆菜”就是一个例子。
4. 饮食文化西方国家的饮食文化注重食物的种类和口味的混搭，如意大利的披萨、法国的奶酪和美国的汉堡等，而中国注重荤素搭配，以米饭和面食为主食，配以各种菜肴。
此外，中西方对饮食的烹饪方式和餐桌礼仪也有很大差异。
5. 艺术艺术是文化传承和表达的方式之一。
中西方艺术在题材、表现手法和审美标准上存在差异。
西方艺术注重个体表达和情感宣泄，具有更强烈的个人主义色彩，而中国艺术强调意境和整体美。
6. 教育与学习方式在教育和学习方式上，中西方也存在差异。
西方注重培养学生的创新能力和批判思维，鼓励学生自由探索和建立独立思考能力。
而中国传统教育更重视记忆和传统知识的传承，注重集体主义和考试成绩。
7. 社会结构和价值观念在社会结构和价值观念方面，中西方有各自不同的特点。
西方社会注重个人的独立性和个人权利，而中国社会注重家庭和社会集体的利益。
中西文化专题末考复习提纲
汉译英文化自大、民族中西主义Ethnocentrism文化能力cultural competence少数民族ethnic minorities批判性思维critical thinking天人感应Heaven and Man interact with each other.天怒人怨Nature is angry while people resentful《旧约全书》Old Testament耶稣复活the Resurrection of Jesus Christ论语The Analects中庸The Doctrine of the Mean获得荣誉;赢得声望Win / Gain Laurels爱惜名声;保持记录Look to One's Laurels坐享清福;光吃老本Rest on One's Laurels艰巨的任务a Herculean task故意拖延的策略A Penelope's Web / the web of Penelope 希腊神话Greek Mythology荷马史诗Homeric Hymns /Homer's Epic《理想国》《the Republic》社交礼仪Social Etiquette传统节日Traditional Festivals重阳节Double Ninth Festival元宵节Lantern Festival;中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival端午节Dragon Boat Festival七夕Double Seventh Festival精卫填海Jingwei reclamation女娲补天Nüwa mends the sky夸父追日Kuafu chases the Sun盘古开天Pangu creates the world中国书法Chinese Calligraphy国画Chinese Painting文房四宝Four treasures of the study民间表演艺术Folk Performing Arts八大菜系Eight Regional Cuisines餐桌礼仪Table Manners红茶black tea趁热打铁to strike while the iron is hot有其父必有其子Like father, like son物以类聚，人以群分Birds of a feather flock together旁观者清the onlookers see most of the games善意的谎言White lies记忆犹新to keep one's memory green挥金如土spend money like water沧海一粟/九牛一毛a drop in the ocean人皆有得意之日Every dog has his day老人学不了新东西Old dog will not learn new tricks以眼还眼，以牙还牙an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth 恶有恶报sow the wind and reap the whirlwind高语境High context个人主义Individualism低语境Low context灾难之源Pandora's box权力距离Power distance将临的危险The Sword of Damocles不确定性规避Uncertainty avoidance一段艰难的旅程An odyssey告别演出Swan song女性特征Femininity莫逆之交Damon and Pythias内奸/木马计The Trojan horse实用主义Pragmatism恋母情结Oedipus complex农历The lunar calendar牛郎织女the cowboy and the weaving maid 苏格拉底Socrates柏拉图Plato剑桥大学Cambridge University亚里士多德Aristotle牛津大学Oxford University学院Academy京师大学堂Imperial University of Peking 填鸭式教育spoon-fed education春秋时期the Spring and Autumn period人际关系Interpersonal relationship战国时期The Warring States period建筑Architecture鸦片战争the Opium War哥特式Gothic善良的人A white man昂贵又没用的东西White elephant加牛奶的咖啡White coffee眼红Green-eyed金钱的力量green power火上浇油add fuel to the flames最珍爱之人或物apple of one’s eyes软硬兼施the carrot and the stick文化冰山cultural iceberg压岁钱red envelops/packets烟花炮竹fireworks and firecrackers团年饭the New year reunion dinner舞龙舞狮dragon dance and lion dance 走亲戚visiting relatives岁岁平安Peace all year round万事如意May all go well with you一帆风顺Wish you every success福寿双全Live long and proper和气生财Harmony brings wealth圣诞市场Christmas market春节联欢晚会The Spring Festival Gala 春联Spring Festival Couplets剪纸paper-cuts坚贞不渝with a Penelope faith红颜祸水Helen of Troy不和的根源An Apple of Discord致命弱点Achilles’ heel孝悌filial piety and fraternal duty信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance希腊三贤Ancient Greek Three-yin常青藤大学The Ivy League湘菜Hunan Cuisine糖醋排骨Fried Sweet and Sour Pork Ribs麻婆豆腐Stir-fried tofu in hot sauce红烧狮子头Stewed pork ball in brown sauce回锅肉twice-cooked pork slices世界遗产world heritage银河the Milky Way剪纸paper cut京剧Beijing opera简答题1.How do you understand culture?2. What is culture shock?3. Do you know a fluent fool?4. What do you know about a religion in the world?5. Do you know any Greek myth?6. Can you list some etiquette during a western dinner?7. Can you introduce one of Chinese traditional festival?8. Do you know some phrases about color in English?9. Can you briefly introduce the history of western architecture?10. What western festival is most popular in China and why?11.How well do you know your chopstick etiquette?12. Why are we called “the descendants of Yan and Huang”?13. What is the historical background of Thanksgiving day? what is traditional food in Thanksgiving?14. What are the chief characteristics of Greek mythology?15. Can you tell a Greek mythology story ？16. What is the influence of Greek mythology on western culture?17. What’s the cultural difference between Chinese Long and Western dragon?18. What is the tower of Babel? and what is the significance of the story?19. What is Confucianism? What can you learn from Confucianism?20. What is cultural connotation of number seven in western culture?21．In your opinion, what is the primary purpose of higher education?22. How to build positive relationships with people?23. What are the differences between the Chinese food and Western food?24. What is proper serving etiquette in a formal western dinner?25. What are the differences between Chinese poetry and Western poetry?案例分析题1.ExceptionsRead the following letter:I’m a graduate student in the US, and to make enough money to pay for my food, I have to work as a guard at the university library at night.Last week one of my friends, Lin, came to the library after hours. He told me that he had left his notebook in the library and needed it to study for a test the next day. I told Lin that according to the rules I wasn’t supposed to let anyone in, but he begged me and said that if he didn’t get his notes there was no way he could pass the test. He was my friend and I knew he wouldn’t steal anything. I also didn’t feel like I could say no, so I let him in. Unfortunately, just then my supervisor came by and saw Lin going in, so he stopped Lin and then started fawning me out in front of Lin for not following the rules. I tried to explain the situation, but that only seemed to make my supervisor angrier. He said it didn’t matter if Lin was my friend or not, so I just shut up and let him scold me.I think my supervisor was very unreasonable to be so picky and critical, and I don’t think he should have yelled at me, especially in front of Lin. Why couldn’t he understand why I let Lin in? Questions:What would you do in such a situation? Why?How would you deal with the “emotional hurt”resulting from the supervisor’s response and “loss of face”?2. Wrong answerWhen I was a freshman I had an American teacher. One day when we were on the subject of poetry by Shakespeare, he chose me to answer a difficult question. I said, “Sorry, I don’t know.”I expected him to go on and ask another student as my Chinese teachers would do.To my surprise he spent the rest of the class (a nightmare for me) explaining how childish my answer was. “As an adult, you should at least have some idea about a question, no matter how difficult it is. Even though your answer is totally wrong, it is much better than “I don’t know.’”Questions:Can you explain why the student chose to say “I don’t know”in the class?Can you explain why the teacher got annoyed by the student’s answer?What do you think is the cultural difference that has caused this culture shock?3. Xiaoxin and Peter are newly-weds. Though they spent a lot of time with each other before getting married, they never really lived together. There are some minor problems that occur. One day Peter came home looking unhappy.“What happened?”Xiaoxin asked.“Nothing much, I’m just very tired,”Peter said.“I can tell that it’s more than that.”Peter gave her a quiet look, went into the bedroom and threw himself on the bed.Xiaoxin followed him in and said, “Don’t you want to talk about it?”“No, I don’t.”Peter yelled.Xiaoxin was in tears. Her husband seemed to have become a stranger to her.Questions for discussion:Why does Peter refuse to tell Xiaoxin the fact?What would happen if Xiaoxin married to a Chinese husband?4. Joe is an American Professor in an American university. Two years ago, he made friends with Hong, a Chinese visiting scholar. Joe was invited by Hong’s university for a five-day visit to give lectures.Joe was very excited about the trip, as it was his first time in China. Hong met him at the airport, put him up in a very nice hotel, and arranged a big dinner for him. At the end of the evening, Hong gave him the itinerary for the next few days. Apart from the lectures, all this time would be filled with meals, concerts, shopping and a one-day trip to a nearby resort, all paid by Hong’s university.Joe was grateful to Hong and the host department who took great care of him during his visit. At the end of the visit, he insisted on treating Hong and the Department Chair to dinner to thank them, but they said a dinner has been arranged. Joe was very frustrated. He was not very happy atthe dinner, and did not show any enthusiasm when the Department Chair said that they hoped Joe would come back for another visit. When he flew back to the U.S.A., he complained to the person next to him on the plane, “While in China, I sometimes felt like a prisoner.”Questions for discussions:Why do you think Joe felt like a prisoner when he was in China?What do you think is the appropriate way we should treat our foreign friends?5. Share it or not?Wang Liang worked in a Sino-German Joint Venture. One day, on his way to the coffee, he found that Wolfgang, one of his German colleagues, had seemingly gotten rather involved in a newspaper. Out of curiosity, Wang came up to Wolfgang so he could glance at the newspaper. Then he asked, “Which one are you reading? Is it interesting/”But all of a sudden, Wolfgang lost his temper and began to complain about Wang’s invasion of his privacy, and demanded an apology from him. Wang felt rather upset, keeping explain that he had not realized that his behavior was rude. After this, whenever Wang stepped toward Wolfgang, he would soon cover up what he was doing, or stand up to keep a clear distance with Wang. Wang Liang got very confused, wondering why his friendly behaviors aroused such hostility in his colleague.Discussion:Why did Wolfgang get angry?How would you react to Wang Liang’s behavior?6. Conversation during mealsWang Ming lives in Slat Lake City next door to Bob and Helen. He has been invited to a dinner party at their home. Wang Ming knows that Bob was recently in hospital and is concerned about his health. When everyone is seated at the dinner table, Wang Ming turns to Bob and says, “Bob, how are you feeling?”Discussion:1. What subject is discussed at the dinner table in this case that is not appropriate, especially in the United States?2. Is this a subject that is not discussed at the dinner table in China?7. Simple can be specialWenhong had an American professor in her economics class in China. She had given the professor a lot of help during the course. At the end of the semester, the professor and his wife invited her to their home for dinner. They said they were going to cook her an American meal. Wenhong felt very flattered and excited, since McDonald, KFC and Pizza Hut had been her only exposure to western cooking. They had salad to start with, then steak with potatoes, followed by ice cream. Wenhong had expected more courses but the meal came to an end. She knew the professor and his wife were being so kind to her, but somewhat she was a little disappointed. She wondered whether American do eat like that at home.Questions for discussions:How many dishes would you prepare to treat a friend if you invited him or her to home?Was the professor unwilling to invite Wenhong to his home? Why did he treat Wenhong with such a simple meal?8. Iris is an American and has married a Chinese researcher，Ren Hua. They have a three-year-old son，Dave. One morning before breakfast，Iris kept asking Dave to choose between two different breakfast cereals and two different kinds of fruit juice．Dave was busy playing with a toy and wasn’t listening to her. Then Ren Hua told Iris that it wasn’t necessary or proper to ask a child to choose his／her breakfast，and it was better just to give him what she thinks is best for him．Iris was puzzled，and argued that a child should be given the right to choose.1．What’s the problem?2．Why were they disagreeing?9. Are You Mad at Me?Jeff was pleased to have been assigned an international student as his roommate in his second year at a small liberal arts college in the US．Ji Bing was an easy-going guy，a good listener，warm-hearted，and always ready for a new experience．He appreciated Jeff’s explanations of American life and unfamiliar language，Jeff didn’t think Ji Bing was anymore difficult to get along with than the American room-mate he had the year before，except that he seemed to want to study more than Jeff was used to and he sometimes borrowed Jeff’s things without asking first．One night Jeff was working on a project that required some artwork, Ji Bing was at his desk studying for a test．Jeff’s scissors were just too dull to do the job，So he asked Ji Bing，“Sorry to bother you while you’re studying，but could I use your scissors for a while?”Ji Bing said，“Sure，”opened his desk drawer and handed Jeff the scissors．“Thanks，thanks a lot，”Jeff said．A few minutes later Jeff decided that his crayons were not going to do the trick．He addressed his roommate again：“Sorry to bug you again，but these crayons make this look like kindergarten．You know those colored pencils you have? Would it be OK if I used them for my project?”Ji Bing got up and got them off the shelf and said，“Help yourself，”and went back to reading as Jeff thanked him．After another few minutes，Jeff said，“I must be driving you crazy, but have you got any glue or tape? Promise I’ll buy you another roll．”Ji Bing handed Jeff a role of tape that was on his desk saying．“Use as much as you want．I don ’t need it．”“Appreciate it．”mumbled Jeff as he went back to h is project．Ji Bing went back to his reading．As Jeff was finishing his project he noticed that Ji Bing was watching him．He looked up and was surprised to hear his Chinese roommate ask him in a plaintive tone, “Are you angry at me?”“Of course not.”Jeff replied，“what makes you think that?”1．Why does Ji Bing suspect that Jeff is angry?2．What answer will Ji Bing give to Jeff’s question?3．What are the differences in what American and Chinese young people expect from their friends?4. Give advice to both Jeff and Ji Bing about how to handle their problem.10. Steve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to eat lunch with him. But afterthe semester was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former classmates didn't see each other very much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve. Steve didn't seem very interested in talking to him. Yaser was hurt by Steve's change of attitude. "Steve said we were friends," Yaser complained. "And I said friends were friends forever.What was wrong in the relationship between Yaser and Steve? Do you think it is reasonable for one to conclude from such an experience like Yaser's that Americans are fickle in friendship?11. Who to hang the coat?Read the conversation between Litz (an English speaker) and Lin (a Chinese) Litz: (opens the door) Oh, Lin, how nice you could come!Lin: It's not difficult to find your house.Litz: Come on in.Lin: (comes in)Litz: Can I take your coat?Lin: No, thanks. (Takes off her coat and hangs it)Question for discussion: Why did Lin refuse Litz’s offering of taking her coat? Why did Litz feel upset?Possible answer: Chinese and Westerners have different cultural values. Lize was hurt because Lin did not let her hang her coat. Litz's offering to hang Lin's coat is one of Litz's way to show her hospitality. On Lin's side, she thought that Litz was her supervisor and that it was not appropriate to let her supervisor hang her coat.12. A complaint letter (adopted from Gu Yueguo, Cross-cultural communication, p. 138-139) Dear James,Teaching in China is a real pleasure, but people here can sometimes be a little mean with their hospitability. Yesterday I was invited to an official banquet in the evening by the university. As you know, I enjoy Chinese food and would have loved to have gone, but for some reason Janet was not included in the invitation. Naturally I couldn’t’t accept and leave the dear old wife at home so I had to make an excuse to get out of it. Can’t think why they should want to snub her in that way, but it has made both of us feel that we are not really welcome...Andy Questions for discussion:Why did Andy interpret the invitation as a negative one?If you are an official banquet organizer in China, would you include Andy’s wife in the invitation? If you are one in the West, would you include her?13. Is smiling always the right thing?Peter is the general manager of an American company in China. Recently, Jun Chen, one of the Chinese managers made a mistake at work that caused difficulties that required a considerable effort to fix. Jun Chen was very upset about what had happened and came to Peter’s office to make an apology. With a smile on his face, he said, “Peter, I’ve been very upset about the trouble I’ve caused to the company. I’m here to apologize for my mistake. I’m terribly sorry about it and I want you to know that it will never happen again.”He looked at Peter with thesmile he had been wearing since he walked into the office. Peter found it hard to accept the apology.He looked at Jun Chen and asked, “Are you sure?”“Yes, I’m very sorry and I promise this won’t happen again,”smiling even more broadly than before.“I am sorry but I simply cannot accept your apology. You don’t look sorry at all!”Peter said angrily.Jun Chen’s face turned red. He had not in the least expected Peter to react negatively. He was desperate to make himself understood. “Peter,”he managed to smile again, “trust me, no one could feel sorrier than I do about it.”Peter was furious by now, “If you are that sorry, how can you still smile?”Questions for discussions:Why did Jun Chen wear a smile when he made the apology?Do you think it reasonable that Peter became so angry with Jun Chen? Why or why not?What are the different interpretations of a smile by the two people involved in this situation.14. Posture in the classroomMr. Cohen is a expatriate teacher form the United States teaching in a university in China. He likes to conduct his class in a very casual way. This is particularly noticeable in the way he dressed and sits in class. He invariably wears jeans and a T-shirt and sits on the teacher’s desk with his legs stretched out and his two feet resting on the edge of the student’s desk in front of him. Once the senior teacher responsible for teaching affairs spoke to him about his very informal posture in class and told him that it was not acceptable, Mr. Cohen was annoyed at this criticism as he felt that by acting in this way in class he would help students to relax more and be ready to talk more. Questions for discussions:What do you think of the posture adopted by Mr. Cohen in class? Do your teachers adopt the similar posture in class?What do you think of his view that this would encourage students to talk more and profit more from the oral interaction with a native speaker of English?15. The movie “The Guasha Treatment” is based on a real story of a Chinese family living in the U.S. A. Xu Datong was a successful Chinese immigrant. His father visits his family and performs Guasha, a traditional Chinese medical practice to treat his grandson Dennis. Though painless, the treatment left red marks on the skin. Soon the Child Welfare Agency accuses the family of child abuse and take the boy away from them. ….Questions for discussion after viewing the movie:1. Why does Xu Datong invite his friend John to be his lawyer, although Johan is not familiar with family law? What can we learn from it about Chinese culture?2. Why does Xu Datong tell the judge he performed Guasha on Dennis, not his father? What can we learn from it about Chinese culture?3. Who shall we ask for help when we get into legal troubles, our relatives, friends, or a lawyer?。
中西文化比较知识点
中西文化比较知识点1、乾嘉学派：乾隆嘉庆年间，注重考据的经学派别，重实证；又称朴学（学风严谨朴实）；亦称汉学（推崇汉代古文经学的朴实学风），“实事求是，无征不信”；A、兴起原因：经济物质条件的成熟；文化教育的专制主义，大兴文字狱；笼络政策，辅佐以繁琐考据为治学方法的汉学；西学的传入B、学术特点：专心致志于名物训诂，典章制度的考订、整理、归纳；方法为比较，对校；最大弊病——过分追求追根求源，为考证而考证，流于烦琐，并且长于考证，疏于思辩（中国学问的现状——学问家多，思想家少）；治学内容以经学为中心；重视自然科学技术的研究段玉裁《六书音韵表》《诗经小学》毛泽东：康熙是第一个学习西方语言和科技的开明君主。
C、评价：戴震、章太炎的思想解放意义不亚于孟德斯鸠、卢梭；胡适：17世纪中西知识领袖在科学精神和方法方面非常相像，差别在于西方用自然材料而中国学者用书本知识；郭沫若：朴学是考证之学的成果；章太炎：学问以语言为本质，即音韵训诂；2、西方语言学理论1)Linguistic turn 许多学科转到以研究语言为基础和方法，如哲学、文学、社会学，2)历史比较语言学：比较方言或亲属语言的差异，以探索语言发展的规律。
通过几种方言或亲属语言的差别比较，找出相互间的语言对应关系，确定语言间的亲属关系和这种亲属关系的亲疏远近，然后拟测或重建他们的共同源头——原始形式。
3)格里姆定律：日尔曼语辅音转移的规律；4)汪荣宝与华梵对勘，《歌戈鱼虞模古读考》：唐宋以上，凡歌戈韵之字都读a音不读o音。
即汉语用戈翻译梵语的a5)萨皮尔——沃尔夫假说：语言决定思维；语言相对论，一种语言的特点不存在于其他语言；使用两种语言的文化不可能对世界有同样的看法（GU：有些过头）。
人文相似处多而自然相似处少，因而人文科学侧重差异研究，自然科学侧重共性研究。
6)事物被语言人文分割：语言本身带有局限性，只能表现出事物最突出的特点，而不能够反映事物与周围事物的关系。
中西文化史期末复习资料-推荐下载
中西文化史复习资料1、古希腊和古罗马分别给后世留下了哪些文化遗产？古希腊：史诗与喜剧--《荷马史诗》，戏剧建筑（与雕塑）艺术--雅典娜神庙，帕特农神庙 哲学与史学--苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德古希腊：原始宗教和神话--宙斯 文学与史学--《伊尼特》（《埃涅阿斯纪》）维吉尔，拉丁文，李维《罗马史》塔西佗《历史》《编年史》《日耳曼尼亚志》凯撒《高卢战记》 建筑--古罗马圆形斗兽场，帕第奥奇神庙（万神庙） 法律--《十二铜表法》基督教的兴起与传播--《圣经》上帝耶和华，复活节，感恩节，圣诞节2.你怎样理解德国法学家耶林所说的古罗马人的三次征服世界？德国著名法学家耶林在他所著的《罗马法精神》一书中说：“罗马帝国三次征服世界，第一次以武力，第二次以宗教（指基督教），第三次以法律。
”武力因罗马帝国的灭亡而消失，宗教随着人民思想觉悟的提高，科学的发展而缩小影响，唯有法律征服世界是最为持久的征服。
3.如何看待基督教与欧洲封建社会的关系？欧洲封建社会的精神支柱是基督教。
4.中国古文字与中国社会形态演变的关系？汉字结构，数量，读音，字义的自然流变，汉字的规范化问题1、书写形式越来越多2、笔画模式的越来越多3、书写方式的越来越多社会流变：无统一的规定，国家未统一，且各个国家未制定汉字书写的标准人们对社会与自然的认识不断增长，文字需要适应社会生产生活的变化5.乡土文化的保护问题？在经济日益发展的今天，乡土文化作为文化的基本单元，正处于被忽视和被破坏的境地，因此，保护和传播乡土文化成为新世纪的文化要求，理应成为未来关注文化发展的主线之一。
1、乡土文化具有强大的生命力，若能在乡土文化中注入新时代的因素，便可助其发扬光大，为保护民族优秀传统文化做出一份贡献。
2、乡土文化自远古发展和流传至今，承载着人们世代的价值观和伦理道德，这种植根于普通民众的文化，具有最初的最原始的艺术生命形式。
3、乡土文化所提供的资源，往往是推动当地经济发展、丰富当地文化生活的重要因素。
中西文化概论 复习资料
1，《周易》文化一词出自《说苑》2，1871年，英国人类学家泰勒《原始文化》第二个ppt郡县制时代公元前221年，秦正式确立郡县制为全国统一的行政区划，直至东汉末年，相继沿革400余年。
郡、县作为行政区划单位，均出现于春秋时期，县早而郡晚，县小而郡大，县近而郡远，县重而郡轻。
战国时期，逐渐形成以郡统县的两级地方行政区域。
郡、县不同于封地，它们是国君直接管辖下的地方行政区域，郡守和县令由国君任免，一般不得世袭，其职责拥有对其辖境的治民、征赋、征兵、赏罚的权力，直接对国君负责，地方行政权力开始集中于国君之手，这标志中央集权政治体制的萌生。
但春秋战国时期，分封制仍是占主体的政治体制，全国还未能形成统一的中央集权政治体制，郡县制的产生只是其补充和改革。
州制时代东汉中平五年（公元188年），州由监察体制转变为行政区实体，历经三国、两晋、南北朝直至隋代，长达四百余年，我国古代行政区划由郡（国）县二级制演变为州、郡（国）、县三级制。
东汉政府改州刺史为州牧，凡重要者由中央九卿（朝廷重臣）充任州牧，直接掌握一州军事、行政、民政等大权，位于郡守之上，非九卿所领之州仍称州刺史。
道路制时代由于南北朝州、郡滥置，导致州制行政区划的衰落，尽管隋初着力整顿，结束了州、郡滥置的现象，但已难挽救其衰败。
唐代与隋相似，州、郡两名称曾迭相改用。
但值得注意的是，唐朝最高行政机构不是州或郡，而是“道”。
唐朝初年，道仅是一种监察区划，至唐玄宗时，才发展为行政区划，成为凌驾于州县之上的地方最高一级行政单位，从而使唐代地方行政体制由州、县两级制转变为道、州、县三级制。
宋代沿袭唐制，仅将“道”改名为“路”，这表明我国唐宋时代的地方行政区划进入道路制时代，先后长达600年左右。
省制时代自元代开始，我国地方行政区划进入省制时代，省作为地方最高一级行政单位，历经元、明、清三代，直至当今。
元代实行省、路、府（州），县四级制。
明代地方行政区划仍采取省制，但也有变化，即取消宋代始置的路一级行政机构，实行省、府、州、县四级制和省、府、县三级制，而以前者为主。
中西文化概论期末复习资料
中西文化概论期末复习资料1.阿口客琉斯是西方文化史上的第一人，他身上包含着古希腊人的特征，爱冒险，爱斗争，崇尚智慧和个人主义。
他有着忘我的残忍的斗争精和天真、温柔、善良的情感。
2.百家争鸣的政治因素：社会大变革，礼崩乐坏，各诸侯国割据混战，招纳贤士，想要运用不同学说使自己的国家强大起来。
百家争鸣的文化因素：打破了“学在官府”的局面，使原来由贵族垄断的学术下放到民间，私学兴起。
百家争鸣学术自由的因素：各学术团体与政治群体相对独立，并不再是政治的附庸。
3.汉语“文化”一词，从语源意义看，来自《易·贲》：“观乎天文以察时变，观乎人文以化成天下。
”“人文化成”已含孕了“文化”的基本含义。
4.滋养中国文化的经济基础与社会政治结构：（一）重农固本（二）宗法制度与君主专制---中央集权其一，在家族层面形成了以血缘关系为基本纽带的完备“宗法制”以及在国家政治结构层面确立了君主专制和中央集权制。
其二，所谓宗法制是指以家族为中心，依照血统的远近来区别亲属与否的一种法则。
其三，从周成王开始正式推行宗法制的核心制度------嫡长子继承制。
其四，宗法制最终在中国催生了一种“家国同构”的政治模式。
5.学界将传说时代的多元共生文化划分为三大文化集团：其一，以黄河中游为活动中心的华夏集团，代表首领是黄帝和炎帝。
其二，以黄河下游和东部沿海为活动中心的东夷集团，代表首领是蚩尤等。
其三，以长江、汉水为活动中心的苗蛮集团，代表首领是祝融、伏羲和女娲。
6.中华文明五千年历史便是从黄帝开始计算的。
7.春秋战国-----------礼崩乐坏与百家争鸣：其一，周平王迁都洛邑，史称东周。
其二，社会的剧烈变革有利于思想的解放创新，最终使中国文化进入了第一个高峰-------“百家争鸣”时期。
8.郡县时代的开启：自称“始皇帝”的嬴政，确立了皇帝之命为“制”，令为“诏”后，颁布了一系列被后世所采纳的政策，如设立三公（主持政权的丞相，主持军权的太尉，主持监察权的御史大夫）九卿。
西方文化概论复习汇总知识点汇总
西方文化概论复习汇总知识点汇总西方文化概论复习汇总：知识点梳理与解析引言西方文化概论是人文社科领域的一门重要课程，它旨在帮助学生了解西方文化的起源、演变和发展。
在全球化日益深入的今天，了解西方文化对于培养具有国际视野的人才具有重要意义。
本文将结合课程内容，对西方文化概论的知识点进行梳理和解析。
主题词汇总在西方文化概论课程中，涉及众多主题词，以下是对部分关键词的汇总：1、古希腊文明：包括神话、哲学、艺术、政治制度等方面。
2、古罗马文明：包括建筑、法律、文学、宗教等方面。
3、中世纪文明：包括基督教文化、封建制度、骑士精神等方面。
4、文艺复兴：包括人文主义、艺术风格、科学进步等方面。
5、启蒙运动：包括理性主义、自由主义、科学思想等方面。
6、现代主义：包括文化、艺术、文学、建筑等方面。
7、后现代主义：包括解构主义、消费文化、多元文化等方面。
核心思想分析每个主题词都代表着特定的历史时期和社会背景，它们的核心思想也是理解课程内容的重点。
以下是对部分关键词核心思想的解析：1、古希腊文明：强调人类智慧和自由，倡导民主和人的尊严。
2、古罗马文明：注重秩序和法律，强调国家意识和公共利益。
3、中世纪文明：强调信仰和神秘主义，重视教会和封建等级制度。
4、文艺复兴：推崇人文主义和古典文化，倡导自由和创新。
5、启蒙运动：强调理性和自由主义，推动科学和进步。
6、现代主义：追求创新和个性化，关注科技和工业发展。
7、后现代主义：批判现代主义的局限性，倡导多元文化和反讽。
历史渊源了解每个主题词的历史渊源和演变过程是理解西方文化的重要环节。
以下是对部分关键词历史渊源的梳理：1、古希腊文明：起源于公元前8世纪，繁荣于公元前5世纪到公元前4世纪之间，对西方文化产生了深远影响。
2、古罗马文明：继承和发展了古希腊文明，从公元前753年罗马建城开始，经历了共和国和帝国时期，形成了独特的罗马文化。
3、中世纪文明：从公元476年罗马帝国灭亡开始，经历了黑暗时期、封建时期和文艺复兴时期，形成了独特的基督教文化。
中西方文化概括知识点总结
中西方文化概括知识点总结中西方文化是指中国文化和西方国家的文化。
中国是一个有着悠久历史的古老国家，历史悠久，文化积淀深厚，自古以来就以礼仪、孝道、忠诚、信义、和谐、道德、礼仪等社会价值观念闻名于世。
西方国家以欧洲为主要地域，其文化主要包括古希腊罗马文化、基督教文化、现代资本主义文化等，以个人主义、人权、自由、民主、平等等价值观念为主要特征。
中西方文化之比较：一、宗教信仰方面：中国传统宗教主要是儒教、道教、佛教，其中儒、道两教的思想对中国文化和中国人思维方式的影响是深远广泛的，但是中华文明的传统信仰不是一种宗教的教条式的宗教信仰，而是一种哲学性的精神信仰，一个方式德性和思维。
西方主要宗教是基督教，除此之外，还有天主教、东正教等，基督教的大上帝观和救赎观的理念，深深影响了西方社会的价值观念、道德规范、文化艺术创作及个人精神生活。
二、社会制度方面：中国有着几千年的封建社会传统，至今没有彻底适应现代社会的价值变革与制度转型，晚清列强的侵略，给中国历史上留下了深深的“民族耻辱感”。
而西方尤其是欧洲社会制度的变革，起源于人文主义思潮的复兴运动，推动了文艺复兴和法国大革命，从一种宗教政权到政教分离，从地主封建制度到资本主义市场经济的结构变革。
西方社会在自由权利、平等机会和法治民主等制度上取得了重大进步。
三、价值观念方面：中华传统文化强调人与自然的和谐、个人与集体的关系、道德理念及礼仪观念，强调敬老尊贤、重亲宗尊师德，强调良知、孝道、忠义、礼仪、礼仪、博爱等价值观念。
而西方文化更强调的是个人主义、人权、自由、民主、平等等价值观念，尊重个体的独立尊严，提倡追求个人利益。
西方文化是一个高度个性化的文化，建立在个人力量的基础之上，强调个人的独立自由和权利。
西方文化是一种相对性文化，是一种相对灵活而自由的人生观。
四、审美观念方面：中国文化是以“情义几何”的审美理念得到的尊重，强调内心的启蒙和灵魂的觉醒，提倡向心灵深处探索。
中西文化史期末复习资料
中西文化史复习资料1、古希腊和古罗马分别给后世留下了哪些文化遗产？古希腊：史诗与喜剧--《荷马史诗》，戏剧建筑（与雕塑）艺术--雅典娜神庙，帕特农神庙哲学与史学--苏格拉底，柏拉图，亚里士多德古希腊：原始XX和神话--宙斯文学与史学--《伊尼特》（《埃涅阿斯纪》）维吉尔，拉丁文，李维《罗马史》塔西佗《历史》《编年史》《日耳曼尼亚志》凯撒《高卢战记》建筑--古罗马圆形斗兽场，帕第奥奇神庙（万神庙）法律--《十二铜表法》基督教的兴起与传播--《圣经》上帝耶和华，复活节，感恩节，圣诞节2.你怎样理解德国法学家耶林所说的古罗马人的三次征服世界？德国著名法学家耶林在他所著的《罗马法精神》一书中说：“罗马帝国三次征服世界，第一次以武力，第二次以XX（指基督教），第三次以法律。
”武力因罗马帝国的灭亡而消失，XX 随着人民思想觉悟的提高，科学的发展而缩小影响，唯有法律征服世界是最为持久的征服。
3.如何看待基督教与欧洲封建社会的关系？欧洲封建社会的精神支柱是基督教。
4.中国古文字与中国社会形态演变的关系？汉字结构，数量，读音，字义的自然流变，汉字的规X化问题1、书写形式越来越多2、笔画模式的越来越多3、书写方式的越来越多社会流变：无统一的规定，国家未统一，且各个国家未制定汉字书写的标准人们对社会与自然的认识不断增长，文字需要适应社会生产生活的变化5.乡土文化的保护问题？在经济日益发展的今天，乡土文化作为文化的基本单元，正处于被忽视和被破坏的境地，因此，保护和传播乡土文化成为新世纪的文化要求，理应成为未来关注文化发展的主线之一。
1、乡土文化具有强大的生命力，若能在乡土文化中注入新时代的因素，便可助其发扬光大，为保护民族优秀传统文化做出一份贡献。
2、乡土文化自远古发展和流传至今，承载着人们世代的价值观和伦理道德，这种植根于普通民众的文化，具有最初的最原始的艺术生命形式。
3、乡土文化所提供的资源，往往是推动当地经济发展、丰富当地文化生活的重要因素。
中西文化史考试重点
第五章1.文艺复兴为什么首先发生在意大利？1.意大利是古罗马的发源地，又是中世纪基督教文化的心脏地区。
从文化渊源上，这里保留了古罗马优秀的古典文化传统，他们始终把自己看作是古代罗马人的后裔。
2.意大利的城市共和国的商业和贸易很发达，这就为文学和艺术的发展提供了雄厚的物质基础。
3.作为资本主义的最早诞生地，意大利为文艺复兴提供了新兴资产阶级和新兴市民阶层。
2.文艺复兴的含义、时限、指导思想。
含义：14-17世纪，人文主义者借助于古典文化（希腊罗马文化）精神-人类理性（合乎自然的神的属性和人的本性）和异教思想（非基督教的多神教和人性化神）即人本主义，在批判基督教神学的基础上，创造出适应时代发展需要的新思想、新道德、新文化。
这场欧洲早期资产阶级发动的反封建、反教会的思想启蒙运动，就是所谓的“文艺复兴”。
时限：通用观点是：它发轫于14世纪意大利北部的城市国家，在15世纪后期和16世纪逐步向北欧地区传播，如德国和法国等。
16世纪中期到17世纪初开始在西班牙和英国等国家盛行。
一般认为，它的上限应以但丁的《神曲》为标志，下限则以培根的《新工具》和笛卡儿的《方法论》为标志。
指导思想：人文主义，包含的是一种以人为本的理性思想，关注的主要是人和人性，而不是神和信仰。
（了解：鼓吹人性的价值，宣扬人天生平等，肯定现世生活，肯定人有追求财富和个人幸福的权利，要求多方面发展个人才智，提倡冒险精神，以实现资产阶级所希望提倡的世界观和价值观。
）3.启蒙运动的含义与主要代表人物。
含义：发生在17到18世纪欧洲的一场反封建专制统治和发天主教会的思想解放运动。
代表人物：伏尔泰孟德斯鸠卢梭百科全书派（狄德罗、爱尔维修、霍尔巴赫）4.简述三场代表性的宗教改革。
5.简述浪漫主义文学的基本特征。
（1）强烈的主观色彩，偏爱表现主观思想，注重抒发个人的感受和体验。
重主观，轻客观和重自我表现，轻客观模仿。
（2）喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。
(尤为突出) 作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中，衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。
四川师范大学文理学院中西文化概论复习
中西文化概论复习1、《易.贲》“观乎天文以察时变，观乎人文以化成天下。
”观察自然现象和社会发展的规律。
自然与社会组成了文化。
2、孕育中国文化的地理环境：（1）自然地理环境：我国地貌以山地、高原和丘陵为主，决定了我国文化的多元性，形成了以黄河边农耕为主的中原文化和草原以游牧为主的内蒙古文化，青藏文化。
大陆季风性气候，使我国文化发源在延河流域（2）文化地理环境：不断变化3、滋养中国文化的经济基础与社会政治结构：（1）重农固本——农耕经济。
农耕生产方式对中华民族的安土重迁文化观念形成起了根本性作用，它决定了中国文化（2）宗法制度与君主专制——中央集权。
在家族层面形成了以血缘关系为基本纽带的完备“宗法制”以及在国家政治结构层面确立了君主专制和中央集权制。
宗法制是指以家族为中心，依照血统的远近来区别亲疏与否的一种法则。
嫡长子继承制（核心制度）、封土建国制、宗庙祭祀制度。
4、“伦理”核心——中国文化的特质的体现：（1）“人事”最大。
中国传统文化强调“天人合德”或“天人合一”的泛道德和人本主义文化。
“敬鬼神而远之”是儒家思想。
（2）“内王外道”之道（3）“华夷之辨”5、三皇：女娲、伏羲、神农五帝：黄帝、颛顼zhuanxu、帝喾ku、唐尧、虞舜6、传说时代三大文化集团：华夏集团、东夷集团、苗蛮集团7、西周创立的制度：宗法制、井田制、分封制、礼乐制8、春秋战国百家争鸣时期又称为“元典时代”或文化的“轴心时代”。
9、产生百家争鸣的原因：（1）周天子势力衰微，诸侯征战，打破了学在官府的局面(2)礼崩乐坏的时代（3）思想解放创新10、三公九卿：主持政权的丞相、主持军权的太尉、主持监察权的御史大夫11、秦朝制度：度同制、秦半两、车同轨、书同文、地同域、修秦率12、汉代儒家研究五经：诗、书、礼、易、春秋到宋代增加到四书：大学、中庸、孔子、孟子13、中国第一部纪传体通史：司马迁《史记》第一部纪传体断代史：班固《汉书》最早的民族志和地方志：赵晔ye《吴越春秋》和袁康《越绝书》14、两宋文化风格：（1）追求一种精致雅趣的士大夫文化（2）熙来攘往、人头攒动的市民文化（原因：城市的兴起，商业的繁荣）15、元曲四大家：关汉卿、郑光祖、马致远、白朴四大悲剧：《窦娥冤》《梧桐雨》《赵氏孤儿》《汉宫秋》四大爱情剧：《西厢记》《墙头马上》《拜月亭》《倩女离魂》16、古希腊文化形成条件：地理条件：多岛、海岸线长、有很多优良港湾、地中海气候——适合从事海洋贸易政治态度：分离主义自由平等的民主政治生活信念：自由主义强调个人价值文化特征：理想主义人文主义17、七艺：文法、修辞、逻辑、算数、几何、天文、音乐18、古希腊文化是人本理性，古希伯来文化是神本理性古希腊：用理性享用现世古希伯来：用理性信仰上帝19、雅思贝尔斯提出命题——轴心时代：人类文明纷纷发生重大突破，古希腊、以色列、中国和印度的古代文化都出现了“终极关怀的觉醒”。
七年级下册历史中外文化知识点
七年级下册历史中外文化知识点在七年级下册历史课上，我们学习了许多中外文化知识点，这些知识点帮助我们更好地了解中外文化的异同，也有助于我们更好地理解历史事件。
接下来，本文将为大家总结七年级下册历史中外文化知识点。
一、中华文化1. 中华文明的起源：中原文化和黄河文化对中华文明的发展有着重要的影响。
中原文化主要体现在祭祀、礼仪、文学等方面，而黄河文化则更注重农业、手工业等方面。
2. 儒家思想：儒家思想是中国传统文化中最为重要的思想之一。
儒家思想强调道德、家庭美德、社会秩序和政治治理等方面，在中国历史上产生了深远的影响。
3. 道家思想：道家思想则更注重自然、宇宙和人的内心修炼。
道家思想主张“无为而治”、“道法自然”，并提出了“五行八卦”等哲学概念。
4. 佛教传入中国：佛教是从印度传入中国的宗教之一，对中国的文化和哲学产生了深远的影响。
佛教强调“生老病死”和“转世轮回”，将佛法理解为帮助人们摆脱痛苦和追求内心平静的教义。
二、外国文化1. 希腊文明：希腊文明是西方文明的源头之一。
希腊文明有着丰富的历史、哲学、科学和艺术文化，其中包括希腊神话、雅典民主、伦理学、几何学等。
2. 罗马文明：罗马文明是西方文明的另一重要源头。
罗马文明对现代政治、法律、建筑、文学等领域都产生了深远的影响，其中包括罗马法、圆拱建筑、拉丁文等。
3. 伊斯兰文化：伊斯兰文化是从阿拉伯地区传播到世界各地的一种文化。
伊斯兰文化包括《古兰经》、阿拉伯数学、天文学、哲学等领域，对世界文化和思想有着重要的影响。
4. 印度文化：印度文化具有悠久的历史和丰富的哲学、宗教、文学和艺术文化。
印度文化包括印度教和佛教等宗教，以及吠陀、瑜伽、泰戈尔等文化和文学产物。
总之，在七年级下册历史课程中，我们学习了丰富多彩的中外文化知识点。
这些知识点丰富了我们的历史知识，并帮助我们更好地理解中外文化的异同。
希望同学们能够认真学习并加以应用。
(完整word版)中西文化之鉴期末复习
Cross-cultural Communication●What is culture？1. a system of meaning1)Culture is like an iceberg (objective and subjective)2)Culture is our software (fade into the background, just know that we can be)3)Culture is like the water a fish swims in (a part of who we are and what the worldit like for us, taken for granted)4)Culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves (to show who we are andwhat the world is like)5)Culture is the grammar of our behavior (rules to behave appropriately)--Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.--As participants, we are meaning makers--Cultures are always changing2. Four levels of cross-cultural awareness1)Cultural differences are exotic2)Cultural differences are frustrating3)The different culture is believable4)The different culture is believable as lived experience*P31*(a diagram!)●Stereotype1. Definition: A generalization that goes beyond the existing evidence, an inaccurate or over generalization, is a stereotype.2. Negative stereotypes--A generalization that goes beyond the existing evidence, an inaccurate or over generalization, is a stereotype. (positive vs. negative)--Prejudice: stereotypes including negative feelings and attitudes toward a group Forms:1)severe prejudice (e.g. Women are inferior to men.)2)symbolic prejudice (e.g. People from Xinjiang are thieves.)3)tokenism4)subtle prejudice5)real likes and dislikes6)preference for the familiar3. Differences:1)Stereotyping: A stereotype is an overly simplified/generalized way of thinkingabout a person, group, etc. Anyone can stereotype and can be the target of stereotyping. Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes your experiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people.2)Prejudice: Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of aparticular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Learned beliefs and values that lead an individual or group of individuals to be biased for or against members of particular groups are prior to actual experience of those groups. 3)Relations between them:Both are a stumbling block to ICC. Prejudice usually refers to the negative aspect when a group inherits or generates hostile views about a distinguishable group based on generalization. These generalizations are invariably derived from inaccurate or incomplete information about the other group. The generalizations are called stereotyping.Context1. Definition: The meanings that people exchange in ways other than language are usually referred to as context.2. Low context:1)tends to prefer direct verbal interaction2)tends to understand meanings at one level only3)is generally less proficient reading nonverbal cues4)values individualism5)relies more on logic; employs linear logic6)saying no directly7)communicates in highly structured messages8)provides details, stresses literal meanings9)gives authority to written information(Characteristics: impersonal, effective to transmit information, not necessary to have relationships)E.G. contracts between companies3. High context:1)tends to prefer indirect verbal interaction2)tends to understand meanings embedded at many socio-cultural levels3)is generally more proficient reading nonverbal cues4)values group membership5)relies more on context and feeling6)employs spiral logic7)talks around point8)avoids saying no9)communicates in simple, ambiguous, noncontexted messages10)understands visual messages readily(Characters: economical, fast and efficient, take long time to learn, bring people together)E.G. communication between close friends and family members*P58 Figure3*4. How people use wordsLC: pay little attention to messages sent non-verballyHC: have no difficulty understanding the meaning of contextual messages5. Responsibility for successful communicationLC communicators: the speakers and writers of words are responsible for the success of communicationHC communicators: expect listeners to take more responsibility for interpreting the meaning of messagesVerbal Communication vs. Non-verbal Communication1. Contextual frameworkExpectant behavior 期待行为Expectant norms 行为规范Expectant identity 身份2. Verbal CommunicationVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different culturalcontextual framework3 expectations:Expectant behaviorExpectant behavior normsExpectant identitystructure and content of discourses1) quality principleThe language we use to express should be understandable to the listener. Fun, honest, harmonious (what is the general principle.)2) quantity principleThe amount of information needs to be concerned.Keep quiet3) relevance principleThe relevant information to both sides is differentMarriage, salary and weight.Direct --- indirect communication4) expression principleTranslationVietnam culture3. Non-verbal Communication1) It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we act, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance from each other.2) Functions:a)Repetitionb)Contradictionc)Substitutiond)Accentuatione)Complementf)Regulate3) Elements:a)Body languageb)Eye contactc)Facial expressionsd)Vocal cues— pitch, rate, volume, quality, articulatione)Space and timeStory1. Factors to form guiding functions of stories1)characters2)conflict3)action4)result•世界的运行方式（一般原则和特定语境）•我们的身份（个人身份和社会身份）•行为规范（有效性和恰当性）•判断尺度（好与坏、安全与危险）Individualism vs. Collectivism1. Individualism: pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose. Everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family.1) Manifestations:•personal privacy•personal freedom•personal equality•self-reliance•self-expression2) Advantages:•politics—democracy in America•economy—the thriving economy•culture—personal heroism•social life—personal desire comes first3) Disadvantages:•excessive disparities in wealthy•the existence of racial discrimination•other social problems2. Collectivism: pertains to societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive in-groups, which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.1) Manifestations:•group unity and harmony•group goals•hierarchy and interdependence•group-orientation•loyalty, conformity, humility2) Advantages:•community spirit—cooperate•economy—the thriving economy•culture—collective heroism•social life—one makes contributions to group3) Disadvantages:•not everyone has the team spirit•hierarch and personal inequality•leaders use public power for private•selfish in human nature•try to lazy and reduce payment as principle(*P232 Figure12!*)。
《中西文化比较》考试复习资料
1、文化与文明的关系：(1)《苏联大百科全书》中概括：“文化概念最初是指对自然的有目的的影响，以及人本身的培养和训练。
培养不仅包括培养人们遵守现有的准则和习惯的能力，而且包括鼓励他们遵守这些准则和习惯的愿望，使他们相信文化能够满足人的全部要求和需求。
任何社会文化都包含这两层意思。
”(2)中国古代的典籍中涉及到文明，《尚书》、《易经》等，李渔的《闲情偶记》中有“求辟草昧而致文明，不可得也”，隐含与蒙昧相对应的文化状态的含义，接近现代意义。
西方的文明概念与城市文化兴起关系密切。
（3）在许多情况下，文明和文化两个词通用。
文明往往指的是相对成熟或者高级的文化形态。
中华文明古希腊文明等。
但对于处在低级状态下的文化，一般不用文明一词。
如因纽特文明。
（4）一些学者认为文化为精神现象，而文明指制度化、形态化的社会现实，如政治、军事、法律等。
有的学者（美国巴格比）用文明将较大较复杂的文化与较小较简单的文化区别。
四大文明古国与一些“亚文明”。
许多人不加细究地把文明作为文化的广义解释，用它来描述那些综合性、整体性较强的文化事实。
工业文明、农业文明、精神文明等。
2、中西学者对文化的阐述：1把文化看做一个包含多层次、多方面内容的综合体，用它来概括人类创造和积累起来的全部物质与精神财富以及人们的生活方式。
2把文化理解为人类精神现象或观念形态的总和。
3强调文化作为人的社会行为与习俗的意义。
4还有一种普遍的认识，即把文化主要视作人类的艺术活动及富有仪式性的民俗活动的概括。
5一部分学者尤其是历史哲学家十分重视文化的历史传承性质，他们倾向于把文化理解为一个社会的传统行为方式或全部社会遗产。
6从功能和价值层面来认识文化的意义是文化概念探讨的又一思路。
7强调文化对人的思想行为的潜在指导和规范作用是另一类文化阐释的核心。
3、文化性质和特征：1、我们赞成把文化看做具有多层次结构的有机系统。
2、我们把民族性和地域性看做五年后的重要特征。
3、文化还具有规则性。
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《中西文化专题》课程复习要点After taking this course, you should be able to discuss the following cultural topics in English:1. Concepts(观念) of culture（文化）, individualism（个人主义）, and collectivism（集体主义）2. Confucianism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam, and social effects of religions3. Features of one Chinese festival, Lantern festival, Qingming festival, Dragon boat festival, OR mid-autumn festival4. Major differences between Chinese education and Western educationOR suggestions for China higher education reform5. Key features of Chinese tea culture, OR major differences between Chinese food and western food6. Features of one cl othing style you like7. What are the differences between Chinese language and English language, for example, idioms, color words, OR numbers?8. Your advice about how to build a good relationship with people9. Features of one famous tourist site you like in China10. Business etiquettes, greeting etiquette, OR wedding ceremony11. Major differences between Chinese love poetry and Western love poetry12. One Chinese mythology or Greek mythology story and the influence of the story on Chinese or western life/culture13. Features of one house/architecture style you like期末考试为闭卷，考试时间为第17周星期一1-2节（8:00am-9:40am），考试时长为100分钟。
题型如下：1．定义题（20）4小题，出自（1-2）2．翻译题（10分)3．简答/论述题（70分）7小题，每题10分。
出自（3-13）。
考试要求：1.要求英文作答。
2. 简答与论述题，每题请说明3个要点，要求文化信息准确，观点合理，语言表达较流畅，没有明显的语法错误。
书写工整，页面整洁。
复习方法建议：小组学习/讨论, 因中西文化信息量较大，有“OR”可选其一准备。
复习参考资料：1. 课堂笔记等2. 有关网站。
可通过www.google. ca 查询“英语关键词“或“ppt + 英文关键词”3. 有关书刊，如《中国文化》（英文版）常俊跃等主编1.Individualism：the quality of being different from other people and doing things in your ownway Collectivism：the political system in which all farms，business and industries are owned by the government or by all the peopleConcepts of culture：the beliefs and attitude about sth that people in a particular group ororganization share2.Confucianism：is an ethical and philosophical system of confuciusChristianity：a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief that he was the son of God. Buddhism：a religion which teaches that the way to end suffering is by overcoming your desires. Islam：the religion of the Muslims, which was started by MohammedSocial effects of religions；Any religion have taught you better, lovely side, can help people build up a moral benchmark. And is the spiritual sustenance. But the excessive religious superstition, especially religious supernatural God said, can the obscurantist, hindering the scientificdevelopment and social progress3.Dragon boat festival：The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on thefifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating zong zi (glutinous rice（糯米）wrapped to form a pyramid using bamboo or reed leaves) and racing dragon boats.4.American teachers, on the other hand, were more knowledgeable than Chinese teachers aboutconcepts covered in educational psychology texts. Chinese teachers had a better understanding of the mathematical concepts they were teaching than did their U.S. Counterparts。
More experienced American teachers were better able to identify important points for teaching fraction concepts。
5.Chinese tea culture：①has a long history of tea and tea culture②help to digest and refresh one's spirit③According to an ancient chinese legend, the emperor sheng nong discovered tea when he was boling drinking water over an open fire6.I like hippie，because I like popping and I like all about the style，It s snug and cool。
7.Phonology，spoken language，vocabulary，grammar，word order8.Don’t criticize, condemn, or complain about people. Appreciate people. Solve your ownproblems by solving other people’s problems。
Be genuinely interested in others.9.The Great wall The Great Wall, located in northern China, is 6,700 kilometers long andthus known as the “10,000-li Great Wall”. Construction of the wall went on for more than 2,000 years, from 7 th century to 14 th century AD. The wall h as become a symbol of both China’s proud historyand its present strength.10.Chinese：match-making，engagement，betrothal presents，meeting the bride，three bow，drinking wedlock wine。
western：①white gown & white veil (stands for purity). The bride should also wear，②With the Wedding March, the bride's father leads her to the altar（圣坛）.③Music stops…Minister(神父) will ask: Who permits this woman to be married to this man?11.Difference on Theme. Difference on Emotion. Difference on Religious Emotion12Prometheus teaches humans to spin, built, sail and treat an illness.The creator and protector of mankind. Wrath of Zeus because of locked in the Caucasus mountains, daily vultures peck his liver, and then a long, go round and begin again. After Herac was rescued.13.Georgian style：this form in 300 years ago the British king George Dynasty into the newcontinent, for the emerging middle class beloved is characterized by its features are: the characteristics of symmetrical facade, simple type...12.13.。